1) The document describes surgical procedures for treating both benign and malignant pancreatic diseases, including the pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure).
2) The Whipple procedure involves mobilizing the duodenum and head of the pancreas, dividing key structures like the gastroduodenal artery, and transecting the neck of the pancreas while preserving the superior mesenteric vein and portal vein.
3) Preoperative evaluation with imaging modalities like CT, MRI, and EUS is important to accurately determine the extent of disease and resectability.
The document provides an overview of abdominal ultrasound anatomy and techniques for examining various abdominal organs. It describes the liver anatomy, including Couinaud's segments. It outlines scanning techniques for the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, aorta, kidneys, bladder, prostate, uterus, ovaries, appendix, and gastrointestinal tract. For each organ, it describes the normal ultrasound appearance and optimal scanning planes and positions. Key anatomical structures are labeled on ultrasound images.
Blood vessels the aorta and its branches,kashif Anwer
This document provides an overview and step-by-step instructions for performing an abdominal ultrasound to visualize the aorta and vena cava. It describes how to obtain transverse and longitudinal views of the vessels, identify their pulsations and relationship to nearby organs like the liver and diaphragm. The document also discusses evaluating the vessel walls, identifying branches, and measuring aneurysms for progression. Its goal is to guide ultrasonographers in thoroughly scanning the abdominal blood vessels.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the liver and gall bladder.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an ultrasound protocol and guidelines for examining the liver and gallbladder. It begins with an overview of the role and technique of ultrasound for the liver, including scanning positions and images to capture. Common liver pathologies such as fatty liver, cirrhosis, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses, and metastases are described. Guidelines are provided for gallbladder ultrasound including patient preparation, technique, and anatomy. Normal findings and pathologies like stones, acute cholecystitis, and emphysematous cholecystitis are outlined. The document concludes with potential vascular disorders of the liver involving blood flow.
This document provides an overview of the basic sonographic anatomy of major organs. It discusses the interactions of ultrasound waves with different tissues and scanning techniques for organs like the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Key points include how ultrasound is used to visualize the internal structure of organs, identify important landmarks, and evaluate for any abnormalities. Proper patient preparation and positioning techniques are also covered to optimize image quality.
Abdominal sonography is a non-invasive imaging technique that has several advantages over other modalities. It does not require contrast agents, radiation, or isotopes and can visualize organs and surrounding structures along with morphological abnormalities. While obesity, gas, or lack of patient cooperation can limit its effectiveness, sonography should be the first examination used to evaluate diseases of the liver, biliary system, pancreas, and urinary tract. It allows assessment of organ size, structure, lesions, and blood flow and can guide minimally invasive biopsies and procedures. Disadvantages include limited specificity requiring additional tests, but it provides real-time dynamic imaging without known health risks.
abdominal ultrasound
hope I helped you guys
comment if there is something wrong with what I made or if its good or not and if you want me to make next..thanks :)
The document provides guidance on interpreting abdominal radiographs by describing the process for systematic evaluation and key features to identify indications of various gastrointestinal pathologies. It also outlines appropriate follow up imaging modalities like CT, ultrasound, or fluoroscopy based on presenting symptoms and stability of the patient to further evaluate abnormalities or stage diseases. A variety of common gastrointestinal conditions and findings on different imaging exams are illustrated through examples.
Plain abdominal radiographs remain one of the most important initial investigations when a patient presents with acute abdominal pain. The main purposes of the plain radiograph are to help establish a diagnosis and determine whether the patient needs emergency surgery or if time can be taken for resuscitation and further investigations. Radiographs allow visualization of gas patterns in the bowel as well as other structures like the kidneys and bones, which can help identify potential causes of abdominal pain like bowel obstructions or free air indicating a perforation.
The document provides an overview of abdominal ultrasound anatomy and techniques for examining various abdominal organs. It describes the liver anatomy, including Couinaud's segments. It outlines scanning techniques for the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, aorta, kidneys, bladder, prostate, uterus, ovaries, appendix, and gastrointestinal tract. For each organ, it describes the normal ultrasound appearance and optimal scanning planes and positions. Key anatomical structures are labeled on ultrasound images.
Blood vessels the aorta and its branches,kashif Anwer
This document provides an overview and step-by-step instructions for performing an abdominal ultrasound to visualize the aorta and vena cava. It describes how to obtain transverse and longitudinal views of the vessels, identify their pulsations and relationship to nearby organs like the liver and diaphragm. The document also discusses evaluating the vessel walls, identifying branches, and measuring aneurysms for progression. Its goal is to guide ultrasonographers in thoroughly scanning the abdominal blood vessels.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the liver and gall bladder.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an ultrasound protocol and guidelines for examining the liver and gallbladder. It begins with an overview of the role and technique of ultrasound for the liver, including scanning positions and images to capture. Common liver pathologies such as fatty liver, cirrhosis, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses, and metastases are described. Guidelines are provided for gallbladder ultrasound including patient preparation, technique, and anatomy. Normal findings and pathologies like stones, acute cholecystitis, and emphysematous cholecystitis are outlined. The document concludes with potential vascular disorders of the liver involving blood flow.
This document provides an overview of the basic sonographic anatomy of major organs. It discusses the interactions of ultrasound waves with different tissues and scanning techniques for organs like the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, and bladder. Key points include how ultrasound is used to visualize the internal structure of organs, identify important landmarks, and evaluate for any abnormalities. Proper patient preparation and positioning techniques are also covered to optimize image quality.
Abdominal sonography is a non-invasive imaging technique that has several advantages over other modalities. It does not require contrast agents, radiation, or isotopes and can visualize organs and surrounding structures along with morphological abnormalities. While obesity, gas, or lack of patient cooperation can limit its effectiveness, sonography should be the first examination used to evaluate diseases of the liver, biliary system, pancreas, and urinary tract. It allows assessment of organ size, structure, lesions, and blood flow and can guide minimally invasive biopsies and procedures. Disadvantages include limited specificity requiring additional tests, but it provides real-time dynamic imaging without known health risks.
abdominal ultrasound
hope I helped you guys
comment if there is something wrong with what I made or if its good or not and if you want me to make next..thanks :)
The document provides guidance on interpreting abdominal radiographs by describing the process for systematic evaluation and key features to identify indications of various gastrointestinal pathologies. It also outlines appropriate follow up imaging modalities like CT, ultrasound, or fluoroscopy based on presenting symptoms and stability of the patient to further evaluate abnormalities or stage diseases. A variety of common gastrointestinal conditions and findings on different imaging exams are illustrated through examples.
Plain abdominal radiographs remain one of the most important initial investigations when a patient presents with acute abdominal pain. The main purposes of the plain radiograph are to help establish a diagnosis and determine whether the patient needs emergency surgery or if time can be taken for resuscitation and further investigations. Radiographs allow visualization of gas patterns in the bowel as well as other structures like the kidneys and bones, which can help identify potential causes of abdominal pain like bowel obstructions or free air indicating a perforation.
This document provides information about abdominal x-rays, including:
- The most common views are anteroposterior supine and erect. Other views include lateral decubitus and KUB.
- Proper patient positioning is important to relax muscles and include relevant anatomy in the x-ray field.
- Standard imaging techniques include a 14x17 inch film or detector, moving or stationary grid, and exposure settings.
- Key anatomy and findings are described that should be evaluated on the x-ray, including organs, bones, foreign bodies and calcifications.
- Indications for abdominal x-rays include bowel obstruction, perforation, kidney stones, and foreign body ingestion.
The document discusses ultrasound imaging of the pancreas. It provides information on normal pancreatic anatomy and measurements to evaluate. Common pathological conditions that can be identified with ultrasound include pancreatic lipomatosis, cysts, pancreatitis, pseudocysts, chronic pancreatitis, tumors, and endocrine tumors. Images demonstrate ultrasound findings of these various normal and abnormal pancreatic conditions.
This document summarizes the anatomy and ultrasound appearance of the small intestine and large intestine. It describes the layers of the intestinal wall and provides details on the divisions and sections of the small intestine including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It also describes the parts of the large intestine including the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. Common intestinal pathologies like appendicitis, diverticulitis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are discussed along with their typical ultrasound findings.
This document provides information about using ultrasound to examine the pancreas and spleen. It discusses the normal ultrasound appearances of these organs and common pathological findings. For the pancreas, it describes scanning techniques like positioning and tailoring the exam based on clinical history. It notes limitations like bowel gas and ways to overcome this. For the spleen, it discusses indications for ultrasound and normal measurements. Common spleen pathologies include splenomegaly, infections, cysts, and tumors.
This document summarizes sonographic findings of the abdomen. It describes how ingesting water can improve evaluation of the stomach and small bowel during sonography. The normal bowel wall has five distinct layers that may be visible on ultrasound. Abnormal findings are also described such as bowel obstruction, lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, colitis, Crohn's disease, appendicitis, ascites, mesothelioma, splenosis, and hernias. Representative ultrasound images are provided to illustrate normal and abnormal findings.
- The document discusses the technical aspects and normal findings of abdominal radiography for non-traumatic emergencies. It outlines how to assess radiographs and what normal structures should be seen, including the bones, organs and bowel gas patterns. Common abnormal findings are also reviewed such as pneumoperitoneum which can indicate a perforated viscus. A list of non-traumatic abdominal emergencies that may present with acute abdominal pain is provided.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to image the abdomen and pelvis, including ultrasound, CT, MRI, fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine scans. It provides details on how each modality works and examples of images produced. Key anatomy seen on plain films is described. The primary modalities are said to be ultrasound, CT and plain films. Choice of modality depends on clinical presentation and physical exam findings. Understanding anatomy aids in interpreting imaging studies.
Optimization of ct scan protocol in acute abdomen 2003 revised aaHisham Khatib
This document provides guidance on optimizing CT scan protocols for evaluating acute abdomen. It defines acute abdomen and lists common causes such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, and bowel obstruction. The document recommends CT as the best first-line imaging modality for evaluating upper right quadrant and pelvic pain. It provides details on oral, IV, and rectal contrast administration as well as scanning parameters and protocols for common acute abdomen conditions to optimize diagnostic image quality while minimizing radiation dose.
radiological anatomy of Small intestine abdul finalabduljelil nejmu
The document provides an overview of the radiologic anatomy of the mesenteric small bowel. It discusses the embryology and development of the small bowel. The anatomy of the small bowel is then described, including its length, attachments, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage. Various imaging modalities for evaluating the small bowel are reviewed, such as plain films, ultrasound, barium studies, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans. Specific techniques for barium studies, enteroclysis, CT enterography, and MRI enterography are outlined.
This document provides an overview of renal ultrasound, including normal anatomy, scanning techniques, common findings, and clinical indications. It discusses how to approach scanning both kidneys and describes normal sonographic appearances. Common abnormalities like hydronephrosis, cysts, masses, and medical kidney disease are outlined. Important tips include distinguishing cysts from hydronephrosis and avoiding pitfalls like mistaking prominent pyramids for other findings. The goal of renal ultrasound is to evaluate for obstructive uropathy, renal masses, parenchymal disease, and nephrolithiasis.
This document provides instructions for taking plain radiographs of the abdomen in various positions and for different purposes. It describes the standard anterior-posterior (AP) view of the abdomen with the patient supine and cassette under the back. Upright and decubitus views are also outlined to demonstrate the movement of gas or fluid in the abdomen. Radiographic techniques like expiration, tube angle, and centering are specified for optimal visualization. An acute abdominal series including chest, supine abdomen, and upright views is also defined. The purpose is to image the abdomen non-invasively and detect abnormalities like stones, masses, gas, fluid, or foreign bodies.
The document discusses the anatomy and sonographic appearance of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location and relationships to nearby structures like blood vessels. The normal sonographic features include homogeneous echotexture and absence of duct dilation. Common pathologies like pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis are also summarized, noting how they can appear on ultrasound with features like duct obstruction or diffuse swelling. Ultrasound is established as a useful initial imaging method for evaluating the pancreas.
This document discusses ureteroceles, which are cystic dilations of the terminal ureter. It describes classifications of ureteroceles and their embryology. Diagnosis can be made through prenatal ultrasound or MRI showing hydronephrosis and the intravesical cyst. Evaluation involves ultrasound, intravenous pyelography, voiding cystourethrography, and nuclear scans. Management is individualized and may include prenatal decompression or postnatal surgical procedures to preserve renal function, eliminate infection/obstruction/reflux, and maintain continence. Treatment aims to minimize morbidity while meeting these goals.
Presentation1, ultrasound of the bowel loops and the lymph nodes.AbdullahNazeerYassin
Ultrasonography is useful for evaluating bowel loops and abdominal lymph nodes. The normal bowel wall has 5 layers but only 2 are usually visible on ultrasound. Pathologies like hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intramural duodenal hematoma, midgut volvulus, incarcerated hernia and various inflammatory conditions can be diagnosed using ultrasound. Acute appendicitis and its complications are also commonly evaluated. Ultrasound is helpful for assessing conditions like celiac disease, acute pancreatitis and focal acute bacterial nephritis.
This document provides information about a liver ultrasound presentation given by Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Nunow Cabdi, including his medical qualifications and areas of expertise. It outlines the techniques for performing ultrasound of the liver and assessing liver anatomy, vasculature, and segments. Common benign and malignant liver conditions are described, along with how they appear ultrasonographically. Diffuse liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty infiltration are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of abdominal radiological anatomy. It discusses the anatomy of major abdominal organs including the liver, biliary tract, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal tract. For each organ, it describes key anatomical features visible on imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI. It also reviews some common anatomical variants seen in these structures.
This document provides information on renal ultrasound techniques and findings. It discusses normal renal anatomy and ultrasound appearance. It then covers various pathologies that can be seen on renal ultrasound such as hydronephrosis, cysts, tumors, infections, stones and more. For each pathology, it provides details on ultrasound findings, characteristics, criteria for diagnosis and differentiation from other conditions. The document aims to equip medical students and radiologists with knowledge on interpreting renal ultrasound scans.
The pancreas normally has a head, body, tail, and uncinate process. It develops from two anlagen that fuse during embryological development. The pancreatic duct typically drains the entire pancreas. Acute pancreatitis is diagnosed based on abdominal pain, elevated pancreatic enzymes, and imaging findings of pancreatic swelling, decreased echogenicity, and heterogeneity. Sonography can detect pancreatic enlargement, duct dilation, peripancreatic fluid collections, and decreased echogenicity in acute pancreatitis.
Radiology of urogenital systsm slide shareREKHAKHARE
This document provides an overview of the urinary system and genital structures from an imaging perspective. It discusses kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, testes, and scrotum anatomy. It also reviews embryological development of the renal system and various congenital anomalies that can occur. Imaging modalities for evaluating the urinary system are outlined, along with approaches to specific conditions like renal masses and parenchymal lesions. Key topics covered include polycystic kidney disease, renal cell carcinoma, horseshoe kidney, and other structural abnormalities.
Excretionurography
Also known as intravenous urography (IVU).
Most frequently employed radiologic investigation of renal rainage.
The contrast material is administered intravenously.
Best method for adults unless use of other methods is specified and is used in examinations of upper urinary tracts of infants and children.
Acs0522 procedures for benign and malignant biliary tract disease-2005medbookonline
This document discusses procedures for benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. It provides guidance on preoperative evaluation and management of biliary obstruction. Specific considerations are given to infection, renal dysfunction, impaired immunity, malnutrition, and coagulation issues. The document outlines operative planning details such as patient positioning, exposure techniques, and guidelines for biliary anastomoses including suture placement and techniques for difficult access situations.
This document provides information about abdominal x-rays, including:
- The most common views are anteroposterior supine and erect. Other views include lateral decubitus and KUB.
- Proper patient positioning is important to relax muscles and include relevant anatomy in the x-ray field.
- Standard imaging techniques include a 14x17 inch film or detector, moving or stationary grid, and exposure settings.
- Key anatomy and findings are described that should be evaluated on the x-ray, including organs, bones, foreign bodies and calcifications.
- Indications for abdominal x-rays include bowel obstruction, perforation, kidney stones, and foreign body ingestion.
The document discusses ultrasound imaging of the pancreas. It provides information on normal pancreatic anatomy and measurements to evaluate. Common pathological conditions that can be identified with ultrasound include pancreatic lipomatosis, cysts, pancreatitis, pseudocysts, chronic pancreatitis, tumors, and endocrine tumors. Images demonstrate ultrasound findings of these various normal and abnormal pancreatic conditions.
This document summarizes the anatomy and ultrasound appearance of the small intestine and large intestine. It describes the layers of the intestinal wall and provides details on the divisions and sections of the small intestine including the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. It also describes the parts of the large intestine including the cecum, colon, rectum and anal canal. Common intestinal pathologies like appendicitis, diverticulitis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are discussed along with their typical ultrasound findings.
This document provides information about using ultrasound to examine the pancreas and spleen. It discusses the normal ultrasound appearances of these organs and common pathological findings. For the pancreas, it describes scanning techniques like positioning and tailoring the exam based on clinical history. It notes limitations like bowel gas and ways to overcome this. For the spleen, it discusses indications for ultrasound and normal measurements. Common spleen pathologies include splenomegaly, infections, cysts, and tumors.
This document summarizes sonographic findings of the abdomen. It describes how ingesting water can improve evaluation of the stomach and small bowel during sonography. The normal bowel wall has five distinct layers that may be visible on ultrasound. Abnormal findings are also described such as bowel obstruction, lymphoma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, colitis, Crohn's disease, appendicitis, ascites, mesothelioma, splenosis, and hernias. Representative ultrasound images are provided to illustrate normal and abnormal findings.
- The document discusses the technical aspects and normal findings of abdominal radiography for non-traumatic emergencies. It outlines how to assess radiographs and what normal structures should be seen, including the bones, organs and bowel gas patterns. Common abnormal findings are also reviewed such as pneumoperitoneum which can indicate a perforated viscus. A list of non-traumatic abdominal emergencies that may present with acute abdominal pain is provided.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the abdomen and pelvis.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses various imaging modalities used to image the abdomen and pelvis, including ultrasound, CT, MRI, fluoroscopy, and nuclear medicine scans. It provides details on how each modality works and examples of images produced. Key anatomy seen on plain films is described. The primary modalities are said to be ultrasound, CT and plain films. Choice of modality depends on clinical presentation and physical exam findings. Understanding anatomy aids in interpreting imaging studies.
Optimization of ct scan protocol in acute abdomen 2003 revised aaHisham Khatib
This document provides guidance on optimizing CT scan protocols for evaluating acute abdomen. It defines acute abdomen and lists common causes such as appendicitis, cholecystitis, and bowel obstruction. The document recommends CT as the best first-line imaging modality for evaluating upper right quadrant and pelvic pain. It provides details on oral, IV, and rectal contrast administration as well as scanning parameters and protocols for common acute abdomen conditions to optimize diagnostic image quality while minimizing radiation dose.
radiological anatomy of Small intestine abdul finalabduljelil nejmu
The document provides an overview of the radiologic anatomy of the mesenteric small bowel. It discusses the embryology and development of the small bowel. The anatomy of the small bowel is then described, including its length, attachments, blood supply, and lymphatic drainage. Various imaging modalities for evaluating the small bowel are reviewed, such as plain films, ultrasound, barium studies, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine scans. Specific techniques for barium studies, enteroclysis, CT enterography, and MRI enterography are outlined.
This document provides an overview of renal ultrasound, including normal anatomy, scanning techniques, common findings, and clinical indications. It discusses how to approach scanning both kidneys and describes normal sonographic appearances. Common abnormalities like hydronephrosis, cysts, masses, and medical kidney disease are outlined. Important tips include distinguishing cysts from hydronephrosis and avoiding pitfalls like mistaking prominent pyramids for other findings. The goal of renal ultrasound is to evaluate for obstructive uropathy, renal masses, parenchymal disease, and nephrolithiasis.
This document provides instructions for taking plain radiographs of the abdomen in various positions and for different purposes. It describes the standard anterior-posterior (AP) view of the abdomen with the patient supine and cassette under the back. Upright and decubitus views are also outlined to demonstrate the movement of gas or fluid in the abdomen. Radiographic techniques like expiration, tube angle, and centering are specified for optimal visualization. An acute abdominal series including chest, supine abdomen, and upright views is also defined. The purpose is to image the abdomen non-invasively and detect abnormalities like stones, masses, gas, fluid, or foreign bodies.
The document discusses the anatomy and sonographic appearance of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas' location and relationships to nearby structures like blood vessels. The normal sonographic features include homogeneous echotexture and absence of duct dilation. Common pathologies like pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis are also summarized, noting how they can appear on ultrasound with features like duct obstruction or diffuse swelling. Ultrasound is established as a useful initial imaging method for evaluating the pancreas.
This document discusses ureteroceles, which are cystic dilations of the terminal ureter. It describes classifications of ureteroceles and their embryology. Diagnosis can be made through prenatal ultrasound or MRI showing hydronephrosis and the intravesical cyst. Evaluation involves ultrasound, intravenous pyelography, voiding cystourethrography, and nuclear scans. Management is individualized and may include prenatal decompression or postnatal surgical procedures to preserve renal function, eliminate infection/obstruction/reflux, and maintain continence. Treatment aims to minimize morbidity while meeting these goals.
Presentation1, ultrasound of the bowel loops and the lymph nodes.AbdullahNazeerYassin
Ultrasonography is useful for evaluating bowel loops and abdominal lymph nodes. The normal bowel wall has 5 layers but only 2 are usually visible on ultrasound. Pathologies like hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intramural duodenal hematoma, midgut volvulus, incarcerated hernia and various inflammatory conditions can be diagnosed using ultrasound. Acute appendicitis and its complications are also commonly evaluated. Ultrasound is helpful for assessing conditions like celiac disease, acute pancreatitis and focal acute bacterial nephritis.
This document provides information about a liver ultrasound presentation given by Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Nunow Cabdi, including his medical qualifications and areas of expertise. It outlines the techniques for performing ultrasound of the liver and assessing liver anatomy, vasculature, and segments. Common benign and malignant liver conditions are described, along with how they appear ultrasonographically. Diffuse liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and fatty infiltration are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of abdominal radiological anatomy. It discusses the anatomy of major abdominal organs including the liver, biliary tract, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, and gastrointestinal tract. For each organ, it describes key anatomical features visible on imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI. It also reviews some common anatomical variants seen in these structures.
This document provides information on renal ultrasound techniques and findings. It discusses normal renal anatomy and ultrasound appearance. It then covers various pathologies that can be seen on renal ultrasound such as hydronephrosis, cysts, tumors, infections, stones and more. For each pathology, it provides details on ultrasound findings, characteristics, criteria for diagnosis and differentiation from other conditions. The document aims to equip medical students and radiologists with knowledge on interpreting renal ultrasound scans.
The pancreas normally has a head, body, tail, and uncinate process. It develops from two anlagen that fuse during embryological development. The pancreatic duct typically drains the entire pancreas. Acute pancreatitis is diagnosed based on abdominal pain, elevated pancreatic enzymes, and imaging findings of pancreatic swelling, decreased echogenicity, and heterogeneity. Sonography can detect pancreatic enlargement, duct dilation, peripancreatic fluid collections, and decreased echogenicity in acute pancreatitis.
Radiology of urogenital systsm slide shareREKHAKHARE
This document provides an overview of the urinary system and genital structures from an imaging perspective. It discusses kidney, ureter, bladder, prostate, testes, and scrotum anatomy. It also reviews embryological development of the renal system and various congenital anomalies that can occur. Imaging modalities for evaluating the urinary system are outlined, along with approaches to specific conditions like renal masses and parenchymal lesions. Key topics covered include polycystic kidney disease, renal cell carcinoma, horseshoe kidney, and other structural abnormalities.
Excretionurography
Also known as intravenous urography (IVU).
Most frequently employed radiologic investigation of renal rainage.
The contrast material is administered intravenously.
Best method for adults unless use of other methods is specified and is used in examinations of upper urinary tracts of infants and children.
Acs0522 procedures for benign and malignant biliary tract disease-2005medbookonline
This document discusses procedures for benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. It provides guidance on preoperative evaluation and management of biliary obstruction. Specific considerations are given to infection, renal dysfunction, impaired immunity, malnutrition, and coagulation issues. The document outlines operative planning details such as patient positioning, exposure techniques, and guidelines for biliary anastomoses including suture placement and techniques for difficult access situations.
Acs0522 Procedures For Benign And Malignant Biliary Tract Disease 2005medbookonline
This document discusses procedures for benign and malignant biliary tract diseases. It describes common operations to treat biliary tract diseases, emphasizing details of operative planning and technique. Key points include:
- Thorough preoperative imaging is important to define anatomy accurately.
- Biliary obstruction can cause secondary issues like infection, renal dysfunction, impaired immunity, and malnutrition, so these should be addressed preoperatively if possible.
- Exposure of the hepatoduodenal ligament and porta hepatis is critical during open procedures. Adhesions may require specific dissection techniques.
- Biliary anastomoses generally heal well if blood supply is preserved, tension is avoided, and sutures are placed
Pancreatic cancer is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the UK and the fourth leading cause in the US. It most commonly affects men over age 70. The majority (85%) are ductal adenocarcinomas that infiltrate locally and metastasize to the liver and peritoneum. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and tumor marker tests. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment but is only possible in 15-20% of cases due to late stage at presentation. Adjuvant chemotherapy may provide a survival benefit. Palliative options are aimed at relieving jaundice, gastric outlet obstruction, and pain. Prognosis remains poor with less than 5% of patients surviving 5
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of obstructive jaundice.Abdellah Nazeer
Ultrasonography is the initial test of choice to evaluate obstructive jaundice as it is non-invasive, inexpensive and highly sensitive. It can detect dilated bile ducts suggesting extrahepatic obstruction. MRCP and ERCP provide more detailed imaging of the biliary tree but ERCP allows for therapeutic interventions. Other options include CT, PTC and EUS which provide additional information but have greater risks or limitations. The cause of obstructive jaundice can be benign such as gallstones or malignancies involving the bile ducts, pancreas or gallbladder.
Comments Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of .docxdrandy1
Comments: Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of work into this. Unfortunately, your paper needs adequate citations in the body of the text to meet our standards on plagiarism. You need to cite each textbook from your bibliography whenever you quote or use some information from the textbook or other resource. For example, writing (Jones 285) after the quote or information used means that you got it from the book whose author was Jones and the info came from page 285.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a procedure in which laparoscopic techniques remove the gallbladder. It is the standard of care for symptomatic gallbladder disease, of which most are performed for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Other indications include acute cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, and gallstone pancreatitis.
Describe the reasons a patient might have the selected surgical procedure
The typical reason a cholecystectomy is a treatment of choice is inflammatory changes of gallbladder or blockage of bile flow by gallstones. Symptomatic cholelithiasis is the most common reason where gallstones in the gallbladder are blocking the bile flow and cause inflammation. The patient usually complains of episodic epigastric pain and right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder. This pain is found to occur several hours after heavy meals and the patient experiences nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever, and right upper quadrant tenderness. Another condition is acute cholecystitis, where inflammation and symptoms are more prominent. The patient may have a fever, constant pain, positive Murphy's sign, or leukocytosis. Acute cholecystitis may be caused by calculous biliary tract disease with confirmed gallstones in the abdominal US. Acute acalculous cholecystitis usually occurs in critically ill patients, those with prolonged total parenteral nutrition, and some immunosuppressed patients. Patients with episodes of right upper quadrant pain (which are ‘classic' for biliary pain without evidence of cholelithiasis of US or ERCP) may also be referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gallstone pancreatitis (when small stones pass through the cystic duct) confirmed by cholangiography is another indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Describe the reasons a patient might be disqualified for this surgery and the options for the patient if any
A patient might be excluded for laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to acute general conditions that are a contraindication for any surgery such as an acute cardiac failure, uncontrolled hypertension, acute renal failure, pneumonia, etc. The condition should be treated by a primary care provider or specialist and the patient should be stable prior surgery. Additional contraindications may include the inability to tolerate general anesthesia, significant portal hypertension, uncorrectable coagulopathy, and multiple prior operations.
List the diagnostic tests and lab work that an attending surgeon might order and desc.
Comments Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of .docxcargillfilberto
Comments: Excellent paper. It’s obvious that you put quite a bit of work into this. Unfortunately, your paper needs adequate citations in the body of the text to meet our standards on plagiarism. You need to cite each textbook from your bibliography whenever you quote or use some information from the textbook or other resource. For example, writing (Jones 285) after the quote or information used means that you got it from the book whose author was Jones and the info came from page 285.
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a procedure in which laparoscopic techniques remove the gallbladder. It is the standard of care for symptomatic gallbladder disease, of which most are performed for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Other indications include acute cholecystitis, biliary dyskinesia, and gallstone pancreatitis.
Describe the reasons a patient might have the selected surgical procedure
The typical reason a cholecystectomy is a treatment of choice is inflammatory changes of gallbladder or blockage of bile flow by gallstones. Symptomatic cholelithiasis is the most common reason where gallstones in the gallbladder are blocking the bile flow and cause inflammation. The patient usually complains of episodic epigastric pain and right upper quadrant pain that radiates to the right shoulder. This pain is found to occur several hours after heavy meals and the patient experiences nausea, vomiting, bloating, fever, and right upper quadrant tenderness. Another condition is acute cholecystitis, where inflammation and symptoms are more prominent. The patient may have a fever, constant pain, positive Murphy's sign, or leukocytosis. Acute cholecystitis may be caused by calculous biliary tract disease with confirmed gallstones in the abdominal US. Acute acalculous cholecystitis usually occurs in critically ill patients, those with prolonged total parenteral nutrition, and some immunosuppressed patients. Patients with episodes of right upper quadrant pain (which are ‘classic' for biliary pain without evidence of cholelithiasis of US or ERCP) may also be referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Gallstone pancreatitis (when small stones pass through the cystic duct) confirmed by cholangiography is another indication for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Describe the reasons a patient might be disqualified for this surgery and the options for the patient if any
A patient might be excluded for laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to acute general conditions that are a contraindication for any surgery such as an acute cardiac failure, uncontrolled hypertension, acute renal failure, pneumonia, etc. The condition should be treated by a primary care provider or specialist and the patient should be stable prior surgery. Additional contraindications may include the inability to tolerate general anesthesia, significant portal hypertension, uncorrectable coagulopathy, and multiple prior operations.
List the diagnostic tests and lab work that an attending surgeon might order and desc.
Interventional radiology has evolved from providing purely diagnostic information to offering minimally invasive therapeutic alternatives to treat abdominal, thoracic, and vascular disorders. Procedures such as biopsies, drainages, angioplasty and stenting can now replace conventional surgery in many cases. Common interventional radiology procedures include liver biopsies, ERCP, PTC, percutaneous nephrostomies, gastrostomies, angioplasty and stenting of vessels. These procedures help diagnose and treat conditions affecting many organ systems such as the liver, bile ducts, kidneys, blood vessels and gastrointestinal tract.
1. Pancreatic cancer is the 4th leading cause of cancer death and often presents with jaundice, abdominal pain, weight loss, or new-onset diabetes. Diagnosis involves blood tests, CT, MRI, EUS, and biopsy.
2. Surgical management includes Whipple procedure for head tumors or distal pancreatectomy for body/tail tumors. Palliative options relieve biliary/duodenal obstruction and pain via stenting, bypass, or celiac plexus block.
3. Adjuvant chemo-radiotherapy after surgery can increase survival compared to surgery alone. Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX increases resectability of borderline resect
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive disease characterized by permanent destruction and fibrosis of the pancreatic tissue. It can be categorized into different types including relapsing, chronic cholecysto-pancreatitis, and obstructive. The main symptoms are pain and weight loss due to malabsorption. Diagnosis involves lab tests, imaging like CT, and ERCP. Treatment includes conservative measures like pain medications and enzymes, or surgical options like drainage procedures or pancreatic resection to relieve symptoms.
Radiological investigation of billiary tact 01Kajal Jha
The name biliary tract is used to refer to all of the ducts, structures and organs involved in the production, storage and secretion of bile.
Bile canaliculi >> Canals of Hering >> intrahepatic bile ductule (in portal tracts / triads) >> interlobular bile ducts >> left and right hepatic ducts >>
These merge to form the common hepatic duct
This exits the liver and joins with the cystic duct from gall bladder
Together these form the common bile duct which joins the pancreatic duct
These pass through the ampulla of Vater and enter the duodenum
Appleby operation for pancreatic cancer. Cancer de pancreas - tratamentoMarcel Autran Machado
We described a modified Appleby operation for locally advanced distal pancreatic cancer with compromised hepatic collateral flow that needed hepatic arterial revascularization, successfully accomplished by left external iliac-hepatic arterial bypass with Dacron prosthesis.
This document summarizes the experience of 6 patients who underwent the ALPPS (Associating Liver Partition and Portal vein ligation for Staged hepatectomy) procedure.
The ALPPS procedure achieved a mean liver volume hypertrophy of 110% in 15.3 days. One patient experienced severe liver failure, one had a biliary leak, and one died of postoperative respiratory distress syndrome. A review of 18 publications on ALPPS found a mean hypertrophy rate of 85%, morbidity rate of 35%, and mortality rate of 6%.
While ALPPS is effective for inducing rapid liver growth, the summarized literature shows it has higher morbidity and mortality compared to conventional procedures. Further studies are needed to understand
1. The document discusses carcinoma of the head of the pancreas, including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, clinical features, imaging, staging, and surgical management via the Whipple procedure.
2. It provides details of the Whipple procedure, including exposing and dissecting key structures like the superior mesenteric vein, Kocher maneuver, dividing vessels like the gastroduodenal artery, and transecting the stomach and jejunum.
3. The Whipple procedure involves a pancreaticoduodenectomy to resect the pancreatic head tumors while preserving stomach, duodenum, common bile duct, and pancreas.
This document provides guidelines for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. It outlines indications for the procedure including symptomatic gallstones and acute cholecystitis. High-risk patients for bile duct stones are evaluated preoperatively with ERCP. The basic operative technique is described including abdominal access and establishing the critical view of safety. Intraoperative cholangiography is routinely performed to detect common bile duct stones which may be treated endoscopically or with exploration. Conversion to open surgery should be considered for infected or scarred gallbladders or if the anatomy cannot be clearly defined. Major complications are bile duct injury and bleeding.
pancreatic transplant and advances in uls 1.pptxJosephmwanika
This document outlines pancreatic transplant procedures, including indications, contraindications, techniques, and complications. The main points are:
- Pancreatic transplant is typically performed for patients with type 1 diabetes to restore glycemic control. The standard technique is a simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant.
- Indications include end-stage kidney disease from diabetes and failure of insulin therapy. Contraindications include advanced heart or lung disease and active infections.
- The donor pancreas is procured and revascularized using a Y-graft anastomosed to the recipient iliac vessels. Ultrasound is the primary imaging method for monitoring the transplant.
- Complications include rejection, pancreatitis
All you need to know about peri-ampullary cancer
Periampullary cancer is a common diagnosis with patient with progressive jaundice in northern part of India
Timely diagnosis and proper treatment in a way towards cure
Acs0509 Tumors Of The Pancreas, Biliary Tract, And Liver 2009medbookonline
1) The document discusses tumors of the pancreas, biliary tract, and liver. It focuses on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which commonly presents with painless jaundice.
2) Diagnostic evaluation involves blood tests, imaging like CT or MRI to identify tumors and stage disease, and ERCP to visualize the biliary tree. Surgical resection is the main treatment if the tumor is resectable.
3) Challenges include determining resectability when tumors are atypical on imaging or small masses are not clearly identified. Additional tests like EUS may be needed in such cases to establish a diagnosis before deciding on surgical management.
Similar to Acs0524 Procedures For Benign And Malignant Pancreatic Disease 2006 (20)
This document discusses the anatomy and surgical procedure of splenectomy. It describes:
- The spleen's highly variable arterial blood supply, which can take bundled or distributed patterns. This variability impacts the difficulty of surgery.
- The splenic artery typically branches off the celiac axis but can originate from other nearby arteries in rare cases.
- Additional branches of the splenic artery before it enters the spleen, including short gastric and pancreatic arteries.
- A history of splenectomy beginning in the 16th century and its increasing use through the 20th century for trauma and hematologic disorders.
- The development of laparoscopic splenectomy in the early 1990s and ongoing refinement of minim
Gastrostomy is commonly used as a temporary procedure to avoid discomfort from prolonged nasogastric suction after major abdominal surgery. It can also be used permanently when the esophagus is obstructed to nonresectable cancer. The Stamm gastrostomy is most common temporary procedure where a catheter is placed through the stomach wall and anchored to the skin. The Janeway gastrostomy is a permanent alternative where a flap of stomach is brought through the abdominal wall and attached to form a mucosal lined tube to prevent regurgitation. Postoperative care involves gradual advancement to oral intake as the stomach heals and functions return to normal.
This document describes the Billroth I gastric resection procedure, which involves removing part of the stomach and reattaching it to the duodenum. Key steps include transecting the stomach, attaching it to the duodenum using a circular stapler, and closing the gastrotomy site. The procedure aims to control peptic ulcers by combining hemigastrectomy with vagotomy while restoring normal gastrointestinal continuity. Postoperative care focuses on gradual advancement of oral intake and monitoring for complications.
This document describes the Billroth I procedure for gastroduodenostomy. It involves extensive mobilization of the stomach and duodenum to allow for an end-to-end anastomosis between the stomach and duodenum, restoring normal continuity of the gastrointestinal tract. The stomach is divided and sutured closed, then sutured to the duodenum in layers to create the gastroduodenal connection. Postoperative care focuses on gradual advancement of diet and monitoring for gastric retention to support healing and prevent complications.
Gastrostomy is commonly used as a temporary procedure to avoid discomfort from prolonged nasogastric suction after major abdominal surgery. It can also be used permanently when the esophagus is obstructed to nonresectable cancer. The Stamm gastrostomy is most common temporary procedure where a catheter is placed through the stomach wall and anchored to prevent leakage. The Janeway gastrostomy is a permanent alternative where a flap of stomach is brought through the abdominal wall and lined with mucosa to form a permanent opening, preventing regurgitation. Postoperative care involves gradual advancement to oral intake as the stomach and bowel recover function.
Gastrojejunostomy is a surgical procedure that connects the stomach directly to the jejunum. It is indicated for patients with duodenal ulcers complicated by pyloric obstruction or nonresectable stomach or pancreatic cancers causing obstruction. The procedure involves opening the stomach and jejunum, suturing them together to form a stoma, then closing in multiple layers. Postoperatively, gastric emptying is monitored and diet advanced gradually to ensure proper healing.
This document provides guidance on treating a perforated ulcer or subphrenic abscess. It describes:
1) Preparing patients preoperatively by administering IV fluids/antibiotics and gastric suction.
2) Closing perforations by suturing the ulcer and reinforcing it with omentum, or sealing it if too indurated.
3) Draining subphrenic abscesses extraperitoneally by making incisions below the costal margin or through the 12th rib bed and inserting drains into the abscess cavity.
A C S0103 Perioperative Considerations For Anesthesiamedbookonline
This document discusses perioperative considerations for anesthesia. It notes advancements in modern surgical care and alterations in anesthetic management to maximize patient benefit. A preoperative evaluation is important to assess medical history and current medications. Certain medications may need to be adjusted or discontinued before surgery, such as MAOIs, oral anticoagulants, and some herbal supplements, to reduce risks of adverse reactions or bleeding complications during the procedure. The risks and options for anesthesia should be discussed with the patient.
A C S0105 Postoperative Management Of The Hospitalized Patientmedbookonline
This document discusses postoperative management of surgical patients. It describes the different levels of postoperative care including same-day surgery, the surgical floor, telemetry ward, and intensive care unit. Factors determining a patient's disposition include their preoperative health, procedure performed, and postoperative clinical status. The document also discusses common postoperative orders related to tubes, drains, oxygen therapy, and wound care to guide nursing staff.
Postoperative pain is a complex experience involving sensory, emotional, and mental components. Effective pain management is important for patient comfort and recovery. Guidelines for postoperative pain treatment have been developed for specific procedures. Multimodal analgesic regimens targeting multiple pathways are recommended over reliance on opioids alone to prevent tolerance and hyperalgesia. Nonpharmacological complementary therapies can be combined with drug treatments to enhance pain control.
The document discusses the approach to a patient experiencing ongoing bleeding. It outlines the following key steps:
1. First consider the possibility of a technical cause like an unligated vessel and examine for injuries.
2. If no technical cause is found, check the patient's temperature and perform laboratory tests. Hypothermia can cause coagulopathy.
3. Evaluate test results along with the patient's history for clues to underlying causes like platelet dysfunction, coagulation factor deficiencies, or inherited bleeding disorders. Treat the specific condition while continuing evaluation.
A C S0812 Brain Failure And Brain Deathmedbookonline
This document discusses brain failure and brain death. It defines different levels of impaired consciousness from cloudy consciousness to coma. It describes how brain failure results from cardiac arrest and the challenges of restarting the brain after lack of oxygen. It outlines the criteria for diagnosing brain death, including absence of brain stem reflexes and apnea testing. It also discusses the evolution of determining death as technology has allowed life support to prolong vital signs indefinitely.
This document summarizes key points about surgical treatment of early rectal cancer and care of elderly surgical patients. It discusses that radical resection for early rectal cancer achieves excellent local control but has risks, while local excision may be preferable but has a higher local recurrence rate. Adjuvant therapy after local excision may help address this. It also notes that the elderly population is growing and physiologic changes with aging, like cardiac function decline, must be considered in surgical planning and risk assessment for elderly patients. Functional status is more important than age alone.
This document provides information on parotidectomy surgery and the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) program.
It describes the technique for parotidectomy surgery, including identifying and dissecting around the facial nerve. It notes that most parotid tumors are benign and complications are usually temporary facial nerve paralysis.
It then discusses the development of the FLS program to standardize laparoscopic surgery training. The program includes cognitive training and manual skills assessment. Many residency programs and hospitals now require surgeons to complete the FLS. A large grant will help make the program more accessible to residency programs.
This document summarizes an article about volunteer surgeons providing care to wounded soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. It discusses the senior visiting surgeon program established by the American College of Surgeons that allows surgeons to volunteer their time. The volunteer rotation described involved caring for patients at Landstuhl Regional Medical Center in Germany as part of the complex medical evacuation process bringing wounded soldiers from war zones to the United States for further treatment and recovery.
1. The document discusses various sources of data for benchmarking surgical outcomes, including public reporting programs, public use administrative databases, and clinical registries. It notes limitations of using administrative data including problems with accuracy, completeness, and clinical precision of coding.
2. Clinical registries like the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database are described as better sources of benchmarking data as they provide risk-adjusted outcomes while protecting individual hospital and surgeon confidentiality.
3. Limitations of all surgical benchmarking sources include small sample sizes, lack of generalizability between databases, and lack of external auditing to ensure accuracy and completeness of submitted data.
This document discusses organ procurement from cadaveric donors. It describes the coordination between donor and recipient activities, including matching organs to recipients based on factors like blood type, medical urgency, and waiting time. The evaluation of donor organs is outlined for different organs. Careful donor management aims to optimize organs while respecting donor dignity.
Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is a hybrid technique that provides many of the advantages of traditional open surgery and laparoscopic colectomy. HALS employs a special access device that allows the surgeon to place a hand in the abdomen to assist with retraction, dissection, and visualization while maintaining pneumoperitoneum and laparoscopic instrumentation through trocars. Studies have shown HALS results in shorter operative times and lower conversion rates to open surgery compared to traditional laparoscopic colectomy while preserving similar short-term clinical outcomes. HALS may help expand the use of minimally invasive approaches for complex colectomies by providing an easier transition from open surgery than traditional laparoscopic techniques.
The document summarizes the evolution of trauma surgery training and practice in the United States. It discusses how trauma surgery originated in large city hospitals but has since expanded to regional trauma centers. It also notes changes in surgical training away from generalist models towards increased specialization. Trauma surgery is increasingly encompassing broader emergency general surgery duties due to workforce shortages, while training programs emphasize specialized rather than broad skills.
This document provides reference values for many common clinical chemistry analytes measured in various specimens like plasma, serum, urine, and whole blood. The analytes include metabolic panels, lipids, proteins, electrolytes, vitamins, and more. Reference ranges are given in conventional and SI units for each analyte. The purpose is to provide clinicians with the normal expected ranges to interpret laboratory results at the Massachusetts General Hospital.