The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient hill-top citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. During ancient times it was known also more properly as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king.

1. Acropolis of Athens Live version of this article
By the Editors of the Madain Project
The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient hill-top citadel located on a rocky outcrop
above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of
great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the
Parthenon. During ancient times it was known also more properly as Cecropia,
after the legendary serpent-man, Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king.
Overview
While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as far back as the fourth
millennium BCE, it was Pericles (circa 495–429 BCE) in the fifth century BCE
who coordinated the construction of the site's most important present remains
including the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of
Athena Nike. Since 1975 numerous large-scale restoration projects have been
undertaken; the latest is expected to finish in 2020.

2. Archaeological Remains
circa 525 BCE

3. Old Temple of Athena Polias
The large Archaic temple to the south of the Erechtheion, which today
preserves only its foundations, was called the "Old Temple" according to
epigraphic evidence. Dedicated to Athena Polias, the patron deity of the city,
it housed the xoanon, the wooden cult statue of the goddess to which the
Athenians offered a peplos during the Panathenaic festival. The western
section of the temple, consisting of three smaller parts, housed the cults of
other divinities, possibly Hephaistus, Poseidon-Erechtheion and the hero
Boutes.
Built at the site once occupied by the palace of the Mycenaean ruler of
Attica, the temple replaced a smaller Geometric one (circa eighth century

4. BCE) also dedicated to Athena Polias. The only remains of this early temple
are two stone column bases as well as a bronze disc with an image of
Gorgo, which adorned the pediment or the tip of the roof in the seventh
century BCE.
The "Old Temple" of Athena, a Doric peripteral building with six columns at
the front and rear end and twelve at the sides, measured 43.44 x 21.43
meters. It was built of poros, while Parian marble was used for some upper
parts, such as the metopes, pedimental sculptures and tiles. One pediment
was adorned with a sculpted group illustrating the Gigantomachy (the battle
between the Olympian gods and the rebellious giants), while the other
featured a partially preserved group of lions devouring a bull. The altar,
which is no longer preserved, was located to the east of the temple, as is
indicated by some cuttings on the rock.
The temple was built circa 525-500 BCE and was associated with the sons
of the tyrant Peisistratos or the Athenian people at the time of its
establishment of Democracy by Kleisthenes. It was destroyed in 480 BCE,
during the Persian invasion. Many of its architectural elements were later
incorporated in the northern wall of the Acropolis.
circa 450 BCE

5. Statue of Athena Promachos
The colossal bronze statue of Athena, known as Athena Promachos,
dominated the area between the Propylaea and the Erechtheion, to the left
of the visitor walking along the processional way of the Acropolis. It was
made by the renowned sculptor Pheidias probably at the bronze foundry
situated at the southwest slope of the Acropolis. The Athenians dedicated
the statue to Athena, to express their gratitude for her contribution to the
victories in the Persian Wars. Later sources refer that its construction was
financed from the Persian spoils. However, according to the inscription with
the expense accounts, the construction of the statue is dated to 475-450
BCE.

6. The exact form of the statue is not known, but later copies and coins of the
Roman period present the goddess standing, in a calm pose, wearing a
belted peplos (robe). According to another version, the outstretched right
hand held a Nike (victory) or an owl. Pausanias, the second century CE
traveler, mentions that her shield was decorated with scenes from the
Centauromachy (battle between Centaurs and Lapiths), executed by the
famous bronze sculptor Mys, following drawings by the painter Parrhasios.
The total height of the statue with the pedestal is estimated around nine
meters. According to ancient tradition, the point of her spear and the crest of
her helmet were visible to sailors at sea off cape Sounion. Athena's
pedestal, measuring five square meters, was repaired in the Roman
period,probably during the reign of Augustus (circa 31 BCE to 14 CE).
Fragments of its crowning with relief moldings have been preserved to the
present day.
Phidias' masterpiece was carried to Constantinople, and was placed at the
hippodrome, probably in the fifth century CE. There, it was destroyed by the
crowd during the siege of the city by the Franks in 1204 CE, because it was
considered that the outstretched hand of the goddess beckoned the enemy.
circa 432 BCE

7. Parthenon
Construction of the majestic Parthenon began in 447 BCE when the
Athenian Empire was at the peak of its power. It was completed in 438 BCE,
although decoration of the building continued until 432 BCE. It is the most
important surviving building of Classical Greece. In the final decade of the
6th century CE, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church
dedicated to the Virgin Mary. After the Ottoman conquest, it was turned into
a mosque in the early 1460s.
circa 432 BCE

8. Propylaea
The monumental gateway to the Acropolis, the Propylaea, was one of
several public works commissioned by the Athenian leader Pericles in order
to rebuild the Acropolis at the conclusion of the Persian Wars. According to
Plutarch, the Propylaea was designed by the architect Mnesicles, about
whom nothing else is known. Construction began in 437 BCE and was
terminated in 432 BCE, when the building was still unfinished. The
Propylaea was constructed of white Pentelic marble and gray Eleusinian
marble or limestone, which was used only for accents.
circa 421 BCE

9. Pandroseion
The Pandroseion, a sanctuary dedicated to Pandrosus, was founded north
of the Old temple of Athena already during the Archaic period. Pandrosos,
the kind and obedient daughter of the legendary king of Athena, Kekrops,
was the first priestess of Athena Polias, the patron goddess of the city.
The Pandroseion (illustration) was founded in the area of the Acropolis
where the oldest sacred spots of the Athenian mythology were located, such
as the signs of the contest between Athena and Poseidon for the patronage
of the city; the sacred olive tree, which according to the legend sprung when
the goddess struck the rock with her spear, giving her the victory; the salty
spring, which appeared when Poseidon struck his trident; and the tomb of

10. king Kekrops (inspect), who was the judge or a witness of the contest of the
two gods, according to the myth.
The sacred olive tree of Athena was enclosed in the sanctuary of
Pandrosos, while Kekrops' tomb was protected by a separate precinct wall
at the south-east. The early Pandroseion, whose form is unknown, was
destroyed by the Persians in 480 BCE.
Today, the remains of this structure are quite scant. Very few stones of this
classical sanctuary are preserved at the west wall of the Erechtheum, as
well as parts of the foundation of its north boundary. These remains indicate
that it was an open-air sanctuary of a trapezoidal plan with a stoa of the
Ionic order at the north-side. The entrance (inspect) of the sanctuary was a
small propylon (gate) at the eastern end of the stoa. The altar of Herkeios
Zeus, protector of the family, was located in the court under the sacred olive
tree.
The Pandroseion underwent alterations when the Erechtheion was built
attached to its eastern end (circa 431-406 BCE or 421-406 BCE). Then, the
entrance was through a small undecorated door at the right of the elaborate
entrance at the north porch of the Erechtheum, while the two sancturies
were also directly connected with a small door in the western wall of the
Erechtheion. At that time, the court of the sanctuary was paved and part of
Kekrops' tomb was integrated under the porch of the Caryatids.

11. The olive tree that exists in the sanctuary today was planted in the beginning
of the twentieth century CE in memory of Athena's sacred tree.
circa 420 BCE
Temple of Athena Nike
The Temple of Athena Nike is a temple on the Acropolis of Athens,
dedicated to the goddess Athena Nike. Built around 420 BCE, the temple is
the earliest fully Ionic temple on the Acropolis. It has a prominent position on
a steep bastion at the south west corner of the Acropolis to the right of the
entrance, the Propylaea. The Temple of Athena Nike was finished around
420 BCE, during the Peace of Nicias. Architects Christian Hansen and
Eduard Schaubert excavated the temple in the 1830s.
circa 419 BCE

12. Asclepieion
The Asclepieion, the sanctuary of the god Asclepios and his daughter
Hygieia, the personification of "health", is located to the west of the Theatre
of Dionysus, between the Acropolis and the Peripatos, i.e. the road which
used to surround it. The sanctuary was founded in the year 420/419 BCE by
an Athenian citizen from the deme of Achamai, named Telemachos. The
founding of the Asklepieion is recorded in theTelemachos Monument, votive
stele consisting of a narrow shaft, crowned by two slabs with relief panels,
which commemorate the arrival of the god in Athens from the sanctuary of
Epidaurus and present him in his new residence at the sanctuary on the
southern slope of the Athens Acropolis. A copy of the Monument of
Telemachos is exhibited today in the Doric stoa of the sanctuary.
Entrance from the Peripatos to the two courts of the sanctuary was made
through a monumental entrance (propylon), which, according to epigraphic
sources, was renovated in Roman times. The eastern court, which was
entered through a porch at the western side, included the temple and altar of

13. the god as well as two stoas, the so-called Doric stoa at the north side and
the so-called Roman stoa at the south side, which was added in the Roman
period, to accommodate the ever increasing pilgrims to the sanctuary. The
Doric stoa served as an incubation hall for the visitors to the Asclepieion,
who stayed there overnight and were miraculously cured by the god, who
appeared in their dreams. The Ionic stoa (katagogion), which was the most
important building of the western court, served as a guest-house and
refectory for the priests and the visitors to the shrine.
The temple of Asclepios is a building from the first century BCE, with a
two-column in antis facade and a small cella, which, according to Pausanias,
who visited Athens in the second century CE, housed the statues of
Asklepios and his children. In the third century CE it was expanded
eastwards, in order to create a four-column facade, with a wider pronaos.
The Doric stoa, a two storey building with a facade of seventeen Doric
columns, was built in 300/299 BCE, as epigraphical accounts attest. The
stoa integrated into its western part the sacred spring, i.e. a small cave with
a spring in the Acropolis rock, since water has always been a significant
element in the cult of Asclepios and into its western part the sacred bothros,
which functioned as a sacrificial pit. The sacred bothros, was a well built with
polygonal masonry, in the mezzanine floor of the stoa. It is dated earlier than
the stoa itself, to the last quarter of the fifth century BCE. In this part of the
sanctuary the sacrifices to the chthonian deities and the heroes were
performed.

14. The Ionic stoa is also dated to the last quarter of the fifth century BCE. It
was a single-storied building with four rooms and a colonnade with ten ionic
columns of excellent quality.
In the sixth century CE, when Christianity replaced paganism, all the
buildings in the Asklepieion were integrated into the complex of a large
three-aisled early Christian basilica. In the Byzantine period (eleventh and
thirteenth century CE) two smaller, single aisled churches were erected on
the site of the basilica. The last one probably functioned as the katholikon of
a small monastery.
After 2002 CE, the western part of the Doric stoa's ground floor, the sacred
bothros and the temple of Asklepios were partially restored.
circa 406 BCE

15. Erechtheion
The Erechtheion or Erechtheum is an ancient Greek temple on the north
side of the Acropolis of Athens in Greece which was dedicated to both
Athena and Poseidon. The temple as seen today was built between 421 and
406 BCE. Its architect may have been Mnesicles, and it derived its name
from a shrine dedicated to the legendary Greek hero Erichthonius. The
Erectheum was associated with some of the most ancient and holy relics of
the Athenians, such as the Palladion, a xoanon or "wood-carven effigy" of
Athena Polias (protectress of the city).
circa 400 BCE

16. Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
The ancient Greek Theatre of Dionysus, also known as the Theatre of
Dionysos, can be found in Athens. Positioned on the southern slope of the
Acropolis hill, it was originally a part of the sanctuary dedicated to Dionysus
Eleuthereus, the liberating deity. The first terrace for the orchestra was built
on this site during the 4th and 5th centuries BC, serving as the venue for the
City Dionysia. In the fourth century BC, under the supervision of Lycurgus,
the theater expanded to its largest size, accommodating up to 25,000
spectators. It remained in use until the Roman period. Over time, during the
Byzantine era, the theater fell into disrepair and was forgotten. It wasn't until
the nineteenth century that it was rediscovered, excavated, and restored to
its current state.

17. circa 320–319 BCE
Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos
The Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos, constructed between 320 and 319
BCE, stands on the man-made cliff of the southern side of the Acropolis in
Athens. Its purpose is to honor Thrasyllos, who served as a choregos. This
memorial structure takes the form of a small temple and occupies the
entrance of a natural cave. Thrasykles, the son of Thrasyllus and an
agonothetes in the Great Dionysia Games, made modifications to the
monument in 271/70 BCE. Pausanias indirectly mentions the monument and
informs us that inside the cave there was a depiction of Apollo and Artemis
slaying the children of Niobe.

18. circa 178 BCE
Pedestal of Agrippa
The Pedestal, now known as the Agrippa Pedestal located west of the
Propylaea of Athens and the same height as the Temple of Athena Nike to
the south, was built in honor of Eumenes II of Pergamon in 178 BCE to
commemorate his victory in the Panathenaic Games chariot race. Its height
is 8.9 meters. It was the base of a bronze quadriga, life-size probably driven
by Eumenes and/or his brother Attalus II. Towards 27 BCE this chariot was
replaced by another one, dedicated by the city of Athens to Marcus Agrippa,
son-in-law of Augustus.
circa 160 BCE

19. Stoa of Eumenes II
The Stoa of Eumenes II is situated between the theatre of Dionysos and the
Odeion of Herodes Atticus, along the Peripatos (the ancient road around the
Acropolis). The king of Pergamon, Eumenes II, donated this stoa to the
Athenian city, during his sovereignty, which lasted from 197 to 159 BCE.
This elongated colonnaded building, 163 meters long and 17.65 meters
wide, had two storeys. The ground floor facade consisted of a colonnade of
sixty four doric order columns, while the interior colonnade consisted of 32
columns of Ionic order. On the upper storey, the exterior colonnade had the
equivalent number of double semi-columns of Ionic order and the interior
columns had the rather rare type of capitals, the Pergamene ones.
Nowadays, a visible part of the monument is the north retaining wall,
reinforced with buttresses connected by semicircular arches. This wall was
constructed in order to hold the north earth embankment in place and to
support the Peripatos. Today are also visible, the Krene (spring) included in

20. the north wall, the stylobates of the inner colonnade on the ground floor and
the foundation of the exterior colonnade. Besides, a part of the sub-structure
of the eastern wall of the stoa has also survived, in addition to the west wall,
which saw some alteration during the Roman period, when the Odeion of
Herodes Atticus was erected.
circa 100 CE
Temple of Themis
circa 161 CE

21. Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Herodes Atticus constructed the Odeon of Herodes Atticus in 161 CE as a
memorial for his Roman wife, Aspasia Annia Regilla. The Odeon initially had
a steeply sloped design, featuring a three-story stone facade and a roof
crafted from luxurious cedar of Lebanon wood. It served as a prominent
location for music concerts, accommodating up to 5,000 attendees. The
structure remained intact until its destruction by the Heruli in 267 CE, leaving
it in a state of ruin.
circa 350 CE

22. Beulé Gate
The Beulé Gate, located west of the propylaea, is part of the fortification of
the Acropolis which reinforced the vulnerable west slope in the third century
CE. At the time the Acropolis acquired the form of a castle where one could
enter through this gate from the western side and through a secondary gate
located souht-west of the propylaea, which is no longer preserved. THe
reinforcement of the west slope of the Acropolis in the third century CE was
either included in the defense works carried out in Athens at the time of
emperor Valerian (253-260 CE) or tribe of the Heruli in 267 CE.
The west gate was built on the base of the monumental marble stairway,
dated to 52 CE, which leads to the Propylaia. It is flanked by two rectangular
towers and it was constructed with material from earlier buildings, such as
the choragic monument of nikias (circa 319 BCE) on the southern slope of
the Acropoli. The gate was in use for several centuries, while rooms were
added to the inner side for protection from the weather for the guards and

23. those who entered the castle. Probably in the sixth century CE the height of
the door opening was reduced with the placement of a lintel. In addition, in
the eleventh century CE an upper floor was built on the gate to provide
better protection of the castle entrance and the lintel was decorated with an
eagle and a snake relief. At the time of the Frankinsh occupation of the De la
Rouche dukes (1204-1311 CE), the use of the gate ceased, whereas during
the Ottoman occupation, after the end of the fifteenth century CE, it was
incorporated in the large bastion built for the defense of the western side of
the Acropolis.
The gate remained covered until it was revealed in 1852-1853 CE by the
French archaeologist E. Beulé, after whom it was named "The Beulé Gate".
Due to the poor state of preservation of the gate towers, consolidation works
were carried out in the nineteenth century CE, such as the addition of
buttresses on the outer side.
circa 1650 CE

24. Parthenon Mosque
The precise circumstances under which the Turks appropriated parthenon
for use as a mosque are unclear. The shrewdest guess is that it happened
under the orders of Mehmed the Conqueror, perhaps the most powerful
sultan of all who reigned over Constantinople. Allegedly, changing the
Parthenon into a mosque came as a punishment to the Athenians for
attempting a plot against the Ottoman reign. Later on after the Parthenon
was damaged in an explosion, circa 1650 CE, a smaller mosque was built in
typical Ottoman style. The descriptions and engravings from the era show
that it resembled the Fethiye Mosque.
Gallery Want to use our images?

29. See Also
​ Ancient Agora of Athens
​ Areopagus Hill
​ Acropolis of Lindos
​ Acropolis of Rhodes
​ Acrocorinth
​
References
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​ Babinger, Franz (1992). Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time. Princeton University Press.
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