Acid rain is caused by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions from human sources like fossil fuel burning. When these gases dissolve in water droplets, they form acids that fall as rain, snow, or fog. Natural rain has a pH of around 5.6, but acid rain is more acidic below 5.6. It damages aquatic life, plants, soils, and stone structures. The main effects are on lakes and streams due to decreased pH. Plants also suffer from nutrient loss. Solutions include reducing air pollution through scrubbers, renewable energy, and applying lime to soils and water bodies.

1. BACKGROUND &
INTRODUCTION
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ACID RAIN

2. INTRODUCTION
 Acid Rain is the precipitation that
has a pH of less than that of natural
rainwater, which is about 5.6 due to
dissolved carbon dioxide
 It is formed when Sulphur dioxides
and Nitrogen oxides, as gases or fine
particles in the atmosphere,
combine with water vapor and
precipitate as Sulphuric acid or nitric
acid in rain, snow, or fog.
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3. 3
Acid Rain refers to a mixture of wet and
dry deposition from the atmosphere
containing higher than normal amount of
nitric acid and sulphuric acid.
Dry depositions: close to the source of
emission.
Wet depositions: occur when the
pollutants are dissolves in precipitation. It
is also called trans-frontier pollution as it
can move (even across the boarders)
CONTINUE…

4. 4
Liquids having pH lower than 7 are acidic and higher than 7 are alkaline. Natural rain
water is also acidic because of presence of carbonic acid as C02 is present in
atmosphere. It reacts with rain water to form a weak acid Carbonic Acid which cause
the pH of natural water to fall to 5.6.
CONTINUE..

5. Acid rain is caused by a chemical
reaction that begins when
compounds like Sulphur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides are released into the
air by the process of combustion.
NO2 + H2O -------> H2NO3
SO2 + H2O --------> H2SO4
Nitric acid and sulphuric acid causes
the pH of water to decrease and
hence cause Acid rain.
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 FORMATION

6. BACKGROUND OFTERM
“ACID RAIN”
The phrase Acid Rain was first used
in 1852 by Scottish chemist Robert
Angus Smith during his investigation
of rain water chemistry near
industrial cities in England and
Scotland.
This phenomenon became an
important part of his book Air and
rain: The beginning of a chemical
climatology (1872).
For the first time in the history acid
rain was being recorded in Europe
and eastern North America after WW
ll.
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7. FORMS OF
ACID RAIN
BY

8. 1. WET DEPOSITION
 Wet deposition is
the process through
which atmospheric
gases mix with
suspended water in
the atmosphere and
are then washed
out through rain ,
snow or fog.
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9. PROCESS OF WET
DEPOSITION
• There are some acidic
chemicals in the air and they
fall to the ground as rain, sleet,
fog, snow, or mist, when the
wind blows them to regions
with wet weather. The sulfuric
and nitric acids mixed with
rain, snow, fog and hail and fall
on the ground.
• Numerous plants, animals, and
aquatic life are impacted when
this acid percolates through the
ground. Drainage water enters
rivers and canals where it is
combined with seawater,
harming marine environment
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10.  DRY DEPOSITION:
In the absence of moisture, acidic
particles and gases can potentially
deposit from the environment called
dry deposition.
The gases and acidic particles may
swiftly settle to surfaces (water
bodies, vegetation, or buildings) or
they may react while being transported
through the atmosphere to produce
larger particles that may be dangerous
to human health.
During the Industrial Revolution, the
association between acid rain and air
pollution was originally identified by
Scottish chemist Robert Angus Smith
in Manchester, England, in 1852.
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• 1) Emissions of SO2 and NOx into the air.
• (2) The pollutants are transformed into acid particles that may be
transported long distances.
• (3) These acid particles then fall to the earth as wet and dry deposition
(dust, rain, snow, etc.)
• (4) May cause harmful effects on soil, forests, streams, and lakes.
• EXPLANATION

13. PROCESS OF ACID RAIN
• Emission of Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into
the atmosphere is due to burning
of fossil fuels.
• These air pollutants develop
airborne sulfuric and nitric acid,
when they interact with water,
oxygen, and other elements.
These acidic substances may be
dispersed over hundreds of miles
by winds.
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14. • Rotting vegetation and erupting
volcanoes release some chemicals that
can cause acid rain.
• Most acid rain is a product of human
activities.
• The biggest sources are coal-burning
power plants, factories, and
automobiles
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CAUSES OFACID RAIN

15. EXAMPLE
A virtual tree graveyard of norway
spruce in poland bears the scars of
acid rain. Caused when rain
droplets absorb air pollution like
sulfur and nitrogen oxides, acid
rain weakens trees by dissolving
nutrients in the soil before plants
can use them.
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5

16. Natural Sources
Volcanic eruptions are one of the primary
natural causes of acid rain.
 Acid-producing gases released by volcanoes
cause greater than usual levels of acid rain or
any other type of precipitation, such as fog and
snow.
 They have drastic impact on the
surroundings’ vegetation and the health of the
local population.
 MAIN CAUSES

17. 17
• Additionally, gases that cause acid rain are produced by wildfires,
wilting vegetation, and biological activities occurring in the
environment.
• Dimethyl sulfide is a typical example of a major biological contributor
to sulfur-containing elements into the atmosphere.
• Nitric oxides, which are also naturally produced by lightning strikes, are
electrically reacted with water molecules to make nitric acid, which
forms acid rain.
 TOXIC CHEMICALS

18. 18
• The main causes of acid rain are human activities that result in chemical
gas emissions like sulfur and nitrogen.
• The activities include things like industries, power plants, and vehicles
that generate sulfur and nitrogen pollutants as part of air pollution.
• Daily high levels of gaseous emissions are also released into the air by
companies and automobiles, especially in heavily industrialized areas
and cities with heavy automotive traffic.
 MAN –MADE SOURCES

19. 19
• Combusting coal and oil emit loads of these gases into the atmosphere.
• Once in the atmosphere, these substances combine with airborne water
molecules in the presence of sunshine to produce mild sulfuric and nitric
acids. Acid rain is largely caused by two chemicals, sulfur dioxide
(SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which are produced when coal is
burned to produce electricity.
1.COMBUSTION OF COAL

20. 20
• Contemporary power plants use fuel to generate energy.
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide gases are discharged
into the environment during energy production and
combustion.
• Manufacturing industries that manufacture cement refine
petroleum, process plastics, produce chemical products.
• Those industries that produce metals such as steel and
aluminum release scores of NOx and SO2 gases into the
atmosphere.
2:POWER PLANTS AND MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

21. • Another main source of NOx and
SO2 emissions are the fuel
combustion of trucks, cars, airplanes,
and buses.
• These vehicles regularly emit high
concentrations of sulfur and nitrogen
gases into the environment, mainly in
heavily industrialized regions and
densely populated urban areas. As a
result, these locations frequently get
heavy acid showers
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3. AUTOMOBILES AND
OTHER VEHICLES

22. 22
• Environmental Reactions Lead to Acid Rain. Nature relies on
equilibrium, and although some rain is naturally acidic and has a pH of
around 5.0, human activity has made it worse.
• Alkaline chemicals, or non-acidic substances, can be found in the air,
soils, bedrock, lakes, and streams. These substances react with normal
precipitation, such as rain, sleet, or snow. These reactions usually
neutralize natural acids.
• However, if precipitation becomes too acidic, these materials may not be
able to neutralize all of the acids. Over time, these neutralizing materials
can be washed away by acid rain. Damage to crops, trees, lakes, rivers,
and animals can result.
4.ENVIRONMENTAL REACTIONS(PH)

23. 23

24. • EFFECTS OF
ACID RAIN
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25.  Damage caused by acid rain has been well-documented leading to it being labelled
as an environmental hazard. There are several important impacts of acid
deposition on both natural and man-made environments
Aquatic settings are the most clearly impacted by acid deposition though because
acidic precipitation falls directly into them. Both dry and wet deposition also runs
off of forests, fields, and roads and flows into lakes, rivers, and streams.

26. 
ACID RAIN MAINLY
AFFECTS ON:
Health
Aquatic life
Plant Growth and
Ecosystems
Soil and Rock
Stone Buildings
and Monuments
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• Acid rain looks, feels, and tastes just like clean rain. The harm to people from
acid rain is not direct.
• Acid rain and the pollutant particles of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide that
is formed from it, have been linked to human health problems including;
• Asthma
• Heart disease
• Eye irritation
• Bronchitis
• These gases interact in the atmosphere to form fine sulfate and nitrate particles
that can be transported long distances by winds and inhaled deep into people's
lungs.
 EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON HEALTH:-

28. TREY
research
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29. • After being released from clouds as
precipitation, acid rain reaches the
Earth’s surface and a large fraction of
it is transported to rivers and lakes
through surface runoff or by
groundwater flow.
• it mixes with the existing water and
increases the acidity of the water body
with this drop in pH being particularly
dramatic when large volumes of
rainfall enter a relatively small water
body.
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EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN
ON THE AQUATIC LIFE:-
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 Living organisms suffer directly from
acid rain falling in their habitat with
species living in confined aquatic
environments being particularly
vulnerable as they cannot migrate to
less acidic waters. Some species have
a high tolerance to acidic conditions,
others cannot survive even very
small changes in ph.
For example, the increased acidity
in several lochs in galloway, scotland
in the 1900s led to the localextinction
of several of the local fish
populations.

31.  Effects of Acid Rain on Plant
Growth and Ecosystems:-
 Over the years, scientists have
noted a slowed growth of some
forests. Leaves and needles turn
brown and fall off when they
should be green and healthy.
 The waxy outer layer of plant
leaves can become damaged by
acid rain and the inability to
photosynthesis efficiently makes
the plant weak with an increased
chance of mortality
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32.  The initial loss of key
species in an ecosystem
due to their high
sensitivity to acid rain
can result in the
subsequent loss of further
species who were
dependent on the key
species for their own
survival, and this may
result in the collapse of
entire ecosystems

33. • Land surfaces that are made up of limestone rock are
vulnerable to erosion from acid rain as the calcium
carbonate in limestone reacts to the acidity, producing
calcium sulphate or calcium nitrate which are both
soluble products.
• The reaction releases carbon dioxide gases. Water will
eventually transport the soluble products into river
systems where the concentration of it may be high
enough to cause damage to aquatic life. Additionally,
carbon dioxide released from the reaction will enter the
atmosphere where it will contribute global warming.
EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON SOILAND ROCKS:-

34. 34
• The decrease in pH caused by the acid rain impacts the concentration of
different heavy metals that are present in the surrounding water. For
example, a more acidic environment allows aluminium to be more
readily released from the soil into the surrounding water whereas
calcium becomes less readily available, so its concentration in the water
is lower. The increase in concentration of some heavy metals in the water
may make it toxic to sensitive aquatic organisms and equally, the
reduction of some metals that may be crucial to an organism’s survival
could have damaging effects on the ecosystem.

35. • Marble and limestone both consist of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), and differ only in their crystalline structure.
Limestone consists of smaller crystals and is more porous
than marble; it is used more extensively in buildings.
• Marble, with its larger crystals and smaller pores, can
attain a high polish and is thus preferred for monuments
and statues. The highly durable materials, buildings and
outdoor monuments made of marble and limestone are
now being gradually eroded away by acid rain calcium
carbonate and sulfuric acid (the primary acid
component of acid rain) results in the dissolution of
CaCO3 to give aqueous ions, which in turn are washed
away in the water flow.
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 EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON
STONE BUILDINGS AND
MONUMENTS:-

36. CONTINUED…
CaCO3 +H2SO4→Ca2+(aq)+SO42-
+H2O+CO2
This process occurs at the surface of the
buildings or monuments;
thus acid rain can easily destroy the
details on relief work
(e.g., the faces on a statue), but
generally does not affect
the structural integrity of the building
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37. REMEDIES FOR
ACID RAIN

38. 1. REDUCING POLLUTION:
 Different strategies have been
developed by scientists to
lessen the Sulphur dioxide
generated by coal-fired power
plant.
 The coal can also be "washed"
to get some of the Sulphur
out.
 .Scrubbers are a piece of
machinery that the power
plant can add to remove
Sulphur.
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39. CLEANER CARS:
Cars and trucks are major
sources of the pollutants that
cause acid rain.
Car manufacturers are
required to reduce the amount
of nitrogen oxides and other
pollutants released by new
cars.
Catalytic converter, type of
technology used in cars to
reduce nitrogen oxides
released by cars.
Low emission Vehicles( Electric Cars) need
to be manufactured
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CATALYTIC CONVERTS

41.  TRANSITIONTO
RENEWABLE ENERGIES
 Another solution is the
transition from fossil to
renewable energies for the
generation of electricity.
 Geothermal, wind, solar or
hydropower energy sources.
 Avoiding Usage of coal, oil
and gas will lead to low
emission of carbon monoxide,
nitrogen and Sulphur
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42. CONFINETHE USE OF
FERTILIZERS AND
PESTICIDES:
Excessive use of fertilizers and
pesticides can lead emission of
hazardous gases.
Farmers Should be made
aware of this issue.
Farmers should shift their
farming methods to ones that
are more sustainable and good
to the environment.
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43. LIMING PROCESS
There is a process called liming
where lime is put in large amounts
in rivers or lakes, thus increasing
pH-levels.
This Process sustain the pH at a
moderate level. This process is
also used for moderating ph. of
soil, resulting in good productivity
.
calcium carbonate (CaCO3),
calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], or
calcium oxide (CaO) are called
“calcitic limes
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APPLYING LIMETO SOIL
LIMING

44. OTHER SOLUTIONS
Saving Energy: Saving
Electricity such as turning off
lights when not needed, using
public transport or even
bicycles instead of fuel cars.
Reducing Consumption levels
Awareness through education,
mass media etc.
Government rules and
regulations to avoid pollution
and Acid rain.
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45. EXAMPLES &
CONCLUSION
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46. Examples of acid rain
1) Taj Mahal
 One of the 7 wonders of the world, is
largely affected by acid rain.
 The Taj Mahal in Agra is a stunning
historical structure composed of pure
white marble.
 Experts have warned that air pollution
in the vicinity progressively corroding
its white marble.
 Many industries emits the oxides of
sulphur and nitrogen in the
atmosphere.
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47. Usage of low-quality coal and firewood as a domestic fuel,
adding to this problem.
The Mathura Oil Refinery at Agra, as well as other numerous
industries releases gaseous pollutants.
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which cause acid
rain.
Acid rain’s acids react with the marble (calcium carbonate)
of the Taj Mahal monument, progressively corroding it.
Acid rain reaction with the marble (Calcium Carbonate):
• CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(l) → CaSO4(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g
CONTINUED…

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Layer of clay mineral is applied on the Taj Mahal
pulls away the impurities from the surface and can be washed off with
water.
Stopping the use of coke and coal in the Taj trapezium zone .
The natural gas is used instead of other mineral fuel.
PROTECTIONS

49. Made of copper
Has also been damaged by the
cumulative action of acid rain and
oxidation for over 30 years and is,
therefore, becoming green.
show blackened crusts that have
peeled off in some places, revealing
crumbling stone beneath.
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2) STATUE OF LIBERTY

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 Natural causes of acid rain which are beyond our control. However, there are enough causes
which have been instigated by us and can be controlled by us.
 What is, however, required is our willingness to do so.
 Steps to stop or at least minimize the use of petroleum by-products
 and switching to cleaner fuels, can prevent a lot of current environmental issues such as air
pollution, water pollution and acid rain.
 It is to be understood that we need to this not for plants and animals but for our own good
and for the betterment of our future generations.
 Some small measures by all individuals along with some measures in place by the
government can do wonders for our country. At least we can make it a better place to live
for all
• CONCLUSION:

51. TREY
research
ANY QUESTION please?