This chapter discusses acetogenins from the seeds of the custard apple (Annona squamosa L.) and their health effects. The custard apple is a tropical tree cultivated for its sweet fruit. Its seeds contain high amounts of annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs), which are potent inhibitors of mitochondrial complex 1. Recent research has found ACGs show antitumor and pesticidal properties. While ACGs have potential health benefits, the seeds also present toxicity concerns that limit their use.
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
Organic pesticides can effectively control pests but require careful use as they are not completely safe. Common organic pesticides include Bt, copper, neem, pyrethrum and oils. Bt specifically targets caterpillars but must be ingested. Copper is toxic to both plants and aquatic life at high levels and can accumulate in soil over time. Neem and pyrethrum are broad spectrum but break down quickly. Oils can control soft-bodied pests but risk damaging plants. Proper application and understanding each pesticide's effects and limitations is needed for safe and effective organic pest control.
This document discusses organic pest management approaches for small farms. It emphasizes using cultural practices like crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil management to prevent pest problems. If needed, physical and biological controls like beneficial insects, parasitic fungi, and botanical or microbial pesticides can be used as a last resort. The National Organic Program requires using cultural and mechanical methods first before allowing synthetic or botanical pesticide use, with documentation in the organic system plan. Overall, the organic approach aims to balance the whole farm system rather than just treat pest symptoms.
Literary approach to Annona muricata and its role in cancer- A reviewpharmaindexing
Annona muricata (also known as soursop or graviola) contains compounds called annonaceous acetogenins that have been found to have potent anti-tumor effects. Several studies have isolated new acetogenins from various parts of A. muricata, including leaves, seeds, bark, fruits, and roots. Many of these compounds demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines, with some compounds showing selective toxicity towards certain cancer types like colon adenocarcinoma. The mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects involve interaction with the mitochondrial electron transport system and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells through oxidative stress. A. muricata is a promising source of natural anti-cancer compounds.
ABSTRACT- Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit is one of the blessings from nature for the mankind which is packed with enormous medicinal advantag-es. Its medicinal properties have been described in the ancient medical treatise in Sanskrit, Charaka Samhita. All parts of this tree from stem, bark, root; leaves and fruit at all stages of maturity have medicinal value and have been used as medicine for a long time. Many antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, flavones, isoflavones, coumarin, anthocyanin, lignans, catechins and isocatechins are found in the fruit pulp (Maity and Hansda, 2009). This plant has tremendous uses listed in Ayurvedic and Unani and Siddha Systems of medicine. This plant is having great potential to cure the disease like diabetes, cholesterol, peptic ulcer, inflammation, diarrhoea, and dysentery, anticancer, cardio protective, anti bacterial, anti fungal, radio protective, anti pyretic, analgesic, constipation, respiratory infection, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing and many more. The present re-view summarizes the scientific information of various aspects of Aegle marmelos plant used in traditional system of medicine for variety of purpose and its commercial importance. Key Words: Bael, Medicine, Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Lignans, Catechins
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the response of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crop physiology. It defines PGRs as natural or synthetic compounds that affect plant developmental or metabolic processes at low dosages. The presentation covers the introduction, definition, classification, functions, and case studies of various PGRs - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and brassinosteroids. It provides examples of how these PGRs influence processes like seed germination, flowering, sex expression, parthenocarpy, fruit setting and ripening, and yield. The objective and methodology of a study on the effect of NAA and GA3
Moringa oleifera is a highly valued plant that is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. It has a wide range of medicinal uses and high nutritional value. Various parts of the Moringa plant, including the leaves, roots, seeds, bark, fruit, flowers, and immature pods have properties that act as cardiac stimulants, possess antitumor effects, and have anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective activities. This review focuses on the phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of the different parts of Moring
Annona squamosa as botanical pesticide;
Annonaceous acetogenins; annonin/squamocin;
Advancement in botanical research;
Structure activity relationship of squamocin/annonin; Chemistry and mode of action of squamocin/annonin
Organic pesticides can effectively control pests but require careful use as they are not completely safe. Common organic pesticides include Bt, copper, neem, pyrethrum and oils. Bt specifically targets caterpillars but must be ingested. Copper is toxic to both plants and aquatic life at high levels and can accumulate in soil over time. Neem and pyrethrum are broad spectrum but break down quickly. Oils can control soft-bodied pests but risk damaging plants. Proper application and understanding each pesticide's effects and limitations is needed for safe and effective organic pest control.
This document discusses organic pest management approaches for small farms. It emphasizes using cultural practices like crop rotation, resistant varieties, and soil management to prevent pest problems. If needed, physical and biological controls like beneficial insects, parasitic fungi, and botanical or microbial pesticides can be used as a last resort. The National Organic Program requires using cultural and mechanical methods first before allowing synthetic or botanical pesticide use, with documentation in the organic system plan. Overall, the organic approach aims to balance the whole farm system rather than just treat pest symptoms.
Literary approach to Annona muricata and its role in cancer- A reviewpharmaindexing
Annona muricata (also known as soursop or graviola) contains compounds called annonaceous acetogenins that have been found to have potent anti-tumor effects. Several studies have isolated new acetogenins from various parts of A. muricata, including leaves, seeds, bark, fruits, and roots. Many of these compounds demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against various human cancer cell lines, with some compounds showing selective toxicity towards certain cancer types like colon adenocarcinoma. The mechanisms of the anti-cancer effects involve interaction with the mitochondrial electron transport system and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells through oxidative stress. A. muricata is a promising source of natural anti-cancer compounds.
ABSTRACT- Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit is one of the blessings from nature for the mankind which is packed with enormous medicinal advantag-es. Its medicinal properties have been described in the ancient medical treatise in Sanskrit, Charaka Samhita. All parts of this tree from stem, bark, root; leaves and fruit at all stages of maturity have medicinal value and have been used as medicine for a long time. Many antioxidant compounds such as flavonoids, flavones, isoflavones, coumarin, anthocyanin, lignans, catechins and isocatechins are found in the fruit pulp (Maity and Hansda, 2009). This plant has tremendous uses listed in Ayurvedic and Unani and Siddha Systems of medicine. This plant is having great potential to cure the disease like diabetes, cholesterol, peptic ulcer, inflammation, diarrhoea, and dysentery, anticancer, cardio protective, anti bacterial, anti fungal, radio protective, anti pyretic, analgesic, constipation, respiratory infection, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing and many more. The present re-view summarizes the scientific information of various aspects of Aegle marmelos plant used in traditional system of medicine for variety of purpose and its commercial importance. Key Words: Bael, Medicine, Antioxidants, Flavonoids, Lignans, Catechins
Qualitative Analysis of Legume Pericarp (Pod Wall) and Seeds of Acacia Farnes...IOSR Journals
Present study deals with the qualitative analysis of ethanolic extract of Legume pericarp (pod wall)
and seeds of Acacia farnesiana (L). In which we analyze 22 Phytochemical, which are use full for controlling
the diseases in Human beings. In India, Acacia farnesiana L. is known as Mulla tumma, Kampu tumma in local
area and it is commonly known as Aroma and sweet acacia also. The aim of the present study is to investigate
the presence or absence of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Steroids, Proteins, Carbohydrates,
Tannin, Amides, Terpenoides, Amines, Phenol, Test for Unsaturation, Carboxylic acid, Test for NH2, Nitrogen,
Sulphur, Halogen, Starch, Saponin, Ascorbic acid, Glycosides, Reducing Sugar and Triterpenoids contents of
the selected medicinal plants. The ethanolic extract of legume pericarp indicates the presence of major
bioactive compound compare to seeds.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the response of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in vegetable crop physiology. It defines PGRs as natural or synthetic compounds that affect plant developmental or metabolic processes at low dosages. The presentation covers the introduction, definition, classification, functions, and case studies of various PGRs - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, and brassinosteroids. It provides examples of how these PGRs influence processes like seed germination, flowering, sex expression, parthenocarpy, fruit setting and ripening, and yield. The objective and methodology of a study on the effect of NAA and GA3
Moringa oleifera is a highly valued plant that is distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics. It has a wide range of medicinal uses and high nutritional value. Various parts of the Moringa plant, including the leaves, roots, seeds, bark, fruit, flowers, and immature pods have properties that act as cardiac stimulants, possess antitumor effects, and have anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antispasmodic, diuretic, antihypertensive, cholesterol lowering, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective activities. This review focuses on the phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, and pharmacological properties of the different parts of Moring
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Systemic health effects of areca nuts with particular emphasis on carcinogene...Innspub Net
Areca (betel) nut (Areca catechu) is regarded as one of the most addictive masticatory substances in the world, with approximately 600 million users globally. Extensively grown and found in India, China and Indonesia; areca nut is also native to many other countries of the South and Southeast Asia. Its usage and beneficial effects have been reviewed since centuries. The systemic effects associated with areca nut usage have been in the limelight for many years. This review provides a narrative insight to assess and collate published data that reports the harmful effects of areca nut. An electronic search amassed literature from the NCBI and Google Scholar databases with the help of keywords. Various studies on the correlation of areca nut and its effect on the oral health, metabolism and the incidence of cancer were selected. Its usage is reported to be associated with cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, pharynx, liver and has been declared a human group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is also associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Hence, there is a dire need to identify the role of areca nut as a causative agent of cancer and several other health disorders. Clinical evidence has indicated and proved that the use of areca nut causes several types of head and neck cancers, as to effects on intracellular levels of GSH, and on tumor suppressing gene P53 are quite evident clinical evidence has indicated and proved that the use of areca nut causes several types of head and neck cancers, as to effects on intracellular levels of GSH, and on tumor suppressing gene P53 are quite evident.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
This work explains scientifically proven herbs that have been shown to exhibit neuroprotective functions on the central nervous system (CNS) against neuronal injury due to many CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke and traumatic brain injury.
Chemical composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from south west nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the chemical composition of seeds from 10 medicinal plants in Southwest Nigeria. It finds that the seeds contain various phytochemicals like alkaloids and saponins, as well as varying levels of proteins, fibers, fats, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis shows the seeds contain potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and high levels of calcium. The chemical compositions suggest the seeds could potentially serve as sources of antimicrobial drugs and nutrients for humans and livestock.
Plant growth regulators are organic compounds, either natural, or synthetic, that modify or control one or more specific physiological processes with a plant. Natural plant growth regulators are produced by plants and to differentiate these from hormones in animals, the term plant hormones or phytohormones is used for such substances. Plant hormones are naturally occurring compounds produced by the plant to accelerate or retard the rate of growth or maturation.
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
This document discusses several native plants that can be used for herbal remedies for common equine ailments. It describes the difference between woody plants and herbs, then discusses the beneficial properties and administration of oregano, marjoram, thyme, fennel, and raspberry. It also provides information on how to distill essential oils and dry/store herbs, along with sources for additional information.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Anticancer activity of lactuca steriolla growing under dry desertAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the anticancer activity of extracts from the plant Lactuca serriola, which grows in northern Saudi Arabia. Various extracts of the plant were tested for cytotoxicity against 4 human cancer cell lines. The methanol extract showed high cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells and the hexane extract showed good cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells. Compounds were isolated from the extracts using chromatography and identified using NMR and GC-MS. Steroids, triterpenes, and essential oils were isolated. The results suggest compounds from L. serriola may have potential as anticancer agents and warrant further investigation.
Anticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruvian...Premier Publishers
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
This document discusses plant growth hormones (phytohormones). It introduces the five major classes of plant hormones: auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene, and gibberellins. Each hormone is described in terms of its discovery, types (natural vs. synthetic), functions, and applications. The roles of plant hormones include regulating cell division and enlargement, organogenesis, senescence, dormancy, fruit ripening, and secondary metabolite production. Auxins promote elongation and lateral root development. Cytokinins promote cell division and prevent dormancy. Ethylene induces fruit ripening and flower discoloration. Abscisic acid regulates seed dormancy and closing of stom
This document presents a research proposal that aims to determine the effectiveness of banana peel extract from Musa acuminata as an alternative insecticide. It provides background on commonly used insecticides and their risks. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of banana peel extract to commercial insecticides in terminating insects. It hypothesizes that there will be no significant difference in effectiveness between the banana peel extract and commercial insecticides. The document defines key terms and outlines the scope, limitations and significance of the study.
Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
ABSTRACT- Guava (Psidium guajava Linn.) is important for its food and nutritional values through out the world of the tropical fruit. The whole plant consists of medicinal properties such as fruit, leaf and other parts of the plant are also used in traditional system of medicine. So that, each part of guava tree contained the economic importance because it is cheap and used in several food dishes and also cultivated on the commercial level. Guava plant is considered to the process of the biological activity and medicinal application of guava so thatthe fruit considered as the poor man apple of tropics. The guava plant parts are used for the treatment of various skin allergy such as patches in your chick, dullness of the face etc. In the investigation, nutritional value of each part of guava fruit and medicinal properties of the fruit, these was obtained from various valuable parts and have been used to provide collective information on its multi purpose applications for human beings.
Key words: Fruit, Fever, Hexanal, Anti-Inflammatory, Psidium guajava L.,
Auxins are plant hormones that play an important role in growth and development processes in plants like stem elongation, apical dominance, root initiation, and fruit development. The two main types are natural auxins like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and synthetic auxins like indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Auxins are used in horticulture and agriculture to promote rooting, induce parthenocarpy, increase fruit set, inhibit sprouting, and control flowering. They are also used commercially for propagation, increasing crop yields, selective weed control, and other horticultural
Pigeon pea is a plant native to Indonesia that grows 1-2 meters high with hairy branches. It has yellow flowers 1.5 cm long and trifoliate leaves in a spiral pattern. The hairy pod is 4-7 cm long containing 2-7 seeds. All parts of pigeon pea can be used medicinally. Extracts from pigeon pea leaves and seeds have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective properties in scientific studies. Pigeon pea has potential for use in functional foods due to its nutritional composition and health benefits.
The document discusses analyzing a cherimoya leaf CO2 extract (CLCO2E) using mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) to quantify total acetogenins. It references prior research on health effects of acetogenins from custard apple seeds. The document is a communication between Dr. Abbas and Dr. Arnould on February 20, 2013 regarding obtaining MIR spectra of the CLCO2E.
Este documento presenta una visión general de las acetogeninas de Anonáceas y su potencial contra el cáncer avanzado. Brevemente describe que las acetogeninas son moléculas aisladas de plantas de la familia Annonaceae que son capaces de matar células malignas de manera selectiva actuando sobre el complejo I mitocondrial. Además, propone protocolos para verificar sus efectos citotóxicos e inhibición del complejo I mediante ensayos in vitro y evaluar su toxicidad y eficacia contra tumores en modelos animales mediante ens
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Similar to ACG-008-Risk-Seeds of annona squamosa-FR-2011
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Systemic health effects of areca nuts with particular emphasis on carcinogene...Innspub Net
Areca (betel) nut (Areca catechu) is regarded as one of the most addictive masticatory substances in the world, with approximately 600 million users globally. Extensively grown and found in India, China and Indonesia; areca nut is also native to many other countries of the South and Southeast Asia. Its usage and beneficial effects have been reviewed since centuries. The systemic effects associated with areca nut usage have been in the limelight for many years. This review provides a narrative insight to assess and collate published data that reports the harmful effects of areca nut. An electronic search amassed literature from the NCBI and Google Scholar databases with the help of keywords. Various studies on the correlation of areca nut and its effect on the oral health, metabolism and the incidence of cancer were selected. Its usage is reported to be associated with cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, pharynx, liver and has been declared a human group 1 carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). It is also associated with the incidence of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Hence, there is a dire need to identify the role of areca nut as a causative agent of cancer and several other health disorders. Clinical evidence has indicated and proved that the use of areca nut causes several types of head and neck cancers, as to effects on intracellular levels of GSH, and on tumor suppressing gene P53 are quite evident clinical evidence has indicated and proved that the use of areca nut causes several types of head and neck cancers, as to effects on intracellular levels of GSH, and on tumor suppressing gene P53 are quite evident.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
This work explains scientifically proven herbs that have been shown to exhibit neuroprotective functions on the central nervous system (CNS) against neuronal injury due to many CNS disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke and traumatic brain injury.
Chemical composition of ten medicinal plant seeds from south west nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the chemical composition of seeds from 10 medicinal plants in Southwest Nigeria. It finds that the seeds contain various phytochemicals like alkaloids and saponins, as well as varying levels of proteins, fibers, fats, ash and carbohydrates. Mineral analysis shows the seeds contain potassium, zinc, iron, manganese and high levels of calcium. The chemical compositions suggest the seeds could potentially serve as sources of antimicrobial drugs and nutrients for humans and livestock.
Plant growth regulators are organic compounds, either natural, or synthetic, that modify or control one or more specific physiological processes with a plant. Natural plant growth regulators are produced by plants and to differentiate these from hormones in animals, the term plant hormones or phytohormones is used for such substances. Plant hormones are naturally occurring compounds produced by the plant to accelerate or retard the rate of growth or maturation.
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
This document discusses several native plants that can be used for herbal remedies for common equine ailments. It describes the difference between woody plants and herbs, then discusses the beneficial properties and administration of oregano, marjoram, thyme, fennel, and raspberry. It also provides information on how to distill essential oils and dry/store herbs, along with sources for additional information.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Anticancer activity of lactuca steriolla growing under dry desertAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the anticancer activity of extracts from the plant Lactuca serriola, which grows in northern Saudi Arabia. Various extracts of the plant were tested for cytotoxicity against 4 human cancer cell lines. The methanol extract showed high cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells and the hexane extract showed good cytotoxicity against liver cancer cells. Compounds were isolated from the extracts using chromatography and identified using NMR and GC-MS. Steroids, triterpenes, and essential oils were isolated. The results suggest compounds from L. serriola may have potential as anticancer agents and warrant further investigation.
Anticonvulsant and toxicity effects of ethanolic extract of Thevetia Peruvian...Premier Publishers
Epilepsy is a neurologic condition due to disordered firing of brain neurons characterised by seizures. Most currently available antiepileptic drugs are synthetic and do not offer a complete cure yet with devastating side effects. Studies have shown that extracts from certain plants can produce anticonvulsant effects and may, therefore be useful against epileptic seizures. To investigate anticonvulsant effect of ethanolic extract of the leaves of Thevetia peruviana on chemically induced seizures in Wister rats. Leaves of T. peruviana were pulverised and extracted with ethanol. Graded doses of the ethanolic extract were used to test for the anticonvulsant effect of the extract using pentylenetetrazole model of seizures in rats. Acute toxicity testing and phytochemical analysis were done using Lorke’s method. Graded doses of T. peruviana leaf extract significantly delayed onset of seizures. They protected animals from death due to pentylenetetrazole-induced tonic seizures. There was no death up to 3000mg/kg. The extract was found to be rich in essential oils, flavonoids, alkaloid, phenols, proteins and resins. The ethanolic extract of the leaves of T. peruviana contains compounds with anticonvulsant effects since it protected the animals from death and delayed the onset of seizures produced by pentylenetetrazole and that is relatively safe.
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Free radical scavenging activity, phytochemistry and antimicrobial properties...Premier Publishers
This study is aimed at investigating the phytochemistry, free radical scavenging activity and antimicrobial properties of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds. The results of the analysis of Tetrapleura tetraptera seeds showed the presence of phenols (0.34 %), flavonoids (0.91 %), alkaloids (0.52 %), tannins (0.23 %) and saponins (0.51 %). Vitamins include ascorbic acid (5.23 %), riboflavin (0.11 %), niacin (1.25 %),-carotenoid (3.40 %) and thiamine (0.06 %). Proximate compositions were moisture (14.73 %), ash (7.30 %), crude protein (17.36 %), crude fibre (6.68 %) and lipids (35.19 %). Mineral elements were calcium (1.41 %), magnesium (0.48 %), potassium (0.56 %), sodium (0.21 %), phosphorus (0.32 %), iron (1.20 %), copper (0.13 %) and zinc (0.77 %). The seed extract showed potent free radical scavenging activity (6.72 – 22.8 %) using ascorbic acid as a standard (12.10 - 42.00 %). The seed extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (7.00 – 20.00 mm) and the zones of inhibition were compared with that of ciprofloxacin as standard (15.00 – 28.00 mm). From these investigations, seed extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera has proven to be considered an excellent source of nutriceuticals, a potential antioxidant and antimicrobial agents owing to its high level of phytochemical and vitamin constituents.
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2. Author's personal copy
CHAPTER 51
Acetogenins from the
Seeds of the Custard Apple
(Annona squamosa L.) and
their Health Outcomes
Pierre Champy
´
Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, UMR CNRS 8076 BioCIS, Faculte de Pharmacie,
´
Universite Paris-Sud 11, France
CHAPTER OUTLINE
Introduction 430 Applications to Health Promotion 429
Botanical Description 430 and Disease Prevention 431
Historical Cultivation and Adverse Effects and Reactions
Usage 430 (Allergies and Toxicity) 434
Present-Day Cultivation and Summary Points 435
Usage 430 References 435
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACG, annonaceous acetogenins
ATP, adenosine tri-phosphate
EC, effective concentration
FDA, Food and Drug Administration
HPLCeDAD, high performance liquid chromatographyediode array detection
IC, inhibitory concentration
NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form
PSP, progressive supranuclear palsy
ROS, reactive oxygen species
SARs, structure activity relationships
THF, tetrahydrofuran
UQ, ubiquinone
Nuts & Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10051-9
Copyright Ó 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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PART 2
Effects of Specific Nuts and Seeds
INTRODUCTION
Annona squamosa L., a small tropical tree, is a famous cultivated Annonaceae. Its fruit is known
as the custard apple, sugar apple, or fruta do conde. Its seeds are poisonous, and have multiple,
mainly traditional, uses. They contain high amounts of annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs), for
which a phytochemical update is proposed. This group of polyketides comprises the most
potent inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I (Bermejo et al., 2005). Recent biological
outcomes are presented, in regard to antitumoral and pesticidal potential. ACGs are being
proposed as environmental neurotoxins, toxicological data are summarized, along with
concerns about seed uses.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
The pseudosyncarpic fruits of A. squamosa are green, and display marked carpel protuberances.
They are heart-shaped, measure approximately 7.5 cm in length, and weigh 100e400 g,
depending on the cultivar and cultivation conditions. Their whitish, custard-like sweet pulp
contains 35 to 50 black seeds of 1e1.5 cm in length and 0.5e0.8 cm in width, with a glossy
cuticle (Figure 51.1).
HISTORICAL CULTIVATION AND USAGE
Originating from Central America, like most Annona species, the tree is believed to have spread
to Mexico, South America, and the Caribbean in the 16th to 17th centuries, and is now
commonly found in domestic gardens in tropical America. It was brought to India by the
Portuguese during the same period, then to South-east Asia, and was also introduced into
Africa and Oceania (Pinto et al., 2005). Alimentary use of the fruit appears mostly to be
a South-American and Asian habit. In tropical areas, various and convergent medicinal uses,
mainly of bark and leaves, are reported.
430
PRESENT-DAY CULTIVATION AND USAGE
Custard apple grows at low altitudes (0e1500 m), and is widely cultivated in tropical to semi-
arid regions, in orchards or on commercial farms. Considered to be a minor crop by the FAO, it
is the third most commercially cultivated Annonaceae in South and Central America (behind
A. cherimolia and A. muricata), Brazil being one of the main producers (cultivation > 1200 ha,
and production > 11,000 tonnes, in 2000). The tree is also cultivated in India (44,000 ha in
the 1980s), Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Viet Nam, the Philippines, and Taiwan (2500 tonnes per year).
FIGURE 51.1
A. squamosa fruits and seeds.
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CHAPTER 51
Acetogenins of Annona Squamosa Seeds
Smaller production areas are encountered in southern Florida, Australia (2 tonnes in 2003),
tropical Africa, and Egypt (170 tonnes in 1997). Exportation to northern market is, however,
limited. The ripe fruit was being sold at US$ 0.56/kg in 2004, for direct consumption or for
industrial processing as juices or ice creams. For this use, prior peeling and removal of seeds is
performed (Pinto et al., 2005).
APPLICATIONS TO HEALTH PROMOTION AND
DISEASE PREVENTION
Scarcity of traditional internal use of seeds, and convergence in topical treatment against
external parasites with crushed seeds or oil, are remarkable. Seeds are also often reported as
traditional pesticides, and, less frequently, as fish poison. Among various other bioactive
secondary metabolites (i.e., isoquinolines, ent-kauranes, cyclopeptides), ACGs appear to
support these uses. These white, waxy polyketides, specific to the Annonaceae family, have
been encountered in all Annona species studied so far. Derived from long chain fatty acids, they
constitute 35 or 37 carbon atoms, with an alkyl chain bearing a central oxygenated system
(tetrahydrofuranic (THF) rings) and a terminal butyrolactone. Inner classification is based on
the structure of these moieties (Figure 51.2).
Extensive chemical studies of the seeds of A. squamosa led to isolation of 74 ACGs, most
bearing two adjacent THF rings (e.g., rolliniastatin-2 (1), squamocin (2)) or a single THF
ring (e.g., annonacin (3); Figure 51.3). ACGs are also reported in the bark (Bermejo et al.,
2005) and fruit pulp (Champy et al., 2008). Yang and colleagues, in a simultaneous HPLCe
DAD determination of eight ACGs from a supercritical CO2 extract of seeds from China,
evidenced 1 and 2 as major representatives (0.58 and 0.37 mg/g; total ACGs, 2.29 mg/g)
431
FIGURE 51.2
Structural features of ACGs from A. squamosa
seeds. Structural characteristics that are the most
favorable for complex I inhibition are underlined
(compare with structure of (1), Figure 51.3). Types
and sub-types are classified according to Cave ´
et al., 1997, and Bermejo et al., 2005 (in italics).
Percentages are calculated with respect to the total
number of ACGs isolated from seeds (Bermejo
et al., 2005; Souza et al., 2008, and references
cited in Figure 51.4). Length of 13 carbon atoms for
alkyl spacer between lactone and hydroxylated THF
system: ~50% of type A and type B ACGs. Note
that a type D (three adjacent THF groups), a type E
bearing three epoxides, a C-18, and a bis-lactonic
C-22 representative were also obtained.
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Effects of Specific Nuts and Seeds
FIGURE 51.3
Prototypical ACGs from A. squamosa seeds.
(Yang et al., 2009a). In our experience, with several batches from Brazil, 2 was the main ACG
(~60% of total ACGs), with a similar yield.
Since the last review on ACGs (Bermejo et al., 2005), eight articles have been published,
describing isolation of 46 of these compounds from the seeds, of which 19 were obtained for
the first time in the species (annotemoyins-1 and -2, bullatencin, cis-bullatencin, corepox-
ylone, diepomuricanins A and B, dieporeticenin, glabranin, glabrencin B, probably narumicin-
II (“Compound 1” in Sousa et al., 2008), reticulatains-1 and -2, solamin, erythro-solamin,
432 tripoxyrollin, and uvariamicins I, II, and III; “isosquamocin” is also mentioned (Grover et al.,
2009)); 17 display original structures (note that homonymies exist for squamostatin-C and for
squamocenin) (Figure 51.4).
ACGs are very strong inhibitors of mitochondrial complex I (NADH ubiquinone oxido-
reductase). Most act as uncompetitive semiquinone antagonists, with the lactonic ring as
a probable inhibitory pharmacophore, and THF system allowing positioning in mitochondrial
´
internal membrane (Bermejo et al., 2005; Barrachina et al., 2007; see also Derbre et al., 2005
and references cited in Kojima and Tanaka, 2009). Rolliniastatin-2 (1) is the most active
representative, squamocin (2) displaying close potency (Table 51.1; see also structureeactivity
relationships (SARs) depicted in Figure 51.1).
ACGs show tremendous cytotoxicity, with IC50 values ranging from 10 mM to 10À4 nM.
However, striking discrepancies in SARs versus that for complex I appear in the literature.
Differential intracellular distribution of these amphiphilic, apolar compounds might be
implicated (Hollerhage et al., 2009). Fluorescent analogs of 2 showed mitochondrial tropism
¨
´
in Jurkat cells (Derbre et al., 2005). Alternative targets are also proposed but their relevance is
´
unknown (Derbre et al., 2008; Liaw et al., 2008; Takahashi et al., 2008). In vitro studies in
various mammal cell lines or primary cultures reported death to be triggered by ROS
production or ATP deprivation, depending on the in vitro paradigm. Apoptotic mechanisms
consistent with a mitochondrial pathway were observed, notably with 2 as a pharmacological
tool. The perspective of ACGs being anticancer agents has thus motivated most research on
these metabolites during the past three decades, with promising milestones being achieved.
Selectivity for cancerous cells in regard to normal ones was proposed, on the basis of
discrepancies in ATP requirements, but this issue remains under discussion (Garcia-Aguirre
et al., 2008). ACGs also proved cytotoxic in multi-drug resistant cell lines expressing the ATP-
dependent MDR efflux transporter (McLaughlin, 2008). Numerous semisynthesic analogs
designed for activity enhancement or mechanistic studies were obtained, 2 being a lead
6. Author's personal copy
CHAPTER 51
Acetogenins of Annona Squamosa Seeds
433
FIGURE 51.4
Original ACGs isolated from A. squamosa seeds between 2005 and 2009. Relative configurations: er, erythro; th, threo; c,
cis; t, trans. *Undetermined absolute configurations. References: Compounds (8), Yu et al. (2005); (6,7, 11e16), Liaw et al.
(2008); (4,5,9,10), Bajin ba Ndob et al. (2009); (17, 18), Yang et al. (2009b); (19, 20), Yang et al. (2009c).
compound (Kojima & Tanaka, 2009). Among other ACGs, 1 underwent promising antitumor
assays, and was reported as being well tolerated in several animal species (McLaughlin, 2008;
see also Cuendet et al., 2008). However, to our knowledge, no ACG passed preclinical eval-
uation, and no clinical studies were published. According to McLaughlin (2008), dietary
supplements containing ACGs gave satisfactory results as oral adjuncts to chemotherapy in
cancer patients. Indeed, poorly evaluated Annonaceae dietary supplements are sold for cancer
treatment and prevention, on the Internet and in health stores. None contain A. squamosa
seeds or seed extracts, but between 2007 and 2010 five patents related to the use of A. squamosa
seeds ACGs in cancer were deposited in China.
ACGs also proved molluscidal and anthelmintic (antibacterial, antifungal, immunosuppres-
sive, and antiparasitic activities have also been reported, Bermejo et al., 2005). They display
impressive acaricidal and insecticidal potency (McLaughlin, 2008): Among extracts containing
ACGs, those of A. squamosa seeds were extensively studied (Grover et al., 2009). Promising
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Effects of Specific Nuts and Seeds
TABLE 51.1 Complex I Inhibition Potential ACGs from A. squamosa Seeds
NADH Oxidase NADH/DB Oxidoreductase Ki (nM)
IC50 (nM) IC50 (nM)
Rolliniastatin-2 (1) 0.85e1.2a 0.6e
Squamocin (2) 0.8b; 1.3c 2.0 b
0.4e
Annonacin (3) 2.3 Æ 0.3d 26.1 Æ 3.2d
Rotenone 30c; 5.1 Æ 0.9d 28.8 Æ 1.5d 4.0e
IC50-Complex I, half-maximal concentration inhibiting NADH oxidase activity in the absence and presence of an exogenous
ubiquinone analog (decyl-UQ; NADH-DB oxido-reductase activity), in bovine heart sub-mitochondrial particles; data from:
a
Miyoshi et al.1998 and Fujita et al., 2005; cited in Kojima & Tanaka (2009);
b
Duval et al. (2005); cited in Kojima & Tanaka (2009);
c
´
Derbre et al., 2006, cited in Kojima & Tanaka (2009);
d
Tormo et al. (2003); cited in Bermejo et al. (2005);
e
Degli-Espoti et al. (1994), cited in Bermejo et al. (2005).
semisynthesic ACGs were also obtained, including b-amino-(2), a dual complex I/complex III
inhibitor designed by Duval and colleagues (Kojima & Tanaka, 2009). A patent for an anti-
head-lice shampoo containing a standardized extract of seeds of A. squamosa has been regis-
tered, alike Asimina triloba products containing similar ACGs (McLaughlin, 2008). Agro-
chemical valorization of A. squamosa seeds appears to be a potentially important outcome,
with five publications in 2009 and three Indian patents on standardized apolar extracts since
2006. This is reminiscent of rotenoid-containing Fabaceae and of rotenone, a reference lipo-
philic complex I inhibitor sharing the enzyme binding domain of ACGs, with potency close to
that of 3 (Table 51.1).
ADVERSE EFFECTS AND REACTIONS (ALLERGIES AND TOXICITY)
434 Seeds of A. squamosa are of notorious toxicity, and are thus barely used orally in traditional
medicine (except as an abortive in India, where aqueous extracts are used). They are
reported to cause irritation to the eye and mucosa. Oral ingestion provokes vomiting, related
to the ACG content (McLaughlin, 2008). The plant is mentioned in the poisonous plants
database of the FDA (American Food and Drug Administration), and the AFSSA (Agence
´ ´
Francaise de Securite Sanitaire des Aliments: Saisine 2007-SA-0231, 2007/12/21; pp 3, 5;
¸
Saisine 2008-SA-0171, 2010/04/28, 7 p.) has expressed safety concerns regarding its use in
dietary supplements.
In relation to pesticide use, safety evaluation of a defatted seed extract (MeOH/CH2Cl2 1:1) in
female Wistar Rats was proposed by Grover et al. (2009). Mortality was observed at 2 g/kg p.o.
At doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg, genotoxicity was evidenced in leukocytes and bone marrow,
from 4 to 72 h after ingestion, possibly due to ACGs (Garcia-Aguirre et al., 2008). Consistent
with complex I inhibition, involvement of ROS was suggested by significantly enhanced lipid
peroxidation, and decreased glutathione and glutathione S-transferase levels. However, an
MeOH extract likely to contain ACGs did not increase oxidative markers in the livers of female
Swiss mice (dosage 200 mg/kg, p.o., 10 days; Panda & Khar, 2007; see also Damasceno et al.,
2002; Pardhasaradhi et al., 2005). Histological examination of liver and kidney revealed no
lesions. Authors have expressed concern about the use of A. squamosa seed extract as a pesticide
until more tests are carried out (Grover et al., 2009).
Nevertheless, complex I dysfunction has been reported in Parkinson’s disease (a movement
disorder with progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra), as well as
in the tauopathy progressive supernuclear palsy (PSP), an atypical form of parkinsonism.
Complex I inhibitors such as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinum, paraquat or rotenone are used to
establish animal models of neurodegeneration, and are linked to the occurrence of parkin-
sonism (Gibson et al., 2010). PSP-like syndromes were observed in genetically heterogeneous
populations regularly consuming alimentary and medicinal Annonaceae products. Thus, in
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CHAPTER 51
Acetogenins of Annona Squamosa Seeds
TABLE 51.2 In vitro Neurotoxicity of ACGs (Striatal Primary Cultures)
IC50-Cpx I (nM) EC50-ATP (nM) EC50-ND (nM) EC5-Tau (nM)
* *
Rolliniastatin-2 (1) 0.9 3.6 1.1 0.6*
Squamocin (2) 1.4 2.9 1.1 0.6
Annonacin (3) 54.8 134.0 60.8 44.1
Rotenone 6.8 7.3 8.1 7.2
IC50-Cpx I, half-maximal concentration inhibiting complex I activity (brain homogenates); EC50-ATP, half-maximal effective
concentration inducing a decrease in ATP levels (cultures, 6 h); EC50-ND, half-maximal effective concentration inducing neuronal
cell death (cultures, 48 h); EC5-Tau, concentration at which tau was redistributed in 5% of the neurons as a measure of minimum
¨
concentration inducing tauopathy (cultures, 48 h); see Escobar-Khondiker et al. (2007) and Hollerhage et al. (2009).
Guadeloupe (French West Indies), such patients account for two-thirds of all cases of
parkinsonism, compared to approximately 30% of atypical forms in European countries. They
display a combination of movement disorders and dementia, the disease being thoroughly
characterized. Autopsies performed in three patients revealed accumulation of neuronal Tau-
fibrils (see references cited in Camuzat et al., 2008; Champy et al., 2009). ACGs were identified
as candidate toxins using PC12 cells (unpublished data), as confirmed for annonacin (3) in
mesencephalic primary cultures. In striatal primary cultures, ACGs induced ATP loss, Tau
hyperphosphorylation and redistribution, microtubular disruption, and cell death at low
nanomolar concentrations (Table 51.2; Hollerhage et al., 2009).
¨
Subchronic systemic intoxication of Lewis rats with 3 (continuous i.v., 3.8; 7.6 mg/kg per day,
28 days) did not cause locomotor dysfunction or signs of illness. However, 3 crossed the
bloodebrain barrier, reduced cerebral ATP levels, and caused neuronal cell loss and gliosis in
the brain stem and basal ganglia. These features are similar to those obtained with rotenone
(Hoglinger et al., 2006), and are reminiscent of the human disease. ACGs are therefore proposed
¨
as etiological agents for cases of sporadic atypical parkinsonism and tauopathies worldwide, 435
upon chronic exposure. However, pharmacokinetic parameters remain to be determined, and
further epidemiological studies are needed before drawing firm conclusions. It is noteworthy
that rotenone, widely used as an organic pesticide with low environmental reminiscence, was
banned in 2008 in the European Union. In the absence of a defined benefiterisk balance, these
facts challenge the various alternatives proposed for valorization of A. squamosa seeds.
SUMMARY POINTS
l Annona squamosa is a cultivated pantropical fruit tree, and its seeds are by-products.
l Annona squamosa seeds constitute a major source of Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs),
which are potent lipophilic complex I inhibitors.
l Sources of ACGs are proposed as antitumoral dietary supplements.
l The seeds have major potential as an organic pesticide, with patents applied.
l An extract of A. squamosa seeds was shown to be mildly genotoxic.
l An epidemiological link between Annonaceae and atypical parkinsonian syndromes was
evidenced.
l ACGs are neurotoxic in vitro and in vivo.
l The benefiterisk balance of use of A. squamosa seeds remains undefined, and caution
should therefore prevail.
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Acetogenins of Annona Squamosa Seeds
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