Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) was an American psychologist who proposed connectionism theory, which states that learning occurs through the formation of associations between stimuli and responses. The strength of the connection is determined by Thorndike's three laws: the law of effect, where positive consequences strengthen connections and negative consequences weaken them; the law of exercise, where frequent practice strengthens connections; and the law of readiness, where connections are stronger when the learner is prepared to respond. Connectionism theory laid the foundations for operant conditioning within behaviorism.
This document provides an overview of Albert Bandura and his social learning theory. Some key points:
- Bandura emphasized the importance of observational learning and modeling behaviors, attitudes, and reactions of others.
- He identified four processes involved in observational learning: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.
- Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children's aggressive behaviors could be learned through observation.
- There are three core concepts of social learning theory: learning through observation, the role of internal mental states, and that learning does not always lead to behavioral changes.
This document discusses transfer of learning, which refers to applying knowledge or skills learned in one context to another new context. It defines transfer of learning and discusses various types of transfer. Theories of transfer from scholars like Crow and Crow, Peterson, and Guthrie are presented. Factors that influence transfer, like curriculum design, teaching methods, learner characteristics, are explained. Implications for teachers and learners are discussed to improve transfer. Theories like identical elements theory and generalization theory are summarized.
1) Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist known for establishing the law of effect and pioneering the field of educational psychology.
2) Through experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, Thorndike determined that learning is strengthened when responses are rewarded and weakened when responses are punished, establishing his law of effect.
3) Thorndike spent his career at Columbia University studying human learning, education, and mental testing, and his work significantly influenced the field of behavioral psychology and education.
This document discusses several learning theories including behaviorism, connectionism, and cognitive theories. It summarizes Edward Thorndike's experiments with animals in puzzle boxes which showed that the connection between stimulus and response is strengthened with repetition leading to his laws of learning and connectionism perspective. It also discusses how behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and cognitive theories emphasize internal mental processes. Classical conditioning and its application in education is explained through reducing student anxiety.
1) Behaviorism focuses on observable and measurable behavior and how behavior is learned through conditioning and reinforcement without consideration of internal mental processes.
2) Key figures in the development of behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, Thorndike proposed laws of learning, Watson conducted experiments on conditioning emotional responses, and Skinner developed operant conditioning.
3) Operant conditioning by Skinner built upon Thorndike's law of effect and involves reinforcement to shape behaviors through rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli.
The document discusses reinforcement and its role in operant conditioning and behavior analysis. There are two types of reinforcement - positive reinforcement, which involves adding a reward to increase a desired behavior, and negative reinforcement, which involves removing an undesired stimulus to increase a behavior. Proper application of reinforcement in the classroom involves providing a safe, orderly environment with clear rules to facilitate learning. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used effectively in the classroom if applied appropriately.
This lesson talks about the Behaviorism from the perspective of Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. The theory of behaviorism focuses on the study of observable and measurable behavior. Pavlov and Thorndike's theory on Behaviorism are presented in this presentation.
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) was an American psychologist who proposed connectionism theory, which states that learning occurs through the formation of associations between stimuli and responses. The strength of the connection is determined by Thorndike's three laws: the law of effect, where positive consequences strengthen connections and negative consequences weaken them; the law of exercise, where frequent practice strengthens connections; and the law of readiness, where connections are stronger when the learner is prepared to respond. Connectionism theory laid the foundations for operant conditioning within behaviorism.
This document provides an overview of Albert Bandura and his social learning theory. Some key points:
- Bandura emphasized the importance of observational learning and modeling behaviors, attitudes, and reactions of others.
- He identified four processes involved in observational learning: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation.
- Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children's aggressive behaviors could be learned through observation.
- There are three core concepts of social learning theory: learning through observation, the role of internal mental states, and that learning does not always lead to behavioral changes.
This document discusses transfer of learning, which refers to applying knowledge or skills learned in one context to another new context. It defines transfer of learning and discusses various types of transfer. Theories of transfer from scholars like Crow and Crow, Peterson, and Guthrie are presented. Factors that influence transfer, like curriculum design, teaching methods, learner characteristics, are explained. Implications for teachers and learners are discussed to improve transfer. Theories like identical elements theory and generalization theory are summarized.
1) Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist known for establishing the law of effect and pioneering the field of educational psychology.
2) Through experiments with cats in puzzle boxes, Thorndike determined that learning is strengthened when responses are rewarded and weakened when responses are punished, establishing his law of effect.
3) Thorndike spent his career at Columbia University studying human learning, education, and mental testing, and his work significantly influenced the field of behavioral psychology and education.
This document discusses several learning theories including behaviorism, connectionism, and cognitive theories. It summarizes Edward Thorndike's experiments with animals in puzzle boxes which showed that the connection between stimulus and response is strengthened with repetition leading to his laws of learning and connectionism perspective. It also discusses how behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors and cognitive theories emphasize internal mental processes. Classical conditioning and its application in education is explained through reducing student anxiety.
1) Behaviorism focuses on observable and measurable behavior and how behavior is learned through conditioning and reinforcement without consideration of internal mental processes.
2) Key figures in the development of behaviorism include Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, Thorndike proposed laws of learning, Watson conducted experiments on conditioning emotional responses, and Skinner developed operant conditioning.
3) Operant conditioning by Skinner built upon Thorndike's law of effect and involves reinforcement to shape behaviors through rewards or removal of unpleasant stimuli.
The document discusses reinforcement and its role in operant conditioning and behavior analysis. There are two types of reinforcement - positive reinforcement, which involves adding a reward to increase a desired behavior, and negative reinforcement, which involves removing an undesired stimulus to increase a behavior. Proper application of reinforcement in the classroom involves providing a safe, orderly environment with clear rules to facilitate learning. Both positive and negative reinforcement can be used effectively in the classroom if applied appropriately.
This lesson talks about the Behaviorism from the perspective of Ivan Pavlov and Edward Thorndike. The theory of behaviorism focuses on the study of observable and measurable behavior. Pavlov and Thorndike's theory on Behaviorism are presented in this presentation.
Operant condition theory is one among prominent behaviorist theories proposed by Skinner. The slides will help to unfold basic ideas about this theory.
The document discusses three types of behavioral learning theories: contiguity theory, classical conditioning theory, and operant conditioning theory. Contiguity theory proposes that stimuli and responses connected in time and space will be associated. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning examines how consequences impact voluntary behaviors. Examples are provided for each theory and how they could apply in classroom learning.
In reality, people do not respond exactly like
Pavlov's dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets.
These techniques are also useful in the treatment of phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations
The document discusses the behaviorist perspective and its major theorists including Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It summarizes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs. It explains Thorndike's laws of effect, exercise, and readiness in connectionism theory. It covers Watson's work on conditioning emotional responses and Albert's experiment. Finally, it details Skinner's principles of operant conditioning including reinforcement, shaping behavior, and reinforcement schedules.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
Learning is a complex process. All the same, it can be understood by making abroad application of some laws. Generally speaking, some laws have been discovered and explained by Thorndike. Laws of Learning guide everyone especially for teachers in dealing students' understanding and behavioral modifications. This help educators to maintain effective and efficient mode of instructions towards students. It makes learning more comprehensive by knowing different strategies that you will get by learning as well in this topic.
The document discusses the behaviorist perspective and its major theorists including Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It summarizes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs. It explains Thorndike's laws of effect, exercise, and readiness in connectionism theory. It covers Watson's work on conditioning emotional responses and Albert's experiment. Finally, it details Skinner's principles of operant conditioning including reinforcement, shaping behavior, and reinforcement schedules.
Discipline and Establishing Routine Inside the ClassroomMae Selim
The document discusses establishing discipline and classroom control. It identifies potential causes of discipline problems like overcrowded classrooms and inappropriate seating. It also notes that students differ in backgrounds, abilities, and interests. Common ways to establish discipline include having clear rules coupled with engaging teaching strategies. Tips for teachers include being prepared, knowing students well, praising good behavior, and remaining calm and consistent. Acceptable ways to deal with issues involve positive reinforcement while unacceptable methods involve harsh punishments. The document also discusses establishing routines to help control behavior and build confidence.
Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu discusses elements of learning that help teachers enable student learning capabilities and overcome problems. These elements include collaborative skills like leadership, teambuilding and conflict resolution. Positive interdependence refers to students perceiving that "we sink or swim together". Other factors that impact learning are student ability, aptitude, interests, family/cultural background, attitudes, involvement, experiences, the teacher, and classroom climate.
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who pioneered the concept of operant conditioning. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Harvard University and his PhD in 1931. Skinner studied how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. He found that behaviors followed by positive reinforcement increase in frequency, while behaviors followed by negative reinforcement or punishment decrease. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning explained human behavior as regulated by its consequences and contributed to the development of behaviorism.
The document discusses two theories of neo-behaviorism: Tolman's purposive behaviorism introduced concepts like cognitive maps and latent learning, rejecting the idea that reinforcement is necessary for learning; Bandura's social learning theory emphasized observational learning and modeling, introducing cognitive factors and stating that learning can occur without an immediate behavior change. Both theorists sought to address limitations of behaviorism by incorporating cognitive elements into learning explanations.
David Ausubel proposed using advance organizers to improve expository teaching. Advance organizers strengthen students' cognitive structures by providing a broad overview of a topic before details are presented. This allows new information to be incorporated through meaningful learning processes like subsumption, where new concepts are related to existing knowledge. Ausubel emphasized that advance organizers differ from summaries by acting as a bridge between new and prior knowledge at different levels of abstraction.
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) was an influential American psychologist known as the "father of modern educational psychology." He published around 500 books and articles in his career spanning over 55 years. Thorndike is renowned for developing the Law of Effect in 1905, which states that behaviors followed by satisfactory outcomes become more strongly associated and likely to reoccur. He also made important contributions to the study and measurement of intelligence through his work developing early intelligence tests during World War I.
The document summarizes several theories of learning:
Pavlov's classical conditioning theory describes how neutral stimuli become conditioned stimuli through repeated pairing with unconditioned stimuli. Thorndike's theory of connectionism proposes that learning occurs through trial and error. Skinner's operant conditioning theory explains how behavior is modified through reinforcement or punishment. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes observational learning and internal mental processes, with four phases: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
This document discusses several behavior modification techniques used in educational settings, including token reinforcement systems, timeout, ignoring, and contracting. It provides details on how each technique works and recommendations for effective implementation. Token reinforcement systems use tokens that can be exchanged for rewards to encourage positive behaviors. Timeout involves separating a child from rewarding environments when misbehaving to reduce reinforcement of undesirable actions. Ignoring aims to reduce attention-seeking behaviors by refusing to acknowledge them. Contracting establishes agreements between teachers and students where good behavior is rewarded.
This document provides an introduction to the financial audit manual for urban local bodies in Madhya Pradesh. It discusses the increasing urbanization in India and rising expectations of citizens regarding urban infrastructure and services. Currently, urban local bodies follow a rudimentary cash-based single-entry accounting system that lacks transparency. However, the 74th constitutional amendment mandated strengthening of urban local bodies and introducing accrual-based double-entry accounting to improve financial management and accountability. This manual aims to guide the audit of urban local bodies following the new accounting system.
Operant condition theory is one among prominent behaviorist theories proposed by Skinner. The slides will help to unfold basic ideas about this theory.
The document discusses three types of behavioral learning theories: contiguity theory, classical conditioning theory, and operant conditioning theory. Contiguity theory proposes that stimuli and responses connected in time and space will be associated. Classical conditioning involves pairing a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response. Operant conditioning examines how consequences impact voluntary behaviors. Examples are provided for each theory and how they could apply in classroom learning.
In reality, people do not respond exactly like
Pavlov's dogs. There are, however, numerous real-world applications for classical conditioning. For example, many dog trainers use classical conditioning techniques to help people train their pets.
These techniques are also useful in the treatment of phobias or anxiety problems. Teachers are able to apply classical conditioning in the class by creating a positive classroom environment to help students overcome anxiety or fear. Pairing an anxiety-provoking situation, such as performing in front of a group, with pleasant surroundings helps the student learn new associations
The document discusses the behaviorist perspective and its major theorists including Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It summarizes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs. It explains Thorndike's laws of effect, exercise, and readiness in connectionism theory. It covers Watson's work on conditioning emotional responses and Albert's experiment. Finally, it details Skinner's principles of operant conditioning including reinforcement, shaping behavior, and reinforcement schedules.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
Learning is a complex process. All the same, it can be understood by making abroad application of some laws. Generally speaking, some laws have been discovered and explained by Thorndike. Laws of Learning guide everyone especially for teachers in dealing students' understanding and behavioral modifications. This help educators to maintain effective and efficient mode of instructions towards students. It makes learning more comprehensive by knowing different strategies that you will get by learning as well in this topic.
The document discusses the behaviorist perspective and its major theorists including Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. It summarizes Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments with dogs. It explains Thorndike's laws of effect, exercise, and readiness in connectionism theory. It covers Watson's work on conditioning emotional responses and Albert's experiment. Finally, it details Skinner's principles of operant conditioning including reinforcement, shaping behavior, and reinforcement schedules.
Discipline and Establishing Routine Inside the ClassroomMae Selim
The document discusses establishing discipline and classroom control. It identifies potential causes of discipline problems like overcrowded classrooms and inappropriate seating. It also notes that students differ in backgrounds, abilities, and interests. Common ways to establish discipline include having clear rules coupled with engaging teaching strategies. Tips for teachers include being prepared, knowing students well, praising good behavior, and remaining calm and consistent. Acceptable ways to deal with issues involve positive reinforcement while unacceptable methods involve harsh punishments. The document also discusses establishing routines to help control behavior and build confidence.
Dr. C.V. Suresh Babu discusses elements of learning that help teachers enable student learning capabilities and overcome problems. These elements include collaborative skills like leadership, teambuilding and conflict resolution. Positive interdependence refers to students perceiving that "we sink or swim together". Other factors that impact learning are student ability, aptitude, interests, family/cultural background, attitudes, involvement, experiences, the teacher, and classroom climate.
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who pioneered the concept of operant conditioning. He received his bachelor's and master's degrees from Harvard University and his PhD in 1931. Skinner studied how behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on consequences. He found that behaviors followed by positive reinforcement increase in frequency, while behaviors followed by negative reinforcement or punishment decrease. Skinner's theory of operant conditioning explained human behavior as regulated by its consequences and contributed to the development of behaviorism.
The document discusses two theories of neo-behaviorism: Tolman's purposive behaviorism introduced concepts like cognitive maps and latent learning, rejecting the idea that reinforcement is necessary for learning; Bandura's social learning theory emphasized observational learning and modeling, introducing cognitive factors and stating that learning can occur without an immediate behavior change. Both theorists sought to address limitations of behaviorism by incorporating cognitive elements into learning explanations.
David Ausubel proposed using advance organizers to improve expository teaching. Advance organizers strengthen students' cognitive structures by providing a broad overview of a topic before details are presented. This allows new information to be incorporated through meaningful learning processes like subsumption, where new concepts are related to existing knowledge. Ausubel emphasized that advance organizers differ from summaries by acting as a bridge between new and prior knowledge at different levels of abstraction.
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) was an influential American psychologist known as the "father of modern educational psychology." He published around 500 books and articles in his career spanning over 55 years. Thorndike is renowned for developing the Law of Effect in 1905, which states that behaviors followed by satisfactory outcomes become more strongly associated and likely to reoccur. He also made important contributions to the study and measurement of intelligence through his work developing early intelligence tests during World War I.
The document summarizes several theories of learning:
Pavlov's classical conditioning theory describes how neutral stimuli become conditioned stimuli through repeated pairing with unconditioned stimuli. Thorndike's theory of connectionism proposes that learning occurs through trial and error. Skinner's operant conditioning theory explains how behavior is modified through reinforcement or punishment. Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes observational learning and internal mental processes, with four phases: attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
This document discusses several behavior modification techniques used in educational settings, including token reinforcement systems, timeout, ignoring, and contracting. It provides details on how each technique works and recommendations for effective implementation. Token reinforcement systems use tokens that can be exchanged for rewards to encourage positive behaviors. Timeout involves separating a child from rewarding environments when misbehaving to reduce reinforcement of undesirable actions. Ignoring aims to reduce attention-seeking behaviors by refusing to acknowledge them. Contracting establishes agreements between teachers and students where good behavior is rewarded.
This document provides an introduction to the financial audit manual for urban local bodies in Madhya Pradesh. It discusses the increasing urbanization in India and rising expectations of citizens regarding urban infrastructure and services. Currently, urban local bodies follow a rudimentary cash-based single-entry accounting system that lacks transparency. However, the 74th constitutional amendment mandated strengthening of urban local bodies and introducing accrual-based double-entry accounting to improve financial management and accountability. This manual aims to guide the audit of urban local bodies following the new accounting system.
This document introduces a power glossary containing technical terms used in the power sector in both English and Hindi. It was created to bring uniformity in terminology used across organizations under the Ministry of Power in India, as different organizations were using varying Hindi translations for some English terms. The glossary was developed in four stages - identifying terms, assigning Hindi equivalents, review by experts, and final review. Care was taken to make the Hindi translations simple, concise, accurate, appropriate and useful. The commission and various officials of the Ministry of Power are thanked for their contributions in developing this glossary. It is hoped that this glossary will facilitate the use of Hindi in technical writing and discussions related to the power sector.
The document summarizes the five generations of computers from 1946 to the present. The first generation used vacuum tubes and punched cards. The second generation introduced transistors, magnetic storage, and assembly languages. The third generation featured integrated circuits, RAM/ROM memory, and operating systems. The fourth generation brought microprocessors, floppy disks, hard disks, and languages/applications. The fifth generation continues with advanced ICs, new storage technologies, AI, and GUI-based operating systems.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers found that lockdowns led to significant short-term reductions in nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter pollution globally as economic activities slowed. However, the impacts on greenhouse gases and long-term air quality improvements remain uncertain without permanent behavior and economic changes.
This document provides an introduction and overview of financial management practices for urban local bodies (ULBs) in Madhya Pradesh, India. It was created by the Urban Administration and Development Department of Madhya Pradesh in response to difficulties ULBs faced with prudent financial management. The manual covers concepts and techniques for budgeting, capital improvement programming, cash management, receivables and payables, debt management, and asset management. It aims to establish good practices and policies for ULBs to adopt in order to improve their financial performance and sustainability.