2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Tareq Murshed
Accounting has had major developments and throughout the years it has went from pen and paper to paperless.
Petty cash is a unique account because it is often immaterial in amount. The account is verified because of the potential for defalcation and the client's expectation of auditor consideration when the amount is immaterial.
The exploitation of loopholes in the financial regulation and accounting standards in order to gain advantage or present figures in a misleadingly favourable way by the corporate entities.
1.1 identify the type of accounting
1.2 difference between Cost Accounting , Cost Accountancy and Costing
1.3 understand the Management information needs
1.4 identify the objectives of cost accounting
1.5 difference between Cost Accounting Vs. Financial Accounting
1.6 identify the role of cost accountant
This presentation is an overview of SA 320 (R). Prepared with Prof. S. Sircar.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
http://accountinghomeworkrescue.com/accounting-the-evolution-of
There are many functions of both the idea of accounting and accountants in general. The need for bookkeeping and records, as well as keeping numbers is both an organizational tool that is used by many, as well as a framework for an entire business model. In order for a business to thrive and progress, it needs to have a strong sense of bookkeeping properties, which incorporates accounting greatly. Even in households, there is a large need for a type of accounting practice. The numbers of every bill and purchased item needs to be accounted for in one way or another to prevent a debt or loss of money. This idea of organization and checks and balances is what keeps bookkeeping and accounting so relevant today. Check out the above link for accounting homework help.
Petty cash is a unique account because it is often immaterial in amount. The account is verified because of the potential for defalcation and the client's expectation of auditor consideration when the amount is immaterial.
The exploitation of loopholes in the financial regulation and accounting standards in order to gain advantage or present figures in a misleadingly favourable way by the corporate entities.
1.1 identify the type of accounting
1.2 difference between Cost Accounting , Cost Accountancy and Costing
1.3 understand the Management information needs
1.4 identify the objectives of cost accounting
1.5 difference between Cost Accounting Vs. Financial Accounting
1.6 identify the role of cost accountant
This presentation is an overview of SA 320 (R). Prepared with Prof. S. Sircar.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
http://accountinghomeworkrescue.com/accounting-the-evolution-of
There are many functions of both the idea of accounting and accountants in general. The need for bookkeeping and records, as well as keeping numbers is both an organizational tool that is used by many, as well as a framework for an entire business model. In order for a business to thrive and progress, it needs to have a strong sense of bookkeeping properties, which incorporates accounting greatly. Even in households, there is a large need for a type of accounting practice. The numbers of every bill and purchased item needs to be accounted for in one way or another to prevent a debt or loss of money. This idea of organization and checks and balances is what keeps bookkeeping and accounting so relevant today. Check out the above link for accounting homework help.
Join Liz Phelan from Banqer who will discuss financial literacy and capability, exploring the current state of financial literacy in Australia and how we can contribute to improving it.
Revista Econòmica de Catalunya nº 64: Knowledge Economy and TerritoryBarcelona Activa
The current issue of the Revista Econòmica de Catalunya, published together with the Col·legi d'Economistes, is dedicated to the 22@district in its 10th anniversary.
2023 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Taral Patel and Sophie Habashy
Asthma negatively affects the quality of life of those who suffer from it, with the acknowledgment that the African American/Black community is disproportionately afflicted by the disease. Research suggests that increased atmospheric particulate matter among other pollutants is correlated with higher rates of reported asthma symptoms and hospitalizations.
The present study describes the methodology of cross-referencing Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported daily particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) with participant laboratory visits with the goal of allowing researchers to assess the effect of this pollutant with concurrent reports of psychosocial and asthma measures. Part of this data comes from the Asthma in the Lives of Families Today study which investigated psychosocial predictors of asthma-related health among African American children from the Detroit area between 2011-2018. Determining PM2.5 levels on lab visit days was conducted in multiple steps. Firstly, participants' zip codes were used to determine their geographical census block (i.e., GEOID). Next, GEOIDs were matched to the most closely located EPA PM2.5 sites of the twelve stationed in Wayne County.
After the EPA site was matched to the participant, the PM2.5 measurement on the day of each participant's ALOFT visit was identified. This methodological approach provided a clear air pollution reference on the date of lab visits, allowing ALOFT researchers to investigate its specific and subsequent impact on child asthma health.
2023 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Lane Belden and Bex Watson
The term folkhemmet or “the people’s home” is a Swedish political term that has enjoyed a wide usage amongst various political parties along with the development of the modern Swedish state over the past century. This project aims to define the term and describe its usage through the analysis of both primary and secondary sources.
The term is explored as a uniquely Swedish cultural phenomenon, with both populism and collectivism being explored as avenues to account for the seemingly contradictory usage of the term by opposing political parties. A timeline of the term is created to demonstrate its shifting associations.
2023 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Morgan Grougan
Amidst the ever-expanding cosmos of scientific literature, the quest for tools that can deftly extract and analyze data from publications has grown increasingly vital. Enter LoA (Librarian of Alexandria), a Linux-Python tool that harnesses the power of artificial intelligence to scour chemistry-related papers, meticulously extracting invaluable textual measurements and data into structured Excel files.
This approach engenders the formation of an expansive, high-quality dataset, poised to train predictive models in assessing the properties of chemicals, proteins, and other compounds, with a predominant emphasis on the field of chemistry. LoA's sophisticated AI algorithms artfully decipher and extract essential information from intricate scientific documents. Although the tool currently focuses on extracting text, plans for future iterations include deciphering images and delving into deeper analysis. LoA's potential transcends the realm of chemistry, with prospective applications in diverse scientific disciplines such as materials science, biology, and pharmacology, by tailoring the extraction process to the domain at hand.
Like the ancient Library of Alexandria, LoA aspires to become a beacon of knowledge, a comprehensive instrument for navigating the vast ocean of human intellect. As it is presented at an undergraduate research symposium, this innovative tool embodies the potential for revolutionizing scientific research, opening doors to interdisciplinary applications, and illuminating the path to discoveries yet unimagined. Embracing the beauty of imperfection, LoA continues to evolve, a testament to the resilience and adaptability that characterizes the boundless realm of scientific inquiry.
2023 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Carly Ghanem
The standard treatment for lower back pain has been interbody fusion: Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion (TLIF). The invasive nature leads to muscle detachment and damaged nerves. To address these issues, minimally invasive (MI) TLIF techniques have been developed.
While MI TLIFs show decreased blood loss and complication rates relative to open TLIF, surgery times and long-term outcomes are reported to be similar. Oblique lateral lumbar interbody fusion (OLLIF) is a MI lumbar spinal fusion through a single 10-15 mm incision, with a faster surgery time and easier approach. Anesthesia, surgery times, and blood loss were recorded for all patients that entered into the EMR. Because no suction is used in OLLIF procedures, blood loss was measured by weighing sponges and subtracting dry weight.
To monetize the cost per minute for a hospital, a published reference was utilized and adjusted with the consumer price index. These values were reported in aggregate and stratified, based on spinal level(s) of surgery. Mann-Whitney U-tests were utilized to test the null hypothesis that the OLLIF and TLIF groups have the same or identical mean distributions for age, BMI, blood loss, and uncensored time duration variables. Data analyses were performed using IBM SPSS. A shorter length of stay than TLIF by 58.5% across all surgeries studied was found.
The trend of shorter lengths of stay remained consistent when surgeries were stratified based on the spinal level(s) involved. OLLIF also had a lower surgical admission cost than TLIF, with a difference of $6,701 versus $11,583. These findings suggest that OLLIF may be a more cost-effective and efficient alternative to TLIF for treating lower back pain, particularly for hospitals with limited resources.
2023 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Kira Jonatzke
Under favorable environments, the worm C. elegans undergoes four different larval stages before becoming a fertile adult. However, when environments are harsh, such as under high temperatures or high population density and low food availability, C. elegans enters a different developmental program, known as dauer.
Dauers are developmentally arrested, highly resistant to stress and live long. Thus, when environments improve, dauers exit to the last larval stage and become fertile adults. Recently, we serendipitously discovered that the Mos1 transposon insertion site ttTi5605 produced more dauers at high temperatures, when compared to wild-type animals. This Mos1 insertion site is situated between two genes, the predicted glucose transporter FGT-2 and the F14E5.8 gene of unknown function.
Thus, the Mos1 transposon insertion might alter the expression of FGT-2 and/or F14E5.8, which potentially suggests a role for at least one of these proteins in regulating the switch to the dauer program.
2023 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Lexi Soltesz
A central health issue for those with a chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) above the sixth thoracic vertebrae is autonomic dysfunction. Autonomic dysfunction results in significant increases and decreases in blood pressure and negatively affects health-related quality of life.
This uncontrolled blood pressure also negatively impacts cognitive function and adherence to rehabilitation programs. Additionally, the lesion itself impairs motor function thereby resulting in decreased physical activity and impaired mitochondrial function. Moreover, autonomic dysfunction can lead to an increased risk of stroke, and therefore increased mortality. Mild intermittent hypoxia (MIH), an experimental protocol in which participants experience lower oxygen, in a controlled and repetitive sequence, has been shown to improve blood pressure control in humans.
Our study aims to investigate the impact of MIH on autonomic dysfunction during in-lab provocation and during in-home testing. Likewise, we will also investigate the impact of MIH on mitochondrial and microvascular function and motor function. Our preliminary data shows that MIH may improve autonomic dysfunction which may be explained by improvements in baroreceptor and/or mitochondrial and endothelial function. As evidenced by our preliminary data, MIH is a promising potential protocol for improving health-related quality of life in those with SCI.
2023 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Mahmoud Teran
The development of memories, including those throughout extinction learning, require neuroplasticity for encoding and retrieval to occur. As environmental factors can affect gene expression, epigenetic changes can play a critical role in the development of memory formation and updating and ultimately manifesting in behavioral changes reflective of the learning.
The purpose of the current project is to show the utility of Positron Emission Tomography (PET), a functional, molecular imaging technique that employs radioactive substances to measure specific markers in the brain. As part of our efforts to understand the neurobiological mechanisms of fear learning and the role of epigenetic changes using PET, images of the brains were collected before and after extinction learning of acquired long-term fear (LTF) memories induced by shock tone pairings made every 30 seconds over 38 min.
PET images were collected by injecting the radiotracer [18F]TFAHA, a substrate for class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs). The resulting accumulation of the breakdown product of [18F]TFAHA could be considered as a proxy for class IIa HDAC expression changes before and after LTF memory. HDAC activity is directly related to gene expression changes through deacetylation of histone lysine residues. This results in a closed chromatin conformation and prevents the binding of RNA polymerase II and ultimate gene transcription and protein synthesis.
This can then be manifested and seen as behavioral change. Our preliminary analysis of PET images results indicate a significant interaction effect between pre-to-post class IIa HDAC expression-activity, sex, and shock condition. Additional PET image analysis is anticipated to show the extent of HDAC activity in both the sexes following LTF.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Christina Kort
There are five developmental factors discussed throughout the review that are applicable to adolescents during the pandemic. This involves the incorporation of nutrition and exercise health, in which a lack of physical activity or appropriate eating habits may be hindering growth.
Learning experiences have been altered to a digital platform and have deeply affected students' motivation and cognitive engagement. Forming strong social connections with friends and members of the community is another way to help ensure that developing brains are progressing. In some cases, the home environment may be negatively impacting the ability to complete work or achieve personal space. Taking some time away or setting boundaries around family may be crucial for growth.
The last aspect necessary for adolescents to sustain positive development consists of a daily structure. Staying active in recreational activities is a good way to ensure structure and can greatly benefit the other factors related to forming new bonds and getting physical exercise.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Mary Tooma
Graduate co-author: Emily Graham LeRose
This research was conducted to investigate the underlying etiological cause(s) and/or psychosocial contributions to suicidal ideation as highly self-reported among individuals with a developmental stutter.
A comprehensive literature review was completed to explore two of the hypothesized components thought to increase risk for suicidal ideation in this population; genetic heritability of suicidal ideation and the presence of co-morbid mental health disorders arising as a result of having a stutter (i.e., depression, anxiety, etc.). Additionally, an empirical review was completed for recommendations to improve overall outcomes in therapy for individuals who stutter.
Results from this investigation of the literature found the most empirical support for a connection between high rates of co-morbid mental health disorders and suicidal ideation in individuals who stutter. Additionally, a therapeutic approach titled "Attachment-Based Family Therapy" has been shown to be highly effective in treating individuals, particularly adolescents, who experience suicidal ideation and depression.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Justin Ahrens
Graduate co-author: Maddy Denison
The main goal of this project is to use IrIII complexes to monitor cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity. CYP P450 metabolism determines how quickly drugs are excreted from the body and what kind of dose is required for pharmaceuticals to be effective.
Existing probes for CYPs are non-fluorescent, but when CYPs metabolize them, they are “turned on” and fluoresce. Even though these probes are able to monitor metabolism, once they are metabolized and “turned on” they cannot be reversed or turned off. Therefore, this is no current way to monitor dynamic changes in CYP activity continuously over time.
The Kodanko laboratory is addressing this unmet need by developing IrIII complexes that are reversible sensors of CYP enzymes. A chiral resolution strategy with enantioenriched ligands was used to prepare four analogs of IrIII complexes with different stereochemistry. These complexes were evaluated as emissive sensors in human liver hepatocytes to establish which IrIII complex is the lead compound for sensing CYP in living cells. Results from this multi-disciplinary study will be reported.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Bahea Nasser
My research is overall in the issue of the mass incarceration rate of people with serious mental illness. My research goes into detail about the factors and causes of this problem, re-offending, deinstitutionalization, other important information, and how people with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system receive inadequate treatment.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Hanna Alfasih
This research is about the misuse of analgesics and how they have contributed to the opioid epidemic.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Dorian Mersinllari
This PowerPoint shows how can CRNAs better help/ understand their patients? It was a project for my English class and I think it's really good at explaining how nurses should be treating their patients and how it would help their relationship with them. It's a 13-slide PowerPoint that includes a synthesis map and six good sources. I also had to record myself presenting it which includes information outside of what you see on the PowerPoint.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Ma'ldah Sheikh
The male gaze is a point of view in literary and digital media. It is from the viewing pleasure and perspective of heterosexual men. This form of content is predominantly characterized by the objectification and sexualization of women and other minority groups. The female gaze is meant to oppose the male gaze in cinema, but there are many controversies pertaining to this within the film discourse community.
Many theorists debate that there is no such thing as the female gaze, while others argue that even with the existence of the female gaze, the male gaze can never truly be reversed.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Vivian Truong
Young adults (18-25) have the highest prevalence (29.4%) of any mental illness and the lowest rate of receiving mental health services (38.9%; NIMH). WSU CAPS provides Wayne State students with an online mental health screening opportunity. The numbers of screenings were of interest for this project.
COVID-19 has been shown to negatively impact students’ social and academic engagement, as a result, screening usage during the pandemic was expected to increase. Additionally, the literature on gender and racial/ethnic disparities in mental health service utilization suggest that screening tools may be used less by men and underrepresented minorities. We also expected gender and racial disparities in use, despite the anonymity provided by online screening.
We examined screening use during the pandemic from 3/15/2020 to 6/15/2021 in comparison with pre-pandemic use from 3/15/2018 to 6/15/2019. It is found that the rate of screening is slightly elevated during the pandemic. Secondly, the rate of screening use among different demographic groups, specifically racial/ethnic groups, and gender groups during the fall of 2020 was explored. Of the 897 screenings that were completed, White completed more than 50% of them. Black students were less likely to be screened (12.2% versus 14.8%, p < .01), as were Hispanic students (3.3% versus 5%, p < .001).
Surprisingly, Asian students were more likely to complete the screening (16% versus 10.2%, p < .001). Students who identified as male were highly underrepresented among those who completed the screenings (17.5% versus 40.7% of students).
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Shane Tinsley
Introduction: Disease-specific health awareness (HA) campaigns have rapidly developed as an important avenue to improve patient education and ideally outcomes. Our study objective was to understand the impact of urological HA months on engaging public search interests in the United States.
Methods: We utilized Google Trends to examine public health interest in urologic conditions during monthly awareness campaigns over a 17-year period (2004-2021). Relative Search Volume (RSV) during the annual HA campaign months relative to non-health awareness (NHA) campaign months was calculated. Differences between HA-RSV and NHA-RSV months were compared using t-test.
Results: Although small increases in public interest were noted for certain diseases (prostate cancer in November, testicular cancer in April and erectile dysfunction), there was interestingly a comparative decrease in RSV for other diseases (bladder cancer, prostate cancer in September, testicular cancer in November, kidney cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia and male infertility) in their respective HA months; however, none of these differences were statistically significant (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: Our study did not find a significant difference in public interest of any urological diseases during their respective HA campaign months. This highlights the critical need for further research to investigate potential improvements in campaign methodology during dedicated HA months to better achieve their goals of increased public health engagement.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Avery Bacheller
My research abstract explains the importance of adolescent suicide by breaking down statistics, defining the discourse community, citing and explaining sources that help build a good argument for my thesis. All of these combined help me to spread awareness and information regarding adolescent suicide.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Taha Kader
Family physicians are crucial to providing appropriate medical care in rural areas. Family physicians tackle various roles such as maternity and emergency care in these areas. However, there aren't nearly enough family physicians in these areas, and something needs to be done.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Samaah Saifullah
Graduate co-author: Kelsey L. Canada
Automated hippocampal subfield segmentation methods have led to exponential growth in the literature. Although automated segmentation is perfectly reliable, deviations from anatomical definitions are common and weaken their validity.
To address the lack of guidance for quality control (QC) of automated segmentation methods, we developed a taxonomy of errors and two-step protocol for 1) identification and 2) manual correction. Raters examined segmentations from a customized atlas to identify errors in six categories with severity ratings; only major severity errors are manually corrected in order to minimize introducing human error.
The QC procedure was developed and cross-validated with an independent sample on two MRI scanners. Raters had excellent agreement in QC decisions between- and within-raters on all regions, manual corrections introduced less than 3% error and were unrelated to participant demographic.
The feasible and reliable QC procedure allows confident interpretation of hippocampal subfield segmentations, and potential applications to other brain regions.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Neel Patel and Mariana Sierra
The Kristen Rat Sarcoma (KRAS) protein, encoded by the KRAS gene, is a signal transducer that plays a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation. KRAS mutations have been known to cause lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. Previously, KRAS was considered an “undruggable” target. However, with better understanding of the protein’s biology paired with advanced new technologies, the FDA approved the first KRAS inhibitor (sotorasib) for lung cancer patients with the KRASG12C mutation in 2021, expressing the recent interest of targeted drugs for KRAS.
In clinical trials, sotorasib proved ineffective for pancreatic and colorectal cancers with the G12C mutation. Irrespective of mutant identity, oncogenic KRAS requires activation by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son of Sevenless 1 (SOS1), highlighting an exploitable vulnerability with broad therapeutic applicability. The goal of this study is to develop novel pan-KRAS inhibitors by targeting the KRAS-SOS1 interactions through computational modeling. To start, we applied Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD) simulation, an advanced conformational sampling method, to collect the nature of the KRAS protein motion in solution. Then, the clustering analysis method was used to assemble KRAS conformational structures into ten groups for later virtual screening and docking simulations.
We aim to address 20 to 30 compounds to later be experimentally assessed for their (1) ability to disrupt the KRAS-SOS1 interactions and (2) cytotoxicity in KRAS mutation-bearing cell lines. The work will provide insights in the drug efficacy of KRAS inhibitors and give rise to a novel set of KRAS candidates to be used in clinical oncogenic treatments.
More from Wayne State University College of Liberal Arts and Sciences (20)
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2. Main points
● Establishment of accounting as the language of
business
● 19th and 20th century accounting
● Modern day accounting
3. Luca Pacioli and Mesopotamian
civilization
● Started in the 15th century
● Merchants kept track of their debts and
spending
● Mesopotamian civilization kept track of good
traded and received
4. 19th and 20th century
● Establishment of American
Institute of Certified Public
Accountants in 1887.
● VisiClac was created in 1978
9. Works cited
● Travis, Jessica. “The Evolution of Accounting: Past, Present and Future.” EBizCharge, 20 July 2021,
ebizcharge.com/blog/the-evolution-of-accounting-past-present-and-future.
● Rana, Ashish. “Accounting Has Evolved Over the Years – Find Out How!” Cogneesol Blog, 15 Nov. 2019,
www.cogneesol.com/blog/accounting-has-evolved-over-the-years.
● “How Did the Field of Accounting Evolve?” Investopedia, 13 May 2021,
www.investopedia.com/articles/08/accounting-history.asp.
● Mari, Libero Mario, et al. “Manzoni’s Sixteenth-Century ‘Quaderno Doppio’: The Evolution of Accounting Education towards
Modern Times.” Accounting History, vol. 25, no. 4, 2020, pp. 580–601. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.1177/1032373220942330.
● Giroux, Gary. Accounting History and the Rise of Civilization, Volume I (Financial Accounting and Auditing Collection).
Business Expert Press, 2017.