This paragraph summarizes the key arguments made in the book. It states that the book argues bodies are socially constructed and that infants often experience instability, leaving them prone to bodily anxiety. This instability and anxiety is often misinterpreted solely as emotional problems rather than recognizing the bodily roots. It is important, especially for therapists, to recognize how fundamental bodily anxiety is to address those struggling with their bodies. Contemporary artists are bringing attention to these issues through their works exploring the fragmentation of the human form.
Plurilingualism differs from multilingualism in that it emphasizes an individual's experience with multiple languages and cultures not as separate compartments but as an interrelated communicative competence where all language knowledge and experience contributes. The plurilingual approach focuses on how an individual's language abilities expand from their native language to their community's language to other languages and cultures, with all these languages interacting rather than being strictly separated mentally.
This document discusses the concepts of multilingualism and plurilingualism. It defines multilingualism as knowing multiple languages, while plurilingualism emphasizes how individuals integrate languages into a single linguistic repertoire rather than keeping them separate. The document outlines Council of Europe policies that aim to promote plurilingualism through language education reforms across Europe. It analyzes data showing most Europeans only know one foreign language and identifies challenges in developing citizens' plurilingual competence. Overall, the document argues plurilingualism is important for social cohesion, mobility, and democratic participation in increasingly multilingual European societies.
The essence of foreign language learning in today’s globalizing world benefit...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the benefits and challenges of foreign language learning in today's globalized world. It argues that foreign language learning provides significant communication, employment, educational, and cultural benefits. Being proficient in a foreign language allows for improved international cooperation, business opportunities, and mobility for studying, working or traveling abroad. However, foreign language learning also faces challenges like lack of emphasis on its importance, complexity of learning additional languages, and weak educational policies. The document recommends promoting foreign language education through early instruction, increased funding, and policies that discourage monolingualism.
Spencer Peak analyzes how languages shape culture through Arjun Appadurai's theory of "scapes", including languagescapes. The document discusses how globalization has led to a diversity of languages and the rise of multilingualism. While learning new languages can foster cultural understanding, the decline of some languages may threaten cultural diversity. The ideal is to embrace multilingualism while maintaining unique cultural identities, as seen in the Philippines which incorporated English without disrupting local languages and culture. In conclusion, understanding languagescapes can promote cultural unity by broadening perspectives and respect for other cultures.
Performance as address the interface between folks and the rulersAlexander Decker
This document discusses communication in indigenous societies through oral performances. It argues that performances like Oramfe and Igbaghare served important communicative functions by allowing ordinary people to air criticisms of authorities and governance without fear of reprisal. These performances fulfilled roles of promoting culture, educating people, and regenerating society through application of social criticisms. The document examines concepts of communication, literacy, and how indigenous oral performances interface between rulers and the people in a way that is similar to the watchdog role of modern media.
This document discusses the relationships between English as a medium of instruction (EMI), content and language integrated learning (CLIL), and English as a lingua franca (ELF). It notes that while there has been significant research on EMI and CLIL in Japan, less attention has been paid to ELF. The document then critiques some assumptions in linguistics, second language acquisition research, and language education policy about concepts like native speakers and competence. It argues that a new conceptualization of global English that sees it as a lingua franca, not the property of any one country or people, is needed.
The Edge of Linguistics lecture series from Prof. Fredreck J. Newmeyer
During Oct 7 to Oct 17, Prof. Newmeyer offered a lecture series on a wide range of linguistic topics in Beijing Language and Culture University. This is one of the lecture.
Background:
Fredreck J. Newmeyer is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Washington and adjunct professor in the University Of British Columbia Department Of Linguistics and the Simon Fraser University Department of Linguistics. He has published widely in theoretical and English syntax.
Abstract: Language is a tool to learn knowledge, bequeath illumination (dossier), trump up ennobling ties, compose societal integrity, express sensibility, emotions & ideas, lingua Franca. as a language of correlative communication, one of the six official languages of the United Nations. This paper will help perceive the importance of English language as the language of science and technology, business and trade, Banking & corporate sector, window on the world, language of opportunity, third most spoken language in world. English is the requisite international language of communication, science, information technology, business, seafaring, aviation, aerodynamics, entertainment, radiotelephonics, saviour-faire, delicatessen, expedience, finesse.
Keywords: Language as a means of communication, non- instinctive, complex, creative, modifiable, structurally complex, verbal, vocal (sound), phonology, Morphology, syntax, semantics.
Title: Nature and Scope of English Language in Today's World
Author: ANU ARORA
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Plurilingualism differs from multilingualism in that it emphasizes an individual's experience with multiple languages and cultures not as separate compartments but as an interrelated communicative competence where all language knowledge and experience contributes. The plurilingual approach focuses on how an individual's language abilities expand from their native language to their community's language to other languages and cultures, with all these languages interacting rather than being strictly separated mentally.
This document discusses the concepts of multilingualism and plurilingualism. It defines multilingualism as knowing multiple languages, while plurilingualism emphasizes how individuals integrate languages into a single linguistic repertoire rather than keeping them separate. The document outlines Council of Europe policies that aim to promote plurilingualism through language education reforms across Europe. It analyzes data showing most Europeans only know one foreign language and identifies challenges in developing citizens' plurilingual competence. Overall, the document argues plurilingualism is important for social cohesion, mobility, and democratic participation in increasingly multilingual European societies.
The essence of foreign language learning in today’s globalizing world benefit...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the benefits and challenges of foreign language learning in today's globalized world. It argues that foreign language learning provides significant communication, employment, educational, and cultural benefits. Being proficient in a foreign language allows for improved international cooperation, business opportunities, and mobility for studying, working or traveling abroad. However, foreign language learning also faces challenges like lack of emphasis on its importance, complexity of learning additional languages, and weak educational policies. The document recommends promoting foreign language education through early instruction, increased funding, and policies that discourage monolingualism.
Spencer Peak analyzes how languages shape culture through Arjun Appadurai's theory of "scapes", including languagescapes. The document discusses how globalization has led to a diversity of languages and the rise of multilingualism. While learning new languages can foster cultural understanding, the decline of some languages may threaten cultural diversity. The ideal is to embrace multilingualism while maintaining unique cultural identities, as seen in the Philippines which incorporated English without disrupting local languages and culture. In conclusion, understanding languagescapes can promote cultural unity by broadening perspectives and respect for other cultures.
Performance as address the interface between folks and the rulersAlexander Decker
This document discusses communication in indigenous societies through oral performances. It argues that performances like Oramfe and Igbaghare served important communicative functions by allowing ordinary people to air criticisms of authorities and governance without fear of reprisal. These performances fulfilled roles of promoting culture, educating people, and regenerating society through application of social criticisms. The document examines concepts of communication, literacy, and how indigenous oral performances interface between rulers and the people in a way that is similar to the watchdog role of modern media.
This document discusses the relationships between English as a medium of instruction (EMI), content and language integrated learning (CLIL), and English as a lingua franca (ELF). It notes that while there has been significant research on EMI and CLIL in Japan, less attention has been paid to ELF. The document then critiques some assumptions in linguistics, second language acquisition research, and language education policy about concepts like native speakers and competence. It argues that a new conceptualization of global English that sees it as a lingua franca, not the property of any one country or people, is needed.
The Edge of Linguistics lecture series from Prof. Fredreck J. Newmeyer
During Oct 7 to Oct 17, Prof. Newmeyer offered a lecture series on a wide range of linguistic topics in Beijing Language and Culture University. This is one of the lecture.
Background:
Fredreck J. Newmeyer is Professor Emeritus of Linguistics at the University of Washington and adjunct professor in the University Of British Columbia Department Of Linguistics and the Simon Fraser University Department of Linguistics. He has published widely in theoretical and English syntax.
Abstract: Language is a tool to learn knowledge, bequeath illumination (dossier), trump up ennobling ties, compose societal integrity, express sensibility, emotions & ideas, lingua Franca. as a language of correlative communication, one of the six official languages of the United Nations. This paper will help perceive the importance of English language as the language of science and technology, business and trade, Banking & corporate sector, window on the world, language of opportunity, third most spoken language in world. English is the requisite international language of communication, science, information technology, business, seafaring, aviation, aerodynamics, entertainment, radiotelephonics, saviour-faire, delicatessen, expedience, finesse.
Keywords: Language as a means of communication, non- instinctive, complex, creative, modifiable, structurally complex, verbal, vocal (sound), phonology, Morphology, syntax, semantics.
Title: Nature and Scope of English Language in Today's World
Author: ANU ARORA
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
This document summarizes key points from a class on the didactics of English language teaching. It includes a debate on Robert Phillipson's article "Myths and Realities of Linguistic Imperialism" and presentations on teaching English and national identity and intercultural education. It lists questions from a questionnaire on Phillipson's article, including how he counters the view that English is universally fitting and the consequences for foreign language education. It provides summaries of the solutions proposed by Clinton Robinson and the views expressed by Canagarajah on resisting pedagogies from the center.
New literacies refer to the digital skills needed to manage information and communicate in today's digital world. Classrooms are increasingly incorporating a wide range of modalities beyond traditional print texts, including graphical, auditory, and other modes of meaning-making. Literacy now involves all forms of communication and managing information across different media. For students to be prepared for the 21st century, educators must go beyond just using technology and teach digital literacies by integrating them into core content instruction. This will provide authentic learning experiences that develop both subject knowledge and vital literacy skills.
realities and myths of linguistic imperialism marimatti
1. The document summarizes Robert Phillipson's work on linguistic imperialism. He argues that imperialism persists through cultural and linguistic domination, even after colonial rule has ended.
2. Linguistic imperialism involves the hierarchical structuring of languages and ideologies that promote some languages for use over others. It maintains English in its dominant global position through activities, policies and structural relationships within asymmetric North-South power dynamics.
3. Pedagogic practices can be affected by giving the illusion that the choice is between one language or another for education, rather than promoting bilingual or multilingual education. Linguistic imperialism privileges some dialects and languages over others both between and within countries.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
The document provides an introduction to language planning, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. It discusses how language planning aims to influence the status and internal structure of languages. Status planning involves changing a language's social role while corpus planning develops aspects like standardization, modernization, and codification. Examples of language planning include France establishing French as the sole official language and Ethiopia's literacy campaigns.
Fostering independence: How to get out of the way when consumers don’t need usDaniel Greene
The NAD-RID Code of Professional Conduct (CPC), Tenet 4, Respect for Consumers, admonishes interpreters to “Facilitate communication access and equality, and support the full interaction and independence of consumers.” Supporting consumer interaction and independence demands that we get out of the way when consumers don’t need us to interpret for them. Various models of interpretation have viewed the interpreter-client relationship in different ways, but do not focus much on the client-client relationship. This workshop will review some well known and lesser-known models of the interpreter-client relationship, examine the “Rescue Triangle,” and introduce a model of interpretation that focuses on the client-client relationship. Participants will have ample time to reflect upon their own professional practice and see how they may be sometimes standing in the way of their clients’ relationships with each other; participants will be guided to identify ways in which they can get out of the way of client-client relationships and foster independence.
The document discusses language and politics in multilingual societies. It begins with the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, where God confuses human languages. It then discusses how the appropriateness of a language depends on factors like who one is talking to, where, why, and when. No language is inherently better or worse. Language is central to identity, as seen with Native Americans and expectations to speak English as citizens. The document outlines differences in dialects and negative attitudes toward them, as well as misconceptions that dialects are incorrect or low intellect. It concludes that all people should have equal linguistic rights and that every language/dialect is valid based on context of the communication.
Language and the Internet: The Internet’s influence on language: can English survive IM, Twitter, Email, and Emoticons?
This is a presentation I did several years ago.
The document presents an English Only Kritik arguing that requiring debates to be conducted solely in English marginalizes non-English speakers and destroys cultural identity. It claims that debate formats systematically discriminate against those who do not speak English by not allowing for translators. The document provides background on the link between language and identity and argues the judge should vote for the opposition team to punish the government for complying with discriminatory norms.
A Trendy and Multi-dialectical English- A Descriptive Review of Changes and C...Mohammad AlTarawneh
This document summarizes a research article about the current status of the English language. It discusses how English has become a global language used in many countries and contexts, leading to the development of new dialects. It also examines how concepts like native speaker and standardization have become more complex, as English is used locally around the world. The document reviews literature on topics like World Englishes, globalization and English, and implications for teaching English as additional language. It aims to describe the changes that have occurred in English and its status internationally.
Sociolinguistics_English as a Global LanguageAndrea Jang
This document summarizes the key points about the global spread and future of the English language from a longer source text. It discusses how English became a global language due to British colonial expansion and American economic power. While English dominance has threatened some minority languages, modern scholars argue it will lead to a multidialectal world where diverse Englishes coexist and are used for both local and global communication needs. The future of languages may depend on how communities value preserving their heritage and identity through language.
Diversity in CLIL in Plurilingual Communities of Practice
CLILの多様性と複言語コミュニティー
On January 26, 2019, the above symposium took place at Sophia University. Celebrating the presence of honorable speakers, Professors Henry Widdowson and Barbara Seidlhoffer of the University of Vienna, Professor Kumiko Murata of Waseda University, Professors Kensaku Yoshida and Makoto Ikeda of Sophia University, 226 researchers and teachers attended the event.
Language varieties as boundaries and as national identityAzam Almubarki
This document discusses language varieties and national identity. It defines different types of identities, including master identities, interactional identities, personal identities, and relational identities. It examines two ways of viewing language and identity - based on emotional connection or territory. National language plays a role in unity and distinguishing a nation. Language can be a marker of social identity. The boundaries of linguistic identity are permeable as individuals may choose to adopt a new language. When constructing a national identity, reformers in India subsumed fragmented groups into a modern concept of nation. Ideologies about African Americans are reflected in views about African American Vernacular English.
Language of politics cannot be separated from the politics of language. The notion of "Political Discourse" does not remain limited to the "institutional" field of politics (e.g. parliamentary discourse, election campaigns, party programmes, speeches, etc.) but opens to all linguistic manifestations that may be considered to be political, provided that it is convincingly argued what makes them "political". In order to illuminate new and old forms of political discourses inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives and elaborated linguistic methodologies have to complement each other.
Jose Lambert, Cultural Studies: the study of Cultures and the question of Lan...Sara Nasrollahi
This document discusses the relationship between language and cultural identity. It notes that in the new world, boundaries like nationality are less stable due to increased mobility. This is reflected in the language of groups like Puerto Ricans, whose language and identity can be seen through the lens of translation and mobility between places. It also discusses how fields like cultural studies have traditionally overlooked language as part of culture, and how understanding language is key to understanding identity and cultures, especially in an increasingly globalized world with rising virtual communities.
This chapter introduces the topic of the relationship between English language proficiency, globalization, and economic development. The author aims to examine whether more globally integrated and economically developed countries tend to have higher levels of English proficiency. Some key points introduced are:
- English has become the dominant global language due to its widespread use around the world.
- Languages can be viewed as economic commodities that affect choices around language education and use.
- There is an argument that learning languages like English provides an economic advantage in the global marketplace.
- The chapter outlines the methodology which will compare countries' English proficiency test scores against indicators of economic development and globalization to investigate the strength of the relationship.
This document outlines strategies for making student thinking visible in science classrooms through reading and academic discourse. It shares examples of student work annotating texts and transcripts of class discussions. Teachers discussed the importance of teaching these skills for college success. Strategies presented include thinking aloud, annotating texts, using sentence starters, and making discussions routine. Benefits include deeper thinking, more student-centered classes, and skills for life after high school. Remaining challenges are measuring impact, adapting for different groups, establishing routines, and creating authentic materials.
The document discusses plagiarism and academic integrity. It provides examples of plagiarism, such as copying text from websites without citation or paraphrasing Wikipedia paragraphs without citation. It also discusses how the lines between plagiarism and authenticity can blur, citing a case where a German author included passages from other novels in her work and defended it by saying there is no such thing as originality. The document seeks to educate about properly citing sources to avoid plagiarism and understanding what constitutes common knowledge versus copying or paraphrasing from sources.
This document defines and distinguishes between plagiarism and cheating. It states that cheating involves getting unauthorized help on assignments while plagiarism is presenting another's work or ideas as your own. The document outlines different types of plagiarism such as failure to cite sources or use quotation marks. It notes that unintentional plagiarism can occur through patchwriting or failing to cite sources, while intentional plagiarism involves copying or buying papers. Some reasons why people plagiarize are also provided such as laziness, lack of planning, or pressure to get good grades. Strategies to avoid plagiarism like being well organized and citing sources are recommended.
The document discusses the key characteristics of formal academic writing versus informal writing. Formal academic writing uses precise language, a third-person perspective without personal opinions, and a serious tone. Informal writing may include slang, personal opinions, and casual language. Novice writers sometimes struggle with the difference and resort to informal styles. The document provides an example of an informal statement about Macbeth that uses first-person language and slang, contrasted with a more formal third-person analysis using precise adjectives.
This document outlines the key characteristics of academic writing, which include using formal language, an impersonal and objective tone, concise and clear writing, cautious language for unsupported claims, precision, examples and references to support ideas, and complete sentences. Academic writing avoids contractions, slang, phrasal verbs, redundant information, and direct questions. It favors the passive voice to focus on processes rather than individuals and uses tentative language to discuss opinions. Sources must be properly referenced to avoid plagiarism.
This document summarizes key points from a class on the didactics of English language teaching. It includes a debate on Robert Phillipson's article "Myths and Realities of Linguistic Imperialism" and presentations on teaching English and national identity and intercultural education. It lists questions from a questionnaire on Phillipson's article, including how he counters the view that English is universally fitting and the consequences for foreign language education. It provides summaries of the solutions proposed by Clinton Robinson and the views expressed by Canagarajah on resisting pedagogies from the center.
New literacies refer to the digital skills needed to manage information and communicate in today's digital world. Classrooms are increasingly incorporating a wide range of modalities beyond traditional print texts, including graphical, auditory, and other modes of meaning-making. Literacy now involves all forms of communication and managing information across different media. For students to be prepared for the 21st century, educators must go beyond just using technology and teach digital literacies by integrating them into core content instruction. This will provide authentic learning experiences that develop both subject knowledge and vital literacy skills.
realities and myths of linguistic imperialism marimatti
1. The document summarizes Robert Phillipson's work on linguistic imperialism. He argues that imperialism persists through cultural and linguistic domination, even after colonial rule has ended.
2. Linguistic imperialism involves the hierarchical structuring of languages and ideologies that promote some languages for use over others. It maintains English in its dominant global position through activities, policies and structural relationships within asymmetric North-South power dynamics.
3. Pedagogic practices can be affected by giving the illusion that the choice is between one language or another for education, rather than promoting bilingual or multilingual education. Linguistic imperialism privileges some dialects and languages over others both between and within countries.
The document discusses language identity, power, and politics. It defines identity as something that is constantly negotiated through interactions. There are four types of identity: master, interactive, personal, and relational. Language plays a role in national and cultural identity. Power can be exercised through language by elevating some varieties and suppressing others. Language is also used politically through techniques like presupposition, implicature, metaphors, and euphemisms. Historically, English emerged as the language of power in India under British rule and eventually became a global language with technological advancement.
The document provides an introduction to language planning, including definitions, examples, and key concepts. It discusses how language planning aims to influence the status and internal structure of languages. Status planning involves changing a language's social role while corpus planning develops aspects like standardization, modernization, and codification. Examples of language planning include France establishing French as the sole official language and Ethiopia's literacy campaigns.
Fostering independence: How to get out of the way when consumers don’t need usDaniel Greene
The NAD-RID Code of Professional Conduct (CPC), Tenet 4, Respect for Consumers, admonishes interpreters to “Facilitate communication access and equality, and support the full interaction and independence of consumers.” Supporting consumer interaction and independence demands that we get out of the way when consumers don’t need us to interpret for them. Various models of interpretation have viewed the interpreter-client relationship in different ways, but do not focus much on the client-client relationship. This workshop will review some well known and lesser-known models of the interpreter-client relationship, examine the “Rescue Triangle,” and introduce a model of interpretation that focuses on the client-client relationship. Participants will have ample time to reflect upon their own professional practice and see how they may be sometimes standing in the way of their clients’ relationships with each other; participants will be guided to identify ways in which they can get out of the way of client-client relationships and foster independence.
The document discusses language and politics in multilingual societies. It begins with the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, where God confuses human languages. It then discusses how the appropriateness of a language depends on factors like who one is talking to, where, why, and when. No language is inherently better or worse. Language is central to identity, as seen with Native Americans and expectations to speak English as citizens. The document outlines differences in dialects and negative attitudes toward them, as well as misconceptions that dialects are incorrect or low intellect. It concludes that all people should have equal linguistic rights and that every language/dialect is valid based on context of the communication.
Language and the Internet: The Internet’s influence on language: can English survive IM, Twitter, Email, and Emoticons?
This is a presentation I did several years ago.
The document presents an English Only Kritik arguing that requiring debates to be conducted solely in English marginalizes non-English speakers and destroys cultural identity. It claims that debate formats systematically discriminate against those who do not speak English by not allowing for translators. The document provides background on the link between language and identity and argues the judge should vote for the opposition team to punish the government for complying with discriminatory norms.
A Trendy and Multi-dialectical English- A Descriptive Review of Changes and C...Mohammad AlTarawneh
This document summarizes a research article about the current status of the English language. It discusses how English has become a global language used in many countries and contexts, leading to the development of new dialects. It also examines how concepts like native speaker and standardization have become more complex, as English is used locally around the world. The document reviews literature on topics like World Englishes, globalization and English, and implications for teaching English as additional language. It aims to describe the changes that have occurred in English and its status internationally.
Sociolinguistics_English as a Global LanguageAndrea Jang
This document summarizes the key points about the global spread and future of the English language from a longer source text. It discusses how English became a global language due to British colonial expansion and American economic power. While English dominance has threatened some minority languages, modern scholars argue it will lead to a multidialectal world where diverse Englishes coexist and are used for both local and global communication needs. The future of languages may depend on how communities value preserving their heritage and identity through language.
Diversity in CLIL in Plurilingual Communities of Practice
CLILの多様性と複言語コミュニティー
On January 26, 2019, the above symposium took place at Sophia University. Celebrating the presence of honorable speakers, Professors Henry Widdowson and Barbara Seidlhoffer of the University of Vienna, Professor Kumiko Murata of Waseda University, Professors Kensaku Yoshida and Makoto Ikeda of Sophia University, 226 researchers and teachers attended the event.
Language varieties as boundaries and as national identityAzam Almubarki
This document discusses language varieties and national identity. It defines different types of identities, including master identities, interactional identities, personal identities, and relational identities. It examines two ways of viewing language and identity - based on emotional connection or territory. National language plays a role in unity and distinguishing a nation. Language can be a marker of social identity. The boundaries of linguistic identity are permeable as individuals may choose to adopt a new language. When constructing a national identity, reformers in India subsumed fragmented groups into a modern concept of nation. Ideologies about African Americans are reflected in views about African American Vernacular English.
Language of politics cannot be separated from the politics of language. The notion of "Political Discourse" does not remain limited to the "institutional" field of politics (e.g. parliamentary discourse, election campaigns, party programmes, speeches, etc.) but opens to all linguistic manifestations that may be considered to be political, provided that it is convincingly argued what makes them "political". In order to illuminate new and old forms of political discourses inter- and transdisciplinary perspectives and elaborated linguistic methodologies have to complement each other.
Jose Lambert, Cultural Studies: the study of Cultures and the question of Lan...Sara Nasrollahi
This document discusses the relationship between language and cultural identity. It notes that in the new world, boundaries like nationality are less stable due to increased mobility. This is reflected in the language of groups like Puerto Ricans, whose language and identity can be seen through the lens of translation and mobility between places. It also discusses how fields like cultural studies have traditionally overlooked language as part of culture, and how understanding language is key to understanding identity and cultures, especially in an increasingly globalized world with rising virtual communities.
This chapter introduces the topic of the relationship between English language proficiency, globalization, and economic development. The author aims to examine whether more globally integrated and economically developed countries tend to have higher levels of English proficiency. Some key points introduced are:
- English has become the dominant global language due to its widespread use around the world.
- Languages can be viewed as economic commodities that affect choices around language education and use.
- There is an argument that learning languages like English provides an economic advantage in the global marketplace.
- The chapter outlines the methodology which will compare countries' English proficiency test scores against indicators of economic development and globalization to investigate the strength of the relationship.
This document outlines strategies for making student thinking visible in science classrooms through reading and academic discourse. It shares examples of student work annotating texts and transcripts of class discussions. Teachers discussed the importance of teaching these skills for college success. Strategies presented include thinking aloud, annotating texts, using sentence starters, and making discussions routine. Benefits include deeper thinking, more student-centered classes, and skills for life after high school. Remaining challenges are measuring impact, adapting for different groups, establishing routines, and creating authentic materials.
The document discusses plagiarism and academic integrity. It provides examples of plagiarism, such as copying text from websites without citation or paraphrasing Wikipedia paragraphs without citation. It also discusses how the lines between plagiarism and authenticity can blur, citing a case where a German author included passages from other novels in her work and defended it by saying there is no such thing as originality. The document seeks to educate about properly citing sources to avoid plagiarism and understanding what constitutes common knowledge versus copying or paraphrasing from sources.
This document defines and distinguishes between plagiarism and cheating. It states that cheating involves getting unauthorized help on assignments while plagiarism is presenting another's work or ideas as your own. The document outlines different types of plagiarism such as failure to cite sources or use quotation marks. It notes that unintentional plagiarism can occur through patchwriting or failing to cite sources, while intentional plagiarism involves copying or buying papers. Some reasons why people plagiarize are also provided such as laziness, lack of planning, or pressure to get good grades. Strategies to avoid plagiarism like being well organized and citing sources are recommended.
The document discusses the key characteristics of formal academic writing versus informal writing. Formal academic writing uses precise language, a third-person perspective without personal opinions, and a serious tone. Informal writing may include slang, personal opinions, and casual language. Novice writers sometimes struggle with the difference and resort to informal styles. The document provides an example of an informal statement about Macbeth that uses first-person language and slang, contrasted with a more formal third-person analysis using precise adjectives.
This document outlines the key characteristics of academic writing, which include using formal language, an impersonal and objective tone, concise and clear writing, cautious language for unsupported claims, precision, examples and references to support ideas, and complete sentences. Academic writing avoids contractions, slang, phrasal verbs, redundant information, and direct questions. It favors the passive voice to focus on processes rather than individuals and uses tentative language to discuss opinions. Sources must be properly referenced to avoid plagiarism.
There are five major types of linguistic variation: regional, social, field of discourse, medium, and attitude. Regional variation refers to differences in language based on the region where a person lives or has lived. Social variation means differences according to factors like education, socioeconomic class, ethnicity, age, and sex. Variation can also occur based on the communication medium (spoken vs. written) and the attitude or level of formality with which a message is conveyed.
This document provides an overview of academic writing standards for third-level students. It discusses the differences between personal and academic writing, with academic writing using subject-specific vocabulary to comment and analyze information from various sources. The document also outlines the main purposes of academic writing as exposition, persuasion, and narration. It provides guidance on structuring writing, referencing sources, avoiding plagiarism, and following bibliographic conventions.
The document discusses the style of academic writing. It begins by explaining that academic writing has a formal style but is not meant to mimic any particular writer. It then provides guidelines for academic style, including using tentative rather than assertive language, formal vocabulary, and formal grammar structures. The document also lists features of academic writing such as complexity, formality, objectivity, explicitness of relationships between ideas, and responsibility to support claims. Overall, the document provides guidance on developing a formal academic writing style.
Academic English Skills: Introduction to Academic Writing SkillsIwan Syahril
This document provides an introduction to academic writing and summarizes various writing techniques. It discusses freewriting as a brainstorming activity to generate ideas without judgment. It also covers the process approach to writing, which focuses on planning, revising, and thinking through the writing process. Finally, it provides tips for taking effective lecture notes, such as writing down important information without trying to write everything verbatim.
An effective presentation for those seeking to master essay writing, creative writing, APA referencing style and to map the writing process through actionable steps, yielding successful outcomes. Kemal Brown, Digital Consultant.
This document compares the style of academic writing to journalism in three key areas: [1] The intended audience of academic writing is other academics and experts developing knowledge in a field, while journalism aims for a general public audience; [2] The purpose of academic writing is to extend knowledge through discussion and analysis of ideas related to a topic, while journalism seeks to engage, entertain, or share new information; [3] Features like language, organization, and presentation of information differ between the two styles, with academic writing taking a formal, evidenced-based approach and journalism prioritizing readability and accessibility.
Any student in a high level institution will be usually required to write a variety of dissertations, papers and essays throughout the whole period of their studies.
These writing tasks and assignments will cover a myriad of goals, objectives and purposes.
This document discusses academic writing and provides advice for students. It dispels common myths about writing, such as that perfect first drafts are possible or that some people are inherently better writers. The document explains that academic writing involves making an argument supported by evidence. It also discusses different types of writing assignments, including closed, semi-open, and open assignments. Students are advised to pick manageable topics that interest them and to present their ideas in a clear, organized format with citations.
This document outlines 10 golden rules for writing effective essays: 1) Answer the specific question, 2) Underline key words to focus your plan, 3) Make a paragraph-by-paragraph plan developing your argument. 4) Avoid waffling in your introduction and get straight to the topic. 5) Outline your points in the first paragraph. 6) Make one point per paragraph with a topic sentence, evidence, and summary. 7) Use linking words to connect paragraphs. 8) Draw a conclusion returning to the original topic. 9) Cite any sources. 10) Proofread for accuracy and submit on time.
This document discusses context and culture in applied linguistics. It covers several key topics:
1. Discourse analysis examines language use in context, taking into account paralanguage, pragmatics, and genres. Paralanguage includes tone of voice and body language. Pragmatics studies implied meaning. Genres are categories of language use.
2. Culture refers to shared practices, values and beliefs that affect communication between groups. Differences in cultural norms can easily lead to misunderstandings.
3. Teaching culture and language rights in linguistics raises complex issues. When teaching English as a global language, what cultural content should be included? Linguistic minorities also seek rights to preserve their own languages.
- The document discusses multilingualism and multiculturalism in the United States. It notes that while some advocate for an "English only" policy to unite the country and improve immigrants' English skills, others argue that multilingualism should be embraced to honor diverse cultures and ideas.
- The author's view is that multilingualism should be supported rather than an English only policy, as languages are important for understanding other cultures, exploring new places, and passing valuable cultural traditions to new generations. Languages also have spiritual significance for communities.
Integrating currency, challenge and cultureZahra Mottaghi
This document discusses using authentic texts for language learning. It covers three main advantages: culture, currency, and challenge. For culture, authentic texts incorporate the target language culture and help learners build cultural schemata. For currency, authentic texts cover current topics and emerging language. They also better motivate learners. However, coursebooks struggle to represent diverse English cultures or learners' native cultures. The document proposes using local context-specific materials instead of global coursebooks. It also notes authentic texts provide intrinsically challenging but effective language input at all proficiency levels.
How Culture And Perception Are Directly Influenced By...Tiffany Graham
Here are some key special factors and issues an EL professional faces in identifying if an EL student's problem indicates a special education issue or normal language acquisition:
- Lack of appropriate assessment tools that are culturally and linguistically relevant for EL students at different English proficiency levels. Standardized tests may not accurately reflect an EL student's skills.
- Difficulty distinguishing between a learning disability versus normal second language acquisition challenges. Features of SLA like errors in grammar/pronunciation can mask an underlying disability.
- Impact of sociocultural/linguistic differences that can place ELs at an academic disadvantage regardless of cognitive abilities. Cultural norms around learning may differ.
- Scarcity of qualified EL professionals with expertise
The document outlines the schedule and content for Week 2 of a course on transgressive theories and performativity around language. Part I includes a blog discussion and introduces theories of language and ideology from Gee and issues of English and globalization from Pennycook. Part II focuses on transgressive theories of language as performance from Pennycook and includes a sign-up for student presentations. Reflection questions are provided asking students to discuss their evolving theories of language and literacy.
Most of the business schools globally follow the American model. To be specific, the HBS model. The following questions need critical evaluation.
What mindset is created by the business curriculum?
The relevance of the curriculum to different cultures.
Is the research model relevant to all cultures?
Establishing the Impact of Virtual Exchange in Foreign Language EducationRobert O'Dowd
This plenary talk was given at the National Forum for English Studies 2019 at the Faculty of Education and Society, Mälmö University, Sweden 10-12 April 2019.
The document discusses paraphrasing in research. It states that paraphrasing involves interpreting and rewriting an author's ideas in your own words without copying their views or opinions, while maintaining the overall meaning. It provides guidelines for paraphrasing such as including only the author's ideas, being accurate and fair, using different vocabulary, and properly citing the source.
1) Communication and language have played a crucial role in bringing the world closer together into a global village, where events in one part of the world can now impact people and societies on the other side of the planet.
2) As the world becomes more interconnected, the ability to communicate across languages strengthens cooperation between societies and enables mutual learning between cultures that enriches all people.
3) While some see the breakdown of language barriers as a threat, it also provides significant opportunities for development, participation in the global community, and understanding between all peoples.
Similar to Academic writing samples narration update (10)
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Communicating effectively and consistently with students can help them feel at ease during their learning experience and provide the instructor with a communication trail to track the course's progress. This workshop will take you through constructing an engaging course container to facilitate effective communication.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
1. Aaagrhh…sometimes it can be hard to know exactly
how to develop the ‘academic style’ in your written
work that your tutors are after!
•
•
•
•
Expressing ideas and constructing arguments
Logical, concise and specific
Finding the perfect word
Having a conversation with your reader
2. David Crystal on whether the English language is so varied in
different parts of the world that it will eventually fragment into
distinctive separate languages.
Crystal, D. (2009) The future of language: The Routledge David Crystal Lectures.
London: Routledge, pp.45-6.
3. At the most colloquial level, there will certainly be
considerable mutual unintelligibility, especially if a great
deal of local language mixing takes place. The sentence You
wanted to beli some barang-barang is an example from a
conversation between two Malaysians: they are speaking
English, but they have put some Malay words into it (the
meaning is to ‘buy some things’). This kind of mixing is
perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the
identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in
multicultural settings everywhere, whether in
Malaysia, Ghana, Zimbabwe – or Wales. Language is a major
index of identity, and wherever English is spoken it is not
surprising to find it being adapted to help express a local
sense of belonging.
4. At the most colloquial level, there will certainly be
considerable mutual unintelligibility, especially if a great
deal of local language mixing takes place. The sentence You
wanted to beli some barang-barang is an example from a
conversation between two Malaysians: they are speaking
English, but they have put some Malay words into it (the
meaning is to ‘buy some things’). This kind of mixing is
perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the
identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in
multicultural settings everywhere, whether in
Malaysia, Ghana, Zimbabwe – or Wales. Language is a major
index of identity, and wherever English is spoken it is not
surprising to find it being adapted to help express a local
sense of belonging.
Topic sentence
to start the
paragraph
with an
emphasis at
the end
Very precise use of language. This could have been written as “a lot of misunderstanding
on both sides” but “a lot” doesn’t imply significance , “misunderstanding” suggests there
is wrong understanding rather than none at all, and “on both sides” is longwinded.
5. At the most colloquial level, there will certainly be
considerable mutual unintelligibility, especially if a great
deal of local language mixing takes place. The sentence You
wanted to beli some barang-barang is an example from a
conversation between two Malaysians: they are speaking
English, but they have put some Malay words into it (the
meaning is to ‘buy some things’). This kind of mixing is
perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the
identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard
in multicultural settings everywhere, whether in
Malaysia, Ghana, Zimbabwe – or Wales. Language is a
major index of identity, and wherever English is spoken it
is not surprising to find it being adapted to help express a
local sense of belonging.
An intriguing
example to
progress from
the topic
sentence with
the translation
not given until
the end making
the reader
continue.
Crystal then widens the example to show its application in other settings and the last
sentence highlights that the suggestion is reasonable.
6. Crystal then continues with this paragraph:
On the other hand, there are several centralizing forces at work in the
world which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief
force, existing as an international reality in print, and available as a tool
for national and international communication by people from all these
countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of education will be able to
read it. Many will be able to speak it. Certainly, everyone will be under
some pressure to learn it. There are too many centralizing factors
keeping Standard English in the forefront of world attention for the old
Latin scenario to obtain. And its position is being reinforced by new
technologies. Satellite television is beaming Standard English down into
previously unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering greater
levels of mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see on the
World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety.”
7. The first phrase highlights to the reader that there will now be consideration of a
counter argument. The end of the sentence links with the previous paragraph by
using the same terms.
On the other hand, there are several centralizing forces at work in the
world which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief
force, existing as an international reality in print, and available as a tool
for national and international communication by people from all these
countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of education will be able to
read it. Many will be able to speak it. Certainly, everyone will be under
some pressure to learn it. There are too many centralizing factors
keeping Standard English in the forefront of world attention for the old
Latin scenario to obtain. And its position is being reinforced by new
technologies. Satellite television is beaming Standard English down into
previously unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering greater
levels of mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see on the
World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety.”
8. This time the main theme of the paragraph is not introduced until the second
sentence
On the other hand, there are several centralizing forces at work in the
world which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief
force, existing as an international reality in print, and available as a
tool for national and international communication by people from all
these countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of education will be
able to read it. Many will be able to speak it. Certainly, everyone will
be under some pressure to learn it. There are too many centralizing
factors keeping Standard English in the forefront of world attention for
the old Latin scenario to obtain. And its position is being reinforced by
new technologies. Satellite television is beaming Standard English down
into previously unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering
greater levels of mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see
on the World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety.”
Notice the use of 3 short sentences to make a series of points and enter into a
persuasive dialogue with the reader.
9. Erin Saltman and Hajnalka Szarvas on global consciousness
in contemporary Hungarian society
Saltman, E. and Szarvas, H. (2012). ‘Global-local-global consciousness in Hungary’
in Global civil society2012: ten years of critical reflection. eds. M. Kaldor, H. L.
Moore and S. Selchow. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.16.
10. Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global
consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do not
address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first
examination, do the so-called ‘globally conscious’ movements.
However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined from
its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The diversity in
Hungarian global, ‘glocal’ and after-global movements, particularly in
those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens engaged in modern and
innovative social networks used to develop knowledge and awareness
of issues impacting local, national, and international society.
11. Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global
consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do
not address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first
examination, do the so-called ‘globally conscious’ movements.
However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined from
its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The diversity in
Hungarian global, ‘glocal’ and after-global movements, particularly in
those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens engaged in modern and
innovative social networks used to develop knowledge and awareness
of issues impacting local, national, and international society.
Starts the paragraph by stating the commonly held position to build
solidarity with the reader and acknowledge their most likely
opinion.
12. Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global
consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do not
address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first
examination, do the so-called ‘globally conscious’ movements.
However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined from
its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The diversity in
Hungarian global, ‘glocal’ and after-global movements, particularly in
those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens engaged in modern and
innovative social networks used to develop knowledge and awareness
of issues impacting local, national, and international society.
Leads the reader into their analytical
technique, backing up their argument
and using appropriately specific jargon
to distinguish between closely related
concepts.
Illustrative language allows
the reader to visualise
abstract concepts
13. Saltman and Szarvas continue with this paragraph:
The process of resurrecting civil society in Hungary
began in the 1990s, after decades of communism
throughout Central and Eastern Europe. New
NGOs became a symbol of regenerating social
connective tissues among the people and in the
short period between 1990 and 1993 the number
of NGOs grew from a few hundred to over 30,000
(HSCO 2011). Large economic and political
changes left a gap in certain state functions which
filled, giving them both legitimacy and status.
However, despite this complementary role, NGOs
have remained somehow suspect in the eyes of
those in power – perhaps a leftover sentiment
from the communist era, when they were
considered a potential threat by politicians and
prevented from becoming independent from the
state. Although access into the European Union
has diversified funding options, to the chagrin of
NGO members most organisations remain largely
dependent on state finances.
14. The process of resurrecting civil society in
Hungary began in the 1990s, after decades of
communism throughout Central and Eastern
Europe. New NGOs became a symbol of
regenerating social connective tissues among the
people and in the short period between 1990 and
1993 the number of NGOs grew from a few
hundred to over 30,000 (HSCO 2011). Large
economic and political changes left a gap in
certain state functions which filled, giving them
both legitimacy and status. However, despite this
complementary role, NGOs have remained
somehow suspect in the eyes of those in power –
perhaps a leftover sentiment from the
communist era, when they were considered a
potential threat by politicians and prevented
from becoming independent from the state.
Although access into the European Union has
diversified funding options, to the chagrin of NGO
members most organisations remain largely
dependent on state finances.
This topic sentence
sets the context of
Hungarian political
history generally
Again illustrative
language
Argument backed
up with statistics
Language
becomes more
cautious as the
reasoning
becomes less
concrete
15. Historian Eric Hobsbawm on the French
Revolution
Hobsbawm, E. J. (1962) The age of revolution 1789-1848. London: Penguin Books, p.79.
16. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or
movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry
out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up ‘leaders’ of
the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed
us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a
striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social
group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group
was the ‘bourgeoisie’; its ideas were those of classical
liberalism, as formulated by the ‘philosophers’ and ‘economists’
and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To
this extent ‘the philosophers’ can be justly made responsible for
the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they
probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an
old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one.
17. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or
movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry
out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up ‘leaders’ of
the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed
us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a
striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social
group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group
was the ‘bourgeoisie’; its ideas were those of classical
liberalism, as formulated by the ‘philosophers’ and ‘economists’
and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To
this extent ‘the philosophers’ can be justly made responsible for
the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they
probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an
old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one.
The topic sentence opens up a dialogue with the reader – telling them
that they might think this but they should question it and the author will
lead you through as to why. This is an authoritative style of writing.
18. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or
movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry
out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up ‘leaders’ of
the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed
us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a
striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social
group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The
group was the ‘bourgeoisie’; its ideas were those of classical
liberalism, as formulated by the ‘philosophers’ and ‘economists’
and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To
this extent ‘the philosophers’ can be justly made responsible for
the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they
probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an
old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one.
A mixture of caution and significance
statements to push his reasoning to its
conclusion
The answer to the premise introduced
in the topic sentence not revealed until
this point – keeping the reader
following the argument
19. The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or
movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry
out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up ‘leaders’ of
the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed
us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a
striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social
group gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group
was the ‘bourgeoisie’; its ideas were those of classical
liberalism, as formulated by the ‘philosophers’ and ‘economists’
and propagated by free-masonry and in informal associations. To
this extent ‘the philosophers’ can be justly made responsible for
the Revolution. It would have occurred without them; but they
probably made the difference between a mere breakdown of an
old regime and the effective and rapid substitution of a new one.
The end of the paragraph clarifies how far the argument can be pushed
and invites the reader to disagree. Hobsbawm has imagined what the
possible outcomes might have been and been decisive in his reasoning.
Stylistically he uses concise sentence structures to help the reader
understand complex /controversial ideas.
20. Susie Orbach concluding her book on our relationship with
our bodies
Orbach, S. (2009). Bodies. London: Profile
Books, pp.142-3
21. This book has argued not only that bodies are made but that they are made in
conditions in which the body of the infant is rendered unstable and precarious. Body
instability is rife. It is not only the dumping ground for emotional anxiety; it is a problem
in its own right which needs addressing. Mostly we don’t see the body’s anxiety as
bodily anxiety. We misread the anxiety, misinterpret the wish to change the body as
aspirational and as psychologically motivated – the outcome of an unfortunate
emotional anxiety, such as lack of control or, more commonly, an inability to digest
upset or conflict which is then visited on the body as a somatic symptom. But body
anxiety is as fundamental as emotional anxiety and we need to recognise this. It is
essential, especially for therapists, if they wish to be of use to those who consult them.
Although clinicians have sometimes been slow to see this, the work of contemporary
artists is directing our gaze to this disturbing phenomenon.
The power of works by Antony Gormley, Richard Serra, Marc Quinn, Orlan, Ron Muerk
and many others lies in the way they address the fragmentation and instability of the
human form in the later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Gormley makes casts
of his body. In doing so he directs us to lack of integrity that has come to pervade the
human form. He enunciates a whole body among other whole bodies, in vivid contrast
to advertising images and photography’s tendency to represent bodies only in terms of
part objects. He is drawing us into the beauty of the ordinary form, unperfected. His
repetitive use of his own body is a means to show us that we share a common
bodiliness.
22. This book has argued not only that bodies are made but that they are
made in conditions in which the body of the infant is rendered unstable
and precarious. Body instability is rife. It is not only the dumping ground
for emotional anxiety; it is a problem in its own right which needs
addressing. Mostly we don’t see the body’s anxiety as bodily anxiety. We
misread the anxiety, misinterpret the wish to change the body as
aspirational and as psychologically motivated – the outcome of an
unfortunate emotional anxiety, such as lack of control or, more
commonly, an inability to digest upset or conflict which is then visited on
the body as a somatic symptom. But body anxiety is as fundamental as
emotional anxiety and we need to recognise this. It is essential, especially
for therapists, if they wish to be of use to those who consult them.
Although clinicians have sometimes been slow to see this, the work of
contemporary artists is directing our gaze to this disturbing phenomenon.
Topic sentence
succinctly
summarises the
entire book and
starts the concluding
chapter.
Very short sentence
could have been
combined with the next
but the length gives it
punch making the
reader think.
Use of the pronoun ‘we’
builds solidarity with the
reader and opens a dialogue
Changes theme linking to next
paragraph
23. The power of works by Antony
Gormley, Richard Serra, Marc
Quinn, Orlan, Ron Muerk and many
others lies in the way they address the
fragmentation and instability of the
human form in the later twentieth and
early twenty-first centuries. Gormley
makes casts of his body. In doing so he
directs us to lack of integrity that has
come to pervade the human form. He
enunciates a whole body among other
whole bodies, in vivid contrast to
advertising images and photography’s
tendency to represent bodies only in
terms of part objects. He is drawing us
into the beauty of the ordinary
form, unperfected. His repetitive use of
his own body is a means to show us
that we share a common bodiliness.
Topic sentence is contextual helping
the reader to place Gormley within
a group of artists
Again a very short second sentence
acting as a jolt to the narrative
making the reader consider
Gormley’s action
Expands her point by using
illustrative language
Again the use of pronoun ‘we’
brings the reader back to their own
experiences in the concluding
sentence