Index
Definition
Usefulness
Why they cannot be instantiated?
How to use abstract classes?
Purpose of abstract class
What is Concrete class?
Examples
Characteristics explained
Many occasion students are wondering which one should they choose in coding and why .In most cases, we want to avoid inheritance. We should use abstract classes only when we want to include functionality, but parts of the class's purpose need to be implemented by the child class.With abstract classes, you are forcing other developers to implement child classes using inheritance. Interfaces are much easier to add to existing classes, and with defender methods there is little reason to not consider interfaces first.
This document provides summaries of key Java concepts:
- The four main concepts of OOP are abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Abstraction focuses on essential features while encapsulation prevents direct access to properties and methods. Inheritance allows subclasses to acquire properties of superclasses. Polymorphism allows one interface with multiple implementations.
- Encapsulation hides properties and behaviors and allows access only as appropriate. Abstraction focuses on the outside view while encapsulation implements the behavior.
- Inheritance allows subclasses to acquire properties of superclasses. Polymorphism allows one interface with multiple implementations through method overloading, overriding through inheritance, and overriding through interfaces.
An abstract class is a class that is declared abstract —it may or may not include abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can be subclassed. When an abstract class is subclassed, the subclass usually provides implementations for all of the abstract methods in its parent class.
Java Programming - Abstract Class and InterfaceOum Saokosal
This document provides an overview of abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines what an interface is, how to define and use interfaces, and why interfaces are used instead of abstract classes. Key points include:
Interfaces are similar to abstract classes but can only contain abstract methods and constants. Classes implement interfaces to inherit their methods. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods.
Interfaces are used instead of abstract classes to allow for multiple inheritance in Java, since a class can only extend one parent class but implement multiple interfaces. Interfaces define weak "is-a" relationships while abstract classes define strong "is-a" relationships.
The UML notation for interfaces uses <<interface>> to differentiate them
This document discusses abstract classes and methods in object-oriented programming. It explains that abstract classes cannot be instantiated but can be used for inheritance, and any subclasses must override all abstract methods. Abstract methods declare a method signature without a body, requiring subclasses to implement these methods. Abstract classes are useful for defining common categories that specific subclasses then implement concretely. Abstract methods separate an interface from its implementation, allowing code to work with any subclass uniformly while still enforcing type-specific behavior.
Master of Computer Application (MCA) – Semester 4 MC0078Aravind NC
An interface is a specification for methods that a class must implement, while an abstract class can contain both implemented and non-implemented methods. The main differences are that interface methods are implicitly abstract, variables in interfaces are final by default, and interfaces can only extend other interfaces while abstract classes can extend classes and implement interfaces. Exception handling in Java uses try/catch blocks to handle exceptions, with checked exceptions requiring handling at compile time. Abstract classes are incomplete classes that cannot be instantiated directly but can serve as base classes, while object adapters use delegation to adapt existing classes to new interfaces. Sockets in Java allow reading/writing between client and server programs, with the server creating a ServerSocket to listen for client connections.
Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing only essential information to the user.
Interfaces and Abstract classes.
Contains abstract keyword also.
This document compares and contrasts abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines abstract classes as partially abstract reusable code that can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces are fully abstract reusable contracts that can only contain abstract methods. The document provides examples of abstract class and interface syntax and usage, highlighting that abstract classes can have constructors and non-public members while interfaces cannot. It concludes that abstract classes are not completely abstract but interfaces are.
Many occasion students are wondering which one should they choose in coding and why .In most cases, we want to avoid inheritance. We should use abstract classes only when we want to include functionality, but parts of the class's purpose need to be implemented by the child class.With abstract classes, you are forcing other developers to implement child classes using inheritance. Interfaces are much easier to add to existing classes, and with defender methods there is little reason to not consider interfaces first.
This document provides summaries of key Java concepts:
- The four main concepts of OOP are abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism. Abstraction focuses on essential features while encapsulation prevents direct access to properties and methods. Inheritance allows subclasses to acquire properties of superclasses. Polymorphism allows one interface with multiple implementations.
- Encapsulation hides properties and behaviors and allows access only as appropriate. Abstraction focuses on the outside view while encapsulation implements the behavior.
- Inheritance allows subclasses to acquire properties of superclasses. Polymorphism allows one interface with multiple implementations through method overloading, overriding through inheritance, and overriding through interfaces.
An abstract class is a class that is declared abstract —it may or may not include abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can be subclassed. When an abstract class is subclassed, the subclass usually provides implementations for all of the abstract methods in its parent class.
Java Programming - Abstract Class and InterfaceOum Saokosal
This document provides an overview of abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines what an interface is, how to define and use interfaces, and why interfaces are used instead of abstract classes. Key points include:
Interfaces are similar to abstract classes but can only contain abstract methods and constants. Classes implement interfaces to inherit their methods. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods.
Interfaces are used instead of abstract classes to allow for multiple inheritance in Java, since a class can only extend one parent class but implement multiple interfaces. Interfaces define weak "is-a" relationships while abstract classes define strong "is-a" relationships.
The UML notation for interfaces uses <<interface>> to differentiate them
This document discusses abstract classes and methods in object-oriented programming. It explains that abstract classes cannot be instantiated but can be used for inheritance, and any subclasses must override all abstract methods. Abstract methods declare a method signature without a body, requiring subclasses to implement these methods. Abstract classes are useful for defining common categories that specific subclasses then implement concretely. Abstract methods separate an interface from its implementation, allowing code to work with any subclass uniformly while still enforcing type-specific behavior.
Master of Computer Application (MCA) – Semester 4 MC0078Aravind NC
An interface is a specification for methods that a class must implement, while an abstract class can contain both implemented and non-implemented methods. The main differences are that interface methods are implicitly abstract, variables in interfaces are final by default, and interfaces can only extend other interfaces while abstract classes can extend classes and implement interfaces. Exception handling in Java uses try/catch blocks to handle exceptions, with checked exceptions requiring handling at compile time. Abstract classes are incomplete classes that cannot be instantiated directly but can serve as base classes, while object adapters use delegation to adapt existing classes to new interfaces. Sockets in Java allow reading/writing between client and server programs, with the server creating a ServerSocket to listen for client connections.
Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details and showing only essential information to the user.
Interfaces and Abstract classes.
Contains abstract keyword also.
This document compares and contrasts abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines abstract classes as partially abstract reusable code that can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces are fully abstract reusable contracts that can only contain abstract methods. The document provides examples of abstract class and interface syntax and usage, highlighting that abstract classes can have constructors and non-public members while interfaces cannot. It concludes that abstract classes are not completely abstract but interfaces are.
What are Abstract Classes in Java | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/5X0Y--92pMI
**Java, J2EE & SOA Certification Training - https://www.edureka.co/java-j2ee-training-course **
This Edureka PPT on Abstract Classes in Java will provide you with detailed knowledge about Abstract Classes in Java and along with it, This PPT will also cover some examples of Abstract Classes in Java, in order to provide you with a deep understanding about their functionality. This PPT will cover the following topics:
What are Abstract Classes in Java?
Why do we need an Abstract Classes in Java?
Rules for using Abstract Classes in Java
Ways to achieve Abstraction in Java
The Syntax for Abstract Classes
Practical Examples of Abstract Classes
Difference between Interface and Abstract Class
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The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, methods, properties, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples of different OOP concepts in C# like class definitions, object creation, method overloading, and inheritance hierarchies. The key topics covered include defining classes with data members and methods, creating objects from classes, using inheritance to extend classes, and implementing polymorphism through method overloading and overriding.
The document compares and contrasts abstract classes and interfaces in Java, noting that abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods while interfaces only contain abstract methods, and that abstract classes can contain constructors while interfaces cannot. It also discusses the differences between static and non-static inner classes, explaining that non-static inner classes require an enclosing instance while static inner classes do not.
This document discusses interfaces in Java. It explains that interfaces allow for establishing common behaviors across classes without implementation. An interface defines method signatures but provides no bodies, leaving the implementation to classes that implement the interface. Classes can implement multiple interfaces. Interfaces can contain static final fields but no non-static methods or fields. The document provides examples of defining an interface and a class that implements it. It also discusses extending interfaces similarly to classes.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C#, including classes, objects, the class lifecycle, accessibility, static vs instance, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also addresses some common questions about overriding methods, overriding private methods, declaring override methods as static, and whether a class can be instantiated if its constructor is private. The document was presented by Eng. Medhat Dawoud and encourages contacting him with any other questions.
This chapter discusses inheritance, polymorphism, abstract classes, interfaces, and composition in Java. It covers key concepts like subclasses inheriting and overriding methods from superclasses, polymorphism allowing subclasses to be treated as superclasses, abstract classes containing abstract methods that subclasses must implement, interfaces defining common behaviors without implementations, and composition representing "has-a" relationships between classes. The chapter provides examples and explains how to apply these object-oriented programming principles in Java.
This chapter discusses inheritance, polymorphism, abstract classes, interfaces, and composition in Java. It covers key concepts such as subclasses extending superclasses, overriding superclass methods, abstract classes and methods, interfaces defining common behaviors without implementations, and composition using one class as a member field of another class. The chapter objectives are to learn about these fundamental object-oriented programming concepts in Java.
The document discusses key concepts in Java including abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, interfaces, abstract classes, collections, threads, and exceptions. It defines each concept and provides examples. Abstraction hides unnecessary details, encapsulation wraps data within a class, inheritance allows subclasses to inherit features of the parent class, and polymorphism allows one name to refer to different implementations. Interfaces are used for non-related classes to implement common behaviors, while abstract classes provide partial implementations for subclasses to complete. Collections organize objects into groups, and threads allow concurrent execution of tasks. Exceptions handle runtime errors.
The document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines an abstract method as a method without an implementation body, and an abstract class as one that contains at least one abstract method. An interface defines a contract that concrete classes implement by providing method bodies. Interfaces allow for multiple inheritance and polymorphism. The document provides examples of defining an abstract class, interface, and implementing an interface in a concrete class.
Abstract classes allow for incomplete implementations and common functionality to be shared among subclasses, interfaces define a contract for methods without implementations, and both are useful for abstraction and polymorphism by defining types independently of their concrete implementations.
Object oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly used state and behavior from other classes through inheritance. Inheritance establishes a parent-child relationship between classes where the child inherits members from the parent. Java uses the keyword "extends" for inheritance and does not support multiple inheritance. Abstract classes and interfaces are designed to be inherited only, with abstract classes able to contain implemented methods and interfaces consisting solely of abstract methods that must be implemented in subclasses. Nested, inner, and anonymous classes can be defined within other classes, with inner classes having access to enclosing class members and anonymous classes declared without a name at instantiation.
This chapter discusses control structures in Java programming, including selection structures like if/else statements and switch statements. It covers logical and relational operators, comparing strings, and how to properly use the syntax for if/else and switch statements. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use these control structures to write programs that can evaluate conditions and branch the program flow accordingly.
This document provides an overview and summary of various C# programming concepts including modules, for loops, enums, classes, inheritance, static, arrays, dictionaries, error handling, interfaces, abstract classes, delegates, and examples of using these concepts. It discusses good practices for creating classes and variables as well as examples demonstrating sorting arrays, using dictionaries and interfaces, handling exceptions, overriding abstract classes, and using delegates through examples like a media tester program.
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common programming problems. The Gang of Four (GoF) authored the seminal book on design patterns, identifying 23 patterns divided into creational, structural and behavioral categories. Creational patterns provide object creation mechanisms, structural patterns manage object relationships, and behavioral patterns define communication between objects. Design patterns can be further divided into class and object patterns based on whether relationships are defined at compile-time or run-time.
The document contains questions and answers about various C# concepts. Key points covered include:
- C# supports single inheritance through the colon syntax but not multiple inheritance. Interfaces can be used instead.
- Private class variables are inherited but not accessible in derived classes. Protected internal variables are accessible to derived classes in the same assembly.
- When overriding a method, the signature must remain the same but the virtual keyword changes to override. Private and static methods cannot be overridden.
- Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and derived classes must implement abstract methods. Interfaces contain only public abstract methods that must be implemented.
- String is immutable while StringBuilder allows mutable string operations. Namespaces group related
This document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It explains that abstract classes can contain abstract methods that subclasses must implement. Interfaces also declare methods but do not define them, requiring implementing classes to provide the method definitions. The document provides examples of abstract classes and interfaces, and how they allow for generalized functionality across multiple classes through inheritance and implementation. It also discusses adapter classes that provide empty method bodies to partially implement interfaces.
The document discusses various aspects of arrays in C# including:
- One dimensional arrays which contain variables of the same type and can be declared using syntax like int[] arrayName = new int[size];.
- Multidimensional arrays which are arrays of arrays and can be declared using syntax like double[,] arrayName = new double[rows,columns];
- Arrays of arrays which allow arrays to be nested inside other arrays.
- Other array topics covered include string manipulation, array lists, queues, and functions that can operate on arrays.
This presentation discusses three declarative meta-programming techniques - meta-modelling, meta-logic programming, and explanation-based constraint programming - that are used in the author's research on describing, applying, and detecting design patterns and design defects. Each technique is introduced with examples and discussions of advantages and drawbacks. Finally, the presentation describes how the techniques are combined in the Ptidej tool to load programs, dynamic information, pattern descriptions, and detect patterns.
The document provides information about classes and objects in Java. It discusses what a class is, class naming conventions, members of a class including fields and methods, declaring objects, allocating memory to objects using the new keyword, instance variables, instance methods, and some examples. Specifically:
- A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created. Class names follow camel casing conventions.
- Members of a class include fields (properties) and methods (behaviors). Fields can be primitives or references, methods define object interactions.
- To declare an object, use the class name and object name (e.g. Person p1). The new keyword allocates memory and returns a reference to the new
Open source software is software distributed with its source code and allows users to modify and redistribute the software. Examples of popular open source software include operating systems like Linux, web servers like Apache, and programming languages like Python. The open source software development model is collaborative and allows many developers to improve code through an iterative process. Open source licenses like the GNU GPL and Creative Commons licenses allow for free use and modification of creative works with certain restrictions.
What are Abstract Classes in Java | EdurekaEdureka!
YouTube Link: https://youtu.be/5X0Y--92pMI
**Java, J2EE & SOA Certification Training - https://www.edureka.co/java-j2ee-training-course **
This Edureka PPT on Abstract Classes in Java will provide you with detailed knowledge about Abstract Classes in Java and along with it, This PPT will also cover some examples of Abstract Classes in Java, in order to provide you with a deep understanding about their functionality. This PPT will cover the following topics:
What are Abstract Classes in Java?
Why do we need an Abstract Classes in Java?
Rules for using Abstract Classes in Java
Ways to achieve Abstraction in Java
The Syntax for Abstract Classes
Practical Examples of Abstract Classes
Difference between Interface and Abstract Class
Complete Java Playlist: http://bit.ly/2XcYNH5
Complete Blog Series: http://bit.ly/2YoabkT
Follow us to never miss an update in the future.
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/user/edurekaIN
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Twitter: https://twitter.com/edurekain
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/edureka
Castbox: https://castbox.fm/networks/505?country=in
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, methods, properties, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples of different OOP concepts in C# like class definitions, object creation, method overloading, and inheritance hierarchies. The key topics covered include defining classes with data members and methods, creating objects from classes, using inheritance to extend classes, and implementing polymorphism through method overloading and overriding.
The document compares and contrasts abstract classes and interfaces in Java, noting that abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods while interfaces only contain abstract methods, and that abstract classes can contain constructors while interfaces cannot. It also discusses the differences between static and non-static inner classes, explaining that non-static inner classes require an enclosing instance while static inner classes do not.
This document discusses interfaces in Java. It explains that interfaces allow for establishing common behaviors across classes without implementation. An interface defines method signatures but provides no bodies, leaving the implementation to classes that implement the interface. Classes can implement multiple interfaces. Interfaces can contain static final fields but no non-static methods or fields. The document provides examples of defining an interface and a class that implements it. It also discusses extending interfaces similarly to classes.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts in C#, including classes, objects, the class lifecycle, accessibility, static vs instance, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It also addresses some common questions about overriding methods, overriding private methods, declaring override methods as static, and whether a class can be instantiated if its constructor is private. The document was presented by Eng. Medhat Dawoud and encourages contacting him with any other questions.
This chapter discusses inheritance, polymorphism, abstract classes, interfaces, and composition in Java. It covers key concepts like subclasses inheriting and overriding methods from superclasses, polymorphism allowing subclasses to be treated as superclasses, abstract classes containing abstract methods that subclasses must implement, interfaces defining common behaviors without implementations, and composition representing "has-a" relationships between classes. The chapter provides examples and explains how to apply these object-oriented programming principles in Java.
This chapter discusses inheritance, polymorphism, abstract classes, interfaces, and composition in Java. It covers key concepts such as subclasses extending superclasses, overriding superclass methods, abstract classes and methods, interfaces defining common behaviors without implementations, and composition using one class as a member field of another class. The chapter objectives are to learn about these fundamental object-oriented programming concepts in Java.
The document discusses key concepts in Java including abstraction, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, interfaces, abstract classes, collections, threads, and exceptions. It defines each concept and provides examples. Abstraction hides unnecessary details, encapsulation wraps data within a class, inheritance allows subclasses to inherit features of the parent class, and polymorphism allows one name to refer to different implementations. Interfaces are used for non-related classes to implement common behaviors, while abstract classes provide partial implementations for subclasses to complete. Collections organize objects into groups, and threads allow concurrent execution of tasks. Exceptions handle runtime errors.
The document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines an abstract method as a method without an implementation body, and an abstract class as one that contains at least one abstract method. An interface defines a contract that concrete classes implement by providing method bodies. Interfaces allow for multiple inheritance and polymorphism. The document provides examples of defining an abstract class, interface, and implementing an interface in a concrete class.
Abstract classes allow for incomplete implementations and common functionality to be shared among subclasses, interfaces define a contract for methods without implementations, and both are useful for abstraction and polymorphism by defining types independently of their concrete implementations.
Object oriented programming allows classes to inherit commonly used state and behavior from other classes through inheritance. Inheritance establishes a parent-child relationship between classes where the child inherits members from the parent. Java uses the keyword "extends" for inheritance and does not support multiple inheritance. Abstract classes and interfaces are designed to be inherited only, with abstract classes able to contain implemented methods and interfaces consisting solely of abstract methods that must be implemented in subclasses. Nested, inner, and anonymous classes can be defined within other classes, with inner classes having access to enclosing class members and anonymous classes declared without a name at instantiation.
This chapter discusses control structures in Java programming, including selection structures like if/else statements and switch statements. It covers logical and relational operators, comparing strings, and how to properly use the syntax for if/else and switch statements. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to use these control structures to write programs that can evaluate conditions and branch the program flow accordingly.
This document provides an overview and summary of various C# programming concepts including modules, for loops, enums, classes, inheritance, static, arrays, dictionaries, error handling, interfaces, abstract classes, delegates, and examples of using these concepts. It discusses good practices for creating classes and variables as well as examples demonstrating sorting arrays, using dictionaries and interfaces, handling exceptions, overriding abstract classes, and using delegates through examples like a media tester program.
Design patterns are reusable solutions to common programming problems. The Gang of Four (GoF) authored the seminal book on design patterns, identifying 23 patterns divided into creational, structural and behavioral categories. Creational patterns provide object creation mechanisms, structural patterns manage object relationships, and behavioral patterns define communication between objects. Design patterns can be further divided into class and object patterns based on whether relationships are defined at compile-time or run-time.
The document contains questions and answers about various C# concepts. Key points covered include:
- C# supports single inheritance through the colon syntax but not multiple inheritance. Interfaces can be used instead.
- Private class variables are inherited but not accessible in derived classes. Protected internal variables are accessible to derived classes in the same assembly.
- When overriding a method, the signature must remain the same but the virtual keyword changes to override. Private and static methods cannot be overridden.
- Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and derived classes must implement abstract methods. Interfaces contain only public abstract methods that must be implemented.
- String is immutable while StringBuilder allows mutable string operations. Namespaces group related
This document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It explains that abstract classes can contain abstract methods that subclasses must implement. Interfaces also declare methods but do not define them, requiring implementing classes to provide the method definitions. The document provides examples of abstract classes and interfaces, and how they allow for generalized functionality across multiple classes through inheritance and implementation. It also discusses adapter classes that provide empty method bodies to partially implement interfaces.
The document discusses various aspects of arrays in C# including:
- One dimensional arrays which contain variables of the same type and can be declared using syntax like int[] arrayName = new int[size];.
- Multidimensional arrays which are arrays of arrays and can be declared using syntax like double[,] arrayName = new double[rows,columns];
- Arrays of arrays which allow arrays to be nested inside other arrays.
- Other array topics covered include string manipulation, array lists, queues, and functions that can operate on arrays.
This presentation discusses three declarative meta-programming techniques - meta-modelling, meta-logic programming, and explanation-based constraint programming - that are used in the author's research on describing, applying, and detecting design patterns and design defects. Each technique is introduced with examples and discussions of advantages and drawbacks. Finally, the presentation describes how the techniques are combined in the Ptidej tool to load programs, dynamic information, pattern descriptions, and detect patterns.
The document provides information about classes and objects in Java. It discusses what a class is, class naming conventions, members of a class including fields and methods, declaring objects, allocating memory to objects using the new keyword, instance variables, instance methods, and some examples. Specifically:
- A class is a blueprint from which individual objects are created. Class names follow camel casing conventions.
- Members of a class include fields (properties) and methods (behaviors). Fields can be primitives or references, methods define object interactions.
- To declare an object, use the class name and object name (e.g. Person p1). The new keyword allocates memory and returns a reference to the new
Open source software is software distributed with its source code and allows users to modify and redistribute the software. Examples of popular open source software include operating systems like Linux, web servers like Apache, and programming languages like Python. The open source software development model is collaborative and allows many developers to improve code through an iterative process. Open source licenses like the GNU GPL and Creative Commons licenses allow for free use and modification of creative works with certain restrictions.
Inline functions in c++
Index-
What is inline function?
Why use inline function?
When to use inline function?
How to make a normal function, inline?
Inline is a request or command?
A computer system consists of a central processing unit (CPU) that controls input and output devices and performs arithmetic and logical operations. The CPU contains a control unit that directs the flow of data and an arithmetic logical unit that performs calculations. Memory in a computer system includes both primary memory like ROM and RAM that is directly accessible by the CPU, as well as secondary memory like hard disks, pen drives, CDs, and DVDs for long-term storage.
Normalization is the process of structuring a database to minimize redundancy and dependency by organizing data into tables and relating those tables via their keys. It involves removing redundant data and storing each unique piece of data only once. The goal is to simplify data maintenance and ensure data consistency. Database normalization is achieved by applying certain forms or normal forms, including 1st normal form, 2nd normal form, 3rd normal form, and BCNF, with each form addressing different types of dependencies and anomalies.
Open source software is software distributed with its source code and allows users to modify and redistribute the software. Examples of popular open source software include the Linux operating system, Apache web server, and programming languages like Perl and Python. The open source software development model is collaborative and based on the idea that "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." Open source licenses like the GNU General Public License allow users freedom to use, modify and distribute software. Creative Commons licenses provide similar flexible copyright options for non-software works.
This document provides statistics and information about various aspects of India such as its states, union territories, climate, geology, soils, industries, power projects, wildlife, agriculture, and tourism attractions. It includes tables listing states and union territories with their capitals and literacy rates. It also describes India's climate zones, natural vegetation types, soil types, drainage basins, minerals, forests, irrigation sources, and more.
India is the 7th largest country in the world located in South Asia. It has a population of over 1 billion people and has a diverse climate and terrain that includes mountains, deserts, and coastal plains. The majority of the population practices Hinduism but there are also significant populations of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains. Hindi and English are the official languages although over 1,600 other languages are spoken. The economy is based around agriculture, software development, machinery, textiles, and other major industries. Transportation within India is primarily via railroads, roads, and an extensive merchant marine and air transport system.
This document discusses corruption in Indian society. It begins with an introduction that defines corruption and notes that India ranks 84th on a global corruption index. It then lists some major areas of corruption concerns in India like politics, land, and various public services. Some of the largest corruption scams in India are also summarized like the 2G spectrum scam. The causes and consequences of corruption in India are outlined as well as some potential cures like education, legislation, and transparency. The document concludes by suggesting actions like implementing the Lokpal bill and establishing anti-corruption organizations to help address the issue of corruption in India.
Black money refers to funds earned through illegal or underground economic activities that are untaxed. India generates the most black money in the world at $1,456 billion, mostly through corruption, tax evasion, and money laundering. Much of this black money is stored in Swiss bank accounts and moved using hawala networks. Recovering black money could repay India's foreign debt 24 times over and boost the economy tremendously by adding to GDP. However, black money also fuels poverty, inflation, and hinders development. Measures like amnesty schemes, simplifying tax laws, and increasing enforcement could help reduce the generation of black money.
Indian black money refers to undisclosed funds and income earned through illegal means that have not been taxed. Estimates suggest over Rs. 7,280,000 crores of Indian money is deposited in foreign banks, especially Swiss banks. While exact numbers are unknown, Swiss banking officials say Indians are among the largest depositors of illegal foreign money in Switzerland. In 2010, India revised tax agreements with Switzerland to facilitate investigations into black money held in Swiss accounts. A whistleblower provided Wikileaks with a list of famous Indians alleged to have stashed money from activities like mining, stock market manipulation, and drug dealing in Swiss banks since the 1970s.
The document discusses India's branding and promotion efforts to increase tourism. It outlines campaigns run by the Ministry of Tourism in India and their agency Ogilvy & Mather to brand India as an incredible tourist destination. Some of the campaigns discussed include "Incredible India", "Explore Rural India", and "Atithi Devo Bhavah". The document also provides statistics on tourism in India and details on the marketing strategies, media used, and awards received for these branding initiatives.
Corruption involves wrongdoing by those in power through illegitimate or unethical means, often involving bribery. Common forms of corruption include bribery, embezzlement, abuse of power, and favoritism. Globalization has increased corruption risks but also opportunities to address it. Governments and anti-corruption agencies can curb corruption by ensuring transparency, accountability, and an independent judiciary combined with a free press.
India is located in South Asia between Pakistan, China, and Nepal. It has over 1 billion people and is the largest democracy in the world. India has a long history dating back 5,000 years and was home to ancient civilizations like the Indus Valley Civilization. It is very diverse with over 300 languages and many major religions coexisting. Some of India's most notable contributions are yoga, Ayurveda, the number zero, and being the birthplace of Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism. India celebrates many festivals and has rich cultural traditions like classical dance, music, art, and architecture.
- Solar power involves converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells or concentrated solar power.
- Pakistan receives high solar radiation throughout the year, especially in remote areas not connected to the national power grid, making solar power feasible.
- Advantages of solar power in Pakistan include a free power source, no pollution, and suitability for remote areas, while disadvantages are high initial costs and reliance on sunlight.
- Several solar power plants currently operate in Pakistan and the government is promoting expansion through land allocation projects.
This document provides information about different types of solar energy, including passive solar energy, active solar energy, photovoltaic solar power, solar thermal energy, and concentrated solar power. It discusses applications of each type and how they can be used to generate electricity or heat water and spaces. The document also covers topics like how solar panels are manufactured, costs of building solar lanterns, and locations of solar power stations in India.
Solar energy is energy from the sun that can be converted into thermal or electric energy. Thermal energy from the sun is used for heating while electric energy uses photovoltaic cells to produce electricity. The document discusses the history of solar energy development and provides examples of practical solar energy applications today such as solar panels, vehicles, street lights, and water pumps. It also outlines the advantages of solar energy being renewable, sustainable, and reducing environmental impacts compared to fossil fuels. The high upfront costs of solar energy systems and dependence on sunlight availability are mentioned as disadvantages.
Abstraction in Java allows hiding implementation details and exposing only essential properties and behaviors to users. This is achieved through abstract classes and interfaces. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces contain only abstract methods. Any subclass of an abstract class must implement all abstract methods to be instantiable, or itself be declared abstract. Abstract classes allow partial implementation to be inherited and completed in subclasses.
When to use abstract class and methods in java kritikumar16
Java is a most popular, robust, secure, platform independent and multithreading based high level programming language, because of this it is preferably used by many programmers.
06_OOVP.pptx object oriented and visual programmingdeffa5
1. The document discusses abstraction, abstract classes, and interfaces in object-oriented programming and Java. It provides examples of declaring abstract classes with abstract methods and subclasses implementing those methods. 2. It also discusses interfaces and how classes can implement interfaces by providing implementations for the interface's abstract methods. 3. The examples create abstract classes like Animal and Shape3D and interfaces like Shape. Subclasses and classes that implement the interfaces override the abstract methods to provide class-specific behavior.
Abstract classes in Java are used as templates for creating concrete classes and cannot be instantiated directly. They provide a common interface and implementation for subclasses through abstract and concrete methods. For example, an abstract Shape class can define methods like getColor() while making getArea() abstract, requiring subclasses like Circle to implement it. Abstract classes allow for code reuse and polymorphism, serving as a blueprint for related classes to customize as needed.
The final keyword in Java can modify variables, methods, and classes. When applied to a variable, it means the value cannot be changed after initialization; when applied to a method, it means the method cannot be overridden in subclasses; and when applied
Abstraction in Java: Abstract class and InterfacesJamsher bhanbhro
In my presentation titled "Abstraction in Java," I have discussed the fundamental concept of abstraction in Java programming. The presentation delves into how abstraction is a key principle in object-oriented programming, explaining its role in hiding the complexity of code while exposing only the necessary details. It includes examples and explanations on implementing abstraction in Java, offering a clear understanding for both beginners and intermediate learners. This presentation serves as an educational guide for those interested in enhancing their Java programming skills and understanding the practical applications of abstraction in software development.
The document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java, noting that abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods and are used to declare common characteristics of subclasses, while interfaces contain only abstract method signatures and are used to define common behaviors without concerning how they are implemented. Interfaces allow classes to inherit common behaviors through multiple inheritance by implementing multiple interfaces.
What are abstract classes Dont interfaces also allow for polymo.pdfarihantkitchenmart
What are abstract classes?
Don\'t interfaces also allow for polymorphism? If so, what is the difference between abstract
classes and interfaces? Which would you choose when?
Solution
(i)
Abstract class:
abstract class is a class that is declared abstract.
-It may include or may not include abstract method.
-It can be subclassed ,but cannot be instantiated.
-A abstract method is a method that is declared without an implementation.
e.g abstract void drive1()
If a class includes abstract methods,then the class declare itself as abstract.
e.g
public abstract class DriveCar {
abstract void drive1();
}
(ii)
Interface allow polymorphism.It formalize polymorphism.
If two elements realizes the same interface,then only these are polymorphic w.r.t a set of
behaviors .
It gives good description of working of polymorphism & allows us to define polymorphism in a
declarative way.
(iii)
Difference between abstract classes & interfaces:
It can extent only one class or one abstract class at a time.
It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
(iv)
We would use abstract class in the following scenerio:
(i)When we want to use inheritance as it provides a common base class implementation to
derived classes.
(ii)When we want to declare non-public method as Interface has all methods as public only.
(iii)When we want to add methods in future because if you add a method to interface,then all of
the classes that are already implemented ,needed to be changed.
We would use interface in the following scenerio:
Interface is used when we need to implement multiple inheritance.Abstract ClassInterface
It can extent only one class or one abstract class at a time.
It can extent any number of interfaces at a time.
It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
It can have only abstract methods.It can have protected ,public abstract methods.It can have only
public abstract method.abstract keyword is used to declare it.interface keyword is used to declare
itA class can extent only one abstract class.
A class can implement any number of interfacesIt can be inherited by a class or an abstract class.
It can be extended only by interfaces.Classes has to implement them instead of extend.
It can have static methods,main methodds and constructor.
It can\'t have static methods,main methodds and constructor..
This document describes several micro-level antipatterns in Java code, including:
1) Constant interface - An interface with only static final fields and no methods. This violates encapsulation principles.
2) Concrete root - When the base class of an inheritance hierarchy is concrete rather than abstract. Experienced designers usually make the root abstract.
3) Circular dependency - When two or more classes depend on each other, making it difficult to construct objects and causing other issues.
The document provides examples and explanations for each antipattern to help developers avoid these pitfalls in their code design. It draws from several references on software design best practices.
The document discusses key concepts in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java including classes, objects, references, constructors, inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism, and generics. It defines classes as blueprints for objects, and objects as instances of classes that have state and behavior. Constructors are used to initialize new objects. Inheritance and abstraction allow classes to extend and implement other classes and interfaces. Polymorphism enables different classes to implement the same methods in different ways. Generics provide type safety for collections of objects.
An interface can only declare constants and abstract methods but cannot implement default behavior, while an abstract class can have instance methods that implement default behavior. An interface has all public members and no implementation, whereas an abstract class can have various member access types but must contain at least one abstract method.
A constructor is used to create objects and has the same name as the class with no return type. A method is an ordinary member function that can have its own name and return type.
The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects no longer needed by a program to reclaim memory. An object becomes eligible for garbage collection when it is unreachable.
Synchronization controls access to shared resources for multithreading by preventing one thread from modifying a variable while another thread is using it, which can cause errors.
An abstract class cannot be instantiated and is meant to serve as a template for subclasses to extend, while an interface can only declare constants and abstract methods but provides no implementation.
This document discusses Java collections and algorithms. It covers sorting and shuffling algorithms, wrappers that decorate collections, extending abstract collection classes, legacy collection classes, and enumerating collections. Sorting and shuffling algorithms like sort() and shuffle() are used to order and randomize collections. Wrappers add functionality to underlying collections. Abstract classes define methods for subclasses to implement. Legacy classes like Vector predate the collections framework. Enumerations traverse collections by iterating elements.
The document discusses the final keyword in Java and provides examples of using final with variables, methods, and classes. It then summarizes abstract classes and interfaces in Java, including how to declare abstract classes and methods and how interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance. The document also covers packages, access modifiers, encapsulation, and arrays in Java.
This document discusses abstract classes and methods in Java. It explains that abstract classes cannot be instantiated and can contain both abstract and regular methods, while abstract methods do not have a body. The document also covers interfaces, noting that like abstract classes, interfaces cannot be instantiated but their methods must be overridden by implementing classes. It provides examples of abstract classes, interfaces, and the final keyword, and explains when to use abstraction in Java.
Importing a class allows it to be used without fully qualifying its name, while extending a class creates a subclass that inherits fields and methods. Importing does not change the program structure, while extending adds the extended class's functionality and allows overriding methods. The key differences are that importing uses the "has-a" relationship and instantiates with "new", while extending uses the "is-a" relationship and subclasses with "extends".
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
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By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
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significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
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providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
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of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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4. Useful
They’re used only as superclasses in inheritance
hierarchies, we refer to them as abstract
superclasses.
5. Why they cannot be instantiated?
1. These classes cannot be used to instantiate
objects, because abstract classes are
incomplete.
2. Abstract superclasses are too general to
create real objects—they specify only what is
common among subclasses.
6. So how can we use them? Or
instantiate them?
Subclasses must declare the “missing pieces” to
become “concrete” classes, from which you can
instantiate objects.
7. What is the purpose of abstract class?
An abstract class’s purpose is to provide an
appropriate superclass from which other classes
can inherit and thus share a common design.
8. What is concrete class?
Classes that can be used to instantiate objects
are called concrete classes. Such classes provide
implementations of every method they declare
(some of the implementations can be inherited).
Concrete classes provide the specifics that make
it reasonable to instantiate objects.
14. Characteristics summary
1. Abstract class can be empty.
2. Abstract class can be made without abstract
methods.
3. A non-abstract class cannot contain abstract
method.
22. Abstract class can be made without
abstract methods
abstract class Vehicle
{
void brake()
{
System.out.println("non abstract method brake");
}
}
23. Abstract class can be made without
abstract methods
abstract class Vehicle
{
void brake()
{
System.out.println("non abstract method brake");
}
}
Non abstract
method
24. Abstract class can be made without
abstract methods
abstract class Vehicle
{
void brake()
{
System.out.println("non abstract method brake");
}
}
Non abstract
method
Perfectly
valid
28. A non-abstract class cannot contain
abstract method
class Vehicle
{
abstract void brake();
}
Invalid/compilation
error
29. A non-abstract class cannot contain
abstract method
class Vehicle
{
abstract void brake();
}
Invalid/compilation
error
In other words, if
a class contains
abstract method
then class must
also be abstract.
30. A non-abstract class cannot contain
abstract method
class Vehicle
{
abstract void brake();
}
Invalid/compilation
error
Now valid
abstract class Vehicle
{
abstract void brake();
}
In other words, if
a class contains
abstract method
then class must
also be abstract.
45. Characteristics summary
6. Non-abstract class cannot contain abstract methods even
there are non abstract methods too.
7. An abstract class can contain both abstract and non abstract
methods.
46. Characteristics summary
6. Non-abstract class cannot contain abstract methods even
there are non abstract methods too.
7. An abstract class can contain both abstract and non abstract
methods.
8. Abstract class can be inherited like normal class.
47. Characteristics summary
6. Non-abstract class cannot contain abstract methods even
there are non abstract methods too.
7. An abstract class can contain both abstract and non abstract
methods.
8. Abstract class can be inherited like normal class.
9. If abstract class contains no abstract methods then subclass
of it, can be empty.
49. Non-abstract class cannot contain abstract
methods even there are non-abstract methods
too
Non abstract
method
50. Non-abstract class cannot contain abstract
methods even there are non-abstract methods
too
Abstract
method
Non abstract
method
51. Non-abstract class cannot contain abstract
methods even there are non-abstract methods
too
Abstract
method
Non abstract
method
Either make the class
abstract or make method
non abstract to correct
this error
52.
53.
54. An abstract class can contain both
abstract and non abstract methods
55. An abstract class can contain both
abstract and non abstract methods
Non
abstract
method
56. An abstract class can contain both
abstract and non abstract methods
Abstract
method
Non
abstract
method
57. Abstract class can be inherited like
normal class
If abstract class
is empty then
subclass can
also be empty.
58. Abstract class can be inherited like
normal class
If abstract class
is empty then
subclass can
also be empty.
59. Abstract class can be inherited like
normal class
No error
If abstract class
is empty then
subclass can
also be empty.
60. If abstract class contains no abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be empty
61. If abstract class contains no abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be empty
62. If abstract class contains no abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be empty
Perfectly
valid
67. Characteristics summary
10. If abstract class contains one or more abstract methods
then subclass of it, can not be empty.
68. Characteristics summary
10. If abstract class contains one or more abstract methods
then subclass of it, can not be empty.
11. If abstract class contains one or more abstract methods
then subclass of it, can be empty, only if subclass is also
abstract.
69. Characteristics summary
10. If abstract class contains one or more abstract methods
then subclass of it, can not be empty.
11. If abstract class contains one or more abstract methods
then subclass of it, can be empty, only if subclass is also
abstract.
12. If a abstract class contains abstract methods then subclass
must have to implements(write code) for abstract
methods, if subclass does not want to be abstract.
70. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can not be empty
71. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can not be empty
72. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can not be empty
Error
73. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can not be empty
Error
74. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can not be empty
Error
There are two ways to correct
this error either implement
abstract methods in subclass or
make subclass abstract.
75. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can not be empty
Error
There are two ways to correct
this error either implement
abstract methods in subclass or
make subclass abstract.
Next slides
will show
how to
remove this
error
76. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be empty, only
if subclass is also abstract
77. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be empty, only
if subclass is also abstract
78. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be empty, only
if subclass is also abstract
Perfectly
valid
79. If a abstract class contains abstract methods then subclass must
have to implements(write code) for abstract methods, if subclass
does not want to be abstract
80. If a abstract class contains abstract methods then subclass must
have to implements(write code) for abstract methods, if subclass
does not want to be abstract
Perfectly
valid
84. Characteristics summary
13.Abstract class can implement super class
abstract methods.
14.Abstract classes can contain final methods,
constructors, static methods.
15.An abstract class cannot be instantiated, but we
can make reference of this class.
85. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be abstract and still
can implements super class methods.
86. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be abstract and still
can implements super class methods.
87. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be abstract and still
can implements super class methods. Abstract
super class
88. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be abstract and still
can implements super class methods. Abstract
super class
Abstract
sub class
89. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be abstract and still
can implements super class methods. Abstract
super class
Abstract
sub class
In other words,
abstract class can
implement super
class abstract
methods
90. If abstract class contains one or more abstract
methods then subclass of it, can be abstract and still
can implements super class methods. Abstract
super class
Abstract
sub class
Perfectly
valid
In other words,
abstract class can
implement super
class abstract
methods
103. Characteristics summary
8. Abstract methods cannot be private. They
can have public, protected or default access
specifier.
9. Abstract class can extend non-abstract class.
111. Complete Characteristics summary
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Abstract class can be empty.(slide 2)
Abstract class can be made without abstract methods. (slide 3)
A non-abstract class cannot contain abstract method.(slide 4)
Non-abstract class cannot contain abstract methods even there
are non abstract methods too.(slide 5)
An abstract class can contain both abstract and non abstract
methods.(slide 6)
Abstract class can be inherited like normal class(slide 7)
If abstract class contains no abstract methods then subclass of it,
can be empty(slide 8)
112. Complete Characteristics summary
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
If abstract class contains one or more abstract methods then subclass of
it, can not be empty(slide 9)
If abstract class contains one or more abstract methods then subclass of
it, can be empty, only if subclass is also abstract(slide 10)
If a abstract class contains abstract methods then subclass must have to
implements(write code) for abstract methods, if subclass does not want
to be abstract(slide 11)
Abstract class can implement super class abstract methods. (slide 12)
Abstract classes can contain final methods, constructors, static
methods.(slide 13,14,15)
An abstract class cannot be instantiated, but we can make reference of
this class.(slide 16)
Abstract methods cannot be private. They can have public, protected or
default access specifier.(slide 17,18,19,20)
Abstract class can extend non-abstract class.(slide 21)