that's a presentation about abstraction in java. that explains what is the abstraction and how to achieve it with examples

1. Abstract Classes
and Interfaces
Ahmed Nobi

2. Notes before starting
• Red color font for external sources
- javatpoint.com
- docs.oracle.com
- beginnersbook.com
• Orange color font for” Introduction to Java programming comprehensive
version [Tenth Edition] written by Y. Daniel Liang” source
Also self effors

3. Abstract Class
- An abstract class cannot be used to create objects. An abstract class can contain abstract
methods, which are implemented in concrete subclasses.
- An abstract class is a class that is declared abstract—it may or may not include abstract
methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated, but they can be sub classed.
Let us discuss a point. All of us know the regular class. A class is basic building block of an object-oriented language. So
what does it mean by abstract class ?. we can answer it later. But first we need to show up some concepts may you faced it
before such as Inheritance.

4. Overview about Inheritance
• Inheritance in Java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the
properties and behaviors of a parent object.
The idea behind inheritance in Java is that you can create new classes that are built upon
existing classes. When you inherit from an existing class, you can reuse methods and fields
of the parent class. Moreover, you can add new methods and fields in your current class
also.
Why use inheritance in java ?
• For Method Overriding (so runtime
polymorphism can be achieved).
• For Code Reusability.
Types of inheritance in java
On the basis of class, there can be three types of
inheritance in java: single, multilevel and hierarchical.

5. Terms used in Inheritance
• Class: A class is a group of objects which have common properties. It is a template or
blueprint from which objects are created.
• Sub Class/Child Class: Subclass is a class which inherits the other class. It is also called a
derived class, extended class, or child class.
• Super Class/Parent Class: Superclass is the class from where a subclass inherits the
features. It is also called a base class or a parent class.
• Reusability: As the name specifies, reusability is a mechanism which facilitates you to
reuse the fields and methods of the existing class when you create a new class. You can
use the same fields and methods already defined in the previous class.

6. “ In the inheritance hierarchy, classes become more specific and concrete with each new subclass. If
you move from a subclass back up to a superclass, the classes become more general and less
specific. Class design should ensure that a superclass contains common features of its subclasses.
Sometimes a superclass is so abstract that it cannot be used to create any specific instances. Such a
class is referred to as an abstract class.”
Which means every subclass you create its has own behaviors and fields but also it has a common behaviors which
inheritances it from parent classes. Also when you check the pervious diagram of inheritance types especially
hierarchal type, you will find the class C and B have common behaviors which are inherited from parent. That make us
wonder if we have more than C and B classes and all of them are extended from A class which means all of them have
common behaviors. For ex: our School it has students, Professors and employees, if we need a program that tells the
user who are the students of that school ?, who are the professors ? And who are employees ? Just give the user
their names and few data.
We notice that all of them students, professors and employees have common methods
Public string getName () {
return name ;
}
and so on for getAge() , getID() …

7. Conclusion
• If we implement it through only the inheritance concept, we will face
a problem that all of them have different fields and methods also
there are some important methods we need to ensure that some
methods will be overridden like getters. Now we are close enough to
get what the abstract class is. “a superclass is so abstract that it
cannot be used to create any specific instances. Such a class is
referred to as an abstract class.” and that the answer of our per
question “what does it mean by abstract class ?”

8. How to use In Java ?
• An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.
• It can have abstract and non-abstract methods.
• It cannot be instantiated.
• It can have constructors and static methods also.
• It can have final methods which will force the subclass not to
change the body of the method.
for example
abstract class A {}

9. Abstract Methods
• “An abstract method is defined without implementation. Its implementation is
provided by the subclasses. A class that contains abstract methods must be defined
as abstract.
The constructor in the abstract class is defined as protected, because it is used only
by subclasses. When you create an instance of a concrete subclass, its superclass’s
constructor is invoked to initialize data fields defined in the superclass”
• A method without body (no implementation) is known as abstract method.
For example
abstract class A {
abstract void print() ;
}

10. Simple example
• This example show how to create abstract class and
methods
public abstract class A {
public abstract void print();
}
public class B extends A {
@Override
Public void print(){
System.out.println(“Hello World!”)
}
}
Class B extends
Class A
Abstract methods must
be overridden in
subclasses
Abstract methods must be
defined in abstract classes
Let’s code…..

11. Code of simple example
public abstract class Faculty {
public abstract void setName (String x) ;
public abstract String getName () ;
public abstract void setAge(int x) ;
public abstract int getage () ;
public abstract void setID (int x) ;
public abstract int getID () ;
}

12. public class Professors extends
Faculty {
private String name ;
private int age ;
private int ID ;
private int salary ;
public int getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(int salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
public void setName(String x) {
this.name = x ;
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return this.name ;
}
@Override
public void setAge(int x)
{
this.age = x ;
}
@Override
public int getage() {
return this.age ;
}
@Override
public void setID(int x) {
this.ID = x ;
}
@Override
public int getID() {
return this.ID ;
}
}
public class Student extends Faculty {
private String name ;
private int age ;
private int ID ;
private int score ;
private int level ;
public int getScore() {
return score;
}
public void setScore(int score) {
this.score = score;
}
public int getLevel() {
return level;
}
public void setLevel(int level) {
this.level = level;
}
@Override
public void setName(String x) {
this.name = x ;
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return this.name ;
}
@Override
public void setAge(int x) {
this.age = x ;
}
@Override
public int getage() {
return this.age ;
}
@Override
public void setID(int x) {
this.ID = x ;
}
@Override
public int getID() {
return this.ID ;
}
}

13. Interesting Points about Abstract Classes
The following points about abstract classes are worth noting
■ An abstract method cannot be contained in a nonabstract class. If a subclass of an abstract
superclass does not implement all the abstract methods, the subclass must be defined as abstract.
In other words, in a nonabstract subclass extended from an abstract class, all the abstract methods
must be implemented. Also note that abstract methods are nonstatic.
■ An abstract class cannot be instantiated using the new operator, but you can still define its
constructors, which are invoked in the constructors of its subclasses. For instance.
■ A class that contains abstract methods must be abstract. However, it is possible to define an
abstract class that doesn’t contain any abstract methods. In this case, you cannot create instances
of the class using the new operator. This class is used as abase class for defining subclasses.

14. ■ A subclass can override a method from its superclass to define it as abstract. This is
very unusual, but it is useful when the implementation of the method in the superclass
becomes invalid in the subclass. In this case, the subclass must be defined as abstract.
■ A subclass can be abstract even if its superclass is concrete. For example, the Object
class is concrete, but its subclasses, such as GeometricObject, may be abstract.
■ You cannot create an instance from an abstract class using the new operator, but an
abstract class can be used as a data type. Therefore, the following statement, which
creates an array whose elements are of the GeometricObject type, is correct.
GeometricObject[] objects = new GeometricObject[10];

15. An Interface
- An interface is a class-like construct that contains only constants and abstract methods. In
many ways an interface is similar to an abstract class, but its intent is to specify common
behavior for objects of related classes or unrelated classes.
- An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods.
The interface in Java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract
methods in the Java interface, not method body.
- An interface is treated like a special class in Java. Each interface is compiled into a
separate
bytecode file, just like a regular class. You can use an interface more or less the same way
you use an abstract class. For example, you can use an interface as a data type for a
reference
variable, as the result of casting, and so on. As with an abstract class, you cannot create an
instance from an interface using the new operator.
What does abstraction mean ?! We will answer that question Later

16. How to declare an interface?
• An interface is declared by using the interface keyword. It provides
total abstraction; means all the methods in an interface are declared
with the empty body, and all the fields are public, static and final by
default. A class that implements an interface must implement all the
methods declared in the interface.
Syntax
interface A {
//abstract methods
//constants
}
public class B implements A { //@Override Methods }

17. • “ The relationship between the class and the interface is known as interface inheritance. Since interface
inheritance and class inheritance are essentially the same, we will simply refer to both as inheritance. “
• “Interface fields are public, static and final by default, and the methods are public and abstract”
• “Since all data fields are public static final and all methods are public abstract
in an interface, Java allows these modifiers to be omitted.”
• For example
interface A {
void m1();
}
class B implements A {
@Override
void m1() {
System.out.println("m1");
}
}
Lets code
An interface is declared by using “ interface” keyword
Overridden methods, and notice that w don’t use
abstract Keyword to override it, but an interface
by default abstracted it
That’s how to inherits the interface
to class.

18. The Comparable interface
The Comparable interface defines the compareTo method for comparing objects
Suppose you want to design a generic method to find the larger of two objects of the same
type, such as two students, two dates, two circles, two rectangles, or two squares. In order to
accomplish this, the two objects must be comparable, so the common behavior for the objects
must be comparable. Java provides the Comparable interface for this purpose. The interface
is defined as follows:
// Interface for comparing objects, defined in java.lang
package java.lang;
public interface Comparable<E> {
public int compareTo(E o);
}
The compareTo method determines the order of this object with the specified object o and
returns a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer if this object is less than, equal to, or
greater than o.
The Comparable interface is a generic interface. The generic type E is replaced by a
concrete type when implementing this interface.

19. Examples

20. The Cloneable Interface
The Cloneable interface specifies that an object can be cloned
Often it is desirable to create a copy of an object. To do this, you need to use the clone
method and understand the Cloneable interface.
An interface contains constants and abstract methods, but the Cloneable interface is a
special case. The Cloneable interface in the java.lang package is defined as follows:
package java.lang;
public interface Cloneable {
}
This interface is empty. An interface with an empty body is referred to as a marker
interface. A marker interface does not contain constants or methods. It is used to denote
that a class
possesses certain desirable properties. A class that implements the Cloneable interface is
marked cloneable, and its objects can be cloned using the clone() method defined in the
Object class

21. Many classes in the Java library (e.g., Date, Calendar, and ArrayList) implement
Cloneable. Thus, the instances of these classes can be cloned. For example, the
following code
Calendar calendar = new GregorianCalendar(2013, 2, 1);
Calendar calendar1 = calendar;
Calendar calendar2 = (Calendar)calendar.clone();
System.out.println("calendar == calendar1 is " +(calendar == calendar1));
System.out.println("calendar == calendar2 is " + (calendar == calendar2));
System.out.println("calendar.equals(calendar2) is " +
calendar.equals(calendar2));
displays
calendar == calendar1 is true
calendar == calendar2 is false
calendar.equals(calendar2) is true

22. Interfaces VS Abstract Classes
“A class can implement multiple interfaces, but it can only extend one
superclass “ and that’s the main point, you can implements more than one
interface, but you cannot extend more than one abstract class. In other word you
can inherits just only one abstract class, but you can inherits more than one
interface

23. Abstraction in Java side Information
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and
showing only functionality to the user.
Another way, it shows only essential things to the user and hides the internal
details, for example, sending SMS where you type the text and send the message.
You don't know the internal processing about the message delivery.
Abstraction lets you focus on what the object does instead of how it does it.
How to achieve the abstraction ?
- Abstract classes
- Interfaces
“ In general, interfaces are preferred over abstract classes because an
interface can define a common super type for unrelated classes.
Interfaces are more flexible than classes. “

24. Thanks for attention