Abstraction in Java: Abstract class and InterfacesJamsher bhanbhro
In my presentation titled "Abstraction in Java," I have discussed the fundamental concept of abstraction in Java programming. The presentation delves into how abstraction is a key principle in object-oriented programming, explaining its role in hiding the complexity of code while exposing only the necessary details. It includes examples and explanations on implementing abstraction in Java, offering a clear understanding for both beginners and intermediate learners. This presentation serves as an educational guide for those interested in enhancing their Java programming skills and understanding the practical applications of abstraction in software development.
Abstract classes allow for incomplete implementations and common functionality to be shared among subclasses, interfaces define a contract for methods without implementations, and both are useful for abstraction and polymorphism by defining types independently of their concrete implementations.
Abstract classes allow for defining a generalized superclass that leaves implementation details to subclasses. An abstract class can define methods that subclasses must implement. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and exist solely to be extended. Interfaces define behaviors and properties but leave implementation to classes that implement the interface. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods while interfaces can only contain abstract methods. Both allow for achieving abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts of inheritance, interfaces, and abstract classes. It defines inheritance as allowing hierarchical classifications by inheriting variables, methods, properties, and indexers from a base class. It describes different types of inheritance like single, hierarchical, multi-level, hybrid, and multiple. It then explains the differences between interfaces and abstract classes, such as interfaces defining functionality without implementation and abstract classes allowing partial implementation.
The document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines abstract classes as classes that can have both abstract and non-abstract methods but cannot be instantiated. Abstract methods are declared without an implementation. Interfaces are collections of abstract methods that classes implement, inheriting the interface's behaviors. The Object class is the implicit superclass of all other classes in Java. It contains methods like getClass(), notify(), and wait() that are commonly used.
Abstract classes in Java can have both abstract and non-abstract methods. They cannot be instantiated and must be extended. Abstract methods do not have a method body. Interfaces in Java provide full abstraction and contain only abstract method declarations. Classes implement interfaces to inherit their methods. Both abstract classes and interfaces allow for abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
- An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class that defines static constants and abstract methods. Interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. A class implements an interface by providing method bodies for the abstract methods defined in the interface. Interfaces allow for loose coupling between classes.
- The main reasons to use interfaces are for abstraction, to support multiple inheritance functionality, and to achieve loose coupling between classes. An interface is declared using the interface keyword and contains only method signatures, not method bodies. A class implementing an interface must implement all of its methods.
- Interfaces can extend other interfaces, requiring implementing classes to provide implementations for all methods in the inherited interfaces as well. Object cloning uses the clone()
The document compares and contrasts abstract classes and interfaces in Java, noting that abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods while interfaces only contain abstract methods, and that abstract classes can contain constructors while interfaces cannot. It also discusses the differences between static and non-static inner classes, explaining that non-static inner classes require an enclosing instance while static inner classes do not.
Abstraction in Java: Abstract class and InterfacesJamsher bhanbhro
In my presentation titled "Abstraction in Java," I have discussed the fundamental concept of abstraction in Java programming. The presentation delves into how abstraction is a key principle in object-oriented programming, explaining its role in hiding the complexity of code while exposing only the necessary details. It includes examples and explanations on implementing abstraction in Java, offering a clear understanding for both beginners and intermediate learners. This presentation serves as an educational guide for those interested in enhancing their Java programming skills and understanding the practical applications of abstraction in software development.
Abstract classes allow for incomplete implementations and common functionality to be shared among subclasses, interfaces define a contract for methods without implementations, and both are useful for abstraction and polymorphism by defining types independently of their concrete implementations.
Abstract classes allow for defining a generalized superclass that leaves implementation details to subclasses. An abstract class can define methods that subclasses must implement. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and exist solely to be extended. Interfaces define behaviors and properties but leave implementation to classes that implement the interface. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods while interfaces can only contain abstract methods. Both allow for achieving abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts of inheritance, interfaces, and abstract classes. It defines inheritance as allowing hierarchical classifications by inheriting variables, methods, properties, and indexers from a base class. It describes different types of inheritance like single, hierarchical, multi-level, hybrid, and multiple. It then explains the differences between interfaces and abstract classes, such as interfaces defining functionality without implementation and abstract classes allowing partial implementation.
The document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines abstract classes as classes that can have both abstract and non-abstract methods but cannot be instantiated. Abstract methods are declared without an implementation. Interfaces are collections of abstract methods that classes implement, inheriting the interface's behaviors. The Object class is the implicit superclass of all other classes in Java. It contains methods like getClass(), notify(), and wait() that are commonly used.
Abstract classes in Java can have both abstract and non-abstract methods. They cannot be instantiated and must be extended. Abstract methods do not have a method body. Interfaces in Java provide full abstraction and contain only abstract method declarations. Classes implement interfaces to inherit their methods. Both abstract classes and interfaces allow for abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
- An interface in Java is a blueprint of a class that defines static constants and abstract methods. Interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java. A class implements an interface by providing method bodies for the abstract methods defined in the interface. Interfaces allow for loose coupling between classes.
- The main reasons to use interfaces are for abstraction, to support multiple inheritance functionality, and to achieve loose coupling between classes. An interface is declared using the interface keyword and contains only method signatures, not method bodies. A class implementing an interface must implement all of its methods.
- Interfaces can extend other interfaces, requiring implementing classes to provide implementations for all methods in the inherited interfaces as well. Object cloning uses the clone()
The document compares and contrasts abstract classes and interfaces in Java, noting that abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods while interfaces only contain abstract methods, and that abstract classes can contain constructors while interfaces cannot. It also discusses the differences between static and non-static inner classes, explaining that non-static inner classes require an enclosing instance while static inner classes do not.
The document discusses the differences between abstract classes and interfaces in C#. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods while interfaces contain only abstract methods. Abstract classes are used to provide common functionality for derived classes, while interfaces define a contract that classes implement. The document provides examples of abstract classes and interfaces in C# code, demonstrating how derived classes must implement abstract methods from the base class or interface.
The document discusses key concepts of classes and objects in C# including defining classes, adding variables and methods, member access modifiers, creating objects, constructors, static members, private constructors, and indexers. It defines classes as user defined data types that can encapsulate data as fields and functions as methods. Objects are instances of classes that allow data and methods to be accessed. Constructors initialize objects, while static members are associated with the class rather than individual objects.
The document discusses abstract classes, abstract methods, and interfaces in object-oriented programming. It defines abstract classes as classes declared with the abstract keyword that can contain both defined and undefined methods. Abstract methods only contain declarations without a body. Interfaces are similar to classes but can only contain abstract methods and final static variables. The key differences between interfaces and classes are that interfaces cannot be instantiated, do not have constructors, and all methods are implicitly abstract. Interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
Abstract Class & Abstract Method in Core JavaMOHIT AGARWAL
This document discusses abstract classes in Java. It defines an abstract class as a class declared with the abstract keyword that may contain abstract and non-abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and require subclasses to implement any abstract methods. The document provides examples of abstract class and method declarations and demonstrates how subclasses must implement abstract methods to be instantiated. It also outlines some key uses of abstract classes such as code sharing among related classes.
The document discusses key concepts in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java including classes, objects, references, constructors, inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism, and generics. It defines classes as blueprints for objects, and objects as instances of classes that have state and behavior. Constructors are used to initialize new objects. Inheritance and abstraction allow classes to extend and implement other classes and interfaces. Polymorphism enables different classes to implement the same methods in different ways. Generics provide type safety for collections of objects.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts. It defines OOP as a design philosophy that groups everything as self-sustainable objects. The key OOP concepts discussed are objects, classes, encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, method overloading, method overriding, and access modifiers. Objects are instances of classes that can perform related activities, while classes are blueprints that describe objects. Encapsulation hides implementation details within classes, and abstraction focuses on what objects are rather than how they are implemented.
An abstract class is a base class that cannot be instantiated and is meant to be inherited from by subclasses. It contains at least one pure virtual function with no implementation. An interface in C++ is implemented as an abstract class containing only pure virtual functions, describing behaviors without implementing them. Abstract classes allow subclasses to implement or override functionality, while interfaces only define functionality. A class can extend one abstract class but multiple interfaces.
The document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines abstract classes as classes that cannot be instantiated but can be sub-classed, and may contain abstract methods without implementations. Interfaces are defined to specify what a class must do without defining how, and allow for multiple inheritance in Java by implementing multiple interfaces. The document provides examples of defining abstract classes and interfaces, extending abstract classes, implementing interfaces, and comparing interfaces to abstract classes.
The document discusses reflection in programming, specifically in Java. It provides an overview of reflection, its advantages like enabling polymorphism and creating adaptable code, and its disadvantages like reduced performance and increased complexity. It also discusses proper uses of reflection, like in development tools, and misuses, like when interfaces could enable the same functionality more cleanly. An example is provided to demonstrate how to use reflection in Java to inspect class details at runtime.
This document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in C#. It defines abstract classes as classes that cannot be instantiated but can be derived from, and can contain both abstract and non-abstract members. Interfaces are defined as contracts that define members but do not provide implementations, and classes must implement interfaces to define the members. The document provides examples of declaring abstract classes and interfaces, implementing interfaces, and extending interfaces.
This document discusses Java collections and algorithms. It covers sorting and shuffling algorithms, wrappers that decorate collections, extending abstract collection classes, legacy collection classes, and enumerating collections. Sorting and shuffling algorithms like sort() and shuffle() are used to order and randomize collections. Wrappers add functionality to underlying collections. Abstract classes define methods for subclasses to implement. Legacy classes like Vector predate the collections framework. Enumerations traverse collections by iterating elements.
Interfaces in Java declare methods but do not provide method implementations. A class can implement multiple interfaces but extend only one class. Interfaces are used to define common behaviors for unrelated classes and allow classes to assume multiple roles. Nested interfaces group related interfaces and must be accessed through the outer interface or class.
Abstraction in Java allows hiding implementation details and exposing only essential properties and behaviors to users. This is achieved through abstract classes and interfaces. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces contain only abstract methods. Any subclass of an abstract class must implement all abstract methods to be instantiable, or itself be declared abstract. Abstract classes allow partial implementation to be inherited and completed in subclasses.
Java interfaces allow classes to define abilities without implementing them, creating contracts that classes can sign by implementing the interface. Interfaces contain only public abstract methods and static final variables. Classes implement interfaces to gain the interface's abilities. Interfaces solve multiple inheritance issues in Java by allowing a class to implement multiple interfaces while only extending one class. Polymorphism is possible through interfaces using the "is-a" relationship between implementing classes and interfaces.
The document contains questions and answers related to Java interview questions. It discusses topics like access modifiers, differences between abstract classes and interfaces, garbage collection, constructors vs methods, inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions and more. The questions aim to test the interviewee's understanding of core Java concepts.
The document summarizes a workshop on object-oriented programming (OOP) polymorphism in Java. It discusses the four principles of OOP - encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples of implementing interfaces and abstract classes, and how classes can extend other classes and implement multiple interfaces. The key concepts are programming to interfaces rather than implementations for flexibility, and that interfaces allow implementing multiple interfaces while classes only allow single inheritance.
No, constructors cannot be overridden in Java. Constructors are used to initialize objects, and overriding would cause ambiguity in determining which constructor to use.
A constructor is used to create objects and has the same name as the class with no return type. A method is an ordinary member function that can have its own name and return type.
The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects no longer needed by a program to reclaim memory. An object becomes eligible for garbage collection when it is unreachable.
Synchronization controls access to shared resources for multithreading by preventing one thread from modifying a variable while another thread is using it, which can cause errors.
An abstract class cannot be instantiated and is meant to serve as a template for subclasses to extend, while an interface can only declare constants and abstract methods but provides no implementation.
The document discusses the differences between abstract classes and interfaces in C#. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods while interfaces contain only abstract methods. Abstract classes are used to provide common functionality for derived classes, while interfaces define a contract that classes implement. The document provides examples of abstract classes and interfaces in C# code, demonstrating how derived classes must implement abstract methods from the base class or interface.
The document discusses key concepts of classes and objects in C# including defining classes, adding variables and methods, member access modifiers, creating objects, constructors, static members, private constructors, and indexers. It defines classes as user defined data types that can encapsulate data as fields and functions as methods. Objects are instances of classes that allow data and methods to be accessed. Constructors initialize objects, while static members are associated with the class rather than individual objects.
The document discusses abstract classes, abstract methods, and interfaces in object-oriented programming. It defines abstract classes as classes declared with the abstract keyword that can contain both defined and undefined methods. Abstract methods only contain declarations without a body. Interfaces are similar to classes but can only contain abstract methods and final static variables. The key differences between interfaces and classes are that interfaces cannot be instantiated, do not have constructors, and all methods are implicitly abstract. Interfaces are used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
Abstract Class & Abstract Method in Core JavaMOHIT AGARWAL
This document discusses abstract classes in Java. It defines an abstract class as a class declared with the abstract keyword that may contain abstract and non-abstract methods. Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and require subclasses to implement any abstract methods. The document provides examples of abstract class and method declarations and demonstrates how subclasses must implement abstract methods to be instantiated. It also outlines some key uses of abstract classes such as code sharing among related classes.
The document discusses key concepts in Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java including classes, objects, references, constructors, inheritance, abstraction, polymorphism, and generics. It defines classes as blueprints for objects, and objects as instances of classes that have state and behavior. Constructors are used to initialize new objects. Inheritance and abstraction allow classes to extend and implement other classes and interfaces. Polymorphism enables different classes to implement the same methods in different ways. Generics provide type safety for collections of objects.
This document provides an introduction to object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts. It defines OOP as a design philosophy that groups everything as self-sustainable objects. The key OOP concepts discussed are objects, classes, encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, polymorphism, method overloading, method overriding, and access modifiers. Objects are instances of classes that can perform related activities, while classes are blueprints that describe objects. Encapsulation hides implementation details within classes, and abstraction focuses on what objects are rather than how they are implemented.
An abstract class is a base class that cannot be instantiated and is meant to be inherited from by subclasses. It contains at least one pure virtual function with no implementation. An interface in C++ is implemented as an abstract class containing only pure virtual functions, describing behaviors without implementing them. Abstract classes allow subclasses to implement or override functionality, while interfaces only define functionality. A class can extend one abstract class but multiple interfaces.
The document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in Java. It defines abstract classes as classes that cannot be instantiated but can be sub-classed, and may contain abstract methods without implementations. Interfaces are defined to specify what a class must do without defining how, and allow for multiple inheritance in Java by implementing multiple interfaces. The document provides examples of defining abstract classes and interfaces, extending abstract classes, implementing interfaces, and comparing interfaces to abstract classes.
The document discusses reflection in programming, specifically in Java. It provides an overview of reflection, its advantages like enabling polymorphism and creating adaptable code, and its disadvantages like reduced performance and increased complexity. It also discusses proper uses of reflection, like in development tools, and misuses, like when interfaces could enable the same functionality more cleanly. An example is provided to demonstrate how to use reflection in Java to inspect class details at runtime.
This document discusses abstract classes and interfaces in C#. It defines abstract classes as classes that cannot be instantiated but can be derived from, and can contain both abstract and non-abstract members. Interfaces are defined as contracts that define members but do not provide implementations, and classes must implement interfaces to define the members. The document provides examples of declaring abstract classes and interfaces, implementing interfaces, and extending interfaces.
This document discusses Java collections and algorithms. It covers sorting and shuffling algorithms, wrappers that decorate collections, extending abstract collection classes, legacy collection classes, and enumerating collections. Sorting and shuffling algorithms like sort() and shuffle() are used to order and randomize collections. Wrappers add functionality to underlying collections. Abstract classes define methods for subclasses to implement. Legacy classes like Vector predate the collections framework. Enumerations traverse collections by iterating elements.
Interfaces in Java declare methods but do not provide method implementations. A class can implement multiple interfaces but extend only one class. Interfaces are used to define common behaviors for unrelated classes and allow classes to assume multiple roles. Nested interfaces group related interfaces and must be accessed through the outer interface or class.
Abstraction in Java allows hiding implementation details and exposing only essential properties and behaviors to users. This is achieved through abstract classes and interfaces. Abstract classes can contain both abstract and concrete methods, while interfaces contain only abstract methods. Any subclass of an abstract class must implement all abstract methods to be instantiable, or itself be declared abstract. Abstract classes allow partial implementation to be inherited and completed in subclasses.
Java interfaces allow classes to define abilities without implementing them, creating contracts that classes can sign by implementing the interface. Interfaces contain only public abstract methods and static final variables. Classes implement interfaces to gain the interface's abilities. Interfaces solve multiple inheritance issues in Java by allowing a class to implement multiple interfaces while only extending one class. Polymorphism is possible through interfaces using the "is-a" relationship between implementing classes and interfaces.
The document contains questions and answers related to Java interview questions. It discusses topics like access modifiers, differences between abstract classes and interfaces, garbage collection, constructors vs methods, inheritance, polymorphism, exceptions and more. The questions aim to test the interviewee's understanding of core Java concepts.
The document summarizes a workshop on object-oriented programming (OOP) polymorphism in Java. It discusses the four principles of OOP - encapsulation, abstraction, inheritance, and polymorphism. It provides examples of implementing interfaces and abstract classes, and how classes can extend other classes and implement multiple interfaces. The key concepts are programming to interfaces rather than implementations for flexibility, and that interfaces allow implementing multiple interfaces while classes only allow single inheritance.
No, constructors cannot be overridden in Java. Constructors are used to initialize objects, and overriding would cause ambiguity in determining which constructor to use.
A constructor is used to create objects and has the same name as the class with no return type. A method is an ordinary member function that can have its own name and return type.
The purpose of garbage collection is to identify and discard objects no longer needed by a program to reclaim memory. An object becomes eligible for garbage collection when it is unreachable.
Synchronization controls access to shared resources for multithreading by preventing one thread from modifying a variable while another thread is using it, which can cause errors.
An abstract class cannot be instantiated and is meant to serve as a template for subclasses to extend, while an interface can only declare constants and abstract methods but provides no implementation.
Similar to abstract classes and interfaces in c++\ by M adnan Haider MNSUAM.pptx (20)
End-to-end pipeline agility - Berlin Buzzwords 2024Lars Albertsson
We describe how we achieve high change agility in data engineering by eliminating the fear of breaking downstream data pipelines through end-to-end pipeline testing, and by using schema metaprogramming to safely eliminate boilerplate involved in changes that affect whole pipelines.
A quick poll on agility in changing pipelines from end to end indicated a huge span in capabilities. For the question "How long time does it take for all downstream pipelines to be adapted to an upstream change," the median response was 6 months, but some respondents could do it in less than a day. When quantitative data engineering differences between the best and worst are measured, the span is often 100x-1000x, sometimes even more.
A long time ago, we suffered at Spotify from fear of changing pipelines due to not knowing what the impact might be downstream. We made plans for a technical solution to test pipelines end-to-end to mitigate that fear, but the effort failed for cultural reasons. We eventually solved this challenge, but in a different context. In this presentation we will describe how we test full pipelines effectively by manipulating workflow orchestration, which enables us to make changes in pipelines without fear of breaking downstream.
Making schema changes that affect many jobs also involves a lot of toil and boilerplate. Using schema-on-read mitigates some of it, but has drawbacks since it makes it more difficult to detect errors early. We will describe how we have rejected this tradeoff by applying schema metaprogramming, eliminating boilerplate but keeping the protection of static typing, thereby further improving agility to quickly modify data pipelines without fear.
Global Situational Awareness of A.I. and where its headedvikram sood
You can see the future first in San Francisco.
Over the past year, the talk of the town has shifted from $10 billion compute clusters to $100 billion clusters to trillion-dollar clusters. Every six months another zero is added to the boardroom plans. Behind the scenes, there’s a fierce scramble to secure every power contract still available for the rest of the decade, every voltage transformer that can possibly be procured. American big business is gearing up to pour trillions of dollars into a long-unseen mobilization of American industrial might. By the end of the decade, American electricity production will have grown tens of percent; from the shale fields of Pennsylvania to the solar farms of Nevada, hundreds of millions of GPUs will hum.
The AGI race has begun. We are building machines that can think and reason. By 2025/26, these machines will outpace college graduates. By the end of the decade, they will be smarter than you or I; we will have superintelligence, in the true sense of the word. Along the way, national security forces not seen in half a century will be un-leashed, and before long, The Project will be on. If we’re lucky, we’ll be in an all-out race with the CCP; if we’re unlucky, an all-out war.
Everyone is now talking about AI, but few have the faintest glimmer of what is about to hit them. Nvidia analysts still think 2024 might be close to the peak. Mainstream pundits are stuck on the wilful blindness of “it’s just predicting the next word”. They see only hype and business-as-usual; at most they entertain another internet-scale technological change.
Before long, the world will wake up. But right now, there are perhaps a few hundred people, most of them in San Francisco and the AI labs, that have situational awareness. Through whatever peculiar forces of fate, I have found myself amongst them. A few years ago, these people were derided as crazy—but they trusted the trendlines, which allowed them to correctly predict the AI advances of the past few years. Whether these people are also right about the next few years remains to be seen. But these are very smart people—the smartest people I have ever met—and they are the ones building this technology. Perhaps they will be an odd footnote in history, or perhaps they will go down in history like Szilard and Oppenheimer and Teller. If they are seeing the future even close to correctly, we are in for a wild ride.
Let me tell you what we see.
ViewShift: Hassle-free Dynamic Policy Enforcement for Every Data LakeWalaa Eldin Moustafa
Dynamic policy enforcement is becoming an increasingly important topic in today’s world where data privacy and compliance is a top priority for companies, individuals, and regulators alike. In these slides, we discuss how LinkedIn implements a powerful dynamic policy enforcement engine, called ViewShift, and integrates it within its data lake. We show the query engine architecture and how catalog implementations can automatically route table resolutions to compliance-enforcing SQL views. Such views have a set of very interesting properties: (1) They are auto-generated from declarative data annotations. (2) They respect user-level consent and preferences (3) They are context-aware, encoding a different set of transformations for different use cases (4) They are portable; while the SQL logic is only implemented in one SQL dialect, it is accessible in all engines.
#SQL #Views #Privacy #Compliance #DataLake
Codeless Generative AI Pipelines
(GenAI with Milvus)
https://ml.dssconf.pl/user.html#!/lecture/DSSML24-041a/rate
Discover the potential of real-time streaming in the context of GenAI as we delve into the intricacies of Apache NiFi and its capabilities. Learn how this tool can significantly simplify the data engineering workflow for GenAI applications, allowing you to focus on the creative aspects rather than the technical complexities. I will guide you through practical examples and use cases, showing the impact of automation on prompt building. From data ingestion to transformation and delivery, witness how Apache NiFi streamlines the entire pipeline, ensuring a smooth and hassle-free experience.
Timothy Spann
https://www.youtube.com/@FLaNK-Stack
https://medium.com/@tspann
https://www.datainmotion.dev/
milvus, unstructured data, vector database, zilliz, cloud, vectors, python, deep learning, generative ai, genai, nifi, kafka, flink, streaming, iot, edge
State of Artificial intelligence Report 2023kuntobimo2016
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a multidisciplinary field of science and engineering whose goal is to create intelligent machines.
We believe that AI will be a force multiplier on technological progress in our increasingly digital, data-driven world. This is because everything around us today, ranging from culture to consumer products, is a product of intelligence.
The State of AI Report is now in its sixth year. Consider this report as a compilation of the most interesting things we’ve seen with a goal of triggering an informed conversation about the state of AI and its implication for the future.
We consider the following key dimensions in our report:
Research: Technology breakthroughs and their capabilities.
Industry: Areas of commercial application for AI and its business impact.
Politics: Regulation of AI, its economic implications and the evolving geopolitics of AI.
Safety: Identifying and mitigating catastrophic risks that highly-capable future AI systems could pose to us.
Predictions: What we believe will happen in the next 12 months and a 2022 performance review to keep us honest.
STATATHON: Unleashing the Power of Statistics in a 48-Hour Knowledge Extravag...sameer shah
"Join us for STATATHON, a dynamic 2-day event dedicated to exploring statistical knowledge and its real-world applications. From theory to practice, participants engage in intensive learning sessions, workshops, and challenges, fostering a deeper understanding of statistical methodologies and their significance in various fields."
Learn SQL from basic queries to Advance queriesmanishkhaire30
Dive into the world of data analysis with our comprehensive guide on mastering SQL! This presentation offers a practical approach to learning SQL, focusing on real-world applications and hands-on practice. Whether you're a beginner or looking to sharpen your skills, this guide provides the tools you need to extract, analyze, and interpret data effectively.
Key Highlights:
Foundations of SQL: Understand the basics of SQL, including data retrieval, filtering, and aggregation.
Advanced Queries: Learn to craft complex queries to uncover deep insights from your data.
Data Trends and Patterns: Discover how to identify and interpret trends and patterns in your datasets.
Practical Examples: Follow step-by-step examples to apply SQL techniques in real-world scenarios.
Actionable Insights: Gain the skills to derive actionable insights that drive informed decision-making.
Join us on this journey to enhance your data analysis capabilities and unlock the full potential of SQL. Perfect for data enthusiasts, analysts, and anyone eager to harness the power of data!
#DataAnalysis #SQL #LearningSQL #DataInsights #DataScience #Analytics
Analysis insight about a Flyball dog competition team's performanceroli9797
Insight of my analysis about a Flyball dog competition team's last year performance. Find more: https://github.com/rolandnagy-ds/flyball_race_analysis/tree/main
4. 1. INTRODUCTION:
Abstract Methods:
• The Functions that are declared in a class
but not implemented in that class are
called abstract methods .
• They Serves as placeholder for methods
that must be implemented by subclasses.
• These methods are typically declared in
abstract classes or interfaces.(Abstract
methods are achieved by declaring
virtual functions without providing any
implementation) .
• They are useful for defining a common
interface that implemented in their own
way.
5. CONCRETE CLASS:
A concrete class is a class that provides
implementations for all its member functions,
including inherited abstract methods.
It can be instantiated to create objects. Concrete
classes can also have their own non-abstract
methods and member variables.
They serve as building blocks for creating
objects with specific behavior and attributes
6. PURE VIRTUAL
FUNCTION:
“Pure virtual function is a virtual function with no body
.”
A pure virtual function is a special type of virtual
function in C++ that is declared in a base class but has
no implementation. It is marked with = 0 at the end of its
declaration.
Classes containing pure virtual functions are abstract
classes, meaning they cannot be instantiated directly.
Instead, they serve as interfaces or blueprints for
derived classes to provide implementations for the pure
virtual functions.
Subclasses must override all pure virtual functions to
become concrete classes and be instantiated. Pure
virtual functions are a key feature of achieving
polymorphism and defining abstract interfaces in C++. 6
7. ABSTRACT
CLASSES:
• “The classes that contain pure virtual
functions are called abstract classes”
• These classes can not be instantiated
directly ; they are meant to be subclassed.
• Abstracts methods are declared but not
implemented in the abstract class itself.
• It serves as blueprints for other classes and
can contain one or more abstract methods.
7
8. SYNTAX
EXAMPLE
: #include <iostream>
// Abstract class
class Shape
{ public:
// Pure virtual function (abstract method)
virtual void draw() = 0;
};
int main() {
// Attempting to create an object of the abstract
class will result in a compilation error // Shape
shape;
return 0;}
.
8
9. EXAMPLE:
#include <iostream>// Abstract class
using namespace std;
class Shape {
public: // Abstract method
virtual void draw() = 0; };
// Concrete subclass implementing the abstract method
class Circle :
public Shape {public:
void draw() override {
cout << "Drawing Circlen"; }}
;// Concrete subclass implementing the abstract method
class Rectangle :
public Shape {public:
void draw() override {
cout << "Drawing Rectanglen"; }}; 9
10. EXAMPLE:
int main()
{ // Create objects of concrete subclasses
Circle circle;
Rectangle rectangle; // Call methods
circle.draw();
rectangle.draw();
return 0;
}
10
output:
Drawing Circle
Drawing Rectangle
11. INTERFACES:
• “An interface is a blueprint that defines a set of
methods and properties that a class must implement
,without providing the actual implementation”.
• interfaces are typically defined using abstract classes
with pure virtual functions.
• An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated
on its own and contains one or more pure virtual
functions, which are declared using the virtual keyword
followed by = 0; syntax.
11
13. RULE OF INTERFACES:
13
Interfaces in OOP define what classes can do
without providing any implementation details,
while abstract classes can provide both
method declarations and some
implementations but cannot be instantiated
directly.
14. ABSTRACT CLASS
a)Abstract class contain both
virtual methods and concrete
methods(with
implementations)
b)These cannot be instantiated
directly.
c) Abstract Classes Support
Single inheritance.
d)Abstract classes are used
when a base class needs to
provide some default
behavior along with abstract
methods that subclasses
must implement.
a) Interfaces contain only pure
virtual methods (method without
implementations).
b) These also cannot be
instantiated at all.
c) Interfaces support multiple
inheritance
d) Interfaces are used when
defining a common behavior of
multiple functions or methods.
INTERFACES
15. REAL WORLD EXAMPLE:
• .
Virtual void getName()=0;
Void getName()
{
}
Void getName()
{
}
Class Manager Class Accountant Class Costumer
Virtual void
getName()=0;
Class Database
16. ADVANTAGES IN OOP:
1. Defining a Common Interface: Abstract classes set a
blueprint for subclasses, ensuring they share common
methods.
2. Organizing Code: They help group related classes
under a common umbrella, improving code structure.
3. Extending Functionality: New features can be easily
added by creating new subclasses of abstract classes.
4. Enhancing Maintainability: Abstract classes make
code easier to understand and maintain by
encapsulating related behavior. 16