Absorption of drugs
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Absorption is the movement of a drug from its site of administration into the circulation. Factors that affect absorption include aqueous solubility, concentration, area of absorbing surface, vascularity of the absorbing surface, and route of administration. The route of administration determines the site of absorption and each route has unique characteristics that impact absorption. For example, orally administered drugs must pass through the gastrointestinal tract before entering circulation, while subcutaneous and intramuscular routes deposit drugs directly near capillaries for absorption. Lipid solubility also influences absorption across different routes and tissues like the skin. Bioavailability refers to the rate and extent that a drug is absorbed and reaches systemic circulation.
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Module 2 pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism
This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetics concepts related to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination in the body. It discusses how drugs move through membranes via passive diffusion or active transport processes. Key determinants of absorption include a drug's lipid solubility and ionization state, which affect its ability to pass cell membranes. The liver plays a major role in drug metabolism and elimination through first-pass clearance of orally administered drugs. Pharmacokinetic parameters like volume of distribution, clearance and half-life help characterize a drug's disposition in the body.
Absorption of drug
This document discusses factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body. It explains that absorption is the movement of drugs from the site of administration into blood circulation. The rate and extent of absorption determine the duration and intensity of drug action. Absorption is influenced by physico-chemical properties of drugs, dosage form, concentration, blood flow, area of absorbing surface, and route of administration. Drugs are mainly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and parenterally via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection sites or through inhalation into the lungs.
Physiological factors affecting_drug_absorption[1] (1)
1) Many physiological factors affect drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, including age, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, gastrointestinal pH, disease states, blood flow through the GI tract, contact time with the GI mucosa, and gastrointestinal contents.
2) Specifically, drug absorption is impacted by changes in a person's age, as well as factors that can speed up or slow down gastric emptying and intestinal transit, such as the type and volume of food consumed, body position, exercise, and certain diseases.
3) The pH levels throughout the GI tract also influence drug absorption by impacting drug stability, dissolution, and disintegration in the stomach versus intestines. Disease states like gastric disorders can further impact
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The document summarizes several patient-related factors that can affect drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses how age can impact gastric pH and intestinal surface area in infants and the elderly. It also outlines how gastric emptying rate, intestinal transit time, gastrointestinal pH, blood flow to the GI tract, and presystemic metabolism can all influence the degree and rate of drug absorption. Disease states like gastrointestinal disorders and cardiovascular conditions are also noted as potential factors.
04.0 drug absorption
Here is an outline of the advantages and disadvantages of the specified routes of drug administration:
Oral route:
- Advantages: Ease of administration, patient acceptance
- Disadvantages: Extensive first-pass metabolism in liver, variable absorption, gastrointestinal irritation
Sublingual route:
- Advantages: Rapid onset, avoids first-pass metabolism
- Disadvantages: Small surface area, drug must be soluble and pass buccal mucosa
Rectal route:
- Advantages: Avoidance of first-pass metabolism, noninvasive
- Disadvantages: Variable and slow absorption, not suitable for all drugs, socially unacceptable
Inhalational route:
- Advantages
Absorption in pharmacology
The document discusses pharmacokinetics and drug absorption. It describes the key processes of pharmacokinetics as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drug transport across biological membranes depends on physicochemical drug properties, membrane characteristics, and various mechanisms such as passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and bulk flow. Factors that affect drug absorption include dosage form, route of administration, physicochemical properties, and physiological factors. The document also defines bioavailability and lists reasons for incomplete oral bioavailability such as first-pass metabolism and failure of absorption.
Patient related factors
Patient-related factors can affect drug absorption in several ways. Age affects absorption, as infants have high gastric pH and low intestinal surface area while the elderly have altered gastric emptying, decreased intestinal surface, higher achlorhydria, and bacterial overgrowth. Gastric emptying is the rate at which the stomach empties into the intestine, and is a rate-limiting step for absorption. Rapid emptying is advisable for some drugs, while delayed emptying is advisable for others. Intestinal transit also influences absorption, as prolonged transit in the small intestine allows for more complete absorption. Gastrointestinal pH, blood flow, diseases, and presynaptic metabolism can also impact drug bioavailability.
Mechanism of drug absorbtion
The document discusses drug absorption, which is the movement of unchanged drug molecules from the site of administration into systemic circulation. There are several mechanisms of drug absorption, including passive diffusion down a concentration gradient, carrier-mediated transport using protein transporters, and active transport against a concentration gradient using cellular energy. The rate and amount of drug absorption depends on its physicochemical properties as well as the absorption site. Facilitated diffusion and active transport allow for faster absorption than passive diffusion alone.
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This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetics concepts related to drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination in the body. It discusses how drugs move through membranes via passive diffusion or active transport processes. Key determinants of absorption include a drug's lipid solubility and ionization state, which affect its ability to pass cell membranes. The liver plays a major role in drug metabolism and elimination through first-pass clearance of orally administered drugs. Pharmacokinetic parameters like volume of distribution, clearance and half-life help characterize a drug's disposition in the body.
Absorption of drug
This document discusses factors that affect the absorption of drugs in the body. It explains that absorption is the movement of drugs from the site of administration into blood circulation. The rate and extent of absorption determine the duration and intensity of drug action. Absorption is influenced by physico-chemical properties of drugs, dosage form, concentration, blood flow, area of absorbing surface, and route of administration. Drugs are mainly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and parenterally via intramuscular or subcutaneous injection sites or through inhalation into the lungs.
Physiological factors affecting_drug_absorption[1] (1)
1) Many physiological factors affect drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, including age, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, gastrointestinal pH, disease states, blood flow through the GI tract, contact time with the GI mucosa, and gastrointestinal contents.
2) Specifically, drug absorption is impacted by changes in a person's age, as well as factors that can speed up or slow down gastric emptying and intestinal transit, such as the type and volume of food consumed, body position, exercise, and certain diseases.
3) The pH levels throughout the GI tract also influence drug absorption by impacting drug stability, dissolution, and disintegration in the stomach versus intestines. Disease states like gastric disorders can further impact
Patient Related factors of Drug Absorption
The document summarizes several patient-related factors that can affect drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. It discusses how age can impact gastric pH and intestinal surface area in infants and the elderly. It also outlines how gastric emptying rate, intestinal transit time, gastrointestinal pH, blood flow to the GI tract, and presystemic metabolism can all influence the degree and rate of drug absorption. Disease states like gastrointestinal disorders and cardiovascular conditions are also noted as potential factors.
04.0 drug absorption
Here is an outline of the advantages and disadvantages of the specified routes of drug administration:
Oral route:
- Advantages: Ease of administration, patient acceptance
- Disadvantages: Extensive first-pass metabolism in liver, variable absorption, gastrointestinal irritation
Sublingual route:
- Advantages: Rapid onset, avoids first-pass metabolism
- Disadvantages: Small surface area, drug must be soluble and pass buccal mucosa
Rectal route:
- Advantages: Avoidance of first-pass metabolism, noninvasive
- Disadvantages: Variable and slow absorption, not suitable for all drugs, socially unacceptable
Inhalational route:
- Advantages
Absorption in pharmacology
The document discusses pharmacokinetics and drug absorption. It describes the key processes of pharmacokinetics as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drug transport across biological membranes depends on physicochemical drug properties, membrane characteristics, and various mechanisms such as passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, and bulk flow. Factors that affect drug absorption include dosage form, route of administration, physicochemical properties, and physiological factors. The document also defines bioavailability and lists reasons for incomplete oral bioavailability such as first-pass metabolism and failure of absorption.
Patient related factors
Patient-related factors can affect drug absorption in several ways. Age affects absorption, as infants have high gastric pH and low intestinal surface area while the elderly have altered gastric emptying, decreased intestinal surface, higher achlorhydria, and bacterial overgrowth. Gastric emptying is the rate at which the stomach empties into the intestine, and is a rate-limiting step for absorption. Rapid emptying is advisable for some drugs, while delayed emptying is advisable for others. Intestinal transit also influences absorption, as prolonged transit in the small intestine allows for more complete absorption. Gastrointestinal pH, blood flow, diseases, and presynaptic metabolism can also impact drug bioavailability.
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The document discusses drug absorption, which is the movement of unchanged drug molecules from the site of administration into systemic circulation. There are several mechanisms of drug absorption, including passive diffusion down a concentration gradient, carrier-mediated transport using protein transporters, and active transport against a concentration gradient using cellular energy. The rate and amount of drug absorption depends on its physicochemical properties as well as the absorption site. Facilitated diffusion and active transport allow for faster absorption than passive diffusion alone.
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This document discusses various non-oral routes of drug administration and factors affecting drug absorption through these routes. It describes routes such as buccal/sublingual, rectal, topical, intramuscular, subcutaneous, pulmonary, intranasal, intraocular and vaginal administration. For each route, it provides details on absorption mechanisms, examples of drugs used, advantages and disadvantages. It also compares different routes based on onset of action and absorption mechanism.
Physiological factors of drug absorption
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This presentation discussed with different physiolgical factors of drug absorption, structure of membrane the drug crosses, different transport mechanism etc
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The small intestine, specifically the duodenum and jejunum, is the primary site of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract due to its large surface area and favorable permeability. Factors like gastrointestinal pH, transit time, enzyme activity and presence of bile/digestive juices influence the absorption of drugs administered orally. The absorption window for most drugs is in the small intestine, before the contents empty into the large intestine where conditions are less favorable for absorption.
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This document discusses mechanisms of drug absorption including passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, pore transport, ion pair transport, and vesicular transport. It also covers factors that affect drug absorption such as physicochemical properties, physiological factors, and dosage form properties. Specifically, it focuses on passive diffusion as the most important mechanism and discusses factors that affect dissolution and solubility such as chemical properties, pH, and lipophilicity. It also provides equations to describe dissolution processes.
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This document discusses drug absorption, which is the translocation of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream. It must be described in terms of both rate and extent. Drug absorption occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or endocytosis/phagocytosis. The rate and extent of absorption is determined by factors like the drug's physicochemical properties, dosage form, dose, route of administration, and membrane properties. Fick's law of diffusion describes absorption as proportional to the surface area, concentration gradient, and partition coefficient, and inversely proportional to thickness.
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Physico-chemical factors affecting drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract include particle size, crystal form, solubility, and pH partitioning. Smaller particle sizes increase surface area and dissolution rate, improving absorption for poorly soluble drugs. Different crystal forms of the same drug can have differing dissolution rates and absorption. Drugs must be in solution prior to absorption, so factors influencing solubility such as pH, salts, and complexation also impact absorption. The pH partitioning theory explains how a drug's ionization state influences its absorption, based on both its pKa and the pH of absorption sites. Dosage form characteristics such as solution versus tablet can also significantly affect drug absorption rates.
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Greetings!
Good Day to All..
This presentation is all about ABSORPTION OF DRUGS - NON PER ORAL - EXTRA VASCULAR ROUTES which covers about the various route of administration which are administered other than oral route like
1. Buccal / Sublingual
2. Rectal
3. Topical & Transdermal
4. Parenteral
5. Pulmonary & Intra nasal
6. Intra ocular &
7. Vaginal Administration
Your suggestion and comments are welcome for further improvement in my presentations.
Thank you all for your valuable time.
Disclaimer Note: Some contents in the presentation were taken from online sources which is purely used for education purpose and for any personal financial or commercial aspects. I thank all the source providers in online for your efforts and support in sharing of knowledge.
absorbtion of drugs biopharmaceutics
The document discusses the absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract. It defines absorption as the movement of an unchanged drug from the site of administration into systemic circulation. There are several mechanisms of drug absorption including passive diffusion down a concentration gradient, carrier-mediated transport like facilitated diffusion and active transport, and endocytosis. The key sites of drug absorption in the GI tract are the stomach, small intestine, and to a lesser extent the large intestine. Factors like pH, transit time, surface area, and mechanisms of absorption determine how well and how quickly a drug is absorbed from the GI tract.
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This document discusses rectal products and suppositories. It begins by defining rectal products as pharmaceutical preparations administered via the rectum for local or systemic effects. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the rectal route of drug administration. Specific rectal products discussed include suppositories and enemas. The document provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the rectum and factors influencing drug absorption from the rectum. It describes the ideal properties of suppository bases and discusses commonly used bases such as cocoa butter and synthetic triglycerides.
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This document discusses various routes of drug administration including sublingual/buccal, rectal, parenteral (intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous), topical, ocular, inhalational, intranasal, and vaginal. For each route, it describes the absorption mechanism, onset of action, examples of drugs used, advantages, and factors influencing drug delivery and absorption. The document provides detailed information on considerations for different administration routes and factors affecting drug absorption through various tissues like skin, nasal mucosa, lungs etc.
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Pharmacokinetics: Absorption & Bioavaibility & Bioequivalence
For better view, kindly download the presentation. The presentation contains information about absorption of drug and various mechanisms which plays role in drug absorption. Additionally it includes factors affecting drug absorption.
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Physiological factors of drug absorption
A presentation given by a group of students of Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.
This presentation discussed with different physiolgical factors of drug absorption, structure of membrane the drug crosses, different transport mechanism etc
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PHYSIOLOGIC FACTORS RELATED TO DRUG ABSORPTION
ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen has a large impact on how fast the drug is taken up and how much of it arrives at its destination in an active form.
MEMBRANE PHYSIOLOGY
The cell membrane also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment.
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This document discusses several patient-related factors that can affect oral drug absorption, including physiological factors like gastric emptying time, gastrointestinal motility, disease states, food, and drug interactions. It provides details on how each of these factors can impact drug dissolution, permeability through membranes, and transit time in the gastrointestinal tract, ultimately influencing drug bioavailability. Certain diseases are noted to alter gastric pH, intestinal permeability and blood flow, motility, or surface area, thereby impacting absorption of some drugs. The effects of food, age, and other drugs that may change gastric emptying or motility are also summarized.
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This document discusses factors that influence drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). It covers membrane physiology, GIT motility, the effect of age, clinical factors like diseases, and how food and drugs can impact drug absorption in the GIT. Key factors mentioned are gastric emptying rate, intestinal pH, surface area, transit time, blood flow, and how these can be altered by disease states or drugs, influencing a drug's absorption and bioavailability.
Physiological factors affect drug absorption
The small intestine, specifically the duodenum and jejunum, is the primary site of drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract due to its large surface area and favorable permeability. Factors like gastrointestinal pH, transit time, enzyme activity and presence of bile/digestive juices influence the absorption of drugs administered orally. The absorption window for most drugs is in the small intestine, before the contents empty into the large intestine where conditions are less favorable for absorption.
Adme
This document provides an overview of pharmacokinetics, which is the quantitative study of how the body acts on drugs. It describes the four main components of pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption refers to how drugs enter the bloodstream, distribution is how drugs spread to tissues, metabolism is how drugs are chemically altered, and excretion is how drugs and their metabolites leave the body. Key factors that determine a drug's pharmacokinetic properties and how it behaves in the body are also discussed.
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This document discusses pharmacokinetics and the movement of drugs through the body over time. It covers the typical processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination that drugs undergo. It also describes various routes of drug administration including oral, parenteral, inhalation and others. Factors that influence drug absorption like pH, blood flow, surface area and contact time are also examined.
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This document discusses mechanisms of drug absorption including passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, pore transport, ion pair transport, and vesicular transport. It also covers factors that affect drug absorption such as physicochemical properties, physiological factors, and dosage form properties. Specifically, it focuses on passive diffusion as the most important mechanism and discusses factors that affect dissolution and solubility such as chemical properties, pH, and lipophilicity. It also provides equations to describe dissolution processes.
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This document discusses drug absorption, which is the translocation of a drug from the site of administration into the bloodstream. It must be described in terms of both rate and extent. Drug absorption occurs through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport, or endocytosis/phagocytosis. The rate and extent of absorption is determined by factors like the drug's physicochemical properties, dosage form, dose, route of administration, and membrane properties. Fick's law of diffusion describes absorption as proportional to the surface area, concentration gradient, and partition coefficient, and inversely proportional to thickness.
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Physico-chemical factors affecting drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract include particle size, crystal form, solubility, and pH partitioning. Smaller particle sizes increase surface area and dissolution rate, improving absorption for poorly soluble drugs. Different crystal forms of the same drug can have differing dissolution rates and absorption. Drugs must be in solution prior to absorption, so factors influencing solubility such as pH, salts, and complexation also impact absorption. The pH partitioning theory explains how a drug's ionization state influences its absorption, based on both its pKa and the pH of absorption sites. Dosage form characteristics such as solution versus tablet can also significantly affect drug absorption rates.
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The document discusses various factors that affect oral drug absorption, including biological, physiological, physico-chemical, and pharmaceutical factors. It provides details on several biological factors such as penetration of drugs through the gastrointestinal tract, blood brain barrier, placental barrier, skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. It also examines physiological factors like patient factors, gastrointestinal physiology, pH of the gastrointestinal tract, presystemic metabolism, absorption sites, protein binding, gastrointestinal transit time, and circadian rhythms that influence oral drug absorption. The document is presented by Deepak Kumar and provides a comprehensive overview of the key factors involved in oral drug absorption.
ABSORPTION OF DRUGS - NON PER ORAL - EXTRA VASCULAR ROUTES
Greetings!
Good Day to All..
This presentation is all about ABSORPTION OF DRUGS - NON PER ORAL - EXTRA VASCULAR ROUTES which covers about the various route of administration which are administered other than oral route like
1. Buccal / Sublingual
2. Rectal
3. Topical & Transdermal
4. Parenteral
5. Pulmonary & Intra nasal
6. Intra ocular &
7. Vaginal Administration
Your suggestion and comments are welcome for further improvement in my presentations.
Thank you all for your valuable time.
Disclaimer Note: Some contents in the presentation were taken from online sources which is purely used for education purpose and for any personal financial or commercial aspects. I thank all the source providers in online for your efforts and support in sharing of knowledge.
absorbtion of drugs biopharmaceutics
The document discusses the absorption of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract. It defines absorption as the movement of an unchanged drug from the site of administration into systemic circulation. There are several mechanisms of drug absorption including passive diffusion down a concentration gradient, carrier-mediated transport like facilitated diffusion and active transport, and endocytosis. The key sites of drug absorption in the GI tract are the stomach, small intestine, and to a lesser extent the large intestine. Factors like pH, transit time, surface area, and mechanisms of absorption determine how well and how quickly a drug is absorbed from the GI tract.
Absorption of Drugs in human body
This document discusses drug absorption mechanisms. It defines absorption as the entry of drug molecules into systemic circulation from the site of administration. It then describes the main mechanisms of drug absorption as passive diffusion, filtration, and carrier-mediated transport including facilitated diffusion and active transport. Passive diffusion involves diffusion of lipophilic drugs down their concentration gradient without carriers. Filtration and carrier-mediated transport help absorb other types of drugs.
Rectal preps
This document discusses rectal products and suppositories. It begins by defining rectal products as pharmaceutical preparations administered via the rectum for local or systemic effects. It then discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the rectal route of drug administration. Specific rectal products discussed include suppositories and enemas. The document provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the rectum and factors influencing drug absorption from the rectum. It describes the ideal properties of suppository bases and discusses commonly used bases such as cocoa butter and synthetic triglycerides.
absorbtion of drugs biopharmaceutics 4
This document discusses various routes of drug administration including sublingual/buccal, rectal, parenteral (intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, subcutaneous), topical, ocular, inhalational, intranasal, and vaginal. For each route, it describes the absorption mechanism, onset of action, examples of drugs used, advantages, and factors influencing drug delivery and absorption. The document provides detailed information on considerations for different administration routes and factors affecting drug absorption through various tissues like skin, nasal mucosa, lungs etc.
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Absorption is the movement of the drug from its site
of administration into circulation. Not only
the fraction of the administered dose that gets
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This document provides an overview of pharmacology and drug absorption. It defines pharmacology as the science of drugs and describes pharmacokinetics as what the body does to drugs and pharmacodynamics as what drugs do to the body. The key parameters of pharmacokinetics - absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion - are explained. Drug absorption mechanisms like passive diffusion, carrier-mediated transport and active transport are summarized. Factors affecting drug absorption like solubility, concentration and route of administration are also highlighted. The document concludes by defining bioavailability and bioequivalence.Route of drug administration (2)
The document discusses routes of drug administration. There are local routes that target specific areas with minimal systemic absorption, including topical, deeper tissues, and arterial supply. Systemic routes distribute drugs through the bloodstream, including enteral routes like oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectal administration. Factors like drug properties, desired effects, absorption rates, and patient condition influence which route is chosen. The oral route is most common but can be impacted by first-pass metabolism and interactions in the GI tract.
Basics of Pharmacokinetic.pptx
Presentation covers the basics of pharmacokinetic. Mechanism for the transport of drug molecule. Absorption, factors affecting on absorption of drugs. Concept of bioavailability. Distribution, plasma protein binding, tissue binding, barriers.
Pharmacokinetics ppt
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pharmacokineticsppt-4.pdfghjjjjkkkkkkkkkkjjj
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drugs must reach therapeutic yet non-toxic levels at target tissues. Too little drug provides no effect while too much causes toxicity. Drugs move through the body via absorption, distribution to tissues, metabolism, and elimination. Drugs can be administered through various routes including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, and others depending on the drug's properties and desired effects. Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion determine a drug's bioavailability and effects.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body acts on drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Drugs must reach therapeutic yet non-toxic levels at target tissues to be effective. Too little drug provides no effect while too much causes toxicity. Drugs move through absorption into blood, distribution to tissues, metabolism, and elimination from the body. Drugs are administered through various routes including oral, intravenous, intramuscular, and others depending on the drug's properties and desired effects.
INTRODUCTION OF BIOPHARMACEUTICS AND PHARMACOKINETICS SLIDE 2.0.pptx
- Biopharmaceutics is the study of how a drug's physicochemical properties affect its biological availability and action in the body. Pharmacokinetics is the study of a drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion within the body over time.
- Common routes of drug administration include oral, buccal, rectal, topical, and intravenous. The oral route is the most common due to convenience but has disadvantages like variable absorption. The intravenous route has 100% bioavailability but is more invasive.
- The route of administration impacts the drug's pharmacokinetics by influencing factors like absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion - which determine the drug's onset, duration and intensity of effects.
General Pharmacology for BPT Students
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects drugs. It involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Absorption is how drugs enter the bloodstream and distribution is how drugs spread to tissues. Metabolism converts drugs to inactive forms through phase I (oxidation) and phase II (conjugation) reactions. Excretion eliminates drugs from the body. Together, these processes determine the effects of drugs over time.
PHARMACOKINETICS.pptx
The document discusses various aspects of pharmacokinetics including drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. It explains that pharmacokinetics involves four main processes: absorption of drugs from their site of administration into circulation, distribution of drugs from blood to tissues, metabolism of drugs by the liver and other organs, and excretion of drugs and their metabolites from the body. It also discusses factors that influence these pharmacokinetic processes such as drug and biological properties.
Routes of Administration Pharmacology
This ppt is for pharmacology students of MBBS UG&PG and other healthcare persons who needs basic science like BDS, Nursing Ayurveda unani homeopathy etc.
Dr. adil routes of drugs
This document discusses various routes of drug administration in animals. There are two main classes of routes: enteral and parenteral. Enteral routes involve placing drugs directly into the gastrointestinal tract, such as orally, sublingually, or rectally. Parenteral routes bypass the gastrointestinal tract and include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intraperitoneal, and others. Each route has advantages and disadvantages related to factors like onset of action, drug stability, and bypassing of first-pass metabolism. The document provides details on various administration techniques and considerations for each route.
routeofdrugadmpptkalpanatiwarimscmedpharma class.pptx
This document discusses various routes of drug administration and factors affecting bioavailability. It describes both systemic and local routes including oral, sublingual, rectal, transdermal, inhalation, nasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, topical, intra-arterial, and intrathecal routes. Key factors discussed that can impact drug absorption and bioavailability include the drug's physical/chemical properties, desired site of action, rate and extent of absorption, first-pass effect, condition of the patient, and interactions with food and other drugs. The document also provides examples and advantages and disadvantages of different administration routes.
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DENTAL PULP (QUICK REVESION).docx
PULP
• FUNCTIONS OF THE PULP
• Formative: Elaboration of dentin to form the tooth
• Protective: Protection against and repairing of the effectsof noxious stimuli
• Nutritive: Preserving the vitality of all the cellular elements
• Sensory: Perception of stimuli
• ZONES OF PULP
• Starting at the periphery, the pulp is divided into four zones:
• Odontoblastic zone, which surrounds the periphery of
• the pulp
• Cell-free zone
• Cell-rich zone
• Central zone
ODONTOBLASTIC ZONE
• The primary function of the odontoblasts throughout the life of the pulp is the production and deposition of dentin.
• The crowded arrangement of the coronal odontoblasts is due to the rapid reduction of the pulp chamber by the deposition of dentin, which compresses the existing cells to a stratified layer.
• This crowding of odontoblasts produces more cells per unit area and, therefore, more dentinal tubules (45,000/mm2) in the pulpal side than in the enamel side (20,000/mm2).
• The unmyelinated nerves for sensory perception are also found in the pulpal end of the periodontoblastic space of the dentinal tubules
• The incremental lines represent rest periods in dentinogenesis, whereas the interglobular dentin and the granular layer of Tomes probably represent a defect in matrix formation.
• The accentuated incremental line that occurs at birth is called the neonatal line.
• In some areas in the mature dentin, the matrix has not calcified or is hypocalcified. These areas are called interglobular dentin.
• One also sees spaces in the root dentin near the cementodentinal junction called the granular layer of Tomes.
• The dentinal tubules extend from the predentin border to the dentinoenamel and the dentinocemental junctions.
• Dentinal Tubules are conical in shape, with a 2.5 μm mean diameter in the pulpal wall and a 0.9 μm mean diameter in the dentinoenamel or dentinocemental junctions because of the deposition of the peritubular dentin.
• The continuous deposition of peritubular dentinformation of the sclerotic dentin, which has a glassy appearance under transmitted light.
• Primary dentin is elaborated before the teeth erupt and is divided into mantle and circumpulpal dentin.
• Mantle dentin, the first calcified layer of the dentin deposited against the enamel, forms the dentinal side of the dentinoenamel junction.
• Circumpulpal dentin is the dentin formed after the layer of mantle dentin.
• Secondary dentin is elaborated after eruption of the teeth. It can be differentiated from primary dentin by the sharpbending of the tubules producing a line of demarcation.
• secondary dentin is deposited in greater quantities in the floor and roof of the pulp chamber than on the walls.
• Tertiary Dentin
• Two types of tertiary dentin are recognized:
• Tertiary dentin formed by primary odontoblasts following a mild stimulus is called reactionary dentin.
• Tertiary dentin formed by newly differentiated or secondary odontoblasts is termed reparative dentin.
• Reparative dentin,
Cementum.docx (Quick revision)
• Cementum is deposited in a thin layer at the cementoenamel junction to form one of the following three configurations:
A butt joint (30%)
An overlap joint (60%)
A gap between cementum and enamel (10%) (this gap may produce cervical sensitivity or may predispose the tooth to cervical caries)
• The continued incremental deposition of cementum in the apical third maintains the length of the tooth, constricts the apical foramen, and deviates the apical foramen from the center of the apex.
• The surface of the bony crypt becomes known as the lamina dura radiographically.
• The sensory nerve fibers traverse the dental papilla and, on reaching the coronal pulp, they branch toward the periphery to form a plexus of nerves called the plexus of Raschkow.
• This plexus of Raschkow is located in the subodontoblastic zone of the coronal pulp.
• These sensory nerve fibers are myelinated; therefore, they are enclosed in a sheath made of Schwann’s cells.
• Human premolars receive almost 2300 axons at the root apex, of which about 13% are myelinated and 87% are nonmyelinated fibers.
• Most apical myelinated axons are fast-conducting Aδ fibers.
• These fibers are probably activated by a hydrodynamic mechanism and conduct impulses that are perceived as a short, well-localized, sharp pain.
• Most C fibers are slow conducting and fine sensory afferents
EMBRYOLOGY.docx (Quick revesion)
• TOOTH DEVELOPMENT (EMBRYOLOGY)
• . The initiation of tooth development-6th week of IUL
• . The oral stratified squamous epithelium covers the primordia of the future maxillary and mandibular processes in a horseshoe-shaped pattern.
• . Tooth development starts when stratified squamous epithelium begins to thicken and forms the dental lamina.
• . The stratified squamous oral epithelium covers an embryonic connective tissue that is called the ectomesenchyme because of its derivation from the neural crest cells. condensed area of ectomesenchyme forms the future dental papilla and subsequently the pulp.
• . BUD STAGE (FORMATION OF ENAMEL ORGAN)
• . CAP STAGE (OUTER AND INNER ENAMEL EPITHELIUM)
• The convex surface consists of the cuboidal epithelial cells and is called the outer enamel epithelium. The concave surface, called the inner enamel epithelium, consists of elongated epithelial cells with polarized nuclei that later differentiate into ameloblasts.
• . The inner and the outer enamel epithelium, the cells begin to separate due to the deposition of intercellular mucoid fluid rich in glycogen that forms a branch reticular arrangement called the stellate reticulum.
• . The ectomesenchyme surrounding the dental papilla and the enamel organ condenses and becomes more fibrous, it is called the dental follicle or the dental sac—the precursor of the cementum, the periodontal ligament (PDL), and the alveolar bone.
• . BELL STAGE (CERVICAL LOOP)
• . The junction of the outer and the inner enamel epithelium at the rim of the enamel organ becomes a distinct zone called the cervical loop.
• . The buds of the permanent molars, which have no primary predecessors.
• . The squamous cells between the stellate reticulum and the inner enamel epithelium form the stratum intermedium.
• . Stratum intermedium → Enamel
• Ectomesenchyme → Dentin
• Dental papilla → Pulp
• Dental follicle or dental sac → Cementum, the periodontal ligament(PDL), and the alveolar bone.
• Primary dentin is formed in increments of 4–8 μm per day and is continually deposited until the end of tooth development.
• . large-diameter collagen fibers known as von Korff fibers are deposited at right angles to the basement membrane in the extracellular matrix of the acellular zone. This process creates the organic matrixof the first-formed dentin or mantle dentin.
• The organic matrix or predentin is deposited around the odontoblastic processes. The predentin later calcifies and thereby forms the dentinal tubules.
• Primary dentin differs from the mantle dentin in which the matrix originates solely(only) in the odontoblasts.
• The mineralization of primary dentin originates from the previous mineralized dentin.
PERITUBULAR DENTIN
As the incremental deposition of dentin continues toward the center of the pulp, the diameter of the odontoblastic processes is reduced peripherally.
more mineralized and it is harder than primary dentin, is called peritubular dentin.70% inorganic material
• Dentin consist
AMELOGENESIS.docx (Quick revesion)
tooth development, formation of enamel root formation, hertwing epithelial root sheath
development of the enamel ,dentin, pulp ,root .
preparation of NEET MDS
• AMELOGENESIS
• The preameloblasts differentiate into tall columnar epithelial cells with their nuclei polarized toward the stratum intermedium –Ameloblast
• The inner enamelepithelium is being resorbed and dentin is being deposited to follow the contour established by the basement membrane. This process forms the future dentinoenamel junction
• The deposition of enamel matrix causes the ameloblasts to migrate peripherally and form conic projections – Tomes process
• This maturation process begins in the dentinoenamel junction and progresses peripherally to the enamel surface.
• During the final phase of the maturation process, the ameloblasts join the stratified epithelium to form the reduced enamel epithelium and to cover and protect the enamel until eruption of the tooth.
• DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROOT
• Outer and inner enamel epithelia proliferate to form the HERS(Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath)
• Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath- which determines the size and shape of the root of the tooth.
• the Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath proliferateshorizontally between the dentinal papilla and the dentalfollicle; this process partially encloses the dental papilla anddelineates the apical foramen or foramina. This proliferationis called the epithelial diaphragm.
• In multirooted teeth, the epithelial diaphragm guides the formation of the furca, roots, root canals, and apical foramina.
• CEMENTOBLAST
• These mesenchymal cells differentiate into cementoblasts, which are round, plump cells that have basophilic cytoplasm.
• The cell rests of Malassez remain dormant in the mature PDL and have the potential of proliferating into periradicular cysts if stimulated by chronic inflammation.
• Accessory canals are more prevalent in the apical third of the root.
Dental caries.pptx
Dental caries, or tooth decay, is a common chronic disease caused by bacteria in dental plaque that leads to demineralization of tooth enamel and dentin. It typically affects the maxillary first molars and mandibular incisors. Caries can be classified based on location, speed of progression, age of patient, and number of surfaces involved. The Miller theory posits that acid produced during bacterial fermentation of carbohydrates in dental plaque causes demineralization, while various other theories explore roles of proteolysis, chelation, and phosphorylation. Treatment involves prevention through fluorides, restorative procedures like fillings or crowns, and root canals in cases involving pulp exposure.
Biodegradable wastage PHD.pptx
Biodegradable waste comes from many sources and includes household, medical, agricultural, industrial, and construction waste. It is classified as non-hazardous or solid waste and hazardous waste. Improper waste management poses health and environmental risks like pollution and disease. Effective management involves reducing, reusing, recycling, and disposing of waste safely through methods like composting, incineration, and landfilling. Segregation and proper storage, collection, transport, and treatment are important for reducing waste impacts.
ameloblastoma FOR PRESENTATION.ppt
Dept of Oral Medicine & Radiology
Ameloblastoma A case report
Dhananjay Singh
CHIEF COMPLAINT
HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS
dental history
medical history
diagnosis
investigation
final diagnosis
treatment
clinical features
oral medicine
radiology
xray
oral diagnosis
Eruption sequence of primary teeth
The document summarizes the sequence of eruption of primary teeth. It begins by defining tooth eruption as the movement of a tooth from development within the jaws to its functional position in the oral cavity. It then outlines the order of eruption of primary teeth as central incisors, lateral incisors, first molars, canines, and second molars. Finally, it briefly discusses the importance of primary teeth for functions like chewing, speech development, and guiding permanent teeth into place.
Processing of x ray film in oral radiology
This document discusses the processing of x-ray films. It describes how film processing converts a latent image to a visible one through chemical reactions. The key steps are development using developer solution, fixing with fixer solution, rinsing, washing and drying. Films can be processed manually or automatically. Manual processing follows five steps while automatic processing automates the entire process. Various types of processing solutions, methods and darkroom equipment used are also outlined.
Introduction to orthodontics
This document provides an introduction to orthodontics, including:
- A definition of orthodontics as the branch of dentistry concerned with preventing and correcting malocclusions and abnormalities of the dentofacial region.
- An overview of the historical background of orthodontics, noting contributions from figures like Hippocrates, Aristotle, Celsus, Fauchard, and Angle.
- The aims and objectives of orthodontic treatment, including functional efficiency, structural balance, and esthetic harmony.
- The scope of orthodontic treatment, which includes altering tooth position, skeletal patterns, and soft tissue patterns.
- The main branches of orthodontics: preventive,
Growth and development Orthodontic
This document provides an overview of growth and development, including definitions, factors that affect growth, concepts of growth, and methods of studying growth. Some key points include:
- Growth refers to an increase in size over time, while development is progress towards maturity. Differentiation is the change from a generalized to more specialized cell or tissue.
- Factors that affect physical growth include heredity, nutrition, illness, race, socioeconomics, and psychology. Growth occurs in spurts and at different rates for different parts of the body.
- Methods of gathering growth data include longitudinal studies, which track the same individuals over time, and cross-sectional studies, which observe different samples at different times. Growth
Anatomical landmark in oral radiology
This document provides information on anatomical landmarks that are visible on dental radiographs. It begins by defining radiopaque and radiolucent structures and describing how x-rays interact with tissue to form medical images. Specific anatomical landmarks of the maxilla are then outlined, including the anterior nasal spine, nasal septum, zygomatic process, and maxillary tuberosity. Common mandibular landmarks like the mental foramen and mandibular canal are also reviewed. The document concludes by describing common radiographic features of teeth such as the lamina dura and periodontal ligament space.
Dental cements part 3
Glass ionomer cement (GIC)
Metal-reinforced glass ionomer cement
High viscosity glass ionomer cement
Resin modified glass ionomer cement
Calcium aluminate Glass ionomer cement
Compomer
Resin cement
Mineral trioxide aggregate cement
Root canal sealer
Conclusion
Dental cements part 2
Cements for restoratives
Copper Cements
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical manipulation
Mechanical and Biological properties
Zinc Polycarboxylate Cement
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical manipulation of Polycarboxylate Cement
Mechanical and biological properties
Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cement
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical Manipulation
Modified Zinc Oxide Eugenol Cements
EBA-Alumina modified Cements
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical manipulation
Mechanical and Biological Properties
Polymer reinforced
Chemistry and Setting
Clinical Manipulation
Mechanical and Biological Properties
Dental cements part 1
All details about the dental cements
Introduction
Definitions
Ideal properties
Classification
Based on Ingredients & Application(craig)
Based on Bonding mechanism(william O’Brien)
Based on setting reaction (Anusavice)
Silicate cement
Zinc phosphate cement
Cell junction
cell junction between two adjacent cells
tight junction
gap junction,desmosomes
occluding junction
adhesion junction
communicating junction
anchoring junction
Dental polymer part 2
all details about the chemistry of polymerization
Addition polymerization
Chemical Stages of polymerization
induction
propagation
chain transfer
termination
Inhibition of polymerization
Ring-opening polymerization,
Step growth/Condensation polymerization
Copolymerization
Acrylic resins
Methylmethacrylate
Polymethylmethacrylate{PMMA}
Multifunctional Methacrylate and Acrylate resins
Dental polymer part 1
All details about the dental polymer
Components and Composition
Molecular Weight
Polydispersity
Structure Of Polymer
Mechanical And Physical Properties Of Polymer,
Rheometric Properties
Solvation and dissolution Properties
Thermal Properties
Requirement Of Dental Resins
Dental Use Of Resins
Cavity liners
Cavity liners are thin protective barriers applied to dentin that protect the pulp from irritants in restorative materials and reduce sensitivity. They are supplied as solutions, powders mixed with liquid, or pastes in tubes. Cavity liners are composed of calcium hydroxide suspended in an organic liquid and provide a protective film but no mechanical strength or thermal insulation. They are easily applied by flowing or painting over dentin and the solvent evaporates, leaving a thin protective residue on the dentin.
Biotransformation or metabolism of drugs
Biotransformation, or metabolism, refers to the chemical alteration of drugs in the body. The primary site of drug metabolism is the liver, though other organs like the kidneys, intestines, lungs and plasma also play a role. Biotransformation can inactivate drugs, produce active metabolites from prodrugs, or activate inactive drugs. Reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and synthetic conjugation pathways like glucuronidation and sulfation that produce inactive metabolites that are more easily excreted. First pass metabolism refers to biotransformation that occurs during absorption in the intestines and liver, before a drug reaches systemic circulation.
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Absorption of drugs
- 1. ABSORPTION OF DRUGS INTRODUCTION:- Absorption is the movement of drug from its site of administration into the circulation. Factors affecting absorption are:- Aqueous solubility- Drugs given in solid form must dissolve in the aqueous biophase before they are absorbed. For poorly water-soluble drugs (aspirin, griseofulvin) rate of dissolution governs rate of absorption. Concentration- Passive transport depends on concentration gradient; drug given as concentrated solution is absorbed faster than from dilute solution. Area of absorbing surface Larger it is faster is the absorption. Vascularity of the absorbing surface Blood circulation removes the drug from the site of absorption and maintains the concentration gradient across the absorbing surface. Route of administration This affects drug absorption,because each route has its own peculiarities. Oral The effective barrier to orally administered drugs is the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinaltract, which is lipoidal. Nonionized lipid-soluble drugs, e.g. ethanol are readily absorbed from stomach as well as intestine at rates proportional to their lipid:water partition coefficient. Acidic drugs{Salcylates,Barbiturates) absorbed in Stomach. Basic drugs{Morphine,Quinine} absorbed in Duodenum. Subcutaneous and intramuscular By these routes the drug is deposited directly in the vicinity of the capillaries. Lipid-soluble drugs pass readily across the whole surface of the capillary endothelium. Capillaries being highlyporous do not obstruct absorption ofeven large lipid-insoluble molecules or ions. Very large molecules are absorbed through lymphatics. ORALLY SUBCUTANEOUS INTRA-MUSCULAR e.g. benzathine penicillin, protamine zinc insulin, depot progestins,etc. Topical sites (skin, cornea, mucous membranes)- Systemic absorption after topical application depends primarily on lipid solubility of drugs. SKIN:- Glyceryl trinitrate, fentanyl and estradiol
- 2. Drugs significantly penetrate intact Skin CORNEA:- It is permeable to lipid soluble. Permeable unionized physiostigmine but not permeable highly ionized neostigmine MUCOUS MEMBRNE:- Musous memb. of mouth, rectum, absorbed lipophilic drugs. BIOAVAILABILITY:- Bioavailability refers to the rate and extent of absorption of a drug from a dosage form as determined by its concentration-time curve in blood or by its excretion in urine. Plasma concentration-time curves depicting bioavailability differencesbetween three preparations of a drug containing the same amount THANK YOU DHANANJAY SINGH