1) The document summarizes a study measuring the transfer of insecticides from treated textiles onto contact surfaces using various sampling techniques.
2) Key findings include that little insecticide was detectable after 3 days of rinsing but some returned after 2 weeks, and wet wipes resulted in higher transfer than dry wipes.
3) The diffusion rates of the insecticides within polymer pellets were determined but a predictive model for regeneration of insecticides on textile surfaces requires more development.
A Comparative Study of 4N6FLOQSwabs™, Cotton Swabs, and Swabbing SolutionThermo Fisher Scientific
"Dagmar Sweeney, Rodney Anderson
Forensic Science Program
Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences
University of Illinois at Chicago
Independent Study Continuation
Cotton Swabs vs. 4N6FLOQSwabs™: A Comparative Study for Optimal DNA Recovery from Crime Scene Samples
Given by Dr. Daniele Podini and Anna Dadhania, Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University "
Integrity testing is a critical operation, especially for sterilizing grade filters used in biopharmaceutical processing. When performed correctly, an integrity test is a fast, definitive, non-destructive way to assure filter retention performance. Fortunately, there are few ways a non-integral filter will pass the integrity test, eliminating the possibility a non-retentive filter is used undetected. Unfortunately, there are a lot of ways an integral filter can fail the integrity test, resulting in retests, lost time, productivity and potentially lost product.
In this webinar you will:
- Gain confidence in your integrity testing results
- Provide justification for retests
- Understand specific challenges and eliminate them to assure the integrity test can be performed correctly the first time
Performance upgrading of municipal wastewater treatment plant using high performance LEVAPOR Carriers. Without adding additional basins existing facilities can be upgraded for better COD reduction/nitrification using LEVAPOR carriers which results in significant cost saving and provide additional stability to process and lower sludge production.
Drying is a process of removal of moisture from any product to a desired limit. so in the process of drying some loss in essential components occurred. to prevent that some novel technologies are used. so ultrasound is one of them.
A Comparative Study of 4N6FLOQSwabs™, Cotton Swabs, and Swabbing SolutionThermo Fisher Scientific
"Dagmar Sweeney, Rodney Anderson
Forensic Science Program
Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences
University of Illinois at Chicago
Independent Study Continuation
Cotton Swabs vs. 4N6FLOQSwabs™: A Comparative Study for Optimal DNA Recovery from Crime Scene Samples
Given by Dr. Daniele Podini and Anna Dadhania, Department of Forensic Sciences, The George Washington University "
Integrity testing is a critical operation, especially for sterilizing grade filters used in biopharmaceutical processing. When performed correctly, an integrity test is a fast, definitive, non-destructive way to assure filter retention performance. Fortunately, there are few ways a non-integral filter will pass the integrity test, eliminating the possibility a non-retentive filter is used undetected. Unfortunately, there are a lot of ways an integral filter can fail the integrity test, resulting in retests, lost time, productivity and potentially lost product.
In this webinar you will:
- Gain confidence in your integrity testing results
- Provide justification for retests
- Understand specific challenges and eliminate them to assure the integrity test can be performed correctly the first time
Performance upgrading of municipal wastewater treatment plant using high performance LEVAPOR Carriers. Without adding additional basins existing facilities can be upgraded for better COD reduction/nitrification using LEVAPOR carriers which results in significant cost saving and provide additional stability to process and lower sludge production.
Drying is a process of removal of moisture from any product to a desired limit. so in the process of drying some loss in essential components occurred. to prevent that some novel technologies are used. so ultrasound is one of them.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ADSORPTION TECHNIQUE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PESTICIDE EF...civej
Solvent extraction and adsorption techniques are effective methods for the removal of pesticides like DDT
and Dicofol from the waste water. Study was conducted using 3 different solvents- Ethylene dichloride
(EDC), Monochlorobenzene (MCB) and Hexane to optimise parameters like effluent to solvent ratio,
agitation speed, agitation time and settling time to attain maximum removal of pesticides by solvent
extraction process. MCB was found to be the best solvent when compared to other two solvents using the
optimised parameters. The activated carbon (8 x30) is an effective adsorbent for the removal of DDT and
Dicofol. The material have good adsorptive capacity and follows Freundlich model. The optimum
adsorbent dose was observed as 2 gm/100ml and optimum contact time needed to reach the equilibrium
was observed as 3 hr. Column study was conducted with the synthetic effluent after solvent extraction.
Combination of solvent extraction process and adsorption technique was very effective for the removal of
Dicofol and DDT with an efficiency of 99 % and 97 % respectively.
The impact of flow rate and bed height on the adsorption behavior of methylene blue, Bismarck brown y, and indigo dyes on to Cedrus libani was investigated. The biomass was characterized by scanning electron microscopy as well as Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy before and after adsorption to ascertain the functional groups responsible for the adsorption. The amount of dye adsorbed per unit mass of the biomass (qe) was calculated and was found to be dependent on the variables investigated within the experimental range. It was discovered that increase in bed height and flow rate increased the value of the dye adsorbed on to the biomass. The results obtained show that methylene blue dye adsorbed more onto the biomass, while indigo dye adsorbed at the least level.
Key factors for developing a pharmaceutical cleaning strategy - Part 2Fedegari Group
This article discusses the removal of bacterial endotoxins in a washing process and the need for a
continuous monitoring activity according to common cleaning validation practices. Results of washing
tests performed with different load materials following an effective cleaning strategy to remove
microbiological soil are presented. In addition, this paper compares two different online assay methods:
conductivity analysis and Total Organic Carbon analysis.
Keywords: Cleaning, Microbiological Soil, Bacterial Endotoxins, Conductivity Analysis, Total Organic
Carbon Analysis.
ABSTRACT Gliclazide microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation method using bioadhesive polymers such as sodium alginate, carbopol 934, carbopol 971, HPMC K4M in different ratios. Totally twelve different formulations of gliclazide were prepared by using the above polymers. The microspheres were characterized for drug content, entrapment efficiency, swelling index, mucoadhesive property by In vitro wash-off test and in-vitro drug release. The results of this investigation indicate that ionic cross linking technique Ionotropic gelation method can be successfully employed to fabricate Model drug microspheres. Micrometric studies revealed that the mean particle size of the prepared microspheres was in the size range of 512-903 μm and are suitable for bioadhesive microspheres for oral administration. The in-vitro mucoadhesive study demonstrated that microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 934 as copolymer adhered to the mucus to a greater extent than the microspheres of Model drug using sodium alginate along with Carbopol 971 and HPMC K4Mas copolymers. Analysis of drug release mechanism showed that the drug release from the formulations followed non-Fickian diffusion and the best fit model was found to be Korsmeyer-Peppas. Based on the results of evaluation tests formulation coded T4 was concluded as best formulation. Keywords: Bioadhesive Microspheres, Gliclazide, Ionotropic gelation method.
Design and Development of Polyaniline-coated Fabric Strain Sensor for Goniome...Editor IJCATR
In the last few years, the smart textile area has become increasingly widespread, leading to developments in new wearable
sensing systems. As conventional sensor techniques often cause problems for long term patient monitoring (e.g. skin irritation,
hampering wires), elegant solutions are explored to integrate sensors in clothing. By using the textile material itself as a sensor, the
integration is increased resulting in even more patient friendliness.
In this paper, a flexible fabric strain sensor with high sensitivity, good stability and large deformation is reported. It is
fabricated by in-situ polymerization of polyaniline on the fabric substrate at low temperature. Thickness and morphology of the
conducting thin film on the surface of the fibers were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The resistivity of the PANi
coated fabric was measured using standard two probe apparatus.
The measurement of the conductivity change with strain shows that the fabrics so prepared exhibits a high strain sensitivity
while its good stability is indicated by a small loss of conductivity after the thermal and humidity aging tests, and supported by the
slight change in conductivity over storage of 90 days. The developed flexible strain sensor can be used in the preparation of smart
garment for goniometry applications.
Similar to AATCC 2016 Insecticide Sampling Poster (20)
Design and Development of Polyaniline-coated Fabric Strain Sensor for Goniome...
AATCC 2016 Insecticide Sampling Poster
1. New Fabric A
Fabric A rinsed, sit
3 days
Fabric A rinsed, left
for 2 weeks
Polypropylene
signal
Insecticide B
signal
William J. Gabler, Chandler Probert, Tyler Pickett, R. Bryan Ormond
Measuring Transfer from
Insecticide Treated Textiles
1. Hayes, D. g. in Functional Textiles for Improved Performance, Protection, and Health (eds. Pan, N. & Sun, G.) 404–433 (Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2011).
2. Clausen, P. A. et al. Experimental estimation of migration and transfer of organic substances from consumer articles to cotton wipes: Evaluation of underlying mechanisms. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 26, 104–12 (2016).
3. Ivancic, W. A. et al. Development and evaluation of a quantitative video-fluorescence imaging system and fluorescent tracer for measuring transfer of pesticide residues from surfaces to hands with repeated contacts. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 48, 519–532 (2004).
Theory/assumptions3:
• Insecticide on the surface of the polymer, Cs, exists in equilibrium
with the bulk concentration in the polymer, Co
• Transfer from the polymer to a contact surface occurs by:
• Mechanical transfer to the other surface
• Chemical attraction to the other surface
• Diffusive transfer over extended contact times, D
• A characteristic transfer efficiency exists for a contact
surface/wiping technique: Tr = Mrecovered/Msurface
• Insecticide migrates in the polymer based on Fick’s laws
Surface Analysis
Time-of-Flight Selected Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF/SIMS) provides spatial
concentration on surface by bombarding with ion beam and detecting the
abundance of characteristic mass fragments. Possible to validate findings or detect
lower quantities?
Insecticidal Textiles
Insecticide treated textiles are important tools for controlling the transmission
of infectious disease by insects around the world. Some fabrics are created with
the insecticide incorporated into the fiber polymer so reapplication is not
necessary and distribution/implementation is simpler. These textiles are
preferred over residual spraying techniques for vector control in certain
applications. The textiles have a layer of insecticide on the surface which is
replaced from the bulk of the polymer over time.1
Manufacturers want to know:
What is the surface concentration?
How much transfer occurs from contact with the textiles?
What is the effect of different cleaning methods on the concentration of
the surface and performance of the product?
Three different
non-halogenated
insecticides were
investigated,
identified as:
Future Work
• Need to combine wipe transfer values with diffusion and fiber dimensions to estimate
rate - develop predictive model of transfer and recovery
• Compare different washing/treatments– detergents, environmental ageing,
contaminants, and field-deployed samples etc. – effect on Cs
• Expand TOF/SIMS work to monitor sample in different conditions
• Explore other contact sampler materials
• Correlate surface concentration values with bioefficacy
• Incorporate findings into improved product design and information for users
Diffusion from the pellets to an extraction solution were modeled by sorption/desorption
equation for a sphere. Concentration over time of pellets submerged in acetone (solubility
in water was too low – showed no diffusion) – providing an (over)estimation of diffusion
rate.
Extraction and Chemical Analysis
Bulk extraction using Buchi Speed Extractor E-916 Pressurized Fluid Extractor
(PSE). Methods verified by performing cycles to exhaustion on ~200 mg samples.
Fabric – 80°C, 100 barr, 10 mL cell, 15-20mL acetone, 1 cycle, 10 minute hold.
Pellets – 135°C, 100 barr, 10 mL cell, 45-60 mL acetone total, 3 cycles, 30 min hold
Detection – All analysis performed on Agilent Infinity 1260 HPLC, Poroshell 2.7
μm C18 column, ACN/H2O solvent, with a Diode Array Detector monitoring
absorbance wavelength for each insecticide. Based on 6-point calibrations
between 0.05 and 150 μg/mL. Limits of quantitation on the order of 0.5 μg/mL in
acetone.
Surface Transfer and Wipe Experiments
Wipe Experiments
Characterize transfer by measuring recovery from a
spiked surface and from fabrics using different wipes
• Cellulosic wipe (KW)– absorbing wipes, low
extractables –represent cotton and paper
• C18 - solid phase extraction disk, oleophilic surface –
intended to represent oily skin
Conditions:
• Dry (D) – no solvent
• Water (W) – typical cleaning solution
• Acetone (A) - solvent in which insecticides have high
solubility
Insecticide Molar Weight log (Kow)
Water Solubility (mg/L)
at ~20°C, pH 7
A 873.1 3.99 <0.01
B 421.5 5.01 0.023
C 306.4 5.71 0.102
Fabric /
Insecticide
Basis
Weight
(g/m2)
Mass Content
(%)
Areal
Content
(average
ug/cm2)
Fiber
Diameter
(μm)
Cs, Surface
Conc.
(ug/cm2
estimated)*
Fabric 1
A
B
104 ± 13
0.06 ±0.005
0.35 ±0.005
6.2
36.4
32 ± 1.5
0.7
10.6
Fabric 2
A
C
0.06
0.35
6.2
36.4
0.9
6.23
𝑀𝑡
𝑀∞
=
6
𝑟
√
𝐷𝑡
𝜋
± = 95% CI *Mass extracted per gram of fabric from surface <5 sec solvent rinse of the fabric, converted to cm2 using basis weight
} Tr
𝑀𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝑀∞= 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑠
r = radius, cm (average pellet dimensions)
D = diffusion coefficient, cm2/sec
D (cm2/s)
A 1.94E-12
B 1.73E-10
C 4.88E-09
Example 5-cm diameter fabric
swatch containing insecticide A and
B, cut for extraction and contact
sampling
Example ~3mm polymer
pellets containing 17%
insecticide B by weight
Products were provided by
Vestergaard Frandsen: Two
polypropylene spunbond
nonwovens, manufactured
from insecticide impregnated
pellets. Concentrations
verified using bulk extraction:
Pellet A – 9% by weight,
Pellet B – 17% by weight,
Pellet C – 14% by weight.
Diffusion Transfer Rates
Key Findings
• Insecticide is not evenly distributed on surface.
• Little insecticide is detectable 3 days after samples
were rinsed with water, but after 2 weeks the
insecticide appears to have returned in a new
distribution pattern on the surface.
• Insecticide A did not have a strong enough response
for analysis
Metal cylinder – 5-6 kPa (~0.8 psi)
Dry or
wetted
sampler
Insecticide treated
surface or fabric
Static for long duration or active sampling
(dragging) across fabric in order to sample
larger surface area. Sampler removed and
extracted with acetone then analyzed to
determine transferred mass.
% recovered, Tr, from a spiked hard surface
What affects transferred amount? Pressure, contact area, duration, solubility, migration rate
Contact area of hands
pressed on metal surface
Ivancic, et al. 4
• Wetted cellulosic wipe provided highest mass removal
• A water wipe gives higher transfer than solubility limit allows – mechanical
transfer enhanced by wet wipe, performs as well as acetone wipe
• Static wet sampling appears to provide similar transfer to active wipe – both
remove <10% of estimated Cs (only one side of fabric sampled)
• C18 samplers had low recoveries – sampler surface may be too fragile
• Orders of magnitude differences in D unexpected
• Diffusion rates attained could be used to predict rate of regeneration of insecticide – more work required
1psi –
76cm2
0.1psi –
54cm2
1psi smudge
– 146cm2
μg/cm2 of insecticide B recovered from static
cellulosic wipe + water over time of Fabric 1
μ g/cm2 of insecticide B recovered from active
cellulosic wipe + water repeated on same fabric
μ g/cm2 recovered from active wipe both
fabrics using different samplers
Acknowledgements: Research funded by Vestergaard Frandsen
Approaches
cumulative mass
of ~ 1 μ g/cm2
Approaches
cumulative mass of
~ 1.75 μ g/cm2
Insecticide B in pellet – exists in
localized concentrated regions
𝑀𝑡
𝐴
= 2 ∗ 𝐶 𝑜 𝐷 ∗ 𝑡/𝜋
Regeneration
initially modeled
with simplified
equation for
diffusion from a
cylinder. Greatly
overestimated rate.
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
𝐶 𝑜= 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑢𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 estimated from typical density of polypropylene
A and B on dry wipes
were detected but
below method
LOQ = of 0.004 ug/cm2
A and B on dry wipes
were detected but
below method
LOQ = of 5% recovery
Textile Protection and
Comfort Center (TPACC)