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Running head: TREATMENT OF AIDS                 1




                            Treatment of Aids




                                  Name:




                                  Course:

                             Professor Name:

                             (March 17, 2012)




     .
TREATMENT OF AIDS                                                                      2


                                       Treatment of Aids

      The HIV drugs are divided into five classes, with over 22 drugs licensed and used for

the treatment of HIV. The drugs are divided depending on how they attach HIV. It’s usually

advisable to at least combine drugs from two different classes of drugs so as to avoid creating

strains of HIV that are immune to single drugs.

      The first class is the Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The drugs in

this class include AZT (zidovudine, Retrovir), ddl (didanosine, Videx), 3TC (lamivudine,

Epivir), d4T (stavudine, Zerit), abacavir (ziagen), and FTC (emtricitabine, Emtriva). There

also exists a nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor called tenofovir (viread).

The AZT and 3TC drugs are available in a combined pill called Combivir and AZT, abacavir

and 3TC are available in a combined form called Trizirvir. There also exist a single pill of

AZT and abacir called kivexa. Also a single pill combing FTC and the nucleotide analogue

tenofovir called Truvada is also available in the markets. A single pill called Sustiva which is

a combination of NNRTI, FTC and tenofovir is also available (Kane, 2008).

      The second class is Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI, or non-

Nukes). Drugs in this class include: efavirenz (Sustiva), etravirine (intelence) and nevirapine

(Viramune). It also has some combines which include: Atripla, which is a combination of

NRTI, FTC, tenofovir and the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The third class is the

Protease inhibitors (PIs). The drugs in this class include: atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir

(Prezista), fosamprenavir (Telzir), indinavir (Crixivan), lopnavir (kaletra), nelfinavir

(Viracept), ritonavir (Norvir), saquinavir (Invirase) and tipranavir (Aptivus). Persons who

take protease inhibitors are recommended to take small dose of ritonavir. The fourth class is

the Fusion, entry. They include: enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry). The last

class is Integrase inhibitor, they include: Raltegravir (Isentress). It works by disabling

integrase, a protein that HIV uses to insert its generic material into CD4 cells (Kane, 2008).
TREATMENT OF AIDS                                                                    3


      The patients should start taking treatments at various stages. One of the reasons you

should start treatment is when there are severe HIV symptoms. Also when the CD4 count is

below 500 treatments should start. For women, when one is pregnant the treatment should

start immediately. Also, if you have HIV-related kidney disease then treatment should

commence. If also diagnosed with hepatitis B treatment should also start.

      Before adapting to the drugs there are many difficulties that are associated with the

usage of the drugs. The drugs are taken with multiple pills at specific times every day and this

goes on for the rest of the person life. This comes with many side effects which include:

Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, abnormal heartbeats, shortness of breath, shortness of breath,

skin rash, weakened bones, and bone death, particularly in the hip joints (Mak & Chaddah,

2005).

      The response time is usually measured by the viral load and the CD4 counts. At the

start of every treatment the viral load should be tested and every three to four months while

undergoing therapy. The CD4 count on the other hand should be checked every three to six

months. A successful treatment should reduce the viral load to an undetectable level; this

does not necessarily mean that HIV is gone. This means that the test done is not sensitive

enough to detect, and thus one can transmit the virus to others. The treatment also reduces

chances to attack by opportunistic diseases (Mak & Chaddah, 2005).
TREATMENT OF AIDS                                                            4


                                      References

Kane, B.M. (2008). HIV/AIDS Treatment Drugs. New York: Infobase Publishing

Mak, T.W., & Chaddah, M.R. (2005). The Immune Response: Basic and Clinical Principles.

      New York: Academic Press

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  • 1. Running head: TREATMENT OF AIDS 1 Treatment of Aids Name: Course: Professor Name: (March 17, 2012) .
  • 2. TREATMENT OF AIDS 2 Treatment of Aids The HIV drugs are divided into five classes, with over 22 drugs licensed and used for the treatment of HIV. The drugs are divided depending on how they attach HIV. It’s usually advisable to at least combine drugs from two different classes of drugs so as to avoid creating strains of HIV that are immune to single drugs. The first class is the Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The drugs in this class include AZT (zidovudine, Retrovir), ddl (didanosine, Videx), 3TC (lamivudine, Epivir), d4T (stavudine, Zerit), abacavir (ziagen), and FTC (emtricitabine, Emtriva). There also exists a nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor called tenofovir (viread). The AZT and 3TC drugs are available in a combined pill called Combivir and AZT, abacavir and 3TC are available in a combined form called Trizirvir. There also exist a single pill of AZT and abacir called kivexa. Also a single pill combing FTC and the nucleotide analogue tenofovir called Truvada is also available in the markets. A single pill called Sustiva which is a combination of NNRTI, FTC and tenofovir is also available (Kane, 2008). The second class is Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI, or non- Nukes). Drugs in this class include: efavirenz (Sustiva), etravirine (intelence) and nevirapine (Viramune). It also has some combines which include: Atripla, which is a combination of NRTI, FTC, tenofovir and the nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor. The third class is the Protease inhibitors (PIs). The drugs in this class include: atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista), fosamprenavir (Telzir), indinavir (Crixivan), lopnavir (kaletra), nelfinavir (Viracept), ritonavir (Norvir), saquinavir (Invirase) and tipranavir (Aptivus). Persons who take protease inhibitors are recommended to take small dose of ritonavir. The fourth class is the Fusion, entry. They include: enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry). The last class is Integrase inhibitor, they include: Raltegravir (Isentress). It works by disabling integrase, a protein that HIV uses to insert its generic material into CD4 cells (Kane, 2008).
  • 3. TREATMENT OF AIDS 3 The patients should start taking treatments at various stages. One of the reasons you should start treatment is when there are severe HIV symptoms. Also when the CD4 count is below 500 treatments should start. For women, when one is pregnant the treatment should start immediately. Also, if you have HIV-related kidney disease then treatment should commence. If also diagnosed with hepatitis B treatment should also start. Before adapting to the drugs there are many difficulties that are associated with the usage of the drugs. The drugs are taken with multiple pills at specific times every day and this goes on for the rest of the person life. This comes with many side effects which include: Nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, abnormal heartbeats, shortness of breath, shortness of breath, skin rash, weakened bones, and bone death, particularly in the hip joints (Mak & Chaddah, 2005). The response time is usually measured by the viral load and the CD4 counts. At the start of every treatment the viral load should be tested and every three to four months while undergoing therapy. The CD4 count on the other hand should be checked every three to six months. A successful treatment should reduce the viral load to an undetectable level; this does not necessarily mean that HIV is gone. This means that the test done is not sensitive enough to detect, and thus one can transmit the virus to others. The treatment also reduces chances to attack by opportunistic diseases (Mak & Chaddah, 2005).
  • 4. TREATMENT OF AIDS 4 References Kane, B.M. (2008). HIV/AIDS Treatment Drugs. New York: Infobase Publishing Mak, T.W., & Chaddah, M.R. (2005). The Immune Response: Basic and Clinical Principles. New York: Academic Press