This systematic literature review and meta-analysis examines risk factors for hypertension in industrial workers. Fourteen research articles were analyzed to determine the association between hypertension and four risk factors: noise intensity, work period, length of exposure to noise, and smoking habits. The meta-analysis found that noise intensity had a 1.974 times greater risk of hypertension. Work period increased the risk 2.316 times, while length of exposure increased risk 1.716 times. Smoking habits increased the risk 1.896 times. The highest risks for hypertension in industrial workers were from work period, noise intensity, and smoking habits. The lowest risk came from length of exposure.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...ijtsrd
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed ”˜t’ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
Analysis the Effect of Educational Package on Promotion of Protective Behavio...Editor IJCATR
This study analyzed the effect of an educational package on promoting protective behaviors for dust exposure among teachers in Ahvaz, Iran. 200 teachers were divided into case and control groups. The case group received a 4-week educational program based on the health belief model covering knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors regarding dust exposure. Results showed a significant increase in the case group's knowledge, health beliefs, and protective behaviors immediately and 2 months after the intervention compared to the control group. The educational package was effective in promoting protective behaviors for dust exposure among teachers.
Review on hypertension diagnosis using expert system and wearable devicesIJECEIAES
The popularity of smartphones and wearable devices is increasing in the global market. These devices track physical exercise records, heartbeat, medicines, and self-health diagnosis. The wearable devices can also collect personal health parameters include hypertension diagnosis. Hypertension is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular-related diseases among the Malaysian population. Many mobile applications are paired with wearable devices to monitor health conditions, but none of them able to diagnose hypertension. In this study, we reviewed research papers that focused on hypertension using expert systems and wearable devices. We performed a systematic literature review based on hypertension factors, expert systems, and wearable devices. We found 15 specific research papers after the filtering process. The key findings highlighted three main focuses, which are the factors of hypertension, the expert system techniques, and the types of sensors in wearable devices. Blood pressure is the most common factor of hypertension that can be collected by wearable devices. As for the expert system techniques, we determined the three most common techniques are machine learning, neural network, and fuzzy logic. Lastly, the wrist band is the most common sensor for wearable devices in hypertension-related research.
The document summarizes a proposed smart e-health care system using IoT and machine learning. It begins with an introduction to how advances in IoT and communication technologies have enabled remote health monitoring systems. It then reviews related literature on stress sensors and IoT solutions applied to healthcare.
The proposed system involves developing an IoT-based health monitoring system using various body sensors. Machine learning algorithms would then be used to predict diseases based on sensor inputs. The system aims to highlight the need for secure IoT systems and propose a solution for data privacy and security. Key aspects of the proposed system design include collecting sensor data, transmitting it via microcontroller and cloud for real-time monitoring, and using machine learning models to check values
Hypertension prediction using machine learning algorithm among Indonesian adultsIAESIJAI
Early risk prediction and appropriate treatment are believed to be able to
delay the occurrence of hypertension and attendant conditions. Many
hypertension prediction models have been developed across the world, but
they cannot be generalized directly to all populations, including for
Indonesian population. This study aimed to develop and validate a
hypertension risk-prediction model using machine learning (ML). The
modifiable risk factors are used as the predictor, while the target variable on
the algorithm is hypertension status. This study compared several machine-learning algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting,
and logistic regression to develop a hypertension prediction model. Several
parameters, including the area under the receiver operator characteristic area
under the curve (AUC), classification accuracy (CA), F1 score, precision,
and recall were used to evaluate the models. Most of the predictors used in
this study were significantly correlated with hypertension. Logistic
regression algorithm showed better parameter values, with AUC 0.829, CA
89.6%, recall 0.896, precision 0.878, and F1 score 0.877. ML offers the
ability to develop a quick prediction model for hypertension screening using
non-invasive factors. From this study, we estimate that 89.6% of people with
elevated blood pressure obtained on home blood pressure measurement will
show clinical hypertension.
RESEARCH Open AccessExposures to fine particulate air poll.docxronak56
RESEARCH Open Access
Exposures to fine particulate air pollution and
respiratory outcomes in adults using two national
datasets: a cross-sectional study
Keeve E Nachman1* and Jennifer D Parker2
Abstract
Background: Relationships between chronic exposures to air pollution and respiratory health outcomes have yet
to be clearly articulated for adults. Recent data from nationally representative surveys suggest increasing disparity
by race/ethnicity regarding asthma-related morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the
relationship between annual average ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and respiratory
outcomes for adults using modeled air pollution and health outcome data and to examine PM2.5 sensitivity across
race/ethnicity.
Methods: Respondents from the 2002-2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were linked to annual kriged
PM2.5 data from the USEPA AirData system. Logistic regression was employed to investigate increases in ambient
PM2.5 concentrations and self-reported prevalence of respiratory outcomes including asthma, sinusitis and chronic
bronchitis. Models included health, behavioral, demographic and resource-related covariates. Stratified analyses
were conducted by race/ethnicity.
Results: Of nearly 110,000 adult respondents, approximately 8,000 and 4,000 reported current asthma and recent
attacks, respectively. Overall, odds ratios (OR) for current asthma (0.97 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.87-1.07)) and
recent attacks (0.90 (0.78-1.03)) did not suggest an association with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Stratified analyses
revealed significant associations for non-Hispanic blacks [OR = 1.73 (1.17-2.56) for current asthma and OR = 1.76
(1.07-2.91) for recent attacks] but not for Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Significant associations were observed
overall (1.18 (1.08-1.30)) and in non-Hispanic whites (1.31 (1.18-1.46)) for sinusitis, but not for chronic bronchitis.
Conclusions: Non-Hispanic blacks may be at increased sensitivity of asthma outcomes from PM2.5 exposure.
Increased chronic PM2.5 exposures in adults may contribute to population sinusitis burdens.
Keywords: Particulate matter, Asthma, Sinusitis, Air pollution, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
Background
Relationships between exposure to particulate air pollu-
tion and a variety of adverse effects, including cardiovas-
cular and respiratory diseases, birth outcomes, genetic
polymorphisms, as well as mortality and life expectancy
have been studied [1-8]. A number of studies have
investigated the influence of exposure to particulate
matter on development of respiratory outcomes, though
the majority focus on children [9-13]; a limited number
of published reports exist documenting of the effects of
chronic exposures on non-cancer respiratory outcomes
in adults [14-17].
National prevalence data for several respiratory condi-
tions are available from the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) of the Ce ...
This document provides a literature review on global occupational safety and health practices and the severity of accidents. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The literature review identifies existing gaps in previous workplace safety and health management research and proposes areas for future study. Many studies have found that risks to occupational safety and health are increasing globally due to industrialization, but developing countries often overlook workplace safety in their economic policies. The review finds gaps in developing multilevel safety models, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and approaches that consider multiple health factors, and suggests these areas need further research to improve workplace safety and health management.
A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environm...ijtsrd
Background Environmental health the branch of public health concerned with monitoring or mitigating those factors in the environment that affect human health and disease. Or other words the condition of the environment in a particular region, especially as regards ecological diversity or pollution. Objectives The aim of this study was to assess effectiveness of planned teaching programme on environmental health among the community people. Methodology The research approach adopted for this study is a Quantitative research approach. The research design was pre test and post test design. The pilot study was conducted at Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal. A Convenient sampling technique was used. Structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assessing the environmental Health. The final study was conducted with 50 sample in schools was given followed by post test after 7 days using the same pre test tools. The data collected was analyzed using inferential statistics. Results Indicated overall pre test and post test mean knowledge scores on environmental health. Depicted mean post test score 24.95 is higher than mean pre test score of 16.825. The actual gain knowledge score is 8.125 and post test SD =3.25, pre test SD=4.50 and computed paired t test 9.3235 p= 2.04 at the level of 0.05. Thus, data showed higher than the tabled value t test = 2.18 at the level of 0.05 thus indicated significant difference and effectiveness of planned teaching program, in increasing the knowledge of Community people regarding environmental health. The computed ”˜t’ value t=9.3235 was higher than the table value t=2.04 at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the research hypothesis H1 was accepted. Conclusion The study concluded that planned teaching program was effective in increasing the knowledge score of Community people regarding environmental health. Ms. Sunita Singh | Mr. Mata Deen | Mrs. Malika Roy "A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Programme on Environmental Health among the Community People in Selected Rural Area Gandhi Nagar Bhopal (M.P.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50349.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/50349/a-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-planned-teaching-programme-on-environmental-health-among-the-community-people-in-selected-rural-area-gandhi-nagar-bhopal-mp/ms-sunita-singh
Analysis the Effect of Educational Package on Promotion of Protective Behavio...Editor IJCATR
This study analyzed the effect of an educational package on promoting protective behaviors for dust exposure among teachers in Ahvaz, Iran. 200 teachers were divided into case and control groups. The case group received a 4-week educational program based on the health belief model covering knowledge, perceptions, and behaviors regarding dust exposure. Results showed a significant increase in the case group's knowledge, health beliefs, and protective behaviors immediately and 2 months after the intervention compared to the control group. The educational package was effective in promoting protective behaviors for dust exposure among teachers.
Review on hypertension diagnosis using expert system and wearable devicesIJECEIAES
The popularity of smartphones and wearable devices is increasing in the global market. These devices track physical exercise records, heartbeat, medicines, and self-health diagnosis. The wearable devices can also collect personal health parameters include hypertension diagnosis. Hypertension is one of the risk factors for cardiovascular-related diseases among the Malaysian population. Many mobile applications are paired with wearable devices to monitor health conditions, but none of them able to diagnose hypertension. In this study, we reviewed research papers that focused on hypertension using expert systems and wearable devices. We performed a systematic literature review based on hypertension factors, expert systems, and wearable devices. We found 15 specific research papers after the filtering process. The key findings highlighted three main focuses, which are the factors of hypertension, the expert system techniques, and the types of sensors in wearable devices. Blood pressure is the most common factor of hypertension that can be collected by wearable devices. As for the expert system techniques, we determined the three most common techniques are machine learning, neural network, and fuzzy logic. Lastly, the wrist band is the most common sensor for wearable devices in hypertension-related research.
The document summarizes a proposed smart e-health care system using IoT and machine learning. It begins with an introduction to how advances in IoT and communication technologies have enabled remote health monitoring systems. It then reviews related literature on stress sensors and IoT solutions applied to healthcare.
The proposed system involves developing an IoT-based health monitoring system using various body sensors. Machine learning algorithms would then be used to predict diseases based on sensor inputs. The system aims to highlight the need for secure IoT systems and propose a solution for data privacy and security. Key aspects of the proposed system design include collecting sensor data, transmitting it via microcontroller and cloud for real-time monitoring, and using machine learning models to check values
Hypertension prediction using machine learning algorithm among Indonesian adultsIAESIJAI
Early risk prediction and appropriate treatment are believed to be able to
delay the occurrence of hypertension and attendant conditions. Many
hypertension prediction models have been developed across the world, but
they cannot be generalized directly to all populations, including for
Indonesian population. This study aimed to develop and validate a
hypertension risk-prediction model using machine learning (ML). The
modifiable risk factors are used as the predictor, while the target variable on
the algorithm is hypertension status. This study compared several machine-learning algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, gradient boosting,
and logistic regression to develop a hypertension prediction model. Several
parameters, including the area under the receiver operator characteristic area
under the curve (AUC), classification accuracy (CA), F1 score, precision,
and recall were used to evaluate the models. Most of the predictors used in
this study were significantly correlated with hypertension. Logistic
regression algorithm showed better parameter values, with AUC 0.829, CA
89.6%, recall 0.896, precision 0.878, and F1 score 0.877. ML offers the
ability to develop a quick prediction model for hypertension screening using
non-invasive factors. From this study, we estimate that 89.6% of people with
elevated blood pressure obtained on home blood pressure measurement will
show clinical hypertension.
RESEARCH Open AccessExposures to fine particulate air poll.docxronak56
RESEARCH Open Access
Exposures to fine particulate air pollution and
respiratory outcomes in adults using two national
datasets: a cross-sectional study
Keeve E Nachman1* and Jennifer D Parker2
Abstract
Background: Relationships between chronic exposures to air pollution and respiratory health outcomes have yet
to be clearly articulated for adults. Recent data from nationally representative surveys suggest increasing disparity
by race/ethnicity regarding asthma-related morbidity and mortality. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the
relationship between annual average ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and respiratory
outcomes for adults using modeled air pollution and health outcome data and to examine PM2.5 sensitivity across
race/ethnicity.
Methods: Respondents from the 2002-2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) were linked to annual kriged
PM2.5 data from the USEPA AirData system. Logistic regression was employed to investigate increases in ambient
PM2.5 concentrations and self-reported prevalence of respiratory outcomes including asthma, sinusitis and chronic
bronchitis. Models included health, behavioral, demographic and resource-related covariates. Stratified analyses
were conducted by race/ethnicity.
Results: Of nearly 110,000 adult respondents, approximately 8,000 and 4,000 reported current asthma and recent
attacks, respectively. Overall, odds ratios (OR) for current asthma (0.97 (95% Confidence Interval: 0.87-1.07)) and
recent attacks (0.90 (0.78-1.03)) did not suggest an association with a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. Stratified analyses
revealed significant associations for non-Hispanic blacks [OR = 1.73 (1.17-2.56) for current asthma and OR = 1.76
(1.07-2.91) for recent attacks] but not for Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Significant associations were observed
overall (1.18 (1.08-1.30)) and in non-Hispanic whites (1.31 (1.18-1.46)) for sinusitis, but not for chronic bronchitis.
Conclusions: Non-Hispanic blacks may be at increased sensitivity of asthma outcomes from PM2.5 exposure.
Increased chronic PM2.5 exposures in adults may contribute to population sinusitis burdens.
Keywords: Particulate matter, Asthma, Sinusitis, Air pollution, National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)
Background
Relationships between exposure to particulate air pollu-
tion and a variety of adverse effects, including cardiovas-
cular and respiratory diseases, birth outcomes, genetic
polymorphisms, as well as mortality and life expectancy
have been studied [1-8]. A number of studies have
investigated the influence of exposure to particulate
matter on development of respiratory outcomes, though
the majority focus on children [9-13]; a limited number
of published reports exist documenting of the effects of
chronic exposures on non-cancer respiratory outcomes
in adults [14-17].
National prevalence data for several respiratory condi-
tions are available from the National Center for Health
Statistics (NCHS) of the Ce ...
This document provides a literature review on global occupational safety and health practices and the severity of accidents. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The literature review identifies existing gaps in previous workplace safety and health management research and proposes areas for future study. Many studies have found that risks to occupational safety and health are increasing globally due to industrialization, but developing countries often overlook workplace safety in their economic policies. The review finds gaps in developing multilevel safety models, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and approaches that consider multiple health factors, and suggests these areas need further research to improve workplace safety and health management.
A LITERATURE REVIEW ON GLOBAL OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH PRACTICE ACCID...Justin Knight
This document provides a literature review on global occupational safety and health practices and the severity of accidents. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The literature review identifies existing gaps in previous workplace safety and health management research and proposes areas for future study. Many studies have found that risks to occupational safety and health are increasing globally due to industrialization, but developing countries often overlook workplace safety in their economic policies. The review finds gaps in developing multilevel safety models, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and approaches that consider multiple health factors, and suggests these areas need further research to improve workplace safety and health management.
This research proposal examines workplace health hazards in Australia. The researcher will analyze the causes and effects of workplace hazards, and determine why current measures have not solved the problem. The proposal outlines specific research questions and objectives to address workplace hazards. A mixed methods approach will be used, collecting both primary and secondary data involving workers, employees, and health organizations. The literature review discusses previous studies that examined the relationship between adverse workplace conditions and employee turnover, and the link between psychological hazards and health issues.
Impacts of mobile devices in medical environmentLucas Machado
This document analyzes the impacts of mobile devices in medical environments based on a literature review. It finds that mobile devices can be used by patients to access health information, by doctors and nurses to access records and data, and to replace physical paper records. The literature shows devices improve data visualization and access for patients and doctors. Studies also find apps and devices can monitor health accurately and aid learning. However, privacy and security issues remain a concern with increased digital data use and transmission. Overall, the research concludes mobile devices provide benefits but further studies are needed to address challenges in medical environments.
A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to...Chuco Diaz
Background Quantification of the disease burden caused by different risks informs prevention by providing an account of health loss different to that provided by a disease-by-disease analysis. No complete revision of global disease burden caused by risk factors has been done since a comparative risk assessment in 2000, and no previous analysis has assessed changes in burden attributable to risk factors over time.
Noise pollution is one of the man-made environmental hazards after air, water and land pollution that is given the least attention by the World Health Organization (WHO). Noise pollution is an excessive sound produce intentionally or accidently that can have deleterious effects on human and animal’s health and even environmental quality. The major Sources of this sound are industries, highways, railways, and aircraft traffic and entertainment cafes. This research work was to conduct systematic review regarding the application of probability distribution models and other computing techniques in modelling the effects of extensive sound in human health and also the critical level of sound to human exposure as compare to WHO standard.
Air pollution has had devastating health impacts on children in Sri Lanka, especially in urban areas. Emissions from motor vehicles, industries, domestic sources, and waste burning contribute significantly to air pollution. Children are highly exposed to polluted air at home and school, leading to increased rates of respiratory diseases like asthma and visits to hospitals. Reducing emissions from vehicles, industries, and waste burning as well as promoting facemask usage can help mitigate health impacts of air pollution on children.
This document outlines a proposal for a study on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nurses regarding the prevention of occupational hazards at two health care facilities in Abuja, Nigeria. The study aims to assess the nurses' level of knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices. It will employ a descriptive research design and survey all 36 nurses at the sites using a questionnaire. The theoretical framework is Florence Nightingale's Environmental Theory. The proposal describes the research settings, population, instrument development and validation, data collection, and analysis methods. The goal is to understand how to better educate nurses and minimize workplace hazards.
Exposure to outdoor air pollution and its human.pptxdipakghimire77
This scoping review examined the relationship between outdoor air pollution and health outcomes. 799 studies were included. The studies showed an increasing trend from 1992 to 2008 and were primarily conducted in Asia, Europe, and North America. Asthma and mortality were the most commonly studied health outcomes. 95.2% of studies reported statistically positive associations between air pollution and adverse health effects. The review identified gaps in research on certain population groups and health outcomes to guide future studies.
Exposure to outdoor air pollution and its effect.pptxdipakghimire77
Outdoor air pollution is a complex and pervasive environmental issue that affects millions of people worldwide. The continuous release of pollutants into the atmosphere from various sources has led to widespread exposure, contributing to a range of health problems. This comprehensive review explores the sources, composition, and health effects of outdoor air pollution, emphasizing the significance of addressing this global challenge.
Coffee consumption and heart health Sep 17, 2020Coffee is one oWilheminaRossi174
Coffee consumption and heart health Sep 17, 2020
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide. It’s hard to beat a good cup of coffee – especially as the weather begins to turn cooler. But what about coffee consumption and heart health? A meta-analysis (a quantitative, systematic study to assess results of previous research) of 36 long-term research studies was conducted to determine the relationship of long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. The combined participants in these studies were approximately 1.2 million and the average length of follow-up was ten years. This meta-analysis found that drinking 3.5 cups of coffee per day (caffeinated or decaffeinated) was associated with a 15% lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared to drinking no coffee (Ding, et al., 2014).
A Swedish study followed a cohort of 1369 patients for eight years after being hospitalized for a first heart attack. This study found that those who drank two or more cups of caffeinated coffee per day were 40% less likely to die from cardiovascular disease than those who drank none or only one cup of coffee per day (Mukamal, et al., 2009). A more recent study of a cohort of 4365 Dutch patients who had a previous heart attack found that drinking coffee (either caffeinated or decaffeinated) was associated with a lower risk of death from both cardiovascular disease and ischemic heart disease (Dongen, et al., 2017).
It is important to keep in mind that a standard cup of coffee is about six ounces. A coffee mug can hold much more than six ounces of coffee. In fact, some large mugs may be equivalent to two or more six-ounce cups of coffee. Be sure to limit added sugars and creamers, as these can quickly add up in extra calories.
It is also important to note that unfiltered coffee contains cafestol and kahweol. These two compounds are associated with increased levels of cholesterol and triglycerides. Cafestol and Kahweol are mostly removed when coffee is filtered with a paper filter (Du, et al., 2020).
While many studies have found an association between coffee consumption and reduced cardiovascular disease, this does not mean that consumption of coffee causes a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. In other words, in research, association does not prove cause and effect. In addition, individual sensitivity to caffeine can vary considerably. It is especially important that individuals with a history of heart disease and those taking medications for heart disease always check with their physician before making significant changes in caffeine consumption.
Sources:
Ding, M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Satija, A., Van Dam, R. M., Hu, F. B. (2014). Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 129, 643-659.
Dongen, L. H., Mölenberg, F. JM., Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Kromhout, D., Geleijnse, J. M. (2017). Coffee consumption after myocardial infarction and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A pr ...
Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular disease—aArhamSheikh1
High levels of both leisure time physical activity and moderate levels of occupational physical activity are associated with a 20-30% lower risk of cardiovascular disease among men and women. The meta-analysis included 21 prospective cohort studies with over 650,000 participants followed for an average of 10 years. Both high leisure time physical activity and moderate occupational physical activity were associated with roughly a 20-30% lower risk of coronary heart disease and stroke for men and women. No evidence of publication bias was found across the studies.
This document describes a study that used Six Sigma methodology to compare two antibiotic therapies - Ceftriaxone and a combination of Cefazolin and Clindamycin - for patients undergoing surgery for bone cancer at a university hospital in Naples, Italy. The study used the Six Sigma DMAIC process to analyze length of hospital stay and infection rates for patients receiving each antibiotic. The results showed that patients receiving Ceftriaxone had a lower length of hospital stay (over 40% lower) and fewer complications and infections compared to those receiving the antibiotic combination. Therefore, using Ceftriaxone allows for better patient outcomes with reduced hospitalization costs. The study demonstrates the value of using Six Sigma as a tool for health
Radiofrequency Radiation and Children’s Health – Sustainability Challenges fo...Mikko Ahonen
Presented in the 14 Scandinavian Workshop on E-Goverment. By post-doc researcher, PhD Mikko Ahonen and researcher, PhD student Tarmo Koppel.
Includes discussion about outdated RF Guidelines and risk-management from schools' perspective.
This document provides background information on asthma. It discusses how asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways. The prevalence of asthma has increased globally and in the US over the past 20 years. Both genetic and environmental factors like air pollution contribute to the development and exacerbation of asthma. The document outlines research on asthma induction and risk factors. It also discusses government and non-governmental organization efforts to address asthma as a public health issue through research, guidelines, programs and advocacy.
Assessment of burnout in healthcare professionals amid COVID-19 | IJB 2021Innspub Net
According to WHO latest by April 2nd 2020, it has now become a global threat and also it has become a serious issue in Pakistan with increasing number of active cases every day. Physicians, consultants, paramedics and other staff working in hospitals are at risk due to the emergence of COVID-19 which also is responsible for severe burnout which effects job performance, job satisfaction, interpersonal relationships, and vulnerability to illnesses. This research aims at finding the burnout in healthcare professionals of Karachi, Pakistan due to the current situation of COV-19 pandemic. We carried out a cross-sectional study in the tertiary care hospitals of Karachi, Pakistan from Feb’2020 – Apr’ 2020 in which the questionnaire based on Malsch burnout inventory were distributed amongst the healthcare professionals including doctors and paramedics, working in the departments of emergency, COVID special units and others. A scoring system of 1-4 was applied (strongly disagree-strongly agree). The results showed that highest burnout was faced by healthcare professionals in the category of depersonalization and personal accomplishment amid Covid-19 while the association between the burnout and the demographic factors mentioned was also found to be significant. The challenges faced by the healthcare professionals because this pandemic showed lack of presence of personal protective equipment and fear to spread infection to be as the biggest challenges. The study concluded that the current pandemic situation of COVID-19 has particularly associated with the burnout and stress amongst our health care professionals who are working on the frontline.
(03) Occupational Exposure to Blood and Body Fluids.pdfHLeyva1
This study examined occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare workers in Gondar, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study design was used with 286 randomly selected participants. The main outcome of interest was occupational exposure to blood/body fluids in the past 12 months, defined as skin, eye, or mucous membrane contact with blood/body fluids. Key findings included:
1) The prevalence of occupational exposure was 65.3%.
2) Factors significantly associated with increased risk of exposure included lack of personal protective equipment, lack of training, khat chewing, and being a medical doctor.
3) The study aimed to determine the current prevalence and risk factors of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids among healthcare
My Summer Narrative Writing For The Beginning OJustin Knight
This document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. The document emphasizes that original, high-quality content will be provided and work can be revised until the customer is fully satisfied.
Writing Paper With Drawing Space. Online assignment writing service.Justin Knight
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting a request on the website HelpWriting.net in order to have a paper written. It outlines a 5 step process which includes registering, completing an order form with instructions and deadline, reviewing bids from writers and selecting one, reviewing the completed paper, and having the option to request revisions if needed. The website promises original, high-quality content and refunds if plagiarism is found.
College Admission Essay Template - College ApplicaJustin Knight
The document provides instructions for requesting and completing an assignment writing request through the HelpWriting.net platform. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and select one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes the original, high-quality work and refund policy if plagiarized.
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This document provides a literature review on global occupational safety and health practices and the severity of accidents. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The literature review identifies existing gaps in previous workplace safety and health management research and proposes areas for future study. Many studies have found that risks to occupational safety and health are increasing globally due to industrialization, but developing countries often overlook workplace safety in their economic policies. The review finds gaps in developing multilevel safety models, knowledge transfer mechanisms, and approaches that consider multiple health factors, and suggests these areas need further research to improve workplace safety and health management.
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It is important to keep in mind that a standard cup of coffee is about six ounces. A coffee mug can hold much more than six ounces of coffee. In fact, some large mugs may be equivalent to two or more six-ounce cups of coffee. Be sure to limit added sugars and creamers, as these can quickly add up in extra calories.
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Sources:
Ding, M., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Satija, A., Van Dam, R. M., Hu, F. B. (2014). Long-term coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 129, 643-659.
Dongen, L. H., Mölenberg, F. JM., Soedamah-Muthu, S. S., Kromhout, D., Geleijnse, J. M. (2017). Coffee consumption after myocardial infarction and risk of cardiovascular mortality: A pr ...
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A Systematic Literature Review With Meta-Analysis On Risk Factors For Hypertension
1. Vol. 14 No. 3
DOI: 10.20473/jkl.v14i3.2022.201-208
ISSN: 1829 - 7285 | E-ISSN: 2040 - 881X
201
Journal of Environmental Health
Corresponding Author:
A SyStemAtic LiterAture review with metA-AnALySiS on riSk FActorS For
hypertenSion
Oryza Filial Zulkarnain1
, Yura Witsqa
Firmansyah2
*, Muhammad Fadli Ramadhansyah3
,
Ayu Widyawati4
, Ike Rachmawati4
, Muslyana
Muslyana4
, Ramadani Sukaningtyas4
, Rafika
Rafika5
, Afdal Hardiyanto6
, Hanung Nurany7
,
Anshah Silmi Afifah8
, Aziz Yulianto Pratama9
1
Departement of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public
Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
2
Department of Health Information Management, Faculty of
Health Science, Universitas Nasional Karangturi, Semarang,
50227, Indonesia
3
Master of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health,
Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
4
Tarakan Class II Port Health Office, Tarakan, 77111,
Indonesia
5
Master of Health Promotion, Faculty of Public Health,
Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
6
Padang Class II Port Health Office, Padang, 25586, Indonesia
7
Tangerang City Health Office, Tangerang, 15111, Indonesia
8
Department of Furniture Production Engineering, Politeknik
Industri Furnitur dan Pengolahan Kayu, Kendal Regency,
51371, Indonesia
9
Master of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
Article Info
Submitted : 26 March 2022
In reviewed : 6 June 2022
Accepted : 18 July 2022
Available Online : 31 July 2022
Keywords : Hypertension, Length of exposure,
Noise intensity, Smoking habit, Working period
Published by Faculty of Public Health
Universitas Airlangga
Abstract
Introduction: Hypertension is a manifestation of hemodynamic imbalances
resulting in various cardiovascular complications and others in the body systems.
The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesian adults aged 18 years was 34.1%,
and it increased by 8.3%. Globally, it accounts for about 60% of deaths. This study
aimed to analyze risk factors for hypertension in industrial workers. Methods:
This study used a meta-analysis, a statistical method that combines previous
studies to find an effect size value or summary on JASP software. Data in this
study came from database online and were sorted according to the inclusion-
exclusion criteria following PRISMA. In the final step, 14 research articles were
collected. Results and Discussion: Noise intensity had a 1.974 times greater
risk on the prevalence of hypertension in industrial workers; work period had
2.316 times greater risk; duration of exposure gave a 1.716 times greater risk;
and smoking had a 1.896 times greater risk. Conclusion: The highest risks for
the incidence of hypertension in industrial workers come from period of work,
noise intensity, and smoking habits; while, the lowest is in the length of exposure.
metA-AnALySiS open Access
*) firmansyahyura@gmail.com
introDuction
Hypertension has caused a total of 9.4 million
according to the World Health Organization’s report
(1). The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia is
higher than that in Singapore, Thailand, and Malaysia
at 27.3%, 22% and 20%, respectively (2). Hypertension
is a manifestation of hemodynamic imbalances resulting
in various cardiovascular complications and others in
the body system (3). The 2018 Basic Health Research
shows that the prevalence of hypertension in Indonesian
adults aged 18 years was 34.1% (4). Compared to the
2015 Basic Health Research, this number increased
more by 8.3%. Hypertension not only has devastating
impacts on Indonesia, but also contributes to about 60%
of deaths worldwide (5).
In the Industrialization Era, humans will interface
the application of advanced technology and increasingly
complex and modern materials and equipment. Noise is
Cite this as :
Zulkarnain OF, Firmansyah YW, Ramadhansyah MF, Widyawati A, Rachmawati I, Muslyana, et al. A Systematic Literature Review with Meta-
Analysis on Risk Factors for Hypertension. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan. 2022;14(3):201–208. https://doi.org/10.20473/jkl.v14i3.2022.201-208
2. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan/10.20473/jkl.v14i3.2022.201-208 Vol. 14 No.3 July 2022 (201-208)
202
a pollutant resulted from the use of human technology
(6). It is an unwanted sound that has an exceeding
predetermined threshold value, which is 85 dB(A). It may
cause not only hearing loss but also mental, emotional
and blood circulation disorders (7).
Many companies have oriented to production
activities more than human resource management. The
use of large machines in production activities sometimes
causes quite large and disturbing sound effects (8).
Noise and hypertension are occupational hazards as big
health problems in the world (9). Research conducted
in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) used a cross-sectional design
to study the relationship between exposure to noise at
work and hypertension. It shows that exposure to noise
is independently associated with hypertension (10).
Hypertension may be caused by multifactors,
including genetic, racial, socio-cultural, lifestyle, and
work environment factors, one of which is noise (11).
Besides hypertension, noise causes other health
problems for workers such as hearing loss, ischemic
heart disease, diabetes, sleep disturbances, and work
performance (22). Noise intensity, noise frequency, and
duration of exposure to noise in the workplace are factors
that determine the severity level of health problems (13).
The association between noise and health problems,
therefore, is influenced by these three factors (14). While
factors that influence the incidence of hypertension
include age, race, environmental factors, psychological
stress, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking, and alcohol
consumption (15).
Looking into this issue, this current study aimed
to analyze whether risk factors i.e., noise intensity,
working period, length of exposure, and smoking
habits, are associated with hypertension. The factor
identification was conducted using a hearing sensitivity
test to industrial workers (15).
methoDS
This study is a systematic meta-analysis
literature review. Meta-analysis is a statistical method
that combines several (two or more) previous studies with
the same hypothesis to generate quantitative data. It is a
technique of summarizing previous quantitative research
to determine an effect size value (16). Research articles
collected addressed four risk factors i.e., noise intensity,
length of work, length of exposure, and smoking on
the incidence of hypertension in industrial workers.
The articles were retrieved from journals, articles, and
scientific proceedings.
This study used secondary data from several
electronic databases i.e., Google Scholar, Pubmed,
PLOS ONE, Research Gate, and Science Direct within
2016 to 2021 of publication year. Some keywords used
include “noise intensity hypertension”, “industrial worker
hypertension factor”, “hypertension causative factor”,
“influence on blood pressure”, “noise intensity”, “noise
intensity blood pressure”, “noise intensity hypertension”,
“noise exposure” and “occupational noise exposure”.
International and national research articles that have
topics relevant to the research objectives are the current
population, and only articles that examine the risk factors
for hypertension above in industrial workers are included
as samples.
A meta-analysis method is more objective
compared to other research methods to estimate effect
size values and their significance. However, the current
research findings are not conclusive yet because the
articles included have different qualities and pose
publication bias, limitation in data collection as well as
different characteristics of research subjects. Therefore,
meta-analysis research should apply multiple selections
of articles.
Literature Search
The keywords used for literature search were
formulated using the PICOS method (17). The sampled
articles should have abstracts and full texts.
Data collection method
This study screened research articles that fit
inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studied articles may
be journal articles and theses in Indonesian and English
and may involve noise intensity, working period, length
of exposure, and smoking habits that may contribute to
the incidence of hypertension. After searching articles
published from 2016 to 2021 on Google Scholar,
Pubmed, PLOS ONE, Research Gate, and ScienceDirect
databases, their abstracts and fulltexts were screened.
If articles have no abstracts and fultexts, they will be
excluded. Next was re-screening whether the articles
used cross-sectional research designs. If they do not
meet this final criteria, they will be excluded.
Data type
Selected research articles as secondary
data have to discuss pre-determined risk factors for
hypertension in industrial workers.
Data Analysis techniques
For a meta-analysis, data abstraction, data
analysis, publication bias test, and sensitivity test were
performed. Data collection or abstraction, information
was obtained from each research article, and obtained
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data i.e., year of publication, location, design, exposure,
and outcome of each study were converted into a 2 x
2 table. They were then stored in Comma Separated
Values (CSV) format for a classical meta-analysis with
a fixed effect model or random effect model. They were
proceeded on JASP Version 0.9.2 to generate results
presented in a forest plot graph to describe a combined
effect size value of each variable. This research bias
was identified using a funnel plot and followed by the
Egger’s Test. Sensitivity test was performed to prove
whether the meta-analysis results were relatively stable
to changes. It compared the results obtained from the
fixed effect model with those from the random/restricted
effect model.
The collected articles were then extracted
and synthesized to obtain data. The wanted data were
compiled and analyzed to produce a problem-solving
material for the meta-analysis test. Literature search
followed PRISMA steps.
Fifteen research articles were obtained and
analyzed to find the pooled odds ratio estimates using
the Mentel-Haenszel method in the fixed effect analysis
model and the DerSimonian-Laind method in the random-
effect model. If homogenous variation seems showing
a heterogeneity p-value greater than 0.05 between
variables, the analysis model used is the fixed effect
model. Meanwhile, if the variation between variables
is heterogeneous with a p-value of less than 0.05, the
random-effects analysis model is used.
Figure 1. Prisma Flowchart (The Prisma Statement)
Risk Factor Analysis of Noise Intensity, Working Period,
Length of Exposure and Smoking Habits on The Incidence
of Hypertension in Industrial Workers
The meta-analysis calculates the Prevalence
Ratio (PR) value in some steps. First, if the estimated PR
value of PR is > 1 and the range of confidence intervals
does not exceed 1, a certain variable is considered a risk
factor. Coversely, a variable is considered a protective
factor. If the estimated value of PR equals to 1 and the
range of confidence intervals does not exceed 1, such
independent vairbales included have no relationship with
the incidence of hypertension in industrial workers.
reSuLtS
noise intensity as A risk Factor for hypertension in
industrial workers
After the final screening, 10 selected articles
published in 2016 to 2020 addressed noisy intensity. A
more complete description is presented in Figure 2.
The Fixed Effect (FE) Model value represents
the estimated Prevalence Ratio (PR) value at a 95% CI
of 0.68 with a range value of 0.50 – 0.87. The results of
the forest plot in Figure 2 show that the value of pooled
PR (e0.68
) is 1.974. It indicates noise intensity has a 1.974
times greater risk of causing hypertension in industrial
workers (18).
Figure 2. Forest Plot of The Noise Intensity Risk Factor
for The Incidence of Hypertension in Industrial Workers
(18,33,34,19,7,20,8,21,22,25)
BasedonTable1,thep-valueintheheterogeneity
test is greater than 0.05 (p = 0.333). Since the variables
are homogenous, the fixed effect model is used for
analysis.Furthermore,apublicationbiasonnoisyintensity
variable is identified using a funnel plot, presented in
Figure 3. After measuring the distribution of plots either
in a symmetrical or asymmetrical arrangement, we
figured out that the funnel plots are asymmetric, and thus
a regression test, Egger test is used.
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Figure 3. Funnel Plot of Noise Intensity Risk Factors for
Hypertension Incidence in Industrial Workers
Table 1. Heterogeneity Test of Noise Intensity Meta-
Analysis of Hypertension Incidence in Industrial Workers
(Fixed and Random Effects)
Q df p
Omnibus test of Model Coefficients 51.74 1 < .001
Test of Residual Heterogeneity 10.21 9 0.333
Note. p -values are approximate.
Table 2 shows the p-value from the Egger’s test
is less than 0.05, and the articles have a publication bias
on noise intensity variable. The meta-analysis results
showed that noise intensity variable had a 1.974 times
greater risk of contributing to hypertension in industrial
workers. This study is in line with Elfiza’s research that
the hypertension risk ratio in increasing noise per 10
dB(A) was 1.13 (95% CI: 0.99 to 1.28) with moderate
heterogeneity (p = 0.003, I2 = 72.1%). It means that noise
exposure can be a risk factor for hypertension. Another
study also supports these findings that exposure to long-
term noise at work may lead to increase hypertension in
industrial workers in the long term (p < 0.01) (19).
Table 2. Egger’s Test Table of Noise Intensity Risk Factors
for Hypertension Incidence in Industrial Workers
z p
sei 2.5502 0.011
Sensitivity test on noise intensity as A risk Factor
for hypertension in industrial workers
The sensitivity test was used to identify data
heterogeneity, interpret the effects of research quality
and prove whether meta-analysis results are relatively
stable (20). This test compares the pooled prevalence
ratio in the fixed-effect model and the random effect
model. It was performed according to a minimum number
of studies processed for meta-analysis (21).
Table 3. Comparative Sensitivity Test Pooled Prevalence
Ratio Fixed Model and Random Model
Research
Variable
N
Heterogenity
(p-value)
Fixed effect
Models
Random
Effect
Model
PR
95%
CI
PR
95%
CI
Risk Factors for
Long Exposure
to Hypertension
Incidence in
Industrial Workers
4 0.518 1.716 0.23 –
0.85
1.716 0.23 –
0.85
Work Period Risk
Factors Against
the Incidence of
Hypertension in
Industrial Workers
5 < .001 1.271 0.03 –
0.45
2.316 -0.10
– 1.79
Risk Factors of
Smoking Habits
on the Incidence
of Hypertension in
Industrial Workers
7 0.646 1.896 0.37 –
0.92
1.896 0.37 –
0.92
Noise Intensity
Risk Factors for
H y p e r t e n s i o n
Incidence in
Industrial Workers
10 0.333 1.974 0.50 –
0.87
2.096 0.51 –
0.96
Table 3 shows independent variables vary
between studies, the pooled PR value increases from the
fixed-effect model to the random effect model, and the
Confident Interval (CI) rises too. The length of exposure
and smoking habit have pooled PR values that are not
much different from one model to another at the CI (22).
While there are variations between studies in terms of
noise intensity and working period as pooled PR values
increase from one model to another at 95% Confident
Interval (23).
work period as A risk Factor for hypertension
Four articles screened discuss work period
variable. Their results are described in Figure 4,
Figure 4. Forest Plot of Work Period Risk Factors for
Hypertension Incidence (33,34,19,35)
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Table 4. Table of Heterogeneity Test Meta-Analysis of
Working Period on Hypertension Incidence (Fixed and
Random Effects)
Q df p
Omnibus test of Model Coefficients 3.052 1 0.081
Test of Residual Heterogeneity 16.812 3 < .001
Note. P -values are approximate.
The Random Effect (RE) Model showed the
estimated Prevalence Ratio (PR) with 95% CI is 0.84.
The forest plot shows the value of pooled PR (e0.84) is
2.316 (95% CI -0.10 – 1.79). It means work period has a
2.316 times greater risk of contributing to hypertension
in industrial workers. According to the heterogeneity test
on work period variable, its p-value is smaller than α.
Since the variation between studies is heterogeneous,
the random-effect model is used for analysis. Industrial
workers who have worked for more than five years have
a 2.316 times greater risk of experiencing hypertension
than those who have worked under five years. A
previous study also mentions that years of service and
the incidence of hypertension in industrial workers are
significantly related and obtain a p-value of 0.013
Duration of exposure to noise as A risk Factor for
hypertension
Four articles published in 2016-2020 examined
duration of exposure to noise. The FE Model value has
a PR estimate with a 95% CI value of 0.54. The forest
plot has a pooled PR value (e0.54
) of 1.716. It indicates
that duration of exposure to noise gives 1.716 times
greater risk for hypertension to workers. The FE model
has a 95% confidence level and an interval range of
0.23 – 0.85. Furthermore, Table 5 explains heterogeneity
on this variable that has a p-value greater than α (p =
0.518). This means that the variation between studies is
homogeneous, and thus the fixed-effect model is used.
Based on the meta-analysis, length of exposure above
8 hours per day poses 1.716 times greater risk than that
less than 8 hours per day.
Figure 5. Forest Plot of Risk Factors for Duration Exposure
to Hypertension Incidence (34,19,21,22)
Table5.HeterogeneityMeta-AnalysisofDurationExposure
to Hypertension Incidence (Fixed and Random Effects)
Q df p
Omnibus test of Model Coefficients 11.800 1 < .001
Test of Residual Heterogeneity 2.270 3 0.518
Note. P -values are approximate
Smoking habit as A risk Factor for hypertension
Six research articles in this review discuss
about smoking habit as a risk factor for hypertension.
They were pubslihed around 2017-2021. The FE Model
demonstrates an estimated PR value of 0.64 with an
95% CI range of 0.37 - 0.92 and the value of pooled
PR (e0.64
) of 1.896. It indicates smoking has 1.896 times
greater risk of hypertension. According to Table 6, the
heterogeneity test shows a p-value is greater than α (p
= 0.646). In other words, the fixed-effect model is used
to study the previous studies which are homogenously
varied (24).
Figure 6. Forest Plot of Smoking Habits Risk Factors on
Hypertension Incidence (21,22,36,37,35,6)
Table 6. Heterogeneity Test Meta-Analysis of Smoking
Habits on The Incidence of Hypertension (Fixed and
Random Effects)
Q df p
Omnibus test of Model Coefficients 21.281 1 < .001
Test of Residual Heterogeneity 3.354 5 0.646
Note. p -values are approximate.
Table 7. Meta Analysis Results of Noise Intensity, Working
Period, Length of Exposure, and Smoking Habits on
Hypertension Incidence in Industrial Workers
Research Variable N
Fixed/Random effect
Models
PR 95% CI
Years of Service 4 2.316 -0.10 – 1.79
Noise Intensity 10 1.974 0.50 – 0.87
Smoking Habits 6 1.896 0.37 – 0.92
Exposure Time 4 1.716 0.23 – 0.85
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DiScuSSion
noise intensity as A risk Factor for hypertension in
industrial workers
Noise intensity has a significant correlation with
the incidence of hypertension. To avoid the risk, workers
have to use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as
earplugs and/or earmuffs at noise sources. Additionally,
company management have to maintain equipment/
machinery/heavyequipmentroutinelytopreventexposure
to high sound that exceeds the threshold value.
The period of service is for how long an officer
works in a place. The period of service is directly
proportional to exposure to dangers in the workplace.
Workerswhohavebeenmorethan5yearsintheworkplace
will be more exposed to risk factors for hypertension, one
of which is noise due to machine production activities. To
reduce the incidence of hypertension, a company has to
conduct a job rotation. Rotation may be useful to find out
the potential of each employee, invest new knowledge in
employees, and minimize the existing level of attrition..
Long-term repeated noise will result in a lasting
increase in blood pressure. Continuous increase in
blood pressure without prevention and control will cause
hypertension. High noise in the workplace (industry) can
be overcome if officers more comply with wearing ear
protection equipment such as ear muffs or ear plugs
during work. With proper use of PPE, officers will not
experience noise hyperstimulus. Ear plugs reduce noise
by ± 30 dBA, while earmuffs reduce higher noise between
40 -50 dBA. Using the equipment, the noise level received
by ground handling officers can be reduced to create a
safer work environment (25).
Sensitivity test on noise intensity as A risk Factor
for hypertension in industrial workers
Good ear protection devices such as earplugs
only hold certain frequencies, while the frequency of
speech is not disturbed (25). Ear plugs can reduce noise
intensity by 25 dB(A) to 30 dB(A). While the earmuffs can
be used for high noise intensity (> 95 dB) by protecting
the entire ear with an adjustable size to various ears.
Monitoring is important to conduct to indicate if infection
occurs in the ear while it is in use (26).
work period as A risk Factor for hypertension
Work period is closely related to noise exposure
as well. The longer a worker works, the longer he/she is
exposed to noise. Excessive exposure to noise for a long
period will lead to emotional instability, which may trigger
stress. As a result, blood vessels may be narrow due to
stress, spurring the heart to pump blood harder and then
leading to hypertension (27).
Duration of exposure to noise as A risk Factor for
hypertension
Astudy conducted to an overhead flight in France
explains exposure to noise that exceeds a certain period
possibly causes hypo reaction and hyper-reaction, which
can indicate a regulation abnormality in the HPA axis 28
.
In addition, research conducted to Quebec workers in
Canada states that acute and chronic stress, due to the
length of exposure, can release cytokines, not only as
markers but also as inflammatory mediators, leading to
vascular endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
To the end of the process, blood pressure chronically
increases and thus causes hypertension (28).
The length of exposure has a significant
relationship with the incidence of hypertension. Previous
research mentions that workers who are exposed to
noise for more 8 hours per day can develop fatigue,
increase stress hormones, and narrow blood vessels
which eventually raise blood pressure rapidly (29).
Smoking habit as A risk Factor for hypertension
In addition, smoking habit has a 1.994 times
greater risk of hypertension compared to non-smoking
(30). Smoking habits is related to hypertension (p
= 0.017). Similar results are explained in an annual
nationwide household survey in England (30) and a
study on health primary care in West Cikarang (31).
Cigarettes contain dangerous chemicals such
as nicotine that activate free radicals. According to the
latest study in America, vasomotor disfunction induced
by nitric oxide, inflammation, and modification of lipid
components, causes atherosclerosis which may change
blood pressure (22). Research conducted to spaceflight
workers in America declares that smoking can increase
20-25% peripheral leukocyte levels and increase the
activation of inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6
(IL-6), C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor α
(TNF α) (31). The increase in proinflammatory cytokines
causes raises leukocyte-endothelial interactions as the
initial process of atherosclerosis.
Cigarette smoke contains about 0.5% to 3%
nicotine. When it is inhaled, nicotine levels in the blood
will range from 40-50 mg/ml. It can irritate the heart, make
the heart rhythm irregular, speed up blood flow, damage
the inner lining of blood vessels and cause blood clots.
Nicotine in tobacco may increase blood pressure as well
after the first puff (32).
With a strong correlation between smoking
habit and the incidence of hypertension (32), companies
or industries need to provide a special smoking room
to avoid smokes circulated outside to non-smoking
workers (33). Workers with smoking habits should be
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given education about the dangers of smoking and the
importance of healthy lifestyle to prevent hypertension
(34−35). Among the risk factors identified, this current
study concludes period of service has the highest
contribution to hypertension, followed by length of
exposure to noise (36−37).
AcknowLeDGmentS
The authors would like to thank Universitas
Airlangga and Universitas Nasional Karangturi for
supporting this study.
concLuSion
Risk factors for hypertension include noise
intensity, work period, duration of exposure, and
smoking. The meta-analysis results show that noise
intensity has 1.974 times greater risk; work period has
2.316 times greater risk; duration of exposure to noise
gives 1.716 times greater risk; and smoking posits
1.896 times greater risk of hypertension in industrial
workers. Controlling the risks can be done by reducing
noise intensity, using PPE, conducting work rotation and
working hours, and providing education about dangers
of smoking and healthy lifestyles.
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