This paper presented a rule based system for detecting human temperament.. The system was developed to
provide support for an expert psychologist in properly predicting the temperament of an individual as well
as given advice to the user. The system does this by following specified rules. Of this, we have deduced
some features that makes up known temperament types from which the system can accurately classify the
user‘s temperament based on the person‘s characters. Also, our work is solely limited to temperament, any
expert advice sought from and given by the system is limited to this scope.
A fundamental process in the formation of an individual’s mentation is the associations of experience. These associations not only account for constructive behavior, but can also lead to deleterious or negative behavior, suggesting that some associations are negative and therefore the negative behavior can be remolded through contrasting positive associations; however, to understand what this really means and how it works, we must start at the beginning and define what exactly is this negative behavior that we refer to by the term “mental illness.”
As hundreds of so-called “psychotherapies” have been foisted onto the public, all claiming to treat “mental illness,” newer understandings of how the human brain actually works and the processes which drive the formations of mentation that we refer to as “the mind,” demand a reassessment of what exactly we are referring to by the term “mental illness” and what kinds of intervention would be feasible in both the prevention of and recovery from cognitive and behavioral disorder.
The two functions systems that have contributed to the origin of Psychology has been emotional arousal and cognitive processes. Emotional arousal has provided the basic driving f orce, whereas cognitive processing contributed to making sensory-motor contacts with reality. Complex cognitive processing facilitated extensive knowledge base of the sensory-motor contacts, as well as helped to create virtual realities. Emotional arousal supported the genesis of responses and actions, as per the cognitive judgments made in the system. The article deals with brief account of the complex nature of interactions between the two systems and how psychology - the mind and behavior emerged from the interactions.
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses three cognitive perspectives - cognitive, humanistic, and sociocultural - and how they shed light on understanding behavior. For the cognitive perspective, it examines how biological and thought processes influence behavior. The humanistic perspective views behavior as acquiring knowledge to understand one's environment and make appropriate choices. Finally, the sociocultural perspective sees behavior as observable and influenced by imitating others and following social and cultural norms.
The document discusses the biological and neurological bases of abnormal behavior. It describes how genetics and biological factors like neurotransmitters and nervous system functioning can contribute to conditions. The central and peripheral nervous systems are involved in transmitting signals through neurons. Disturbances in these biological systems may underlie many psychological disorders. Environmental influences also interact with biological factors to shape abnormal behavior.
Mind and language: Ontology and neuroscienceBarry Smith
1) The document discusses different views on what constitutes a mental process and proposes that a mental process is best understood as a neural process based on evidence from cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
2) It outlines levels of brain and mind organization and how mental representations can be about internal bodily states or external world objects and processes.
3) Representations in the brain, like sensory and motor maps, correspond to aspects of the internal and external environment.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology, including different psychological perspectives and research methods. It discusses functionalism as an early psychological approach, psychoanalysis, and major psychological perspectives like psychodynamic, biological, cognitive, and sociocultural. It also describes different research methods used in psychology like descriptive studies, correlational studies, and experiments.
A fundamental process in the formation of an individual’s mentation is the associations of experience. These associations not only account for constructive behavior, but can also lead to deleterious or negative behavior, suggesting that some associations are negative and therefore the negative behavior can be remolded through contrasting positive associations; however, to understand what this really means and how it works, we must start at the beginning and define what exactly is this negative behavior that we refer to by the term “mental illness.”
As hundreds of so-called “psychotherapies” have been foisted onto the public, all claiming to treat “mental illness,” newer understandings of how the human brain actually works and the processes which drive the formations of mentation that we refer to as “the mind,” demand a reassessment of what exactly we are referring to by the term “mental illness” and what kinds of intervention would be feasible in both the prevention of and recovery from cognitive and behavioral disorder.
The two functions systems that have contributed to the origin of Psychology has been emotional arousal and cognitive processes. Emotional arousal has provided the basic driving f orce, whereas cognitive processing contributed to making sensory-motor contacts with reality. Complex cognitive processing facilitated extensive knowledge base of the sensory-motor contacts, as well as helped to create virtual realities. Emotional arousal supported the genesis of responses and actions, as per the cognitive judgments made in the system. The article deals with brief account of the complex nature of interactions between the two systems and how psychology - the mind and behavior emerged from the interactions.
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document in 3 sentences:
The document discusses three cognitive perspectives - cognitive, humanistic, and sociocultural - and how they shed light on understanding behavior. For the cognitive perspective, it examines how biological and thought processes influence behavior. The humanistic perspective views behavior as acquiring knowledge to understand one's environment and make appropriate choices. Finally, the sociocultural perspective sees behavior as observable and influenced by imitating others and following social and cultural norms.
The document discusses the biological and neurological bases of abnormal behavior. It describes how genetics and biological factors like neurotransmitters and nervous system functioning can contribute to conditions. The central and peripheral nervous systems are involved in transmitting signals through neurons. Disturbances in these biological systems may underlie many psychological disorders. Environmental influences also interact with biological factors to shape abnormal behavior.
Mind and language: Ontology and neuroscienceBarry Smith
1) The document discusses different views on what constitutes a mental process and proposes that a mental process is best understood as a neural process based on evidence from cognitive psychology and neuroscience.
2) It outlines levels of brain and mind organization and how mental representations can be about internal bodily states or external world objects and processes.
3) Representations in the brain, like sensory and motor maps, correspond to aspects of the internal and external environment.
Nature of Cognitive Psychology & Current Trends
According to Neisser(1967), Cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with how people acquire, store, transform, use and communicate information.
Cognitive Psychology deals with our mental life; what goes inside our heads when we perceive, attend, remember, think, categorize, reason, decide, and so forth.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychology, including different psychological perspectives and research methods. It discusses functionalism as an early psychological approach, psychoanalysis, and major psychological perspectives like psychodynamic, biological, cognitive, and sociocultural. It also describes different research methods used in psychology like descriptive studies, correlational studies, and experiments.
Căn hộ An gia garden Tân Phú, Giá chỉ 799tr/ căn 2PN. Hotline PKD: 0985 889 990TTC Land
CĂN HỘ AN GIA GARDEN TÂN PHÚ- Nơi muốn đến - Chốn muốn về
KHU DÂN CƯ BIỆT LẬP ĐẲNG CẤP HÀNG ĐẦU QUẬN TÂN PHÚ
***CHỈ TỪ 799TR/CĂN - 2 PHÒNG NGỦ***
****CHÍNH THỨC NHẬN ĐẶT MUA CĂN HỘ - ƯU TIÊN CHỌN VỊ TRÍ ĐẸP****
An ninh tuyệt đối, tích hợp kỹ thuật hiện đại
Ngân hàng hỗ trợ tối đa 70% giá trị căn hộ trong 10 năm
(Mở bán không mua hoàn tiền 100% - Cam kết trong phiếu đặt mua)
Hotline PKD: 0985 889 990
http://canhosaigon365.com/du-an/du-an-can-ho/300-can-ho-an-gia-garden-quan-tan-phu
The impact of knowledge based trust (kbt) on the adoption and acceptability o...ijcsit
The document discusses a study that examined the impact of integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with Knowledge-Based Trust (KBT) on the adoption and acceptance of cashless economy in Nigeria. The study designed a questionnaire to collect people's views on adopting cashless transactions and their readiness to accept the cashless policy. Hypotheses were formulated and analyzed using T-statistics. The results indicate that integrating KBT with TAM has a significant relationship on intention towards adopting and accepting cashless economy in Nigeria. Perceived ease of use, attitude, financial risk, and security risk were found to influence behavioral intention to adopt cashless transactions, while perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and performance risk influenced attitudes.
This document provides tips and sample answers for common janitor interview questions. It discusses how to answer questions about yourself, your strengths, career goals, reasons for leaving previous jobs, weaknesses, knowledge of the organization, and ways you've improved your skills in the last year. For each question, it offers steps and guidelines to provide well-prepared, positive responses that highlight your relevant qualifications and experience. Sample answers are given as examples of effective ways to respond to help land the janitor position.
P REDICTION F OR S HORT -T ERM T RAFFIC F LOW B ASED O N O PTIMIZED W...ijcsit
Short term traffic forecasting has been a very impo
rtant consideration in many areas of transportation
research for more than 3 decades. Short-term traffi
c forecasting based on data driven methods is one o
f the
most dynamic and developing research arenas with en
ormous published literature. In order to improve
forecasting model accuracy of wavelet neural networ
k, an adaptive particle swarm optimization algorith
m
based on cloud theory was proposed, not only to hel
p improve search performance, but also speed up
individual optimizing ability. And the inertia weig
ht adaptively changes depending on X-conditional cl
oud
generator which has the stable tendency and randomn
ess property .Then the adaptive particle swarm
optimization algorithm based on cloud theory was us
ed to optimize the weights and thresholds of wavele
t
BP neural network, Instead of traditional gradient
descent method . At last, wavelet BP neural network
was
trained to search for the optimal solution. Based o
n above theory, an improved wavelet neural network
model based on modified particle swarm optimization
algorithm was proposed and the availability of the
modified prediction method was proved by predicting
the time series of real traffic flow. At last, the
computer simulations have shown that the nonlinear
fitting and accuracy of the modified prediction
methods are better than other prediction methods.
The proposed humanistic approach mapped the human character and behavior into a device1 to evade the
bondages of implementation and surely succeed as we live. Human societies are the complex and most
organized networks, in which many communities having different cultural livelihood. The formation of
communities within a society and the way of associations can be mapped to MANET. In this work we have
presented the principles of humanism for MANETs. The proposed approach is not only robust and secure
but it certainly meets the existing challenges (such as name resolution, address allocation and
authentication). Its object oriented design defines a service in terms of Arts, Culture, and Machine. An ‘Art’
is the smallest unit of work (defined as an interface), the ‘Culture’ is the integration and implementation of
one or more Arts (defined as a class) and finally the ‘Machine’ which is an instance of a Culture that
defines a running service. The grouping of all communicable Machines having the same Culture forms a
‘Community’. We have used the term ‘Society’ for a MANET having one or more communities and modeled
using the humanistic approach. The proposed approach is compared with GloMoSim and the
implementation of file transfer service is presented using the said approach. Our approach is better in
terms of implementation of the basic services, security, reliability, throughput, extensibility, scalability etc
Review of monitoring tools for e learning platformsijcsit
The advancement of e-learning technologies has made it viable for developments in education and
technology to be combined in order to fulfil educational needs worldwide. E-learning consists of informal
learning approaches and emerging technologies to support the delivery of learning skills, materials,
collaboration and knowledge sharing. E-learning is a holistic approach that covers a wide range of
courses, technologies and infrastructures to provide an effective learning environment. The Learning
Management System (LMS) is the core of the entire e-learning process along with technology, content, and
services. This paper investigates the role of model-driven personalisation support modalities in providing
enhanced levels of learning and trusted assimilation in an e-learning delivery context. We present an
analysis of the impact of an integrated learning path that an e-learning system may employ to track
activities and evaluate the performance of learners.
Template matching is a basic method in image analysis to extract useful information from images. In this
paper, we suggest a new method for pattern matching. Our method transform the template image from two
dimensional image into one dimensional vector. Also all sub-windows (same size of template) in the
reference image will transform into one dimensional vectors. The three similarity measures SAD, SSD, and
Euclidean are used to compute the likeness between template and all sub-windows in the reference image
to find the best match. The experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed method
over the conventional methods on various template of different sizes.
This document discusses individual behavior in organizations. It presents an integrated model of human cognition that explains how stimuli are processed and turned into behaviors. Cognition includes processes like perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Both rational and emotional thinking influence behaviors. Experiences can become stable over time or continue evolving. The relationship between managers and subordinates is bidirectional - they both evaluate each other, and behavioral congruence leads to better outcomes. Factors like abilities, gender, race, and perception shape individual behaviors and how people are perceived.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social cognition. It discusses how social cognition involves mentally representing social situations and making inferences from social information. There are two main types of information processing: automatic processing that is fast, intuitive and unconscious, and controlled processing that is slower, more logical and conscious. Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize social knowledge and influence how information is perceived and remembered. Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to make quick judgments, though they may not always be accurate.
The Applied Neurosciences Lab uses neuroscientific tools like eyetracking and EEG biofeedback coupled with qualitative research to study how the brain processes information. They analyze stimuli like images, videos, and digital interfaces to understand what catches people's attention and is easy to understand. This helps optimize products, services, and communications. The lab provides data-driven recommendations in areas like marketing, advertising, and user experience design.
The document provides an overview of different methods used in psychology to study human behavior and mental processes. It discusses several key approaches:
1) The biological approach focuses on biological structures like the brain, genes, and hormones to understand behavior.
2) Observation is a systematic method of recording events without interference to study behavior in natural and laboratory settings.
3) Psychological research uses scientific methods like observation, surveys, and experiments to develop theories about human behavior that can be tested and applied to solve problems.
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
The deficiency or hindrance in the capacity to think passionate states is known as mind visual deficiency. This condition is seen to be the key inhibitor of social and enthusiastic insight for mentally unbalanced individuals. A mental imbalance is a range of neuro-formative conditions which influences one's social working, correspondence what's more, is frequently went with redundant practices and over the top interests. Failures coming about because of mind-visual deficiency incorporate measuring the enthusiasm of different gatherings amid discussions, withdrawal from social contact, obscurity to social signals, in distinction to individuals' conclusions and inconceivable non-verbal correspondence. The current assistive gadgets and instruments generally fill in as healing apparatuses that give a learning condition for mentally unbalanced youngsters to find out about the standards of social conduct. In any case, these instruments do not have the capacity to work in conjunction with certifiable circumstances. A thought is recommended that means to satisfy this need. We propose a compact gadget which can help extremely introverted individuals in correspondence in genuine circumstances. We trust that this versatile gadget can help to limit the hole amongst us and the universe of extreme introvertedness through helped correspondence. In this paper, we introduce one a player in this gadget, which is called Emotional Advisor to help extremely introverted youngsters in taking part in significant discussions where individuals can learn how they are feeling amid correspondence.
Interpersonal Communication
Eighth Edition
Chapter 3
Interpersonal Communication and Perception
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;any rental, lease, or lending of the program
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
3.2 List and describe the strategies we use to form impressions of others.
3.3 List and describe the strategies we use to interpret the behavior of others.
3.4 Identify the eight factors that distort the accuracy of interpersonal perception.
3.5 Identify and apply five suggestions for improving interpersonal perception.
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (1 of 5)
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
Defining PerceptionYour perceptions of people go beyond simple interpretations of sensory information.
Interpersonal perception
Passive perception
Active perception
Perception: the process of experiencing the world and making sense out of what you experience
Interpersonal perception: process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting your observations of other people
Passive perception: perception that occurs without conscious effort, simply in response to one’s surroundings
Active perception: perception that occurs because you seek out specific information through intentional observation and questioning
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (2 of 5)
What do you think is happening in this photograph? Your interpretation reflects interpersonal perception.
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (3 of 5)
The Stages of PerceptionStage 1: Selecting
We perceive and remember selectively
Selective perception
Selective attention
Selective exposure
Selective recall
We thin slice.
Selective perception: process of seeing, hearing, or making sense of the world around us based on factors as our personality, beliefs, attitudes, hopes, fears, and culture, as well as what we like and don’t like
Selective attention: process of focusing on specific stimuli, locking on to somethings in the environment and ignoring others
Selective exposure: tendency to put ourselves in situations that reinforce our attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors
Selective recall: process that occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us
Thin-slicing: observing a small sample of someone’s behavior and then making a generalization about what the person is like, based on the sample
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (4 of 5)
When we observe others, we gather information about them and ascribe motives and causes to their behaviors—sometimes inc.
This document discusses the importance of organizational behavior and provides information on various organizational behavior models and concepts. It covers 5 key points:
1) It discusses 5 organizational behavior models (autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial, systems) and the characteristics of the autocratic, supportive and collegial models.
2) It describes the nature and scope of organizational behavior, including levels of analysis (individual, group, organizational) and key areas like motivation, leadership, organizational culture.
3) It provides an overview of personality theories like psychoanalytic theory, trait theory, and holistic/self theories.
4) It discusses concepts like perception, personality traits, factors influencing personality.
The Theory of Cognitive Mode -A new way of thinking about thinkingCol Mukteshwar Prasad
Theory of Cognitive Modes is a new way of understanding thought and behavior.
Based on an anatomical division of the brain – but not the division of the brain into its left and right halves.
The brain is physically divided in to two halves i.e. Left and Right , but there is no solid scientific basis for the popular notion of psychology that has resulted:
Left side is “logical and analytical” and
Right is “intuitive and creative,” and
Any individual is characterized by one side than the other.
The key to theory is another division of the brain: into its
Top and
Bottom parts.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - Unit 1Rupesh Nath
This document provides an overview of cognitive psychology and its research methods. It defines cognitive psychology as the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and reasoning. It describes the goals of cognitive psychology research as understanding cognition, developing theories, and testing hypotheses. The key research methods discussed are laboratory experiments, psychobiological research using brain imaging, self-reports, case studies, and naturalistic observation. Computer simulations are also used to model human cognition.
goals of psychology definition Quizlet psychology definition Quizlet psycholo...ytpremium5233
The goals of psychology include: 1) Describing psychological phenomena accurately through observation and measurement; 2) Explaining phenomena by identifying underlying causes and developing testable theories; 3) Predicting future manifestations to inform decisions; and 4) Controlling or modifying behaviors and conditions through interventions. Psychologists also aim to achieve a deep understanding that can be generalized, apply knowledge to practical problems, use scientific methods, consider individuals holistically or by breaking phenomena into components, maintain high ethical standards, and account for cultural diversity.
SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR SOCIAL WORK.docxWalterHunt4
1) The document discusses key concepts from psychology that are relevant to social work practice, including perception, learning, memory, human development, and society.
2) It defines perception as the recognition and interpretation of sensory information and describes the four stages of the perceptual process.
3) Learning theories discussed include classical and operant conditioning. Memory concepts explained are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
4) Principles of growth and development are outlined, including the influence of heredity and environment. Key sociological concepts defined are society, culture, status, role, and social stratification.
Căn hộ An gia garden Tân Phú, Giá chỉ 799tr/ căn 2PN. Hotline PKD: 0985 889 990TTC Land
CĂN HỘ AN GIA GARDEN TÂN PHÚ- Nơi muốn đến - Chốn muốn về
KHU DÂN CƯ BIỆT LẬP ĐẲNG CẤP HÀNG ĐẦU QUẬN TÂN PHÚ
***CHỈ TỪ 799TR/CĂN - 2 PHÒNG NGỦ***
****CHÍNH THỨC NHẬN ĐẶT MUA CĂN HỘ - ƯU TIÊN CHỌN VỊ TRÍ ĐẸP****
An ninh tuyệt đối, tích hợp kỹ thuật hiện đại
Ngân hàng hỗ trợ tối đa 70% giá trị căn hộ trong 10 năm
(Mở bán không mua hoàn tiền 100% - Cam kết trong phiếu đặt mua)
Hotline PKD: 0985 889 990
http://canhosaigon365.com/du-an/du-an-can-ho/300-can-ho-an-gia-garden-quan-tan-phu
The impact of knowledge based trust (kbt) on the adoption and acceptability o...ijcsit
The document discusses a study that examined the impact of integrating the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with Knowledge-Based Trust (KBT) on the adoption and acceptance of cashless economy in Nigeria. The study designed a questionnaire to collect people's views on adopting cashless transactions and their readiness to accept the cashless policy. Hypotheses were formulated and analyzed using T-statistics. The results indicate that integrating KBT with TAM has a significant relationship on intention towards adopting and accepting cashless economy in Nigeria. Perceived ease of use, attitude, financial risk, and security risk were found to influence behavioral intention to adopt cashless transactions, while perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and performance risk influenced attitudes.
This document provides tips and sample answers for common janitor interview questions. It discusses how to answer questions about yourself, your strengths, career goals, reasons for leaving previous jobs, weaknesses, knowledge of the organization, and ways you've improved your skills in the last year. For each question, it offers steps and guidelines to provide well-prepared, positive responses that highlight your relevant qualifications and experience. Sample answers are given as examples of effective ways to respond to help land the janitor position.
P REDICTION F OR S HORT -T ERM T RAFFIC F LOW B ASED O N O PTIMIZED W...ijcsit
Short term traffic forecasting has been a very impo
rtant consideration in many areas of transportation
research for more than 3 decades. Short-term traffi
c forecasting based on data driven methods is one o
f the
most dynamic and developing research arenas with en
ormous published literature. In order to improve
forecasting model accuracy of wavelet neural networ
k, an adaptive particle swarm optimization algorith
m
based on cloud theory was proposed, not only to hel
p improve search performance, but also speed up
individual optimizing ability. And the inertia weig
ht adaptively changes depending on X-conditional cl
oud
generator which has the stable tendency and randomn
ess property .Then the adaptive particle swarm
optimization algorithm based on cloud theory was us
ed to optimize the weights and thresholds of wavele
t
BP neural network, Instead of traditional gradient
descent method . At last, wavelet BP neural network
was
trained to search for the optimal solution. Based o
n above theory, an improved wavelet neural network
model based on modified particle swarm optimization
algorithm was proposed and the availability of the
modified prediction method was proved by predicting
the time series of real traffic flow. At last, the
computer simulations have shown that the nonlinear
fitting and accuracy of the modified prediction
methods are better than other prediction methods.
The proposed humanistic approach mapped the human character and behavior into a device1 to evade the
bondages of implementation and surely succeed as we live. Human societies are the complex and most
organized networks, in which many communities having different cultural livelihood. The formation of
communities within a society and the way of associations can be mapped to MANET. In this work we have
presented the principles of humanism for MANETs. The proposed approach is not only robust and secure
but it certainly meets the existing challenges (such as name resolution, address allocation and
authentication). Its object oriented design defines a service in terms of Arts, Culture, and Machine. An ‘Art’
is the smallest unit of work (defined as an interface), the ‘Culture’ is the integration and implementation of
one or more Arts (defined as a class) and finally the ‘Machine’ which is an instance of a Culture that
defines a running service. The grouping of all communicable Machines having the same Culture forms a
‘Community’. We have used the term ‘Society’ for a MANET having one or more communities and modeled
using the humanistic approach. The proposed approach is compared with GloMoSim and the
implementation of file transfer service is presented using the said approach. Our approach is better in
terms of implementation of the basic services, security, reliability, throughput, extensibility, scalability etc
Review of monitoring tools for e learning platformsijcsit
The advancement of e-learning technologies has made it viable for developments in education and
technology to be combined in order to fulfil educational needs worldwide. E-learning consists of informal
learning approaches and emerging technologies to support the delivery of learning skills, materials,
collaboration and knowledge sharing. E-learning is a holistic approach that covers a wide range of
courses, technologies and infrastructures to provide an effective learning environment. The Learning
Management System (LMS) is the core of the entire e-learning process along with technology, content, and
services. This paper investigates the role of model-driven personalisation support modalities in providing
enhanced levels of learning and trusted assimilation in an e-learning delivery context. We present an
analysis of the impact of an integrated learning path that an e-learning system may employ to track
activities and evaluate the performance of learners.
Template matching is a basic method in image analysis to extract useful information from images. In this
paper, we suggest a new method for pattern matching. Our method transform the template image from two
dimensional image into one dimensional vector. Also all sub-windows (same size of template) in the
reference image will transform into one dimensional vectors. The three similarity measures SAD, SSD, and
Euclidean are used to compute the likeness between template and all sub-windows in the reference image
to find the best match. The experimental results show the superior performance of the proposed method
over the conventional methods on various template of different sizes.
This document discusses individual behavior in organizations. It presents an integrated model of human cognition that explains how stimuli are processed and turned into behaviors. Cognition includes processes like perception, memory, problem-solving, and decision-making. Both rational and emotional thinking influence behaviors. Experiences can become stable over time or continue evolving. The relationship between managers and subordinates is bidirectional - they both evaluate each other, and behavioral congruence leads to better outcomes. Factors like abilities, gender, race, and perception shape individual behaviors and how people are perceived.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social cognition. It discusses how social cognition involves mentally representing social situations and making inferences from social information. There are two main types of information processing: automatic processing that is fast, intuitive and unconscious, and controlled processing that is slower, more logical and conscious. Schemas are mental frameworks that help organize social knowledge and influence how information is perceived and remembered. Heuristics are mental shortcuts used to make quick judgments, though they may not always be accurate.
The Applied Neurosciences Lab uses neuroscientific tools like eyetracking and EEG biofeedback coupled with qualitative research to study how the brain processes information. They analyze stimuli like images, videos, and digital interfaces to understand what catches people's attention and is easy to understand. This helps optimize products, services, and communications. The lab provides data-driven recommendations in areas like marketing, advertising, and user experience design.
The document provides an overview of different methods used in psychology to study human behavior and mental processes. It discusses several key approaches:
1) The biological approach focuses on biological structures like the brain, genes, and hormones to understand behavior.
2) Observation is a systematic method of recording events without interference to study behavior in natural and laboratory settings.
3) Psychological research uses scientific methods like observation, surveys, and experiments to develop theories about human behavior that can be tested and applied to solve problems.
Behavioral science systematically studies behavior through controlled experiments and observations. It encompasses how organisms interact in nature. Unlike lay understanding, behavioral science uses scientific methods to understand and predict behavior objectively. The core disciplines are psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology studies behavior through cause-and-effect, sociology examines social systems, and anthropology understands human-environment relationships. Common methods are experiments, observation, case studies, questionnaires, and interviews.
The deficiency or hindrance in the capacity to think passionate states is known as mind visual deficiency. This condition is seen to be the key inhibitor of social and enthusiastic insight for mentally unbalanced individuals. A mental imbalance is a range of neuro-formative conditions which influences one's social working, correspondence what's more, is frequently went with redundant practices and over the top interests. Failures coming about because of mind-visual deficiency incorporate measuring the enthusiasm of different gatherings amid discussions, withdrawal from social contact, obscurity to social signals, in distinction to individuals' conclusions and inconceivable non-verbal correspondence. The current assistive gadgets and instruments generally fill in as healing apparatuses that give a learning condition for mentally unbalanced youngsters to find out about the standards of social conduct. In any case, these instruments do not have the capacity to work in conjunction with certifiable circumstances. A thought is recommended that means to satisfy this need. We propose a compact gadget which can help extremely introverted individuals in correspondence in genuine circumstances. We trust that this versatile gadget can help to limit the hole amongst us and the universe of extreme introvertedness through helped correspondence. In this paper, we introduce one a player in this gadget, which is called Emotional Advisor to help extremely introverted youngsters in taking part in significant discussions where individuals can learn how they are feeling amid correspondence.
Interpersonal Communication
Eighth Edition
Chapter 3
Interpersonal Communication and Perception
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;any rental, lease, or lending of the program
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
3.2 List and describe the strategies we use to form impressions of others.
3.3 List and describe the strategies we use to interpret the behavior of others.
3.4 Identify the eight factors that distort the accuracy of interpersonal perception.
3.5 Identify and apply five suggestions for improving interpersonal perception.
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (1 of 5)
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
Defining PerceptionYour perceptions of people go beyond simple interpretations of sensory information.
Interpersonal perception
Passive perception
Active perception
Perception: the process of experiencing the world and making sense out of what you experience
Interpersonal perception: process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting your observations of other people
Passive perception: perception that occurs without conscious effort, simply in response to one’s surroundings
Active perception: perception that occurs because you seek out specific information through intentional observation and questioning
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (2 of 5)
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A rule based approach towards detecting human temperament
1. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 7, No 1, February 2015
DOI:10.5121/ijcsit.2015.7109 85
A RULE BASED APPROACH TOWARDS DETECTING
HUMAN TEMPERAMENT
ShomoyeAbiodun R1
and ShomoyeAdekunle I2
1
Department of Computer Science, Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, Nigeria
2
Department of Math and Stat, Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
This paper presented a rule based system for detecting human temperament.. The system was developed to
provide support for an expert psychologist in properly predicting the temperament of an individual as well
as given advice to the user. The system does this by following specified rules. Of this, we have deduced
some features that makes up known temperament types from which the system can accurately classify the
user‘s temperament based on the person‘s characters. Also, our work is solely limited to temperament, any
expert advice sought from and given by the system is limited to this scope.
KEYWORDS
Temperament,,Sanguine, Choleric, Phlegmatic andMelancholic.
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper presents a Rule Engine Approach towards Detecting Human Temperament, reverse
reasoning technique was developed to help people know their temperaments type and assessing
their temperament at any point in time. In the course of our work, some issue was raised and dealt
with which leads to the development of this system, part of which are:
What method can be used to ascertain ones temperament and mood in a non-expert
environment? How can we determine one temperament with a system and it would be
acceptable by an expert. It should be known that if a man is fully aware of his
temperament, he can learn easily to direct, control himself among people and this will
bring about good relationship with other within his or her environment.
Which human character, behavior and method should be consider by a system to
ascertain the type of temperament a person is exhibiting? This looks uncomplicated on
the surface but it becomes much complex as humans exhibit traits of different
temperament types. For this, we introduced a reversed approach to solving the problem.
What method should be used to get the necessary information from a person’s feeling and
compare it with existing knowledge, can these be well indexed and easily retrieved? This
has also been well addressed in our work and led to the design and development of this
system.
Our system provides an intelligent assistance to users which involves detecting the temperament
and also at the same time providing a useful advice to the user on how to manage their
temperament among others. We were able to achieve this after gathering through a vivid study of
people’s natural inclination rather than their present practice, acquired by effort and self-control.
The questions developed from this study was used as our knowledge system. This question were
tested against the predefined characteristic of the several forms of temperament to ascertain which
2. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 7, No 1, February 2015
86
of the questions belongs to a form. It is from this knowledge system that our developed system
draws its conclusion and accurately classify the temperament type of an individual. This we
believe is important and significant as knowing one‘s temperament and getting psychological
advice can go a long way in helping individuals relate and co-exist properly with people around
them easily without dispute. A great advantage of our system is that it does all what an expert
psychologist will do i.e temperament detection and also offers counselling.
2 . HUMAN TEMPERAMENT
Temperament are inborn characteristic in human life, they are the reasons for everything human
does in his/ her environment. Behavior is a very important part of an animal‘s observable features
and is mostly defined as what an animal does and how it does it, provided it is observable and
measureable.
They are four basic human temperament, these are:
Sanguine: fun-loving and extroverted
Choleric: ambitious and opinionated
Melancholic: introspective.
Phlegmatic: cool, calm and collected.
2.1 SANGUINE
People that exhibit sanguine character are said to be with abundance of blood. A sanguine person
does not penetrate the depth, essence of things and happenings; does not embrace the whole. He
loves light work which attracts attention, where there is no need of deep thought, or great effort.
A sanguine person is fun-loving, he loves activities that involve a lot of energy. A sanguine
person is unstable and encounters frequent alterations of mood say from happy to sad and sad to
happy. He is fashionable and is happy when praised.
Abbey can be categorised as a sanguine because he exhibits the following characters:
He is creative and artistic types.
He is self-composed
He takes decision as early as possible
Is talkative, frank, sociable and expresses emotions readily
His decisions are often wrong.
2.2. CHOLERIC
A Choleric person is fundamentally ambitiousandleader-like.He is a hard driving who always aim
toaccomplish any goals set… he has a lot ofenergy,aggression, and/or passion, and tries to
enforce it in others. Because of his leadership spirit, he desire control, and are best at jobs that
demand strong control, authority, require quick decisions and instant attention. He care little for
the feelings of others.
2.3. PHLEGMATIC
A person exhibiting Phlegmatic temperament is usuallyrelaxed and quiet. Because of the relaxed
mind they are best in positions of conflict resolution,mediation and unity. The Phlegmatic is
mostly a female who tends to be the CCC(cool, calm and collected) easygoing, tolerant of others,
3. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 7, No 1, February 2015
87
well-balanced, kind, usually do havesympathy for others,have the ability to hide emotions, is
happily reconciled to life, take things steadily i.e not in a hurry, do have many friends, try to
avoid conflict, inoffensive, quiet but witty, agreeable and intuitive, they are very peaceful, patient
and adaptable, they are reluctant, indecisive and a worrier.
2.4. MELANCHOLIC
A person exhibiting melancholic temperament iseasily embarrassed, self-conscious and timid. He
is always saidto be shy and often introverted. He is shy of standing before a group and when
forced to, finds it very difficult. He prefers to work, play all alone. He finds it difficult to form
acquaintances readily; prefers few number of friends.
3. MODULES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
The striking feature of our system is the ability to test user based on multiple form of
temperament. This was achieved by testing the user with factors that intersect between two
different forms of temperament. A knowledge base was developed from the informationobtained.
The knowledge base is designed based on the set of rules.
The If-Then rules of the rule-base which can be classified into two categories:
(1) Several features of the four different forms of temperament
(2) Users response to questions asked
The former rules are concerned with the characteristic of several forms of temperament. In the
later, the answers provided by the user will be enquired, then based on those preferences the
knowledge base will be developed. On the basis of the details from the user and the knowledge
base, the type of temperament will be decided. There are 3 modules.
1. Developing Rule based knowledge-base
2. Collecting detailed information from the User through a user interface
3. Giving back the required information to the user
First step is to collect the information about different temperaments and store it in the
knowledge-base, this was achieved through the use of secondary data. Then rules are formed
based on the knowledge-base and the facts extracted. The developed system will get some
necessary information from the as system input and based on his information provided and the
facts in the knowledge base, the user will be provided with the needed information.
3.1. DEVELOPING RULE BASED KNOWLEDGE-BASE
In this module design of the system by constructing the following components:
1. Knowledge-base
2. Inference Engine
3. User Interface
Knowledge-base will contain all the extracted information that is necessary about the different
forms of temperament. The information will be collected manuallyand entered into the
knowledge-base. The system holds a collection of general principleswhich can potentially be
applied to any problem - these are stored in the knowledge base.
4. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 7, No 1, February 2015
88
This information is processed by the inference engine. Inference Engine is a knowledge processor
which is modeled after the expert reasoning. The inference engine developed is a rule-based
reasoning which follows the backward reasoning technique. The essence of a rule-based
reasoning system is that it goes through a series of cycles. In each cycle, it attempts to pick an
appropriaterule from its collection of rules, depending on the present circumstances, and to use it
as described above. Because using a rule produces new information, it's possible for each new
cycle to take the reasoning process further than the cycle before. This is rather like a human
following a chain of ideas in order to come to a conclusion.
3.2. DATA REPRESENTATION: RELATIONAL KNOWLEDGE-BASE
Our data was gotten from several psychological textbook as they relate to the several forms of
temperaments and recently asked questions on temperament. For example, if an index case has 5
characteristics, all these characters will be check through the stored characters in the knowledge
base. This follows the backward chain reasoning technique, where the user’s response has an
equal probability of being any of the four forms of temperament. This was further broken down
into two after the first response from the user has been match against the knowledge based. The
output from this, categories the temperament into two
Choleric or melancholic temperament.
Sanguine or phlegmatic temperament
If this has been achieved, another question will emerge, this question will now be the basis to
further simplify the temperament from a group of two temperament to a single temperament. The
output of this stage is the respondent’s temperament.
The beautiful factor about our system is the ability to solve problem arising from individual
having mix temperament. Mixed temperaments are those in which one temperament
predominates and another temperament also manifests itself. We were able to provide solution to
this with the ability of our system to provide counselling advice to the user which will require
further inquiry into the respondent’s family trait.
Another very practical way to determine one's temperament consists in considering one's
reactions to offenses, by asking questions like:
Doctor: Can you forgive when offended?
Respondent:usually I cannot forget insults
Doctor: Do you bear grudges and resent insults
Respondent: I brood over them; to think of them excites me anew;
If the answer provided by the respondent to the questions are: I bear a grudge for a long time,
several days, weeks if somebody has offended me; I try to evade those who have offended me,
avoid speaking to them, e.t.c., then one is either choleric or melancholic temperament.
If the answers are otherwise i.e I do not harbor ill will; I don’t bear grudge cannot be angry with
anybody for a long time; I forget actual insults very soon and easily; I sometimes decide to show
anger, but I cannot do so, not even for a long time, at most an hour or two — if such is the
answer, then one is either sanguine or phlegmatic.
After detecting that one is of the choleric or melancholic temperament the following questions
needs to be answered to ascertain which temperament the person belongs to:
Am I quickly excited at offenses?
Do I extremely show my resentment by words or action?
5. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 7, No 1, February 2015
89
Do I feel reluctant to oppose an insult instantly and retaliate?
The explanation above, when presented in a suitably readable format, is as follows.
Do I react immediately and vehemently or slowly and superficially to a strong and hash
impression made upon me?
Figure 1. Sample of the Rule
Figure 2. Architecture of the System
4. DETAILS FROM USER THROUGH A USER INTERFACE
The user communicates with the expert system through the user interface which was designed
with JAVA Object Oriented ProgrammingLanguage. It allows the user to respond to some
questions which has been carefully selected , supply information and receive advice. The aim is to
6. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 7, No 1, February 2015
90
provide the same form of communication provided by the expert in the field. With the help of
user interface, necessary response will be collected from the user. These response are mapped
with the rules from expert system.
Figure 3. Screenshot of the First Interface
4.1 PROVIDING THE REQUIRED INFORMATION TO THE USER
In this module the respondent will be provided with the information regarding his/her
temperament which he can get based on his responses. We will have the knowledge-base details
and the rule production system. After cross verifying the user response with the system the
temperament for the user will be suggested in the output screen. The output will comprise of both
the temperament and counseling advice.
Figure 4. Screenshot of the Question Interface
7. International Journal of Computer Science & Information Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 7, No 1, February 2015
91
Figure 4. Screenshot of the Final Interface
5. CONCLUSION
This work presented the design and development of a rule based expert system for detecting
human Temperament.The system was developed to provide support for an expert psychologist in
properly predicting the temperament of an individual as well as given advice to the user. The
system does this by following designed rules. Of this, we have deduced some features that
characterizes known temperament types from which the system can accurately classify the user‘s
temperament based on the person‘s characters. Also, our work is solely limited to temperament
and mood detection, any expert advice sought from and given by the system is limited to this
scope.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the reviewers for their careful reading of this paper, for their helpful
comments, this has made the work better. The author also send their appreciation to colleagues
who assisted in this work.
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[3] Schank, R. and Leake, D. (1989): Creativity and learning in a case-based explainer. Artificial
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92
[4] Aamodt, A., (1989) Towards robust expert systems that learn from experience - an architectural
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Authors Profile
ShomoyeAbiodun R is final year student of Department of Computer Science,
Oduduwa University, Ipetumodu, Nigeria. His areas of interest are Artificial
Intelligence, object oriented programming, Software Complexity, Numerical
computation.
ShomoyeAdekunle I is a senior lecturer of Statistic, Department of Math and Stat,
Federal Polytechnic, Ilaro, Nigeria. His areas of interest are Artificial Intelligence,
Econometrics, Applied Statistic, Software Complexity, Numerical computation.