A RuBP pathways which synthesize large molecules from smaller ones B S (1).pdf
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A RuBP pathways which synthesize large molecules from smaller ones B Stroma photosynthesis is considered to be this type of reaction because it requires energy from the sun to occur C Light- Dependent Reactions the structure in which chlorophyll is contained the Calvin Cycle takes place in this part of D Light-Independent Reactions the chloroplast ATP and NADPH are the two main products E Anabolic G 3 P is the main product F Calvin Cycle electrons that leave the reaction center of this molecule are replaced by electrons generated by the splitting of H 2 O G Oxygen electrons that leave the reaction center of this molecule are replaced by the electron passed H Thylakoid on from the ETC of PSII the most important by-product of I Chemiosmosis photosynthesis a series of membrane-embedded proteins through which high energy electrons are transferred K. Photosystem II the movement of hydrogen ions down a gradient L. Photosystem I the protein through which hydrogen ions are passed as they enter the stroma M G 3 P three-step cycle that does not require the excitation of electrons to initiate reactions N Electron transport chain molecule used to "fix" carbon dioxide O Endothermic used to make glucose.
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Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in three main steps:
1) Light-dependent reactions in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH via the electron transport chain.
2) The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into 3-carbon sugar phosphates, which are then reduced and regenerated to produce G3P.
3) G3P molecules are combined to form glucose, providing an energy-storing organic compound for cells. The oxygen produced as a byproduct is released for other organisms to use.
Oxidative phosphorylation
The document provides information on cellular respiration and how it generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. It discusses the electron transport chain, made up of protein complexes I-IV in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which establishes a proton gradient by pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This proton gradient drives ATP synthase to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic theory explains how the potential energy in the proton gradient is used to produce ATP through rotation of the ATP synthase complex.
Electron Transport Chain
1) The document is an assignment submission on the electron transport chain from a student at PrimeAsia University.
2) It provides an overview of the electron transport chain as a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane that pass electrons from NADH and FADH2 through redox reactions to generate a proton gradient.
3) This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis, completing oxidative phosphorylation.
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
ETS.pptx Govt Nehru PG collage by SOMESH KUMAR
The document provides an overview of electron transport chain. It discusses the history, location, components and complexes of ETC. The key components include NADH, FADH2, ubiquinone, cytochromes and ATP synthase. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through these components via redox reactions to ultimately synthesize ATP. As electrons are passed through complexes I-IV, protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP.
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle.
Solution
1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
(Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes
and pigment molecules.
PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH
This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and
Photosystem II (P700).
PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
STEPS INVOLVED
Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule.
Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is
transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high
energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
Cyclic photophosphorylation
This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of
ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence
the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic
photophosphoryltaion.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the
reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Photolysis .
Photosynthesis light reaction
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
Non Cyclic Transport
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Photosynthesis occurs in three main steps:
1) Light-dependent reactions in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH via the electron transport chain.
2) The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into 3-carbon sugar phosphates, which are then reduced and regenerated to produce G3P.
3) G3P molecules are combined to form glucose, providing an energy-storing organic compound for cells. The oxygen produced as a byproduct is released for other organisms to use.
Oxidative phosphorylation
The document provides information on cellular respiration and how it generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria. It discusses the electron transport chain, made up of protein complexes I-IV in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which establishes a proton gradient by pumping protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space. This proton gradient drives ATP synthase to catalyze the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP. The chemiosmotic theory explains how the potential energy in the proton gradient is used to produce ATP through rotation of the ATP synthase complex.
Electron Transport Chain
1) The document is an assignment submission on the electron transport chain from a student at PrimeAsia University.
2) It provides an overview of the electron transport chain as a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane that pass electrons from NADH and FADH2 through redox reactions to generate a proton gradient.
3) This proton gradient is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP through chemiosmosis, completing oxidative phosphorylation.
Photosynthesis process (light and dark reactions)
1) Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where sunlight is absorbed to make ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using these products to make glucose.
2) The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts where photosystems capture light and transfer electrons down a transport chain, powering ATP production. Oxygen is released from water.
3) The Calvin cycle takes place in the chloroplast stroma and uses the ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to incorporate CO2 into organic compounds, specifically glucose, in three steps of fixation, reduction, and regeneration.
ETS.pptx Govt Nehru PG collage by SOMESH KUMAR
The document provides an overview of electron transport chain. It discusses the history, location, components and complexes of ETC. The key components include NADH, FADH2, ubiquinone, cytochromes and ATP synthase. Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through these components via redox reactions to ultimately synthesize ATP. As electrons are passed through complexes I-IV, protons are pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP.
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in.pdf
1 outline the steps involved in synthesizing AT and NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle.
2 Outline the 3 phases of the Calvin Cycle.
Solution
1) STEPS INVOLVED IN SYNTHESIZING ATP AND NADPH
Synthesis of ATP and NADPH occurs during the light-dependent reactions in the first phase of
photosynthesis. The first phase of photosynthesis is to convert solar energy into chemical energy
in the form of ATP and NADPH which will be used further in the light-independent reactions
(Calvin\'s cycle). NADPH and ATP are produced from the combined work of protein complexes
and pigment molecules.
PRODUCTION OF ATP & NADPH
This process takes place in a multiprotein complex called photosystem. The thylakoid membrane
of the chloroplast consists of two photosystems. They are the, Photosystem I (P680) and
Photosystem II (P700).
PHOTOSYSTEMS
These are the structural and functional units of protein complexes that are found in the thylakoid
membranes of chloroplasts that carry out the absorption of light and trasfer of energy and
electrons during photosynthesis.
Each photosystem consists of multiple antenna proteins that contain a mixture of 300–400
chlorophyll a and b molecules, and also pigments like carotenoids.
Cytochrome b6f complex and ATP synthase are the major protein complexes in the thylakoid
membrane that work with the photosystems to create ATP and NADPH.
STEPS INVOLVED
Chlorophyll in the photosystem absorbs light energy. In PS II light energy is used to split water
into 2 electrons, 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen molecule.
Chlorophyll a in the reaction centre of PS II absorbs a photon which excites the electron in the
molecule to a higher level. As the state of the eletron is highly unstable, the electron is
transferred to another molecule creating a chain of reactions called Electron Transport Chain
(ETC).
Electrons flow from PS II to cytochrome b6f to PS I. During this transistion they loose energy
and has to re energized. Hence another photon is absorbed by the protein antenna and the energy
is transmitted to the PS I reaction centre known as P700 which gets oxidized and sends a high
energy electron to reduce NADP+ to NADPH and releases oxygen as a waste product.
ATP is produced by Cytochrome b6f and ATP Synthase by a process called photophospyrlation.
Two types of photophosphorylation takes place during ATP synthesis. They are
Cyclic photophosphorylation
This process involves photosystem I and P700. Energy is provided to produce a proton gradient
across the membrane that is used to power ATP synthase during chemiosmosis (movement of
ions from higher to lower concentration) which helps in the conversion of ADP to ATP. Hence
the electrons travel in a cylic manner back to the PS I, this reaction is called as cyclic
photophosphoryltaion.
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem I and II are used in a series in non-cyclic photophosphorylation. P680 is the
reaction centre invovled in this process and the electrons travel in a non-cyclic manner.
Photolysis .
Photosynthesis light reaction
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
Non Cyclic Transport
all 2D - i uploaded it here in fb for you to study... refresh lng para hindi hard sa part nyo during exam..
teofe♥
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis presented by a group of 6 students. It describes the key processes and phases of photosynthesis including light reaction, dark reaction, photophosphorylation, photosystems, and alternative pathways such as C4 and CAM photosynthesis. The light reaction uses energy from sunlight to split water and produce ATP and NADPH. The dark reaction then uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars.
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2. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the photsytems which transfer electrons to make ATP and NADPH.
3. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose through a series of reduction and phosphorylation reactions.
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2. Oxidative phosphorylation couples the electron transport chain to ATP synthase. As protons diffuse back into the matrix through ATP synthase, this drives the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
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