This document summarizes a research article about the relationship between self-perceptions and achieving life goals, and the implications for self-development. It discusses how positive self-perceptions like self-efficacy, self-esteem, and self-image can lead to success in achieving life goals, while negative self-perceptions can hinder achievement. It also reviews literature showing links between life goals, life satisfaction, and factors like motivation, performance and well-being. The study aims to examine how self-perceptions relate to life goals and life satisfaction, and potential mediating and moderating factors in this relationship.
The document discusses Mead's definition of self and how it is developed through social interactions and relationships. It also defines the three dimensions of self - material, social, and spiritual. The material self relates to physical characteristics, the social self is portrayed through social interactions, and the spiritual self involves introspection on values, beliefs, and morals. Communication style is influenced by self-concept, which has four sources: others' images of you, social comparisons, cultural teachings, and your own interpretations. Different self-concepts relate to analytical, driver, expressive, and amiable communication styles.
Relationship of personal growth initiative with self efficacy among universit...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personal growth initiative (PGI) and self-efficacy among university postgraduate students. PGI refers to actively seeking self-improvement, while self-efficacy is one's belief in their ability to succeed. The study found a positive relationship between PGI and self-efficacy. Specifically, higher self-efficacy predicted higher total PGI scores and scores on the four dimensions of PGI (readiness for change, planfulness, using resources, intentional behavior). Self-efficacy, particularly the effort dimension, was the strongest predictor and explained around 14% of the variance in PGI scores. The results indicate that individuals with greater belief in their capabilities are more
A Study on Self Concept in Relation to Academic Achievement Among B.Ed Traineesijtsrd
The purpose of this research was to deter- mine the relationship between the academic self-concept and academic performance. The sample consists of 100 B.Ed trainees from 6 colleges were chosen by using random sampling method. The data collection instrument for academic self-concept was a researcher made questionnaire. After verifying the scale's facto- rial structure, established levels of association between self-concept and academic performance, and predictive power of academic self-concept. The research finding showed a close relationship between academic self-concept and measures of academic performance. Academic self-concept powerfully and positive predicts general performance in literature and mathematics. Feel it is necessary to give adequate and sufficient attention to self-concept and self-esteem and teachers should be offered methodological guidance in order to work on these throughout the educational process. Ms. B. Deepika | Ms. D. Geetha"A Study on Self Concept in Relation to Academic Achievement Among B.Ed Trainees" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14198.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/14198/a-study-on-self-concept-in-relation-to-academic-achievement-among-bed-trainees/ms-b-deepika
This document discusses self-determination as an important motivational tool and transition skill for students with disabilities. It examines the characteristics of self-determined behavior, how culture and motivation impact self-determination, and teaching strategies to improve students' self-determination skills. Specific teaching strategies discussed include problem-solving instruction, involving students in their IEP meetings, and ensuring opportunities for choice, decision-making, and goal-setting. The document concludes that while teachers can support the development of self-determination, students must find intrinsic motivation to pursue their own interests and contribute to their post-school outcomes.
This document discusses the theories of management professor Douglas McGregor on employee motivation. Theory X assumes that the average employee dislikes work and must be closely controlled and directed. Theory Y proposes that employees can be self-motivated if given responsibility and rewards that satisfy higher needs like self-fulfillment. The document outlines the key assumptions of each theory, such as Theory X believing people avoid responsibility while Theory Y believes people will seek it under the right conditions.
This document discusses self-determination as a motivational tool for students. It defines self-determined behavior as actions that are independent, self-monitored, psychologically enabling, and lead to self-fulfillment. Developing better self-determination skills in school leads to better post-school outcomes. Intrinsic motivators like student choice, decision-making, autonomy, and continuous feedback can improve self-determination in the classroom. Teaching strategies to develop self-determination include finding new motivators, making effective instructional plans, and involving students in the IEP process.
This document provides an overview of Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a theory of motivation developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. SDT posits that there are two main types of motivation - intrinsic motivation, which comes from within, and extrinsic motivation, which comes from external rewards or punishments. SDT also identifies three basic psychological needs - autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The theory explores how social and environmental factors can facilitate or undermine intrinsic motivation. It also presents a continuum of motivation ranging from amotivation to intrinsic motivation and discusses how extrinsic motivation can vary in its degree of autonomy. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts of SDT.
Research critique guidelines – part ii use this documssusere73ce3
This document provides guidelines for critiquing quantitative research studies. It outlines sections to include in the critique such as summarizing the studies, describing the methods, results, and outcomes. Students are instructed to reply to classmates' threads, citing sources in APA format to support their assertions regarding conducting ethical research as Christians. Students must discuss biblical principles of integrity, treating others with dignity, and holding oneself to high moral standards when critiquing research.
The document discusses Mead's definition of self and how it is developed through social interactions and relationships. It also defines the three dimensions of self - material, social, and spiritual. The material self relates to physical characteristics, the social self is portrayed through social interactions, and the spiritual self involves introspection on values, beliefs, and morals. Communication style is influenced by self-concept, which has four sources: others' images of you, social comparisons, cultural teachings, and your own interpretations. Different self-concepts relate to analytical, driver, expressive, and amiable communication styles.
Relationship of personal growth initiative with self efficacy among universit...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between personal growth initiative (PGI) and self-efficacy among university postgraduate students. PGI refers to actively seeking self-improvement, while self-efficacy is one's belief in their ability to succeed. The study found a positive relationship between PGI and self-efficacy. Specifically, higher self-efficacy predicted higher total PGI scores and scores on the four dimensions of PGI (readiness for change, planfulness, using resources, intentional behavior). Self-efficacy, particularly the effort dimension, was the strongest predictor and explained around 14% of the variance in PGI scores. The results indicate that individuals with greater belief in their capabilities are more
A Study on Self Concept in Relation to Academic Achievement Among B.Ed Traineesijtsrd
The purpose of this research was to deter- mine the relationship between the academic self-concept and academic performance. The sample consists of 100 B.Ed trainees from 6 colleges were chosen by using random sampling method. The data collection instrument for academic self-concept was a researcher made questionnaire. After verifying the scale's facto- rial structure, established levels of association between self-concept and academic performance, and predictive power of academic self-concept. The research finding showed a close relationship between academic self-concept and measures of academic performance. Academic self-concept powerfully and positive predicts general performance in literature and mathematics. Feel it is necessary to give adequate and sufficient attention to self-concept and self-esteem and teachers should be offered methodological guidance in order to work on these throughout the educational process. Ms. B. Deepika | Ms. D. Geetha"A Study on Self Concept in Relation to Academic Achievement Among B.Ed Trainees" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14198.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/14198/a-study-on-self-concept-in-relation-to-academic-achievement-among-bed-trainees/ms-b-deepika
This document discusses self-determination as an important motivational tool and transition skill for students with disabilities. It examines the characteristics of self-determined behavior, how culture and motivation impact self-determination, and teaching strategies to improve students' self-determination skills. Specific teaching strategies discussed include problem-solving instruction, involving students in their IEP meetings, and ensuring opportunities for choice, decision-making, and goal-setting. The document concludes that while teachers can support the development of self-determination, students must find intrinsic motivation to pursue their own interests and contribute to their post-school outcomes.
This document discusses the theories of management professor Douglas McGregor on employee motivation. Theory X assumes that the average employee dislikes work and must be closely controlled and directed. Theory Y proposes that employees can be self-motivated if given responsibility and rewards that satisfy higher needs like self-fulfillment. The document outlines the key assumptions of each theory, such as Theory X believing people avoid responsibility while Theory Y believes people will seek it under the right conditions.
This document discusses self-determination as a motivational tool for students. It defines self-determined behavior as actions that are independent, self-monitored, psychologically enabling, and lead to self-fulfillment. Developing better self-determination skills in school leads to better post-school outcomes. Intrinsic motivators like student choice, decision-making, autonomy, and continuous feedback can improve self-determination in the classroom. Teaching strategies to develop self-determination include finding new motivators, making effective instructional plans, and involving students in the IEP process.
This document provides an overview of Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a theory of motivation developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. SDT posits that there are two main types of motivation - intrinsic motivation, which comes from within, and extrinsic motivation, which comes from external rewards or punishments. SDT also identifies three basic psychological needs - autonomy, competence, and relatedness. The theory explores how social and environmental factors can facilitate or undermine intrinsic motivation. It also presents a continuum of motivation ranging from amotivation to intrinsic motivation and discusses how extrinsic motivation can vary in its degree of autonomy. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts of SDT.
Research critique guidelines – part ii use this documssusere73ce3
This document provides guidelines for critiquing quantitative research studies. It outlines sections to include in the critique such as summarizing the studies, describing the methods, results, and outcomes. Students are instructed to reply to classmates' threads, citing sources in APA format to support their assertions regarding conducting ethical research as Christians. Students must discuss biblical principles of integrity, treating others with dignity, and holding oneself to high moral standards when critiquing research.
Comparative Study of Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary Students in R...ijtsrd
The Educational aspiration and aspiration esteem are the two important psychological factors determine student’s achievement in the class room. In this age of science and technology, study is a prime requisite to survive in the world. Therefore it is necessary for all to study, to think to observe to concentrate to analyze knowledge. Study as a technique of approaching knowledge should be acquired. Good study depends on effective methods of reading, observing, concentrating, remembering, organizing, using the ideas learnt and developing. Educational Aspiration in one of those central concepts that are frequently used in everyday life. You will agree that are we spend a lot of time pondering over our own selves. We are preoccupied with the feelings, perceptions, and real or imagined ideas about ourselves. It is indeed the center of all human activities. You too must have nurtured some ideas about your own educational aspiration. Interestingly enough, we are not born with the notion of Our Own Aspiration. as distinct from others Aspiration. It has been observed that children start howling some ideas of Aspiration around two years of age. In the beginning they learn about own Aspiration from parents, friends, and teachers. The structure of Aspiration, therefore, is open to modification in the light of our experience in the world. Aspiration involves the mental representations of personal experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience that one has separate existence. Taking these into Consideration, it may be said that Aspiration refers to the totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings having reference to her Aspiration or him Aspiration as an object. R. Haridoss | Mr. T. Selvaraj "Comparative Study of Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary Students in Relation to their Academic Achievement in Cuddalore District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49823.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/49823/comparative-study-of-educational-aspiration-of-higher-secondary-students-in-relation-to-their-academic-achievement-in-cuddalore-district/r-haridoss
A Study of Personality of Secondary School Students in Relation to Frustrationijtsrd
The current study aimed at exploring the relationship between reactions to frustration level and personality of secondary school students in Indore city. Research Design To meet the objectives, ex post facto design used or the data was analysed and proper statistical techniques used. For this purpose a sample of 50 adolescents, randomly selected from four Male and Female secondary schools students Indore city, was taken. As a result significant negative relationship was found between Frustration and personality of Adolescents of Male and Female secondary schools students. Dr. Inderjeet Singh Bhatia "A Study of Personality of Secondary School Students in Relation to Frustration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50341.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50341/a-study-of-personality-of-secondary-school-students-in-relation-to-frustration/dr-inderjeet-singh-bhatia
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion postDiscu.docxsheronlewthwaite
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion post
Discussion Entry 1
The emerging adulthood stage is being studied in various ways now to include the lifespan theory and the resiliency theory. The lifespan development theory generally concentrates on the ontogenesis and the chronological mastery of skills, tasks, and abilities, while resiliency theory, in contrast, generally focuses the process of positive adaption when facing significant risk (Smith-Osborne, 2007). “Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25” (Arnett, 2000, pg. 1). From my understanding, Arnett’s proposal is basically highlighting on the fact that there is a difference from “back in the day” to “current day” life experiences or achievements. “The reliance on traditional sociological markers that have served for over a century—stable job, independent domicile, financial self-sufficiency, marriage and children—is out of sync with the pace, direction, and even values of twenty-first-century life” (Gilmore, 2019, pg. 1). Arnett explains this by showing how the age of marriage has shifted and how childbirth age patterns has increased. The emerging adulthood phase is when an individual is acting independently in contradiction of social norms.
The first article dealt with homeless emerging adults and how the resiliency theory played a role in the case study. Young adults were interviewed, recruited, and analyzed to find four primary themes amongst the homeless young adults. Individual strengths, positive life perspectives, external social supports, and coping strategies are all themes that contributed to their resilience while living on the streets. Most emerging adults were facing multiple barriers while growing up and they were exposed to traumatizing events which cause most of them to flee their home/family. the resiliency theory reported how these individuals adapted to their new circumstances by learning how to find resources, establishing new relationships and who to trust, and developing a “street smart” skill (Thompson, Ryan, Montgomery, Lippman, Bender & Ferguson, 2016). This case study proposed that using a strength-based method would empower these individuals to use their resilient capabilities to build a self-efficient mentality that offers them a way out of homelessness. One major shortcoming of this study is that the recruits were from one specific city and were mainly Caucasian males. If the study would have been more worldwide, the results may have shown various results. Another factor that may hinder this type of research is that many homeless individuals develop mental health concerns and do not share the full extent of their situation which would alter the results as well. This study reflects how the cognitive and personality development does not always take place in a normal age range or in sequential order and human development rem ...
Motivation is key to student success but often overlooked in education policy. Lack of motivation has serious consequences, like lower academic performance and higher dropout rates. Motivation can be intrinsic, from internal enjoyment of learning, or extrinsic, from external rewards. Researchers identify competence, autonomy, interest/value, and relatedness as the major dimensions contributing to student motivation. Programs aiming to improve motivation should consider how to strengthen students' beliefs in these areas.
Measuring the Effect of “Remembrance Education Style” Road Side Learning as...ijtsrd
The quality of education refers to some of the learning conditions in which information, capabilities and skills have been developed within the excellent appropriate ways. It has mainly essential to take note of that the improvement of intellectual capacities especially associated with inventive speculation. Quality instruction permits people and society to develop and adjust viably to new difficulties that will emerge. In this sense, information should be gained with the way of thinking that this information isnt static yet will advance, be reconfigured eventually. Creativity has been more than perfect cognitive concept. In specific the trait the trait of threat taking, openness, personal, tolerance of vagueness has been observed as playing one of the essential roles in innovation. In this study it has also been stated that the family setting, the school climate assumes a urgent part in the advancement of innovativeness, or its absence of improvement as a rule. To start with, kids procure intellectual capacities and information in school. It also includes all of those participants who are eager to present their views about road side learning and delay in mental development for creativity. As well as the societal speculation of some of the educational resources in innovative training could be taken as the growth of human capital. For entire research methods that are qualitative, quantitative and mixed method the said study is conducted by using the quantitative research methods because this study explores the survey. The above given table and the positive values for the Pearson correlation are representing the positive significant relation among these variables. Prof. Lawrence Lowell "Measuring the Effect of “Remembrance Education Style” (Road-Side Learning) as a Factor that Contributes to the Delay in the Mental Development of a College Student for Creativity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35724.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/35724/measuring-the-effect-of-“remembrance-education-style” -roadside-learning-as-a-factor-that-contributes-to-the-delay-in-the-mental-development-of-a-college-student-for-creativity/prof-lawrence-lowell
The document provides an overview of several influential career development theories:
1. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma Theory from 1951 proposes career choice is a developmental process through fantasy, tentative and realistic stages from preteen to young adulthood.
2. Super's Theory of Vocational Choice from 1954 describes six life and career stages and emphasizes the role of changing self-concept.
3. Holland's Career Typology from 1959 categorizes personalities and work environments to explain career choices.
4. Lent, Brown and Hackett's Social Cognitive Career Theory from 1987 focuses on how self-efficacy, expectations and goals shape career choices within social and economic contexts.
A Study of Comparative Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary School Stud...ijtsrd
The Educational aspiration and aspiration esteem are the two important psychological factors determine student’s achievement in the class room. In this age of science and technology, study is a prime requisite to survive in the world. Therefore it is necessary for all to study, to think to observe to concentrate to analyze knowledge. Study as a technique of approaching knowledge should be acquired. Good study depends on effective methods of reading, observing, concentrating, remembering, organizing, using the ideas learnt and developing. Educational Aspiration in one of those central concepts that are frequently used in everyday life. You will agree that are we spend a lot of time pondering over our own selves. It is indeed the center of all human activities. You too must have nurtured some ideas about your own educational aspiration. Interestingly enough, we are not born with the notion of Our Own Aspiration.as distinct from others Aspiration. It has been observed that children start howling some ideas of Aspiration around two years of age. In the beginning they learn about own Aspiration from parents, friends, and teachers. The structure of Aspiration, therefore, is open to modification in the light of our experience in the world. Aspiration involves the mental representations of personal experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience that one has separate existence. Taking these into Consideration, it may be said that Aspiration refers to the totality of an individual s thoughts and feelings having reference to her Aspiration or him Aspiration as an object. R. Haridoss | Mr. T. Selvaraj "A Study of Comparative Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary School Students in Relation to Their Academic Achivment in Cuddalore District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50075.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/50075/a-study-of-comparative-educational-aspiration-of-higher-secondary-school-students-in-relation-to-their-academic-achivment-in-cuddalore-district/r-haridoss
CheckPointGoal SelectionUsing the information presented in Ch. 7.docxbissacr
This document summarizes a chapter about personal goals and well-being. It discusses how goals provide purpose and direction for behavior. Well-defined, attainable goals are linked to well-being, while unrealistic or conflicting goals can cause distress. The chapter examines what goals are, how they are measured and organized, and how they relate to needs, values and culture. It explores how intrinsic and extrinsic goals may differently impact well-being. The "matching hypothesis" proposes that goals most contribute to well-being when a person's resources and strengths align with and support their goals. In short, this chapter analyzes how and why personal goals influence happiness and life satisfaction.
A Study on the Influence of Body Image on Early Adultsijtsrd
Body image is what an individual perceives of his or her body and the mental schemas that one forms with respect to their body and may or may not bear resemblance to reality. The four elements to a body image are how you see your body, how you feel about your body, how think about your body and what you do as a result of all of the above. It may be positive or negative. Body image in young adult women means how women between the ages of 18 25 years perceive their body and what factors influence the body image of women in that age. Body image has implications on mental health such as self esteem, anxiety, depression and self confidence and eating disorders. Physical illnesses such as cancer, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis also play a role in body image. Literature done in other countries suggests that a majority of women have body image issues. Therefore this concept has to be studied in the Indian context too. This study focuses on that 53.3 of the respondents are moderate level of body image on early adults, 30 of the respondents are high level of body image on early adults and 16.7 of the respondents are low level of body image on early adults. Dr. M. Punitha | Aswathy. S "A Study on the Influence of Body Image on Early Adults" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49192.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/49192/a-study-on-the-influence-of-body-image-on-early-adults/dr-m-punitha
Assessment of Adjustment, Decision Making Ability in Relation to Personality ...ijtsrd
Adolescence is a period of substantial changes. As a result, research on adolescent personality change has been on the rise in the last decade Klimstra, 2013 . Erikson 1968 describes adolescence as a developmental period of “assess the identity versus role confusion-. Adolescence is the critical transition period because adolescents become more independent and begin to consider the future in terms of relationships, families, careers, and their own identity. Adolescence is the period of maximum growth with regard to cognitive mental functioning. Intellectual powers like long term memory, logical thinking, abstract reasoning, problem solving, and decision making abilities are developed during their stage. Cognitive development takes place at a fast pace during adolescence. Education plays a major role in shaping adolescents’ life through their adjustment ability, decision making capacity. As a whole, the personality of a person develops in the desired manner in society. In the present investigation, an attempt is made to assess the adjustment, decision making ability in relation to the personality of adolescents. The survey method was used to assess the adjustment and decision making ability of college students in relation to their personalities. Dr. Sandhya Rani Mohanty "Assessment of Adjustment, Decision Making Ability in Relation to Personality of Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45225.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/human-development-and-relationships/45225/assessment-of-adjustment-decision-making-ability-in-relation-to-personality-of-adolescents/dr-sandhya-rani-mohanty
Human Growth And Development Study Guide Ch 1,2,3Ashley Lott
Human Growth and Development Study Guide Ch 1,2,3 covers key concepts in the first three chapters including:
- Continuous and discontinuous development refer to gradual vs. new ways of understanding at specific times.
- Nature vs. nurture refers to hereditary vs. environmental influences on development.
- Research methods are discussed including structured interviews, case studies, experiments, and longitudinal, cross-sectional, correlational, and sequential research designs.
- Key components of research ethics are also outlined.
This study aimed at finding out the effects of social life adjustment on the academic achievements of adolescents in secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon and also to verify if the social life adjustment and academic achievement apply equally for both male and female. Four hundred and eighty (480) students were randomly sampled from three secondary schools in major urban areas of the Region. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. A self-constructed questionnaire with the Likert scale on social life adjustment was used to gather the necessary data. Two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The data were analysed using the chi-square and Fishers’ Z scores for gender. The findings revealed that social life adjustment had significant influence on students’ academic achievements in secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon. It was also found that there exist no significant difference in the effects of social life adjustment on academic performance between boys and girls. Based on these findings, it was recommended amongst others that, counsellors should constantly monitor and guide adolescents properly during class periods, recess periods and extracurricular activities in order for them to achieve academically. Keywords: Social life adjustment; Adolescents; Academic achievements; Cameroon.
Emotional Competence among the Higher Secondary Studentsijtsrd
The present study focuses on the Emotional Competence among the higher secondary students. The investigator used the random sampling technique for this study. The findings of this study are i Female Students have high Emotional Competence when compared to Male students. ii There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Religion, iii There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Medium of Instruction, iv Government School Students have high Emotional Competence when compared to Private and Aided School students, v There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Family type, vi There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Father’s Occupation, and vii There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Mother’s Occupation. Dr. R. Muthaiyan "Emotional Competence among the Higher Secondary Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50239.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50239/emotional-competence-among-the-higher-secondary-students/dr-r-muthaiyan
This document discusses a study that investigated the relationship between identity development processes in international students and their motivations for studying abroad. The study surveyed 429 international students from different countries. The findings showed that motivation to study abroad for personal growth was strongly associated with commitment and exploration identity processes. Motivation to study abroad to change lifestyle or career opportunities was associated with reconsidering commitments and exploration. Students who had achieved their identity showed highest motivation to study abroad for personal growth. Motivation to study abroad to change lifestyle was associated with an identity crisis stage called searching-moratorium status. The results provide a basis for future research on the link between identity and motivations for international study.
Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameter...ijtsrd
The study examined attachment security and perceived parental psychological control as parameters of social value orientation among early adolescents. Participants for the study were 210 early adolescents who volunteered from NnamdiAzikiwe University High Awka. Participants’ age ranged from 11 to 15 years, with mean age of 13.26 years and standard deviation of 1.34. Three instruments were deployed for data collection secure domain of the attachment style questionnaire SDASQ by Van Oudenhoven, Hofstra, and Bakker 2003 , adopted version of psychological control domain of the parental control scale developed by Barber 1996 and social value orientation SVO developed by Schwartz 1994 . The study adopted correlation design and statistics appropriate for data analysis were correlation and multiple regression analysis enter method. Hypothesis one was confirmed and result showed that attachment security significantly and positively predicted social value orientation at B = .73 , P . 001. Hypothesis two result was not confirmed at B = .06, p .05. Hence, attachment security is a significant predictor of social value orientation. It was recommended that parents, teachers and care givers should ensure that they establish low anxiety type of relationship with their new born children in order to enhance low anxiety and low avoidance as this will help them at early adolescents to withstand peer pressure of during early adolescent. Nweke, Kingsley Onyibor | Dike Ibiwari Caroline | Dike, Adannia Amarachukwu | Umeaku Ndubuisi Nkemakonam "Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameters of Social Value Orientation among Early Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42368.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/42368/attachment-security-and-perceived-parental-psychological-control-as-parameters-of-social-value-orientation-among-early-adolescents/nweke-kingsley-onyibor
1) The study examined the relationship between general anxiety, test anxiety, and academic achievement among 180 higher secondary students in India.
2) It found a positive correlation between general anxiety and test anxiety, and negative correlations between both anxiety types and academic achievement.
3) Specifically, there was a low negative correlation between general anxiety and achievement, and a low negative correlation between test anxiety and achievement.
Write a two-page double spaced, 12 pt font paper on critical contr.docxnealralix138661
Write a two-page double spaced, 12 pt font paper on critical contractual concerns. That is what are the basics of any contract that should be included to protect, you, your business and the other party.
You will enter into many contracts over the course of your personal and professional life. What are the important concerns that will keep you and your assets safe?
Why are contracts important?
Name three (3) possible contracts that a restaurant company may enter into with another organization. Name two issues important for each contract. (Not the same issues)
Self-Doubt During Emerging Adulthood:
The Conditional Mediating Influence
of Mindfulness
Justin W. Peer
1
and Pamela McAuslan
1
Abstract
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for identity exploration and making decisions regarding the future. Although most
thrive, some emerging adults struggle with the prominent developmental features of this time. Little is known about factors that
may positively influence development during EA. This study examined the mediating impact of mindfulness on the relationship
between normative emerging adult processes (identity exploration, experimentation/possibilities, negativity/instability, self-focus,
and feeling in-between) and self-doubt, while simultaneously considering the moderating effect of age and gender. Using data from
the EA Measured at Multiple Institutions project, reports from 1,293 participants were utilized. Mindfulness mediated the
relationship between various aspects of development (negativity/instability, self-focus, and feeling in-between) and self-doubt with
age and gender moderating aspects of these relationships. The findings highlight the importance of mindfulness during this
important developmental period.
Keywords
emerging adulthood, self-doubt, mindfulness, mental health, well-being
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for exploring vari-
ous life directions (Arnett, 2000; Reifman & Grahe, 2015) and
forming a coherent sense of identity (Schwartz et al., 2010).
During this time, the ability to consider life’s possibilities is
greater than it will be at any other point (Arnett, 2000), making
this a unique and important point in life span development. EA
is a time that has been reflected upon by adults ‘‘as the most
impactful and impressionable of their lives’’ (Gottlieb, Still, &
Newby-Clark, 2007, p. 132). Arnett (2007) stresses that EA is
a distinct period of development and not merely a transitional
period in life.
Various features related to the developmental challenges
associated with EA exist (Arnett, 2004). These features, includ-
ing identity exploration and possessing feelings of instability,
distinguish this period of life from others. Although these fea-
tures are prominent during EA, Arnett (2004, 2006) suggests
that they are not necessarily universal due to the heterogeneity
of individuals within this group. However, he believes that
these features are what makes EA a distinct p.
Digital technology can impact the development of self-esteem in adolescents in both positive and negative ways. Positively, social media allows teens to share their lives which can improve self-esteem through social comparison. However, comparison on social media can also cause teens to feel inadequate. Excessive social media use is linked to addiction which impacts self-esteem. While social media gives shy teens a way to connect, low self-esteem users may experience further drops in self-esteem from online interactions. Research shows self-esteem is lowest in adolescence and develops over the lifespan with both digital impacts and traditional influences.
a sturdy on employee wellbeing on education sector:- its sturdy on employee health and wealth in the organisation as well as physiological, mental health, working involvement.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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Comparative Study of Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary Students in R...ijtsrd
The Educational aspiration and aspiration esteem are the two important psychological factors determine student’s achievement in the class room. In this age of science and technology, study is a prime requisite to survive in the world. Therefore it is necessary for all to study, to think to observe to concentrate to analyze knowledge. Study as a technique of approaching knowledge should be acquired. Good study depends on effective methods of reading, observing, concentrating, remembering, organizing, using the ideas learnt and developing. Educational Aspiration in one of those central concepts that are frequently used in everyday life. You will agree that are we spend a lot of time pondering over our own selves. We are preoccupied with the feelings, perceptions, and real or imagined ideas about ourselves. It is indeed the center of all human activities. You too must have nurtured some ideas about your own educational aspiration. Interestingly enough, we are not born with the notion of Our Own Aspiration. as distinct from others Aspiration. It has been observed that children start howling some ideas of Aspiration around two years of age. In the beginning they learn about own Aspiration from parents, friends, and teachers. The structure of Aspiration, therefore, is open to modification in the light of our experience in the world. Aspiration involves the mental representations of personal experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience that one has separate existence. Taking these into Consideration, it may be said that Aspiration refers to the totality of an individual’s thoughts and feelings having reference to her Aspiration or him Aspiration as an object. R. Haridoss | Mr. T. Selvaraj "Comparative Study of Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary Students in Relation to their Academic Achievement in Cuddalore District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49823.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/49823/comparative-study-of-educational-aspiration-of-higher-secondary-students-in-relation-to-their-academic-achievement-in-cuddalore-district/r-haridoss
A Study of Personality of Secondary School Students in Relation to Frustrationijtsrd
The current study aimed at exploring the relationship between reactions to frustration level and personality of secondary school students in Indore city. Research Design To meet the objectives, ex post facto design used or the data was analysed and proper statistical techniques used. For this purpose a sample of 50 adolescents, randomly selected from four Male and Female secondary schools students Indore city, was taken. As a result significant negative relationship was found between Frustration and personality of Adolescents of Male and Female secondary schools students. Dr. Inderjeet Singh Bhatia "A Study of Personality of Secondary School Students in Relation to Frustration" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50341.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50341/a-study-of-personality-of-secondary-school-students-in-relation-to-frustration/dr-inderjeet-singh-bhatia
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion postDiscu.docxsheronlewthwaite
I need 100 words response for each of the discussion post
Discussion Entry 1
The emerging adulthood stage is being studied in various ways now to include the lifespan theory and the resiliency theory. The lifespan development theory generally concentrates on the ontogenesis and the chronological mastery of skills, tasks, and abilities, while resiliency theory, in contrast, generally focuses the process of positive adaption when facing significant risk (Smith-Osborne, 2007). “Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25” (Arnett, 2000, pg. 1). From my understanding, Arnett’s proposal is basically highlighting on the fact that there is a difference from “back in the day” to “current day” life experiences or achievements. “The reliance on traditional sociological markers that have served for over a century—stable job, independent domicile, financial self-sufficiency, marriage and children—is out of sync with the pace, direction, and even values of twenty-first-century life” (Gilmore, 2019, pg. 1). Arnett explains this by showing how the age of marriage has shifted and how childbirth age patterns has increased. The emerging adulthood phase is when an individual is acting independently in contradiction of social norms.
The first article dealt with homeless emerging adults and how the resiliency theory played a role in the case study. Young adults were interviewed, recruited, and analyzed to find four primary themes amongst the homeless young adults. Individual strengths, positive life perspectives, external social supports, and coping strategies are all themes that contributed to their resilience while living on the streets. Most emerging adults were facing multiple barriers while growing up and they were exposed to traumatizing events which cause most of them to flee their home/family. the resiliency theory reported how these individuals adapted to their new circumstances by learning how to find resources, establishing new relationships and who to trust, and developing a “street smart” skill (Thompson, Ryan, Montgomery, Lippman, Bender & Ferguson, 2016). This case study proposed that using a strength-based method would empower these individuals to use their resilient capabilities to build a self-efficient mentality that offers them a way out of homelessness. One major shortcoming of this study is that the recruits were from one specific city and were mainly Caucasian males. If the study would have been more worldwide, the results may have shown various results. Another factor that may hinder this type of research is that many homeless individuals develop mental health concerns and do not share the full extent of their situation which would alter the results as well. This study reflects how the cognitive and personality development does not always take place in a normal age range or in sequential order and human development rem ...
Motivation is key to student success but often overlooked in education policy. Lack of motivation has serious consequences, like lower academic performance and higher dropout rates. Motivation can be intrinsic, from internal enjoyment of learning, or extrinsic, from external rewards. Researchers identify competence, autonomy, interest/value, and relatedness as the major dimensions contributing to student motivation. Programs aiming to improve motivation should consider how to strengthen students' beliefs in these areas.
Measuring the Effect of “Remembrance Education Style” Road Side Learning as...ijtsrd
The quality of education refers to some of the learning conditions in which information, capabilities and skills have been developed within the excellent appropriate ways. It has mainly essential to take note of that the improvement of intellectual capacities especially associated with inventive speculation. Quality instruction permits people and society to develop and adjust viably to new difficulties that will emerge. In this sense, information should be gained with the way of thinking that this information isnt static yet will advance, be reconfigured eventually. Creativity has been more than perfect cognitive concept. In specific the trait the trait of threat taking, openness, personal, tolerance of vagueness has been observed as playing one of the essential roles in innovation. In this study it has also been stated that the family setting, the school climate assumes a urgent part in the advancement of innovativeness, or its absence of improvement as a rule. To start with, kids procure intellectual capacities and information in school. It also includes all of those participants who are eager to present their views about road side learning and delay in mental development for creativity. As well as the societal speculation of some of the educational resources in innovative training could be taken as the growth of human capital. For entire research methods that are qualitative, quantitative and mixed method the said study is conducted by using the quantitative research methods because this study explores the survey. The above given table and the positive values for the Pearson correlation are representing the positive significant relation among these variables. Prof. Lawrence Lowell "Measuring the Effect of “Remembrance Education Style” (Road-Side Learning) as a Factor that Contributes to the Delay in the Mental Development of a College Student for Creativity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35724.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/35724/measuring-the-effect-of-“remembrance-education-style” -roadside-learning-as-a-factor-that-contributes-to-the-delay-in-the-mental-development-of-a-college-student-for-creativity/prof-lawrence-lowell
The document provides an overview of several influential career development theories:
1. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad and Herma Theory from 1951 proposes career choice is a developmental process through fantasy, tentative and realistic stages from preteen to young adulthood.
2. Super's Theory of Vocational Choice from 1954 describes six life and career stages and emphasizes the role of changing self-concept.
3. Holland's Career Typology from 1959 categorizes personalities and work environments to explain career choices.
4. Lent, Brown and Hackett's Social Cognitive Career Theory from 1987 focuses on how self-efficacy, expectations and goals shape career choices within social and economic contexts.
A Study of Comparative Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary School Stud...ijtsrd
The Educational aspiration and aspiration esteem are the two important psychological factors determine student’s achievement in the class room. In this age of science and technology, study is a prime requisite to survive in the world. Therefore it is necessary for all to study, to think to observe to concentrate to analyze knowledge. Study as a technique of approaching knowledge should be acquired. Good study depends on effective methods of reading, observing, concentrating, remembering, organizing, using the ideas learnt and developing. Educational Aspiration in one of those central concepts that are frequently used in everyday life. You will agree that are we spend a lot of time pondering over our own selves. It is indeed the center of all human activities. You too must have nurtured some ideas about your own educational aspiration. Interestingly enough, we are not born with the notion of Our Own Aspiration.as distinct from others Aspiration. It has been observed that children start howling some ideas of Aspiration around two years of age. In the beginning they learn about own Aspiration from parents, friends, and teachers. The structure of Aspiration, therefore, is open to modification in the light of our experience in the world. Aspiration involves the mental representations of personal experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience and includes a physical body, thought process, and a conscious experience that one has separate existence. Taking these into Consideration, it may be said that Aspiration refers to the totality of an individual s thoughts and feelings having reference to her Aspiration or him Aspiration as an object. R. Haridoss | Mr. T. Selvaraj "A Study of Comparative Educational Aspiration of Higher Secondary School Students in Relation to Their Academic Achivment in Cuddalore District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50075.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/education/50075/a-study-of-comparative-educational-aspiration-of-higher-secondary-school-students-in-relation-to-their-academic-achivment-in-cuddalore-district/r-haridoss
CheckPointGoal SelectionUsing the information presented in Ch. 7.docxbissacr
This document summarizes a chapter about personal goals and well-being. It discusses how goals provide purpose and direction for behavior. Well-defined, attainable goals are linked to well-being, while unrealistic or conflicting goals can cause distress. The chapter examines what goals are, how they are measured and organized, and how they relate to needs, values and culture. It explores how intrinsic and extrinsic goals may differently impact well-being. The "matching hypothesis" proposes that goals most contribute to well-being when a person's resources and strengths align with and support their goals. In short, this chapter analyzes how and why personal goals influence happiness and life satisfaction.
A Study on the Influence of Body Image on Early Adultsijtsrd
Body image is what an individual perceives of his or her body and the mental schemas that one forms with respect to their body and may or may not bear resemblance to reality. The four elements to a body image are how you see your body, how you feel about your body, how think about your body and what you do as a result of all of the above. It may be positive or negative. Body image in young adult women means how women between the ages of 18 25 years perceive their body and what factors influence the body image of women in that age. Body image has implications on mental health such as self esteem, anxiety, depression and self confidence and eating disorders. Physical illnesses such as cancer, obesity, rheumatoid arthritis also play a role in body image. Literature done in other countries suggests that a majority of women have body image issues. Therefore this concept has to be studied in the Indian context too. This study focuses on that 53.3 of the respondents are moderate level of body image on early adults, 30 of the respondents are high level of body image on early adults and 16.7 of the respondents are low level of body image on early adults. Dr. M. Punitha | Aswathy. S "A Study on the Influence of Body Image on Early Adults" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49192.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/49192/a-study-on-the-influence-of-body-image-on-early-adults/dr-m-punitha
Assessment of Adjustment, Decision Making Ability in Relation to Personality ...ijtsrd
Adolescence is a period of substantial changes. As a result, research on adolescent personality change has been on the rise in the last decade Klimstra, 2013 . Erikson 1968 describes adolescence as a developmental period of “assess the identity versus role confusion-. Adolescence is the critical transition period because adolescents become more independent and begin to consider the future in terms of relationships, families, careers, and their own identity. Adolescence is the period of maximum growth with regard to cognitive mental functioning. Intellectual powers like long term memory, logical thinking, abstract reasoning, problem solving, and decision making abilities are developed during their stage. Cognitive development takes place at a fast pace during adolescence. Education plays a major role in shaping adolescents’ life through their adjustment ability, decision making capacity. As a whole, the personality of a person develops in the desired manner in society. In the present investigation, an attempt is made to assess the adjustment, decision making ability in relation to the personality of adolescents. The survey method was used to assess the adjustment and decision making ability of college students in relation to their personalities. Dr. Sandhya Rani Mohanty "Assessment of Adjustment, Decision Making Ability in Relation to Personality of Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45225.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/human-development-and-relationships/45225/assessment-of-adjustment-decision-making-ability-in-relation-to-personality-of-adolescents/dr-sandhya-rani-mohanty
Human Growth And Development Study Guide Ch 1,2,3Ashley Lott
Human Growth and Development Study Guide Ch 1,2,3 covers key concepts in the first three chapters including:
- Continuous and discontinuous development refer to gradual vs. new ways of understanding at specific times.
- Nature vs. nurture refers to hereditary vs. environmental influences on development.
- Research methods are discussed including structured interviews, case studies, experiments, and longitudinal, cross-sectional, correlational, and sequential research designs.
- Key components of research ethics are also outlined.
This study aimed at finding out the effects of social life adjustment on the academic achievements of adolescents in secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon and also to verify if the social life adjustment and academic achievement apply equally for both male and female. Four hundred and eighty (480) students were randomly sampled from three secondary schools in major urban areas of the Region. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. A self-constructed questionnaire with the Likert scale on social life adjustment was used to gather the necessary data. Two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The data were analysed using the chi-square and Fishers’ Z scores for gender. The findings revealed that social life adjustment had significant influence on students’ academic achievements in secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon. It was also found that there exist no significant difference in the effects of social life adjustment on academic performance between boys and girls. Based on these findings, it was recommended amongst others that, counsellors should constantly monitor and guide adolescents properly during class periods, recess periods and extracurricular activities in order for them to achieve academically. Keywords: Social life adjustment; Adolescents; Academic achievements; Cameroon.
Emotional Competence among the Higher Secondary Studentsijtsrd
The present study focuses on the Emotional Competence among the higher secondary students. The investigator used the random sampling technique for this study. The findings of this study are i Female Students have high Emotional Competence when compared to Male students. ii There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Religion, iii There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Medium of Instruction, iv Government School Students have high Emotional Competence when compared to Private and Aided School students, v There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Family type, vi There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Father’s Occupation, and vii There is no significant difference in mean scores of Emotional Competence with respect to Mother’s Occupation. Dr. R. Muthaiyan "Emotional Competence among the Higher Secondary Students" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50239.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/50239/emotional-competence-among-the-higher-secondary-students/dr-r-muthaiyan
This document discusses a study that investigated the relationship between identity development processes in international students and their motivations for studying abroad. The study surveyed 429 international students from different countries. The findings showed that motivation to study abroad for personal growth was strongly associated with commitment and exploration identity processes. Motivation to study abroad to change lifestyle or career opportunities was associated with reconsidering commitments and exploration. Students who had achieved their identity showed highest motivation to study abroad for personal growth. Motivation to study abroad to change lifestyle was associated with an identity crisis stage called searching-moratorium status. The results provide a basis for future research on the link between identity and motivations for international study.
Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameter...ijtsrd
The study examined attachment security and perceived parental psychological control as parameters of social value orientation among early adolescents. Participants for the study were 210 early adolescents who volunteered from NnamdiAzikiwe University High Awka. Participants’ age ranged from 11 to 15 years, with mean age of 13.26 years and standard deviation of 1.34. Three instruments were deployed for data collection secure domain of the attachment style questionnaire SDASQ by Van Oudenhoven, Hofstra, and Bakker 2003 , adopted version of psychological control domain of the parental control scale developed by Barber 1996 and social value orientation SVO developed by Schwartz 1994 . The study adopted correlation design and statistics appropriate for data analysis were correlation and multiple regression analysis enter method. Hypothesis one was confirmed and result showed that attachment security significantly and positively predicted social value orientation at B = .73 , P . 001. Hypothesis two result was not confirmed at B = .06, p .05. Hence, attachment security is a significant predictor of social value orientation. It was recommended that parents, teachers and care givers should ensure that they establish low anxiety type of relationship with their new born children in order to enhance low anxiety and low avoidance as this will help them at early adolescents to withstand peer pressure of during early adolescent. Nweke, Kingsley Onyibor | Dike Ibiwari Caroline | Dike, Adannia Amarachukwu | Umeaku Ndubuisi Nkemakonam "Attachment Security and Perceived Parental Psychological Control as Parameters of Social Value Orientation among Early Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42368.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comhumanities-and-the-arts/psychology/42368/attachment-security-and-perceived-parental-psychological-control-as-parameters-of-social-value-orientation-among-early-adolescents/nweke-kingsley-onyibor
1) The study examined the relationship between general anxiety, test anxiety, and academic achievement among 180 higher secondary students in India.
2) It found a positive correlation between general anxiety and test anxiety, and negative correlations between both anxiety types and academic achievement.
3) Specifically, there was a low negative correlation between general anxiety and achievement, and a low negative correlation between test anxiety and achievement.
Write a two-page double spaced, 12 pt font paper on critical contr.docxnealralix138661
Write a two-page double spaced, 12 pt font paper on critical contractual concerns. That is what are the basics of any contract that should be included to protect, you, your business and the other party.
You will enter into many contracts over the course of your personal and professional life. What are the important concerns that will keep you and your assets safe?
Why are contracts important?
Name three (3) possible contracts that a restaurant company may enter into with another organization. Name two issues important for each contract. (Not the same issues)
Self-Doubt During Emerging Adulthood:
The Conditional Mediating Influence
of Mindfulness
Justin W. Peer
1
and Pamela McAuslan
1
Abstract
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for identity exploration and making decisions regarding the future. Although most
thrive, some emerging adults struggle with the prominent developmental features of this time. Little is known about factors that
may positively influence development during EA. This study examined the mediating impact of mindfulness on the relationship
between normative emerging adult processes (identity exploration, experimentation/possibilities, negativity/instability, self-focus,
and feeling in-between) and self-doubt, while simultaneously considering the moderating effect of age and gender. Using data from
the EA Measured at Multiple Institutions project, reports from 1,293 participants were utilized. Mindfulness mediated the
relationship between various aspects of development (negativity/instability, self-focus, and feeling in-between) and self-doubt with
age and gender moderating aspects of these relationships. The findings highlight the importance of mindfulness during this
important developmental period.
Keywords
emerging adulthood, self-doubt, mindfulness, mental health, well-being
Emerging adulthood (EA) is a critical time for exploring vari-
ous life directions (Arnett, 2000; Reifman & Grahe, 2015) and
forming a coherent sense of identity (Schwartz et al., 2010).
During this time, the ability to consider life’s possibilities is
greater than it will be at any other point (Arnett, 2000), making
this a unique and important point in life span development. EA
is a time that has been reflected upon by adults ‘‘as the most
impactful and impressionable of their lives’’ (Gottlieb, Still, &
Newby-Clark, 2007, p. 132). Arnett (2007) stresses that EA is
a distinct period of development and not merely a transitional
period in life.
Various features related to the developmental challenges
associated with EA exist (Arnett, 2004). These features, includ-
ing identity exploration and possessing feelings of instability,
distinguish this period of life from others. Although these fea-
tures are prominent during EA, Arnett (2004, 2006) suggests
that they are not necessarily universal due to the heterogeneity
of individuals within this group. However, he believes that
these features are what makes EA a distinct p.
Digital technology can impact the development of self-esteem in adolescents in both positive and negative ways. Positively, social media allows teens to share their lives which can improve self-esteem through social comparison. However, comparison on social media can also cause teens to feel inadequate. Excessive social media use is linked to addiction which impacts self-esteem. While social media gives shy teens a way to connect, low self-esteem users may experience further drops in self-esteem from online interactions. Research shows self-esteem is lowest in adolescence and develops over the lifespan with both digital impacts and traditional influences.
a sturdy on employee wellbeing on education sector:- its sturdy on employee health and wealth in the organisation as well as physiological, mental health, working involvement.
Similar to A Review of Self Perceptions on Life Goals Achievements Implications on Self Development (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
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fabric of our society, woven into the core of who we are,
deep down inside. It's emblazoned in our DNA, genetically
pre-dispositioned, not just for mere survival, but also with a
yearning passion to thrive (Adams, 2016). In fact, itispart of
what has made us as a culture into who we are. Our species
has more than just survived; we've quite literally thrived,
achieving outlandish results thanks to the wild-eyed
innovations that have sparked the possibility to make the
seemingly impossible a reality in our lives. Not only have we
wished for the moon, but we've also shot for the stars
(Adams, 2016). This could only be possible because we
perceived ourselves as being capable of doing it.
According to Wangshuai, Jie, Gong, Zhiming&Xin-an(2017),
an achievement goal refers to “a future-focused cognitive
representation that guides behaviour to a competence-
related end state that the individual is committed to either
approach or avoid” (Hulleman, Schrager, Bodmann, &
Harackiewicz, 2010, p. 423) in (Wangshuai, Jie, Gong,
Zhiming & Xin-an, 2017).Inthepastthreedecades,much has
been published on achievement goals. Existing research
shows that individuals differ in their behaviours and
preferences in pursuit of achievementgoals(harackiewicz&
sansone, 1991). for example, one may easily recall that in
school years, certain students worked hard and performed
well on exams, demonstrating high achievement goals. In
contrast, other students were not strongly concerned
regarding academic performance, did not study, and had
poor performance in exams, which denoted low motivation
for achievement goals.
Situating the Context of Self-Related Perceptions and
Life Goals Achievements
An achievement goal refers to “a future-focused cognitive
representation that guides behaviortoa competencerelated
end state that the individual is committedtoeitherapproach
or avoid” (Hulleman, Schrager, Bodmann, & Harackiewicz,
2010). Existing research shows that individuals differ in
their behaviors and preferences in pursuit of achievement
goals (Harackiewicz&Sansone,1991).Forexample,one may
easily recall that in school years, certain students worked
hard and performed well on exams, demonstrating high
achievement goals. In contrast, other students were not
stronglyconcernedregardingacademicperformance,did not
study, and had poor performance in exams, which denoted
low motivation for achievement goals.
One stream of research has identified the antecedents of life
achievement goals. For example, age is negatively related to
achievement goals; females have a stronger mastery of goal
orientation than males in an academic setting, whereas self-
efficacy and perceived social environment, including peer
relationships and sense of belonging, are positivepredictors
of achievement goals (Bong, 2009).
More recently, attention has been directed to the
consequences of pursuing life achievement goals. For
instance, achievement goals positively predict long-term
academic performance (Elliot, 2000). Moreover,
achievement goals can activate intrinsic motivation (Cury,
Elliot, Sarrazin, Da Fonseca, & Rufo, 2002). Based on this
finding, Lee, Sheldon, and Turban (2003) argue that
achievement goals promote academic enjoyment. In
contrast, researchers also find that negativeemotionscanbe
exacerbated by achievement goals due to * Correspondence:
mgmtli@i.shu.edu.cn high expectations. For example,
students aspiringforhighachievementgoalsmayexperience
more anxiety during tests (Flanagan, Putwain, & Caltabiano,
2015).
The existing literature on life satisfaction shows that
demographic variables, including gender, age, income, and
education level, are associatedwithlifesatisfaction(Johnson
& Krueger, 2006) and that a person who is more satisfied
with life is more diligent, performs better at his/her job, and
has a higher commitment to the organization (Efraty, Sirgy,
& Claiborne, 1991). More recent research finds that
expectation and aspiration are important to job and life
satisfaction (Cheng, Wang, & Smyth, 2014). Similarly,
academic goal progress is found to influence both academic
and life satisfaction (Ojeda, Flores, & Navarro, 2011).
Furthermore, Keller and Siegrist (2010) suggest that both
goal pursuit and life satisfaction are psychological resources
Although these aforementioned studies suggest potential
connections between achievementgoalsandlifesatisfaction,
few studies have directly tested this relationship. In
particular, it is unclear in the literature whether
achievement goals influence lifesatisfactionina positive ora
negative way. On the one hand, individuals with high
achievement goals can be substantially motivatedby mental
energy in the face of challenge (Grant & Dweck, 2003). On
the other hand, these people also need to make a concerted
effort in the stressful and laborious processofpursuingtheir
goals (Senko & Harackiewicz, 2005).
People are paying increasing attention to the improvement
of the quality of life. Life satisfaction’s fundamental role and
indispensability have been acknowledged by worldwide
respondents (Diener, Oishi, & Lucas, 2003). Therefore, to
help fill the gaps in the literature and to respond to the
practical necessity, this research examines the association
between self-related perception and life achievement goals.
We also investigate why and when achievement goals
influence life satisfaction by examining the underlying
mechanism through perception of successful agencyandthe
boundary condition of emotion reappraisal. It is also
surprising that little research on achievement goals,
successful agency, and emotional reappraisal have been
conducted in non-western cultures, which leaves a
potentially rewarding empirical research area to be
explored. Existing studies suggest that there are significant
cultural differences in positive psychology Wang, C. L.
(2007). It is, therefore, very important to examine these
constructs using data drawn from non-Western cultures.
Taken together, in this research, we first answer an
important but unresolved question: what is the relationship
between self-perception and life achievement goals? We
further advance our study by reviewing potential mediation
and moderation of this relationship. The current paper also
has significant practical implications for self-development
including but not limited to teachers and students on means
to successfully pursue greater happiness.
Life satisfaction is a global cognitivejudgmentacrossa broad
set of activities concerning one’s quality of life. Various
factors are related to life satisfaction, such as finances
(Johnson & Krueger, 2006), family andmarital relationships,
health conditions (Canha, Simões, Matos, & Owens, 2016),
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coping strategies (Nunes, Melo, Júnior, & Eulálio, 2016), and
sexual behaviors (Cheng &Smyth,2015).Althoughthedirect
evidence for the link between achievement goals and life
satisfaction is limited, previous research has provided some
indirect support. For instance, the self-determinationtheory
theorizes two forms of motivation, which are controlled
motivation and autonomous motivation(Ryan&Deci,2000).
Controlled motivation originates either from self-imposed
pressures or from external pressures, such as pleasing
others or complying with demands, both of which have an
externally perceived locus of causality. In contrast,
autonomous motivation stems from one’s self, thereby
having an internally perceived locus of causality (Weinstein
& Ryan, 2010). Setting high achievement goals, in many
cases, reflects one’s own values; thus, it is internally driven
and inspires autonomous motivation (Cury et al., 2002).
Importantly, literature based on self-determination theory
indicates that autonomousmotivationpositivelycontributes
to well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2000).
Moreover, individuals often want to maintain a sense of
control, expecting everything to be in line with their plans
(Park & Baumeister, 2017). However, there are always
discrepancies between expectations and reality. Under
certain circumstances, the experiences of hardships often
demotivate people and make them feel dissatisfied with life.
Achievement goals can provide a person with motivation
(Pintrich, 2000), which serves as mental energy helpful in
overcoming the difficulties and obstacles in life (Capa,
Audiffren, & Ragot, 2008). As a result, people who set
achievement goals for themselves are less affected by
experiences that can have negative effects on life
satisfaction.
Furthermore, researchers find that setting achievement
goals is helpful to one’s educational and occupational
performance, since it results in better grades at school and
upward career mobility (Gould, 1980; Harackiewicz et al.,
2000; Harackiewicz, Barron, Tauer, & Elliot, 2002). The
successes in academic and job domains boost selfefficacy
and self-esteem (Bachman & O’Malley, 1977;Leary,Tambor,
Terdal, & Downs, 1995; Tay, Ang, & Van Dyne, 2006), both of
which can enhance satisfaction with life (Du, Bernardo, &
Yeung, 2015)
Perception of successful agency is a sense of determination
to be successful in pursuing goals, by which hope is fueled
(Snyder et al., 1991). Perception of successful agency is
conceptually similar to self-efficacy, and they are shown to
be positively and moderately correlated(Magaletta &Oliver,
1999). However, successful agency is more future-oriented
than is self-efficacy (Snyder et al., 1991). Thus, perception of
successful agency is more closely related to achievement
goals compared to self-efficacy. We hypothesize that
achievement goals are positively related to perception of
successful agency. This is becauseachievementgoalsusually
lead people to maintain high standards and strive to
accomplish difficult tasks (Phillips & Gully, 1997). After
making every effort to ensure success, people are likely to
hold positive expectations towards the outcomes. This
notion is supported by the effort justification theory
(Aronson & Mills, 1959), which states that people’s
expectations are in direct proportion to his/her effort. As
expectations continue rising, they tend to attribute an even
greater value to an outcome that they put effort into
achieving.
The paper proposes that perception of successful agency is
positively associated with life satisfaction for two reasons.
First, perception of successful agency makes one’s life
meaningful. Feldman and Snyder (2005) suggest that
perception of successful agency per se is actually a
component of meaning, because factor analysis shows a
single factor underlying the two constructs. People who feel
that their life is more meaningful also report higher
satisfaction with life (Park, Park, & Peterson, 2010; Steger,
Frazier, Oishi, & Kaler, 2006). Second, according to the
notion that hopecopes with obstaclesandenhances meaning
in life, several empirical research has revealed a positive
relationship between hope and life satisfaction Przepiorka,
(2017). Because perception of successful agency is one
dimension of hope, we expect its relationship with life
satisfaction to be similar. Based on the above discussion, we
hypothesize that; self-Perception of successful agency
mediates the relationship between achievement goals and
life satisfaction.
Individuals exert considerable control over their emotions
but differ in their use of specific emotion regulation
strategies. Of these, the two most widely used strategies are
reappraisal and suppression. Emotion reappraisal is a
cognitive change of emotional impact by construing a
potentially emotion-eliciting situation. For example, people
can feel upset or frustrated in a traffic jam. However, if
drivers re-evaluate the current situation and consider a
traffic jam as an unexpected opportunity to enjoy the
beautiful scenery along the road, they can probably feel
better off. This act of recognizing andchangingthepatternof
thoughts falls into emotion reappraisal. Compared with
suppression, reappraisal is a much more effectiveregulation
strategy. People who habitually use emotion reappraisal are
less likely to be depressed (Feinberg, Willer, Antonenko, &
John, 2012), experience more positive emotions and fewer
negative emotions, and have better social functioning(Gross
& John, 2003).
Life achievement goals promote one’s expectationoftheend
state, which cannot always remain perfect. Failing to meet a
goal means that most of the early efforts become sunk costs,
which leads to decreased self-confidence and increasedself-
blame. These negative self-cognitions, in turn,triggersevere
emotional reactions (Brown & Dutton, 1995), such as
depression and anxiety (Ellenhorn, 2005; Hewitt & Flett,
1991). Consequently, when emotion reappraisal is low, the
negative consequences caused by failure are unable to be
adjusted in time, which lowers a person’s perceived quality
of life. In this condition, the positive relationship between
achievement goals and life satisfaction is attenuated. In
contrast, when emotion reappraisal is high, individuals take
an optimistic attitude to negotiate stressful situations and
thus become more immune to the pressure of goal failure
(Gross & John, 2003). As a result, their satisfaction with life
remains positively correlated with achievement goals. The
study therefore, assumes that Emotion reappraisal
moderates the positive relationshipbetweenself-perception
and life goals achievements, such that the relationship is
stronger when emotion reappraisal is high rather than low.
What are Life Goals?
Life goals according to Moore (2020), are what we want to
achieve, and they are much more meaningful than just ‘what
we need to accomplish to survive’. Unlike daily routines or
short-term objectives, they drive our behaviours over the
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long run. There’s no single psychological definitionforthem,
and they are not strictly a clinical construct, but they help us
determine what we want to experience in terms of
our values. And because they are personal ambitions, they
can take many different forms. But they give us a sense of
direction and make us accountable as we strive for
happiness and well-being—for our best possible lives.Goals
give purpose, focus and motivationinthelifeofanindividual
who thrives to accomplish them. Goals setting and
achievement is influenced not just by who we are, but (and
most largely so) by who we perceive ourselves to be.
Self – Perception
Self – perception according to Khan (2014) refers to how we
perceive our self. Self-perception theory posits that people
determine their attitudes and preferences by interpreting
the meaning of their own behaviour. According to Molesy
(2020), self – perception refers to the way an individual
views the self; the ability, competence, motivation, worth
and regard that an individual has for the self, which
determines the values and aspirations thatthepersonhasor
develops. One's self perception is defined by their self –
concept, self – efficacy, self – esteem, self – image, and self –
worth. Self – concept for example, forms a major part of self
– perception. Daryl Bem (1967, 1972) introduced the name
self – perception for the processes of self – observation and
interpretations. He puts that we are in the same position as
an outside observer of ourselves, and we must inferourown
psychological states from our own actions. From this
backdrop he developed the Self – Perception Theory.
This Self – Perception Theory, Bem (1967) states that in
everyday life, people observe other people’s actions and
behaviours and make inferences about others’ attitudes
based on what they observe. Accordingly, when people are
unsure of their own attitudes, one way to infer them is by
looking at their behaviours and analyze it in the same
fashion as they would analyze someone else’s behaviour.
Most people would agree, for example, that a person who
perceives himself or herself as interested in reading may, as
a result of that interest, buy books and also pay frequent
visits to libraries. That is, the person’s attitudes and self –
perception influence his or her behaviour (Molesy, 2020),
and aid in the achievement of life’s goals. Self – perception is
broken down into self – concept, self – efficacy, self– esteem,
self – image, and self – worth.
Self – Concept
Baumeister (1999) defines self – conceptas"theindividual's
belief about himself or herself, including the person's
attributes and who and what the self is". According to Carl
Rogers (1959), it is "the organized, consistent set of
perceptions and beliefs aboutoneself.”Eachpersonhastheir
own self – concept that reflects all of their personal
attributes, beliefs and attitudes. One's self – concept (also
called self-identity or self-perspective) is a collection of
beliefs about oneself that includes elements such as
academic performance, attributes and traits, gender roles
and sexuality, racial identity, andmanyothers.Generally,self
– concept embodies the answer to the question "Who are
you?” (Dur, Khan & Shaikh, 2014).
Self – concept is considered by many researchers as the
central theme of life which affects all relationships,
performances and achievements either positively or
negatively. The basic assumption is that individualswhofeel
good about themselves and their abilities are the ones who
are most likely to succeed (Lawrence & Vimala, 2013). Since
they trust and belief in their ability, this gives them a strong
motivation which is an important determinant of
achievement. According to Lawrence & Vimala (2013),
academic success or failure appearstobeasdeeplyrootedin
concept of self as it is in measured mental ability. Being the
sum total of a person’s perceptions about his/her physical,
social, temperamental and academic competence, it covers
aspects such as beliefs, convictions and values the person
holds. It also includes attitudes of himself or herself as a
person, his/her worth, his or her right to have his/ her own
feelings and thoughts and making his /her own decisions
(Sood, 2006). It thus plays a major role intheachievementof
the life’s goals which an individual has for him/herself.
Self – Efficacy
According to Bandura (1997), self – efficacy refers to one's
beliefs in one's capability to organize and execute the
courses of action required to achieve given results. In the
1994 Encyclopedia ofHumanBehavior,Bandura emphasized
that “self – efficacy beliefs determine how people feel, think,
motivate themselves and behave” (Bandura, 1994 p.71).
According to Bandura (1997), of all the thoughts that affect
human functioning, and standing at the very core of social
cognitive theory, are self – efficacy beliefs, that is, "people's
judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute
courses of action required to attain designated types of
performances". This makes self – efficacybeliefstostand out
as the foundation for human motivation, well-being, and
personal accomplishment. This is because unless people
believe that their actions can produce the outcomes they
desire, they have little incentive to act or to persevere in the
face of difficulties (Pajares, 2002). Bandura's (1997) key
contentions as regards the role of self – efficacy beliefs in
human functioning is the fact that "people's level of
motivation, affective states, and actions are based more on
what they believe than on what isobjectivelytrue" (p.2).For
this reason, how people behavecanoftenbebetterpredicted
by the beliefs they hold about their capabilities than bywhat
they are actually capable of accomplishing, for these self-
efficacy perceptions help determine what individuals do
with the knowledge and skills they have. Self – efficacy
beliefs as such can enhance human accomplishment and
well-being in countless ways. They influence
the choices people make and the courses of action they
pursue. The Roman poet Virgil observed that "they are able
who think they are able." The French novelist Alexander
Dumas wrote that, when people doubt themselves, they
make their own failure certain by themselves being the first
to be convinced of it. There is now ample evidencetosuggest
that Virgil and Dumas were absolutely correct (Pajares,
2002).
Self – Esteem
Self – esteem according to Hughes (2011) is defined as the
value that individuals place on themselves. It involves both
judgements about a person’s own worth, and the feelings
associated with those judgements. It is the way individuals
perceive themselves and theirself-worth.Aperson withhigh
self – esteem is satisfied with the person they are and meets
their own standards as a human being (Coopersmith, 1967;
Rosenberg, 1985). Self – esteem is classified between low
and high, with high self – esteem being the most desirable
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and recommended. Therecanbewide-rangingconsequences
for children who exhibit low self – esteem (Baumeister et al.,
2003; Emler, 2001). They are more likely to have difficulties
dealing with problems, be overly self-critical, and become
passive, withdrawn and depressed.Theyarealsomorelikely
to be easily frustrated, may hesitate to try new things, may
speak negatively about themselves, and oftenseetemporary
problems as permanent conditions. In essence, they tend to
be pessimistic about themselves and their life. On the other
hand, children who exhibit high self – esteem may laugh and
smile more, are more likely to have a generally optimistic
view of the world and their lives, and tend to find it easier to
handle conflicts, resist negativepressures,andmakefriends.
When individuals tap into their self – esteem perceptions
they ask themselves questions thatrevolvearound ‘HowdoI
feel?’, ‘Am I happy?’, ‘Do people like me?’ Answers to these
questions reveal whether an individual possesses high or
low self – esteem (Hughes, 2011). Those with high self –
esteem stand a better chance of achieving their goals in life,
compared to those with low self – esteem.
Self – Image
According to Dur, Khan & Shaikh (2014), a person's self –
image is the mental picture, generally of a kind that is quite
resistant to change, that depicts not only details that are
potentially available to objective investigation by others
(height, weight, hair colour, gender, I.Q. score, etc.), but also
items that have been learned by thatpersonabouthimself or
herself, either from personal experiences or by internalizing
the judgments of others. A simple definitionofa person's self
– image is it is a person's mental model of him or herself.Itis
their answer to the question "What do you believe people
think about you?” It is literally considered to be a person’s
personal identity.
We often speak of one's personal identity as what makes a
person to be that person. Your identity in this sense consists
roughly of what makes you unique as an individual and
different from others. Or it is the way you see or define
yourself, or the network of values and convictions that
structure your life. This individual identity is a property (or
set of properties). Presumably it is one you have only
contingently: you might have had a different identity from
the one you in fact have. It is also a property that one may
have only temporarily, as one could swap his/her current
individual identity for a new one, or perhaps even get by
without being conscious of any (Ludwig 1997). Being “the
idea, conception, or mental image one has of oneself,” it is a
number of self – impressions that have built up over time.
Thus, self – image can be positive, givinga personconfidence
in their thoughts and actions, or negative, making a person
doubtful of his/her capabilities and ideas. Therefore, to be
able to achieve goals or other ambitions in life, an individual
must be conscious of and develop a positive self – image
which will consequently lead to the developmentoftheright
motivation towards the achievement of such goals.
Self – Worth
Self – worth and self – value are two related terms that are
often used interchangeably. Having a sense of self – worth
means that one values the self, and having a sense of self –
value means that one is worthy. The differencesbetweenthe
two are minimal enough that both terms can be used to
describe the same general concept. Self – worth is defined
by Merriam-Webster as: “a feeling that you are a good
person who deserves to be treated withrespect”(Ackerman,
2020). According to the self – worth theory, an individual’s
main priority in life is to find self – acceptance and thatself–
acceptance is oftenfoundthroughachievement(Covington&
Beery, 1976) in (Ackerman, 2020). In turn, achievement is
often found through competition with others. Thus, the
logical conclusion is that competing with others can help us
feel like we have impressive achievements under our belt,
which then makes us feel proud of ourselves and enhances
our acceptance of ourselves. This as such makes the
perceptions of self – worth and competent (or incompetent)
behaviour in various domains become important to the self
both cognitively and affectively.
Based on the self – worth theory, self – worth is determined
mostly by our self – evaluated abilities and our performance
in one or more activities that we deem valuable (Ackerman,
2020). However, people commonly use other yardsticks to
measure their self – worth. Here are five of the top factors
according to Ackerman (2020) that people use to measure
and compare their own self – worth to the worth of others:
Appearance, Net worth, Who you know/your social circle,
What you do/your career and What you achieve such as
success in business, scores in an exam, or placement in a
marathon or other athletic challenge (Morin, 2017) in
(Ackerman, 2020). All these put together build the self –
worth of an individual who can (based on those five
parameters), develop self confidence or destroy it. With self
confidence comes motivation and will to pursuit life’s goals,
which will consequently lead to their achievement.
Based on these five indicators of self – perception in this
article, which are: self – concept, self – efficacy, self– esteem,
self – image, and self – worth, a conceptual diagram can be
developed to show their influence in the achievement of
life’s goals as can be seen on the figure below:
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Figure 1: Conceptual diagram of Indicators of Self – Perception
Theoretical bearings of Self – Perception
Educational researchvaluesself-relatedperceptionsbecause
of their assumed importance as a causal or mediating
influence over behaviour. The focus within education is on
the contributions of three different types of self-perceptions
self-esteem, self-concept and self-efficacy to academic
behaviours and achievements.Definitionsofthesethreeself-
constructs emphasise different internal components. Self-
esteem and self-concept are two separate but related
constructs. Self-esteem is defined as the value that
individuals place on themselves.Itinvolves bothjudgements
about a person’s own worth, and thefeelingsassociatedwith
those judgements. It is the way individuals perceive
themselves and their self-worth. A person with high self-
esteem is satisfied with the person they are and meets their
own standards as a human being. This definition bring the
notions of values into play – because being ‘worthy’ is
inherently seen as more desirable or ‘good’ it is seen as a
more valued trait to have, whereas being ‘unworthy’ is
viewed as being undesirable, inferior, or ‘bad’.
There can be wide-ranging consequences for children who
exhibit low self-esteem (Baumeister et al., 2003). They are
more likely to have difficulties dealing with problems, be
overly self-critical, and become passive, withdrawn and
depressed. They are also more likely to be easily frustrated,
may hesitate to try new things, may speak negatively about
themselves,andoftenseetemporaryproblemsaspermanent
conditions. In essence, they tend to be pessimistic about
themselves and their life. On the other hand, children who
exhibit high self-esteem may laughandsmilemore,aremore
likely to have a generally optimistic view of the world and
their lives, and tend to find it easier to handleconflicts,resist
negative pressures, and make friends. When individuals tap
into their self-esteem perceptions they ask themselves
questions that revolve around ‘How do I feel?’,‘AmIhappy?’,
‘Do people like me?’ Answers to these questions reveal
whether an individual possesses high or low self-esteem.
Self-concept is a more encompassing construct than self-
esteem. Broadly defined, selfconcept is seen as an overall
composite perception of oneself; it is a general,
selfdescriptive construct that incorporates many forms of
self-evaluative feelings, attitudes and aspects of self-
knowledge, for example, about our abilities, skills,
appearance and social desirability (Jerslid, 1965; Marsh &
Shavelson, 1985; West & Fish, 1973). When individuals tap
into their self-concept perceptions they ask themselves
questions that revolve around ‘Am I good at writing?’, ‘Am I
good at driving a car?’, ‘Do I make friends easily?’ Whereas
self-esteem refers to feelings about the overall self, self-
concept refers to what one thinks and believes abouttheself
in various situations. It is therefore viewed as a
multidimensional construct (this will be discussed in more
detail later). Self-esteem is viewed as the global aspectofthe
self-concept (Marsh, 2006; Marsh & O'Mara, 2008), which is
also variably referred to as global self-concept or global self-
worth. Self-esteem is basedmoreongeneralisedaffective(or
emotional) responses to the self, whereas self-concept
perceptions are more cognitive and descriptive.
Some theoretical models contend that the self-concept is
constructed of cognitive and affective (worthiness)
components, with the cognitive component being further
separated into both self-descriptions and self-evaluations
(Bong & Clark, 1999). For these authors, descriptive and
evaluative judgements interact with affective feelings to
form the overall self-concept. Self-esteem is therefore seen
as a specific component of self-concept.Othermodelsofself-
concept.
Harter’s model assumes that self-concept is based on
cognitive assessments of self-competence in various
contextual domains.Self-competenceassessmentsimpacton
self-esteem judgements (or self-worth judgements as she
calls them), but self-esteem is not seen as a specific
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component of self-concept. Competence is based on
succeeding (or failing) at specific actions and behaviours.
Self-worth, on the other hand, is more of a feeling or
evaluation about the self, rather than a behaviour or
outcome and involves subjective appraisals of value which
are often based on social and interpersonal foundations.
Perceptions of self-worth and competent (or incompetent)
behaviour in various domains become important to the self
both cognitively and affectively. Harter thereforerecognises
the importance of affect and its integration with cognitive
processes but sees cognitive judgements of self-conceptand
affective judgements of self-esteem as separate processes
(Harter, 1998).
The relationship between self-concept and self-esteem
depends on the degree of salience or importance one
ascribes to the conception of the self in a particular area
(domain) (Harter, 1985a, 1986; Hattie, 1992). Hattie(1992)
states that: “my acceptance of my conceptofselfinthesetwo
domains is independent of my knowledge and abilities.Only
if I regard certain aspects of my self-concept as important
will there be effects on my beliefs of self-esteem.”. This is
consistent with James’ (1890/1963) early ideas about self-
esteem. This also links to self-worth theory (Covington,
1992) which suggests that the ability to achieve is highly
valued in society, thus people who regard themselves as
competent in a particular domain are likely to have positive
feelings of self-worth (i.e. more positive self-esteem).
Hence, there is not necessarilyanautomaticcorrespondence
between cognitive and affective aspects of self-concept/self-
esteem (Skaalvik, 1997a). For example, if it is not important
to someone that they are a good football player then not
being able to play football well is unlikely to affect their self-
concept or self-esteem perceptions. Therefore, our
capabilities and self-perceptions are only a function of the
salience we place on them in specific situations or contexts.
Skaalvik (1997a) argues that the descriptive/evaluative
aspects of self-concept can be distinguished from affective
aspects becauseaffectivecomponentsincorporatefeelingsof
self-worth, refer to approval or disapproval of the self in a
given situation, and are formed by comparing perceived
competence to known values, standards or norms. Thus, the
cognitive dimension gives rise to affective as well as
motivational judgements. Forexample,thinkingofoneselfas
smart (cognitive assessment) is likely to give rise to an
affective or motivational reaction (Covington, 1984). Such
reactions are regarded as motivational in that individuals
who regard themselves as smart or competent, and who
value smartness, are more likely to make a greater effort to
succeed in future endeavours.
Perceived competence is also a primary component of self-
efficacy. Self-efficacy is defined as the belief that one has the
capability to succeed in specific situations (Bandura, 1977).
It is a context-specific judgement of capability to perform a
task, or engage in an activity. It is a judgement of one’s own
confidence which depends mostly on the task at hand and is
independent of any socially or culturally assigned values.
One of the basic tenets of self-efficacy theory is that
individuals who exhibit a strong senseofself-efficacytendto
consider setbacks and difficult obstacles as challenges and
therefore generally perform at higherlevelsthanindividuals
who question their self-efficacy. Individuals who exhibit
weak or low self-efficacy often view challenges andsetbacks
as threats, resulting in low aspirations and weak
commitment to goals (Bandura, 1995). Individuals with
strong or high self-efficacy tend to set higher goals and
remain motivated in the face of failure and disappointment.
When an individual taps into their self-efficacy perceptions
they ask themselves questions that revolve around ‘Can I?’
How well can I write? Can I drive a car? Can I solve this
problem? Could I easily make friends? Answers to these
questions reveal whether an individual possesses high or
low efficacy to accomplish a task/activity.
Self-efficacy is seen as dealing almost exclusively with
cognitive perceptions of competence. These cognitive
aspects also include an evaluative component. This is
because judgements of competence necessitate evaluations
of what one is or is not capable of achieving. The emotions
that are generatedfollowing these evaluativejudgements are
likely to be different than those generated following self-
concept evaluative judgements, however (Bong & Skaalvik,
2003). Affective or emotional self-components are
recognised as being associated with cognitive self-efficacy
perceptions and low self-efficacy is recognised as causing
anxiety and stress (Bandura, 1986). However, self-efficacy
researchers see affective/emotional responses as a
consequence of self-efficacyperceptions,notasaconstituent
for defining them, as is the case with self-concept
perceptions. For proponents of self-efficacy theory,
competent functioning requires harmony between self-
beliefs and abilities, skills, and knowledge. Self-efficacy
theory does not suggest that accomplishment of difficult
tasks is simply a result of believing that we can accomplish
tasks beyond our capabilities, but rather that positive
competence perceptions help determine how we use our
current knowledge and skills. Self-efficacy perceptions are
therefore critical determinants of whether one will actually
expend effort on a task and persistunderdifficultconditions.
As such, self-efficacy is essentially a motivational construct
(Bandura, 1997).
Structure, dimensionality and specificity of self-
perceptions
Structure and dimensionality
Self-esteem is typically seen as being a one-dimensional
construct, such that it consists of an overall, or global,
perception of the self. One-dimensional models define self-
esteem as a composite score derived from multiple items,
each of which taps into overall, global, feelings about theself
(Byrne, 1996). Early self-concept models were also
grounded in the notion that self-concept isone-dimensional,
with measures devised such that item scores in different
areas were summed to yield an overall score. Such models
were analogous to the one-dimensional construct of self-
esteem. Recent models of self-concept typically propose the
notion of a more differentiated, multidimensional self, with
domain-related (domainspecific) self-concepts that are
functionally distinct (Bong & Clark, 1999). These can
intercorrelate but can also be interpreted as separate
constructs. Such models view self-esteem as being a
component of the multidimensional structure. However,
different models differ in the way that self-esteem is
incorporated into that structure.
The correlated-factor model (Byrne, 1996) proposes that
self-concept is composed of multiple domain-specific self-
concept facets that correlate amongst themselves as well as
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correlating with a separate global dimension of self-esteem
(which Harter calls global self-worth). These facets can be
interpreted as separate constructs and vary with age
(Harter, 1983, 1990b; Marsh, 1989, 1990b). Measurement
instruments developed within this model allow one to
determine the extent to which domain-specificself-concepts
affect global self-esteem.
Self-concepts in various domains (academic, social,
behavioural, for example) may or may not be mutually
exclusive and can be conceptualisedfromtheveryspecificto
the very global (the specificity of self-perceptions will be
discussed later). Individual domain specific self-concept
judgements can occur without reference to global self-
esteem judgements (Harter, 1990c). The Self-Perception
Profile for Children (SPPC; Harter, 1985b) and the Self-
Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA; Harter, 1988) are
two of the most notable and widely used examples of
assessment instruments developed withintheframework of
this model. Harter and colleagues also developed
instruments within the correlated-factor model for other
age-groups (Harter & Pike, 1983; Messer & Harter, 1986;
Neemann & Harter, 1986; Renick & Harter, 1988). Harter’s
research has revealed that not only does self-concept
become increasingly differentiated with age as ability to
judge self-worth increases, but correlations among domain-
specific self-concepts decrease with age (Harter, 1990a).
This latter finding has been supported by other researchers
(Byrne, B. M. (2010).
The hierarchical model also proposes thattheself-conceptis
comprised of multiple domain-specific self-concepts that
correlate. However, underpinning this model is that global
self-esteem is a higher-order factor that comprises self-
concepts in various domains. Self-esteem judgements are
therefore dependent on self-concept judgements in specific
contexts. Byrne, B. M. (2010)were the first to propose a
theoretical definition and model of self-concept that
portrayed both a multidimensional and hierarchical
structure (commonly cited as the Shavelson model).
Categories within the hierarchy are differentiated by
subject/area domain and organised with global perceptions
of the self at the apex. At the next level of the hierarchy are
academic and non-academic perceptions, and atthenextare
domain-specific self-perceptions.
These are further separatedintomoresubject-specific/area-
specific self-concepts, each of which is tapped by individual
items which reflect self-perceptions in that subject/area. As
one goes further down the hierarchy, therefore,self-concept
becomes progressively more specific. Perceptions within
each domain, or dimension, are expected to inter-correlate
but can also operate as separately interpretable entities. The
Shavelson model of self-concept served as a basis for the
development of the Self-Description Questionnaire (SDQ)
instruments devised by Marsh and colleagues, which have
been produced for preadolescents, adolescents/late-
adolescents, and young adults Byrne, B. M. (2010). The
resulting self-concept model has become known as the
Marsh/Shavelson model. Consistent with Harter (1990a),
Marsh and Shavelson’s research indicates that self-concept
becomes increasingly differentiated with age. Harter’s
SPPC/SPPA measures and the SDQmeasuresreflectthisage-
related differentiation. Therefore, the number of subscales
they incorporate increases for older age-groups (although
there are subscales common to all age-related versions).
In relation to self-esteem and self-concept, therefore,
theoretical models of self-esteem are typically one-
dimensional, whereas theoretical models of self-conceptare
typically multidimensional. This has contributed to the
debate about what actually constitutes self-esteem and self-
concept. In current literature, measures that assess the
constructs unidimensionally are usually viewed as
measuring self-esteem,whereasmultidimensional measures
are seen as measuring self-concept. Like self-concept, self-
efficacy is proposed as a multidimensional construct with
differentiation between domains of functioning. Research
provides support for self-efficacy conceptualised as a
multidimensional construct (Bong, 1997; Bong & Hocevar,
2002). This varies depending on gender, age and prior
knowledge (Bong, 1999, 2001; Bong & Skaalvik, 2003).
It has also been suggested that self-efficacy has a ‘loosely
hierarchical’structure(Bong &Skaalvik,2003),althoughthis
has yet to be confirmed. Preliminary evidence indicates that
social, task management and academic higher-order factors
underlie domain-specific self-efficacyprecepts(Choi,Fuqua,
& Griffin, 2001; Miller, Coombs, & Fuqua, 1999), although
Miller and colleagues observed that these factors could be
interpreted in a number of ways (for example, with task
management factors being interpreted in either social or
academic situations), and questioned whether they were
theoretically meaningful. Studies also suggest that verbal
and quantitative higher-order factors underlie problem-
specific and subject-specific academic self-efficacy percepts
(Bong, 1997, 1999, 2001). The study of self-efficacy
hierarchy is very much in its infancy, however, and it has yet
to be confirmed whether the internal structure of self-
efficacy precepts resembles the hierarchical nature of self-
concept.
It is entirely possible that part of an individual’s
representation of their self-efficacy exists at a higher-order
level. There is likely to be some covariation in ability to
perform different tasks within a specific domain – being
good at simultaneous equations may well be correlated with
being good at applying Pythagoras’ theorem – becausethese
tasks share the need for some common sub-skills. A student
may therefore observe that they are competent at a range of
tasks within a domain, and so develop a higher-order
selfperception that they are capable in mathematics. Even if
this were not the case, an individual’s expectations about
how they will perform in new situationstendsto be basedon
experiences in similar types of situations, and this
mechanism might in itself lead tothedevelopmentofhigher-
order beliefs about their self-efficacy.
Forming self-perceptions at a general level of specificity can
be problematic. This is because when individuals are asked
to make domain-specific or subject/area-specific
assessments in a given context they are expected to do so
without reference to explicit performance criteria;
judgements must be generated without a respondenthaving
a clear task or activity in mind. Consequently, individuals
have to make an aggregated judgement using competence
information that is the most relevant to them within the
wider domain, and which is most salient and readily
accessible in the self-schema (Bandura, 1997; Bong &
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Skaalvik, 2003). This means that by default, respondentsare
essentially choosing their own performance criteria against
which to make self-perception appraisals.General measures
can, therefore, suffer from questionable relevance to the
domain of functioning being explored and result in a
confounding mixture of items that reflect generalised
personality traits,andtheemotional andmotivational effects
of self-beliefs and past behaviours, rather than context-
specific judgements Bandura, (1997).
Bandura has cautioned that self-efficacy should, in the main,
be assessed using context-specific measures consistent with
the achievement index with which they are being compared,
rather than with more general measures. However, in
instances where situational variants cannot always be
specified in advance, or where considering self-efficacy(and
self-concept) judgements for all variants within a general
context is too time-consuming, assessing self-perceptionsat
domain- or subject/area-specificlevelscanexpandthescope
of pre-dictiveness, compared to measures that selectively
explore specific tasks. For example, there maybemorevalue
in asking the general questions such as ‘How well can you
learn mathematics?’ rather than specific questions about
multi-digit addition, calculatingangles,solvingsimultaneous
equations, and so on.
Implications of self-perception oneducationaloutcomes
Given that self-concept and school performance mutually
influence each other, teachers and parents should aim to
improve both academic achievement and self-concept in
students and address potential mediators.Effortstoenhance
self-concept or school performance alone can be expected to
be transitory (Marsh & Craven, 2006).
As students form self-concept through social comparison,
educators can help avoid or diminish views of low self-
concept by minimizing social comparisons. More
affirmatively, educators can help adjust the frames of
reference students use in evaluating their competence (e.g.,
encouraging students to focus on the extent that they have
improved over time rather than concentrating on how the
other students are performing. Teachers can also minimize
social comparison by avoiding competitions that
acknowledge and praise only the “winners.” Increasingly,
efforts to enhance student self-concepts are focusing on
enhancing feelings of empowerment and confidence by
creating a friendly and encouragingschool environmentthat
appreciates personal strengths and assets (Liem,McInerney
& Yeung, 2015).
At the same time, it is evident that a student’s self-concept is
not the only concern when it comes to helping enhance
student school performance and well-being. That is why we
advocate for embedding concerns about self-concept into a
unified, comprehensive, andequitablesystemforaddressing
barriers to learning and teaching and re-engaging
disconnected students. Such a system involves a
fundamental transformation of currentstudentandlearning
supports.
Conclusion
The development of self-awareness early in life reveals
layers of processes that expand from the perception of the
body in action to the evaluative sense of self as perceived by
others. It reveals also what mature self-awareness is made
of. I propose that the self-awarenessexperiencedbyadultsis
made of the 5 basic levels discussed here.Self-awarenessisa
dynamic process, not a static phenomenon. As adults,weare
constantly oscillating in our levels of awareness: from
dreaming or losing awareness about ourselves duringsleep,
to being highly self-conscious in public circumstancesorina
state of confusion and dissociation as we immerse ourselves
in movies or novels. In fact, each of these oscillating states of
self-awareness can be construed as constant transition
between the 5 levels emerging early inlife.Theselevelsform
the degrees of liberty of self-awareness as a constantly
fluctuating process.
We all have dreams, but some merit more of our energythan
others. When we reflect on our aspirations along with our
personal values, we’re alreadyonthewaytosettinglifegoals
(Moore, 2020). Whether you’ve got no clue what you want,
or you have a mile-long bucket list, hopefully, look up ‘a life
without goals’ and you may quicklyfindyourselfsurrounded
by disheartening clichés like “goingnowhere”and“race with
no finish line”. But while there are real benefits to goal-
setting, is the absence of goals really so terrible? Theanswer
is obvious: YES! A goal is a target toward whichanindividual
can direct his/her efforts. Without a goal one is bound to
move off in the wrong direction, thus wasting time and
effort. A goal should be more specific and less general than
simply getting a college education. Each individual needs to
formulate a clear notion of not only what he/she wants in
college and in life, but also why he/she wants it. It is the goal
that establishes the deep-seatedalmostblindfaiththatifone
keeps going; things will work out all right (LAC, 2020).
Educational researchvaluesself-relatedperceptionsbecause
of their assumed importance as a causal or mediating
influence over behaviour, motivation and achievement. The
focus in this article is on the contributions of five different
types of self – perceptions: self – concept, self – efficacy, self
– esteem, self – image, and self – worth to achievementoflife
goals.
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