I need 100 words response for each of the discussion post Discussion Entry 1 The emerging adulthood stage is being studied in various ways now to include the lifespan theory and the resiliency theory.  The lifespan development theory generally concentrates on the ontogenesis and the chronological mastery of skills, tasks, and abilities, while resiliency theory, in contrast, generally focuses the process of positive adaption when facing significant risk (Smith-Osborne, 2007).  “Emerging adulthood is proposed as a new conception of development for the period from the late teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25” (Arnett, 2000, pg. 1).  From my understanding, Arnett’s proposal is basically highlighting on the fact that there is a difference from “back in the day” to “current day” life experiences or achievements.  “The reliance on traditional sociological markers that have served for over a century—stable job, independent domicile, financial self-sufficiency, marriage and children—is out of sync with the pace, direction, and even values of twenty-first-century life” (Gilmore, 2019, pg. 1).  Arnett explains this by showing how the age of marriage has shifted and how childbirth age patterns has increased.  The emerging adulthood phase is when an individual is acting independently in contradiction of social norms.  The first article dealt with homeless emerging adults and how the resiliency theory played a role in the case study.  Young adults were interviewed, recruited, and analyzed to find four primary themes amongst the homeless young adults.  Individual strengths, positive life perspectives, external social supports, and coping strategies are all themes that contributed to their resilience while living on the streets.  Most emerging adults were facing multiple barriers while growing up and they were exposed to traumatizing events which cause most of them to flee their home/family.  the resiliency theory reported how these individuals adapted to their new circumstances by learning how to find resources, establishing new relationships and who to trust, and developing a “street smart” skill (Thompson, Ryan, Montgomery, Lippman, Bender & Ferguson, 2016).  This case study proposed that using a strength-based method would empower these individuals to use their resilient capabilities to build a self-efficient mentality that offers them a way out of homelessness.  One major shortcoming of this study is that the recruits were from one specific city and were mainly Caucasian males.  If the study would have been more worldwide, the results may have shown various results.  Another factor that may hinder this type of research is that many homeless individuals develop mental health concerns and do not share the full extent of their situation which would alter the results as well. This study reflects how the cognitive and personality development does not always take place in a normal age range or in sequential order and human development rem ...

1. I need 100 words response for each of the discussion post
Discussion Entry 1
The emerging adulthood stage is being studied in various ways
now to include the lifespan theory and the resiliency theory.
The lifespan development theory generally concentrates on the
ontogenesis and the chronological mastery of skills, tasks, and
abilities, while resiliency theory, in contrast, generally focuses
the process of positive adaption when facing significant risk
(Smith-Osborne, 2007). “Emerging adulthood is proposed as a
new conception of development for the period from the late
teens through the twenties, with a focus on ages 18-25” (Arnett,
2000, pg. 1). From my understanding, Arnett’s proposal is
basically highlighting on the fact that there is a difference from
“back in the day” to “current day” life experiences or
achievements. “The reliance on traditional sociological markers
that have served for over a century—stable job, independent
domicile, financial self-sufficiency, marriage and children—is
out of sync with the pace, direction, and even values of twenty-
first-century life” (Gilmore, 2019, pg. 1). Arnett explains this
by showing how the age of marriage has shifted and how
childbirth age patterns has increased. The emerging adulthood
phase is when an individual is acting independently in
contradiction of social norms.
The first article dealt with homeless emerging adults and how
the resiliency theory played a role in the case study. Young
adults were interviewed, recruited, and analyzed to find four
primary themes amongst the homeless young adults. Individual
strengths, positive life perspectives, external social supports,
and coping strategies are all themes that contributed to their
resilience while living on the streets. Most emerging adults
were facing multiple barriers while growing up and they were
exposed to traumatizing events which cause most of them to flee
their home/family. the resiliency theory reported how these

2. individuals adapted to their new circumstances by learning how
to find resources, establishing new relationships and who to
trust, and developing a “street smart” skill (Thompson, Ryan,
Montgomery, Lippman, Bender & Ferguson, 2016). This case
study proposed that using a strength-based method would
empower these individuals to use their resilient capabilities to
build a self-efficient mentality that offers them a way out of
homelessness. One major shortcoming of this study is that the
recruits were from one specific city and were mainly Caucasian
males. If the study would have been more worldwide, the
results may have shown various results. Another factor that
may hinder this type of research is that many homeless
individuals develop mental health concerns and do not share the
full extent of their situation which would alter the results as
well. This study reflects how the cognitive and personality
development does not always take place in a normal age range
or in sequential order and human development remains more
fluid throughout a lifespan.
After high school comes college, for any normal trajectory;
however, emerging adults shift the nature of life span
development. “In the United States, approximately 30% of high
school graduates between the ages of 16 and 24 were not
enrolled in higher education in 2016 (U.S. Department of Labor,
2017), and approximately 41% of those who did pursue college
did not complete their four-year degree within a six-year time
frame” (ZOROTOVICH & JOHNSON, 2019, pg. 2). This
article aimed at understanding how emerging adults who do not
pursue higher education enter adult role transitions versus those
emerging adults who attend college and enter adult role
transition. Participants were recruited around a mid-sized
metropolitan area and consisted of 284 people. Standard
multiple regression techniques were conducted on the
participants in which outlined adult dimensions using a degree
measure over test of 31 questions. The results showed that age,
gender, race-ethnicity, education status, and conventional
indicators of adulthood overall predicted the time of entrance

3. into the emerging adulthood phase and those who entered adult
role transitions. The study found that nonstudents were less
likely to endorse the age of possibilities dimension versus those
who attended college and held onto more optimistic views of
their future. One shortcoming of this study is that the
questionnaire was online and due to some demographics, it may
have restricted some participants. This study reveals how
nonstudents do not portray a vision of their future such as a
college student suggesting that a college educated student enters
an adult role quicker compared to a nonstudent. It also suggests
that certain groups and demographics play a role in
opportunities in development in a lifespan. Similar to the
previous study, it shows how development is more fluid
throughout a lifespan and it is not restricted by age.
Arnett, J.J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of
development from the late teens through the twenties. American
Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480. doi: 10.1037//0003-
066X.55.5.469
Bernstein, D. M. (2018). Lifespan theory of mind: A call for
broader perspectives and more integration. Zeitschrift Für
Psychologie, 226(2), 85–86. https://doi-org.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/10.1027/2151-2604/a000324
Gilmore, K. (2019). Is emerging adulthood a new developmental
phase? Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,
67(4), 625–653. https://doi-org.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/10.1177/0003065119868680
Mossler, R. A., & Ziegler, M. (2016). Understanding
development: A lifespan perspective. San Diego, CA:
Bridgepoint Education.
Smith-Osborne, A. (2007). Life span and resiliency theory: A
critical review. Advances in Social Work, 8(1), 152-168.
Retrieved from
http://journals.lupul.edu/index.php/advancesinsocialwork/article
/view/138/139 (Links to an external site.)
Thompson, S. J., Ryan, T. N., Montgomery, K. L., Lippman, A.
D. P., Bender, K., & Ferguson, K. (2016). Perceptions of

4. resiliency and coping: Homeless young adults speak out. Youth
& Society, 48(1), 58–76. https://doi-org.proxy-
library.ashford.edu/10.1177/0044118X13477427 (Links to an
external site.)
ZOROTOVICH, J., & JOHNSON, E. I. (2019). Five Dimensions
of Emerging Adulthood: A Comparison between College
Students, Nonstudents, and Graduates. College Student Journal,
53(3), 376–384.
Discussion 2
Life span development is known better known as the change of
human growth over a life cycle. Adulthood is when an
individual comes into their own, and finds out more about what
they want their ideal life to be like. Emerging adulthood begins
at the age of 18 years old and usually lasts up until the age of
25 (Arnett, J. J, 2000). According to the article Life Span and
Resiliency Theory by Alexa Smith Osborne, the major types of
developmental theories include biological, psychodynamic,
behavioral and social learning, cognitive, moral and spiritual,
and those influenced by systems, empowerment, and conflict
theory (Smith-Osborne, A, 2007). Sigmund Freud was one of
the theorists to shed light on the psychosexual theory of
lifespan development. His theory focused on how adults develop
through childhood. Freud believed that most of our personality
traits and behaviors began to take place at the age of 5. I’d
argue that Freud’s five-stage psychosexual theory correlates
with the resiliency theory in several ways. The resiliency theory
is a theoretical framework that focuses on childhood and
adolescence of traits and events that result in outcomes of later
life.
Erik Erikson was another theorist of lifespan development.
Erikson placed his focus on the psychosocial theory of life span
development. His proposal was that the development of
personality occurs through one lifespan which differs from

5. Freud’s theory of personality development during childhood.
Erikson studied the impact of conflict and the way conflict can
affect someone’s developmental growth. Success or failure of
the conflicts that we encounter can determine the overall
functioning of a human being. This was a concept that Erikson
believed to be true. Erikson was able to see this when an
individual developed interaction and adaptation to their
immediate social environment as well as to the larger society,
culture, and historical context. The life span theory utilized the
concept of ontogenesis which is the chronological unfolding of
human development. Erikson introduced society to the concept
of epigenesis. Epigenesis described human development as a
partial process that eventually became whole.
The shortcomings of the resiliency theory approach include the
unsuccessful personality outcome that can be the reality for
someone individuals due to intellectual disabilities. Their
ability to successfully adapt to life tasks in the face of social
disadvantage or highly adverse conditions will not always be as
easy as disabled persons. The strength of resiliency theory
would be the proper coping techniques that allow people to
navigate their way through crisis or uncomfortable situations. In
other words, people who demonstrate resilience are people who
have an optimistic attitude and are able to balance negative
emotions with positive ones. The resiliency theory also provides
predictive and explanatory constructs relevant to healthy
development by social workers in concert with other theoretical
perspectives, such as then ecosystem perspective and systems
theory. The shortcomings of life span development include the
expansion of understanding personality development through
the life span. A weakness of this theory would be the failure to
address stage shifts and account for new forms within each
stage.
References
Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of
development from the late teens through the twenties. American
Psychologist, 55(5), 469–480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-

6. 066X.55.5.469 (Links to an external site.)
Smith-Osborne, A. (2007). Life span and resiliency theory: A
critical review. Advances in Social Work, 8(1), 152-168.
Retrieved from
http://journals.iupui.edu/index.php/advancesinsocialwork/article
/view/138/139 (