A retrospective study on the epidemiological trend of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) co infection in nasarawa state, nigeria.
This study investigated the epidemiological trend of HIV/TB co-infection in Nasarawa State, Nigeria over a 5-year period from 2007-2011. A retrospective review of 3,470 patient records found that 841 (24.2%) had HIV/TB co-infection. The highest prevalence was in females (56.7%) and individuals aged 20-29 years (30.3%). Education status was significantly associated with prevalence, with the lowest in those formally educated (21.9%) and highest in uneducated individuals (41.1%). While access to anti-tuberculosis treatment increased from 2009-2011, access to antiretroviral therapy declined over the study period. Females had a
BLACK LIVES MATTER:
The latest Abortion report issued from the CDC in 2014. Displays that Black women (14% of the US population) make up 29.6 % of the nations abortions.
Abstract—Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global public health problems with nearly 2 billion people infected worldwide. So this present study was planned to have information about socio-demographic characteristics of study subjects, level of knowledge about Hepatitis B and vaccination among adults. A cross-sectional, community-based study about hepatitis B knowledge and vaccination status among ethnic 1300 Kashmiri population aged 18 years and above was conducted. The study area was block Hazratbal of district Srinagar. There were 970 (74.6%) females and 330 (25.4%) males. Majority of our participants (54.7%) were in the age group of 21-40 years. Most of the participants were from urban areas(68%), currently married(66.8%), illiterate(64.8), members of joint family(59%) and belonging to socio-economic class II(67.2%). Regarding knowledge, only 10.2% subjects had heard of Hepatitis B before this study. Among them, 50 (37.6%) participants were aware of the modes of transmission of this disease. About the Hepatitis B vaccination, only 26 (2%) participants out of 1300 had ever received the vaccine. Keeping in view, the low level of knowledge about Hepatitis B in the general population, there is a need to organize health education campaigns targeting both health care workers as well as public, so that they adopt all possible measures to prevent the spread of this fatal infection.
BLACK LIVES MATTER:
The latest Abortion report issued from the CDC in 2014. Displays that Black women (14% of the US population) make up 29.6 % of the nations abortions.
Abstract—Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the major global public health problems with nearly 2 billion people infected worldwide. So this present study was planned to have information about socio-demographic characteristics of study subjects, level of knowledge about Hepatitis B and vaccination among adults. A cross-sectional, community-based study about hepatitis B knowledge and vaccination status among ethnic 1300 Kashmiri population aged 18 years and above was conducted. The study area was block Hazratbal of district Srinagar. There were 970 (74.6%) females and 330 (25.4%) males. Majority of our participants (54.7%) were in the age group of 21-40 years. Most of the participants were from urban areas(68%), currently married(66.8%), illiterate(64.8), members of joint family(59%) and belonging to socio-economic class II(67.2%). Regarding knowledge, only 10.2% subjects had heard of Hepatitis B before this study. Among them, 50 (37.6%) participants were aware of the modes of transmission of this disease. About the Hepatitis B vaccination, only 26 (2%) participants out of 1300 had ever received the vaccine. Keeping in view, the low level of knowledge about Hepatitis B in the general population, there is a need to organize health education campaigns targeting both health care workers as well as public, so that they adopt all possible measures to prevent the spread of this fatal infection.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Local drug have been used for huge number of quite a while like routine drug in truth, local medicine is the establishment of cutting edge prescription. This drug also has uncommonly less local side effects. Local medications have wound up continuously predominant and there jobs are more. Local medicine is as yet the mainstay of around 75 of the world people, Particularly inside the underneath made and making countries, for fundamental prosperity care since of predominant social value, way better similarity with the human body and lesser incidental effects The Restorative Plants Contribute To Cater 80 Of The Crude Materials Utilized Within The Planning Of Drugs. Consenting To The National Restorative Plants Board, Service Of Wellbeing And Family Welfare, Govt. Of India, Division Of Ayush, India Has 15 Agroclimatic Zones And 17000 18000 Species Of Blooming Plants Of Which 6000 7000 Are Assessed To Have Restorative Utilization In People And Archived Frameworks Of Pharmaceutical, Like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani And Homeopathy. Around 960 Species Of Therapeutic Plants Are Evaluated To Be In Exchange Of Which 178 Species Have Yearly Utilization Levels In Abundance Of 100 Metric Tons. Power Of Home Grown Item Is Altogether Influenced By Natural Components. To Guarantee The Quality And Security Of Home Grown Items, Standardization Is Of Crucial Significance. In addition, For The Reason Of Quality Control Of Home Grown Drugs, W.H.O. Has Arranged Rules. The Destinations Put Forward Are Arrangements For Recommended Common Strategies Additionally The Common Limits For Contaminate. Haris Fayaz Wani | Dr. Gaurav Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Role of Herbal Medicine in Liver Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45165.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45165/role-of-herbal-medicine-in-liver-disorder/haris-fayaz-wani
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
Modeling Time to Death of HIV Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in ...Premier Publishers
The main aim of this study was modeling the factors that affect survival time of HIV infected patients by using Cox ph and parametric survival regression models. The analytical methodologies were used the Kaplan-Meier and Log Rank Test to estimate Descriptive analysis, Cox’s regression model was employed to identify the covariates that have a statistical significant effect on the survival time of HIV infected patients and exponential, weibull, log logistic and log-normal survival regression models were applied to compare efficiency of the models. The overall mean estimated survival time of patients was 51.5 months. The Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model result revealed that baseline weight, ART adherence, baseline CD4 count, WHO clinical stage, level of education, substance use and TB co-infection of patients are the major factors that affect significantly survival time of HIV infected patients. Among the parametric regression models, based on model Comparison methods, the Weibull regression model is better fit. The Weibull regression model results revealed that baseline weight<50 kg, low CD4 count at baseline, no education, WHO stages III and IV, poor ART adherence, co-infection with TB and substance abuse are the categories that reduce the survival probability of HIV infected patients.
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...asclepiuspdfs
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY - Dr. Kapil Amgain DrKapilAmgain
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG THE SUSPECTED CASES ATTENDING
IN JUTPANI PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE OF CHITWAN, NEPAL.
Amgain Kapil1, Paudel DP2, Paneru DP3, Dhital Mukesh4, Amgain Ganesh5
1 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Zoology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
2 Department of Public Health, JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Public Health, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
4 JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
5 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Phychology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
A Survey and Analysis on Classification and Regression Data Mining Techniques...theijes
Classification and regression as data mining techniques for predicting the diseases outbreak has been permitted in the health institutions which have relative opportunities for conducting the treatment of diseases. But there is a need to develop a strong model for predicting disease outbreak in datasets based in various countries by filling the existing data mining technique gaps where the majority of models are relaying on single data mining techniques which their accuracies in prediction are not maximized for achieving expected results and also prediction are still few. This paper presents a survey and analysis for existing techniques on both classification and regression models techniques that have been applied for diseases outbreak prediction in datasets.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS COUNSELLING AND TESTING ...Razak Mohammed Gyasi
Since 2003, the HIV Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) has been identified as one of the key strategies in the HIV/AIDS prevention, control and care programmes in Ghana. However, utilization of this service is low among Ghanaian youth. This study examined predictors associated with VCT utilization among youth in Ghana. This study utilized quantitative and qualitative data in a cross-sectional survey in three sub-metropolitan areas in Kumasi. Using a multi-variate regression, evidence from 120 respondents showed potential factors associated with VCT utilization. The qualitative data were subjected to a content analysis through direct quotes. The results suggest that less than 30% of the youth had ever tested for HIV through VC. Women were more likely to avail themselves for counselling testing than men. Psychological and emotional trauma experienced by the seropositive, lack of confidentiality, proximity to VCT sites, HIV-related stigma inter alia, were found to be strongly associated with HIV VCT in the study prefecture. VCT utilization among the youth in Ghana was low and affected by HIV/AIDS-related stigma and residence. In order to increase VCT acceptability, HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs in the country should focus on reducing HIV/AIDS-related stigma.
Profile of Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among students of tertiary ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Local drug have been used for huge number of quite a while like routine drug in truth, local medicine is the establishment of cutting edge prescription. This drug also has uncommonly less local side effects. Local medications have wound up continuously predominant and there jobs are more. Local medicine is as yet the mainstay of around 75 of the world people, Particularly inside the underneath made and making countries, for fundamental prosperity care since of predominant social value, way better similarity with the human body and lesser incidental effects The Restorative Plants Contribute To Cater 80 Of The Crude Materials Utilized Within The Planning Of Drugs. Consenting To The National Restorative Plants Board, Service Of Wellbeing And Family Welfare, Govt. Of India, Division Of Ayush, India Has 15 Agroclimatic Zones And 17000 18000 Species Of Blooming Plants Of Which 6000 7000 Are Assessed To Have Restorative Utilization In People And Archived Frameworks Of Pharmaceutical, Like Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani And Homeopathy. Around 960 Species Of Therapeutic Plants Are Evaluated To Be In Exchange Of Which 178 Species Have Yearly Utilization Levels In Abundance Of 100 Metric Tons. Power Of Home Grown Item Is Altogether Influenced By Natural Components. To Guarantee The Quality And Security Of Home Grown Items, Standardization Is Of Crucial Significance. In addition, For The Reason Of Quality Control Of Home Grown Drugs, W.H.O. Has Arranged Rules. The Destinations Put Forward Are Arrangements For Recommended Common Strategies Additionally The Common Limits For Contaminate. Haris Fayaz Wani | Dr. Gaurav Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Role of Herbal Medicine in Liver Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45165.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45165/role-of-herbal-medicine-in-liver-disorder/haris-fayaz-wani
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...IjcmsdrJournal
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
Modeling Time to Death of HIV Infected Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy in ...Premier Publishers
The main aim of this study was modeling the factors that affect survival time of HIV infected patients by using Cox ph and parametric survival regression models. The analytical methodologies were used the Kaplan-Meier and Log Rank Test to estimate Descriptive analysis, Cox’s regression model was employed to identify the covariates that have a statistical significant effect on the survival time of HIV infected patients and exponential, weibull, log logistic and log-normal survival regression models were applied to compare efficiency of the models. The overall mean estimated survival time of patients was 51.5 months. The Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Model result revealed that baseline weight, ART adherence, baseline CD4 count, WHO clinical stage, level of education, substance use and TB co-infection of patients are the major factors that affect significantly survival time of HIV infected patients. Among the parametric regression models, based on model Comparison methods, the Weibull regression model is better fit. The Weibull regression model results revealed that baseline weight<50 kg, low CD4 count at baseline, no education, WHO stages III and IV, poor ART adherence, co-infection with TB and substance abuse are the categories that reduce the survival probability of HIV infected patients.
People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Hadhramout: Clinical Prese...asclepiuspdfs
The objective of the study was to determine the clinical features and outcome of patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Hadhramout and nearby governorates. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the antiretroviral therapy (ART) site at Ibn-Sina General Hospital, Mukalla, Hadhramout governorate. All 145 patients were enrolled in HIV treatment and care program from December 2008 to the end of December 2016 with confirmed HIV test. Data included all personal data, clinical staging, drugs taken, and outcomes. Patients were grouped according to the decades to five groups, ≤15 years, 16–30 years, 31–50 years, 51–70 years, and >70 years. Cases classify according to the antiretroviral drugs to ART group and Pre-ART group. The relevant data parameters were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 21 and Excel 10. Results: A total of 145 cases, most adults (97.9%), males and females were104 (71.7%) and 41 (28.3%), respectively. Mean age was 36.46 years and 30–50 years the most affected age group (55.2%). Clinical Stages 3 and 4 were the common presentation in 73.8%, and most cases were from Mukalla city. Of the total cases, 74.5% were on ART 53.1 of them improved, pulmonary tuberculosis was found in 4 cases, and death cases were (18.5%), mostly due to late presentation and non-adherence, and mostly occurred in early 6 months of starting the ART. 37 patients were in a pre-treatment group (21.6%), where the mortality rate is 35.1%, mainly due to loss of follow-up. Conclusions: Most cases were adult males, young age and have had late presentation, where mortality is higher in the pre-treatment group due to loss of follow-up and in early 6 months of treatment.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY - Dr. Kapil Amgain DrKapilAmgain
GENDER DIFFERENCE ON CASE DETECTION OF PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS AMONG THE SUSPECTED CASES ATTENDING
IN JUTPANI PRIMARY HEALTH CENTRE OF CHITWAN, NEPAL.
Amgain Kapil1, Paudel DP2, Paneru DP3, Dhital Mukesh4, Amgain Ganesh5
1 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Zoology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
2 Department of Public Health, JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Public Health, Pokhara University, Kaski, Nepal
4 JN Medical College, KLE University, Nehru Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
5 Tribhuvan University, Central Department of Phychology, University Campus, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
A Survey and Analysis on Classification and Regression Data Mining Techniques...theijes
Classification and regression as data mining techniques for predicting the diseases outbreak has been permitted in the health institutions which have relative opportunities for conducting the treatment of diseases. But there is a need to develop a strong model for predicting disease outbreak in datasets based in various countries by filling the existing data mining technique gaps where the majority of models are relaying on single data mining techniques which their accuracies in prediction are not maximized for achieving expected results and also prediction are still few. This paper presents a survey and analysis for existing techniques on both classification and regression models techniques that have been applied for diseases outbreak prediction in datasets.
Similar to A retrospective study on the epidemiological trend of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) co infection in nasarawa state, nigeria.
Health Care Delivery in Public Health Institutions in Contemporary Nigeria: A...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT : The study took a look at the health care delivery system in Nigeria with particular interest in the health centers in the communities of Awka South Local Government Area of Anambra State. A total of 155 respondents were used for this study. The multi-stage sampling technique was used to select the respondent while the data was collected through the use of questionnaires oral interview. Upon analysis some findings were made which include that the dividends of democracy is not quite evident in the rural areas as the level of physical development in the rural areas does not encourage the medical practitioners to stay in these places, the study further noted that equipping the health centers in the rural areas will not solve the above problem rather a corresponding social infrastructural development of the areas will be of more help.
Educational and Occupational Maternal Attitude towards Prevention of Malaria ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The negative impacts of adolescent sexuality problems among secondary school ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
This study was conducted to focus on the negative health outcomes related to sexual behaviour in adolescents and young adults attending public school in the Oworonshoki region of Lagos, Nigeria, Africa. Since, there is a relative dearth of knowledge on adolescents who face unique and challenging economics, health and education problems in our society. Data on the socio-demographic characteristics, prevalence and knowledge towards STD including HIV/AIDS, prevalence of sexual abuse practice/sexual behaviour, family planning awareness and acceptance including abortion practice were sorted out using self structured questionnaires and administered to 60% of student’s population using a stratified random sampling technique. 55.8% lived with both parents. While, 50.3% of the mothers had basic secondary school qualifications, 72.4% of them are traders. 61.5% had sex education were from misinformed friends/peers while 51% had no basic knowledge about sexual behavioral practice and attitude towards STDs/AIDS (HIV). STD has a prevalence of 34 and 41% of boys used condoms for preventing STI/HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancies. One out of every five sexually active teenagers has experienced forced sex, especially among the circumcised girls who were more sexually active than the uncircumcised girls. 60% of girls between ages of 12 and 18 years had more than one unsafe abortion with severe vaginal bleeding (haemorrhage) as the chief complication. However, 65% of the girls did abortion for fear of leaving school and financial hardship as the reasons.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Achievements and Implications of HIV Prevention Programme among Female Sex wo...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Plateau State, Nigeria with HIV prevalence rate of 7.7% as at 2010 had among the highest HIV and syphilis levels in Nigeria, earning itself a reputation of being one of the 12 + 1 states contributing the highest HIV prevalence in Nigeria and described as “hot zone” of HIV infections. Factors responsible for this were not unrelated to the high-risk activities of Female Sex Workers (FSWs). This paper therefore presents achievements and implications HIV prevention among FSWs in Plateau State, Nigeria Methods: This project was an intervention effort focused on delivering evidence-based HIV prevention activities among FSWs in 3 local government areas within the State. The estimated target population for the study was 460 and this project used the minimum prevention package intervention (MPPI). Peer educators were selected and trained among the FSWs to reach out to their peers using cohort session. Data were documented using various monitoring and evaluation tools, entered on the District Health Information Software version 2 and analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 68 community dialogues were held with 1,466 influencers participating in the process. In addition, 601 peers were registered, while 18 persons benefitted from 27 income generation activities aimed at capacity building for FSWs. A total of 642 persons were counseled, tested and shown their results, with 15 persons tested positive resulting in HIV prevalence of 2.3%. Although 10,560 condoms were distributed however, these numbers was below the number of condoms required during the intervention. Conclusion: This intervention was a success. However, more needs to be done with regards to condom distribution and supply among FSWs since there is a crucial role for FSWs to play in the plot of taking the HIV prevalence of Plateau State even further down
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults...ijtsrd
Urinary tract infections UTI are one of the most prominent bacterial infections responsible for morbidity and hospitalization in HIV positive individuals. Therefore a hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 150 adult HIV AIDS patients attending Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital COOUTH a tertiary health care facility in Awka, Southeast Nigeria to determine the prevalence and risk factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract infection among Adults with HIV AIDS. Mid stream clean catch urine samples were collected and examined using standard microbiological and biochemical procedures. A semi structured questionnaire was used to obtain their Socio demographic and clinical data. Data entry and analysis were done using statistical package for social science SPSS , version 21 software and statistical significance was placed at P 0.05. Of the 150 examined urine samples, a total of 48 32 showed significant bacterial growth. Six 6 bacterial species were isolated. They include Escherichia coli 16 33.3 , Staphylococcus aureus 16 33.3 , Proteus mirabilis 2 4.2 , Klebsiella pneumoniae 3 6.3 , Enterococcus fecalis 4 8.3 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 8.3 . The most predominant isolate was S.aureus 19 39.6 . Female participants had a higher prevalence of UTI 30 62.5 compared to their male counterpart 18 37.5 . However, there was no statistically significant association between UTI and gender P 0.05 . Statistically significant association exist between place of residence P=0.005411 , marital status P=0.0054 , educational level P=0.030914 , current UTI symptoms P= 0.00001 , history of catheterization P=0.00001 and Diabetes mellitus P=0.00001 status with UTI. Thus, it is established that living in a rural setting, being married, lack of formal education, history of catheterization and Diabetes mellitus are risk factors for UTI. This is an indication that sensitization and screening for treatment of UTI in all HIV infected patient is very imperative and desirous. Anyebe, M. | Anyamene, C. | Ezebialu C. U "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Bacterial Urinary Tract Infection among Adults with HIV/AIDS in a Tertiary Healthcare Facility at Awka" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57421.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/biological-science/microbiology/57421/prevalence-and-risk-factors-of-bacterial-urinary-tract-infection-among-adults-with-hivaids-in-a-tertiary-healthcare-facility-at-awka/anyebe-m
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
GENDER DISPARITYOF TUBERCULOSISBURDENIN LOW-AND MIDDLE-INCOME COUNTRIES: A SY...hiij
The tuberculosis burden is higher in the population from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and
differently affects gender. This review explored risk factors that determine gender disparity in tuberculosis
in LMICs. The research design was a systematic review. Three databases; Google Scholar, PubMed, and
HINARI provided 69 eligible papers.The synthesized data were coded, grouped and written in a descriptive
narrative style. HIV-TB co-infected women had a higher risk of mortality than TB-HIV-infected men. The
risk of Vitamin-D deficiency-induced tuberculosis was higher in women than in men. Lymph node TB,
breast TB, and cutaneous and abdominal TB occurred commonly in women whereas pleuritis, miliary TB,
meningeal TB, pleural TB and bone and joint TB were common in men. Employed men had higher contact
with tuberculosis patients and an increased chance of getting the disease. Migrant women were more likely
to develop tuberculosis than migrant men. The TB programmers and policymakers should balance the
different gaps of gender in TB-related activities and consider more appropriate approaches to be genderbased and have equal access to every TB-associated healthcare.
Similar to A retrospective study on the epidemiological trend of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) co infection in nasarawa state, nigeria. (20)
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
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- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
A retrospective study on the epidemiological trend of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and pulmonary tuberculosis (ptb) co infection in nasarawa state, nigeria.
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
45
A Retrospective Study on the Epidemiological Trend of Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Pulmonary Tuberculosis
(PTB) Co-Infection in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
Amuta E.U1
,Tsaku Isaac Mary1
Akyala Ishaku. A1,2,*
,
Department of Biological science Department, University of Agriculture1
, Makurdi.Benue State.
Department of Biology, College of Education Akwanga,Nasarawa State.
Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Nasarawa State University, Keffi. Nasarawa State2
.
Correspondence: E-mail: akyalaisaac@yahoo.com
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) co-infection with HIV is becoming a global emergency especially in the sub-Saharan Africa.
Its diagnosis is notoriously challenging in countries with poor resource settings with limited diagnostic facilities.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the epidemiological trend of HIV/TB co-infection among the
seropositive HIV individuals in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. A five year retrospective study from January 2007 to
December 2011 was carried out using profiles of seropositive HIV individuals. A total of 3,470 case records of
subjects were retrieved and pre-designed case record forms (CRF) were used to record vital information in
demographic data, social and medical history, laboratory results, treatment access and mortality data. 841 (24.2%)
individuals had HIV/TB co-infection. The age group 20-29 years had the highest prevalence rate (30.3%) with
HIV/TB co-infection while females had higher prevalence rate (56.7%) throughout the five year period of study.
Individuals with formal education had the least prevalence rate (21.9%) in all the years under review except in
2009 (35.9%) while individuals “not educated” had the highest prevalence rate (41.1%) except in 2010
(36.0%).The married individuals had the highest prevalence rate (46.0%) followed by the single adults (26.0%).
The unemployed individuals had the higher prevalence rate (52.6%) in four years while the employed rated 50.3%
in 2009. There was a rise in the number of individuals who had access to ATTB treatment from 2009-2011,
while there was a decline in the number of individuals who had access to ART treatment from 2007-2011.
Females had higher mortality rate (54.5%) from 2008-2011 while the mortality rate of males in 2007 was
50.5%.Women were greatly affected by HIV/TB co-infection as a result of poor socio-economic status. There
was no significant difference (P>0.05) for all demographic indices except for educational status (p<0.05).Greater
intervention programs and services should be provided especially for women.
Key Word. Pulmonary, Tuberculosis, Antiretroviral, Treatment, Socio-economical.
Introduction.
Tuberculosis (TB) is the commonest opportunistic infection in people living with Human Immunodeficiency
Virus (HIV) worldwide but commonly in developing countries (Pape, 2004); it is the most common cause of
death in HIV-positive adults living in developing countries, despite being a preventable and treatable disease
(Corbeltt, 2003). TB and HIV have been closely linked since the emergence of Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS), (Raviglione at al, 2000). About 22% to 65% of people living with HIV/AIDS have
tuberculosis of any organ and tuberculosis accounts for about 13% of all HIV related death worldwide (Arora,
2000). While tuberculosis prevalence has declined by more than 20% worldwide, the rates in Africa have tripled
since 1990 in countries with high HIV prevalence and are still rising across the continent at 3 – 4% per year
(WHO, 2005). These diseases are among the ten leading causes of death in Nigeria and indeed Africa (WHO,
2008); Nigeria currently ranking fourth among the 22 high burden countries in the world and second in Africa
where approximately eleven million people worldwide are now co-infected with HIV-TB (Sharma et al, 2005;
Corbett et al, 2003).The Social stigma associated with TB further compounded the problem; between 1998 and
1999, a 20% increase of tuberculosis cases was reported in countries severely affected by HIV/AIDS in Africa
(Hino et al, 2005). The economic impact of this pathogenic synergy is particularly great because HIV
disproportionately affects persons during the most productive years of their lives.
Materials And Methods.
Study Area
Nasarawa State was created from the current Plateau State on October 1, 1996 with her state capital at Lafia.
Nasarawa State is located at the centre of Nigeria with coordinates of 80
32’N and 80
18’E and has a land mass of
27117km2
was Population number at the census of 2006 was 2,040,097. The state is made of three (3) senatorial
districts (South, North and West) with thirteen (13) Local Government Areas namely: Akwanga, Wamba,
Nasarawa Eggon (Northern senatorial District), Lafia, Keana, Obi, Doma and Awe (Southern Senatorial District),
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
and Keffi, Nasarawa, Kokona and Toto (Western senatorial District). The state shares boundary with five states
and the Federal Capital Territory, to the North, with kaduan state, to the North
North-west, with Abuja, to the South with Benue State, to the South
with Taraba State.
STUDY POPULATION: Individuals aged 10 to 59 years old and HIV seropositive attending Federal Medical
Centre, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria.
STUDY DESIGN: A five (5) year cohort retrospective study from January 2007 to December 2011 was carried
out. The cohort facility based study was done at a tertiary healthcare centre. Federal Medical Centre, Keffi. Also,
a six month prospective study from January to June 2012 was carried out.
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION: Ethical clearance (attached in appendix...) for the study was obtained from
Nasarawa State Ministry of Health (SMOH) Lafia, and Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Keffi, Health Research
Ethics Committee.
DATA COLLECTION: Random case records of subject were retrieved and pre
were used to record vital information on demographic data/social and medical history, laboratory results
including AFB, microscopy, and anti
confidentiality. For prospective study, sputum was obtained into labelled sterile from three hundred and fifty
(350) diagnosed HIV patients attending FMC Keffi from January to June. As sputum was co
demographic information (sex, age, occupation status) of each patient was recorded on designed forms.
DATA ANALYSIS: Data obtained were analysed using statistical software SPSS and EPI Info 3.5
Results
Fig.1: HIV infection distribution in Nasar
2007 2008
732
0921 (Online)
46
and Keffi, Nasarawa, Kokona and Toto (Western senatorial District). The state shares boundary with five states
and the Federal Capital Territory, to the North, with kaduan state, to the North-East, with Plateau state, to the
with Abuja, to the South with Benue State, to the South-West; with Kogi State and to the South
Individuals aged 10 to 59 years old and HIV seropositive attending Federal Medical
ria.
five (5) year cohort retrospective study from January 2007 to December 2011 was carried
out. The cohort facility based study was done at a tertiary healthcare centre. Federal Medical Centre, Keffi. Also,
rom January to June 2012 was carried out.
Ethical clearance (attached in appendix...) for the study was obtained from
Nasarawa State Ministry of Health (SMOH) Lafia, and Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Keffi, Health Research
: Random case records of subject were retrieved and pre-designed case form (CRF)
were used to record vital information on demographic data/social and medical history, laboratory results
including AFB, microscopy, and anti-retroviral therapy history. All information were treated with high
confidentiality. For prospective study, sputum was obtained into labelled sterile from three hundred and fifty
(350) diagnosed HIV patients attending FMC Keffi from January to June. As sputum was co
demographic information (sex, age, occupation status) of each patient was recorded on designed forms.
Data obtained were analysed using statistical software SPSS and EPI Info 3.5
Fig.1: HIV infection distribution in Nasarawa State, from 2007 to 2011.
2008 2009 2010 2011
634 664 654
786
HIV Infection
HIV Infection
www.iiste.org
and Keffi, Nasarawa, Kokona and Toto (Western senatorial District). The state shares boundary with five states
East, with Plateau state, to the
West; with Kogi State and to the South-East
Individuals aged 10 to 59 years old and HIV seropositive attending Federal Medical
five (5) year cohort retrospective study from January 2007 to December 2011 was carried
out. The cohort facility based study was done at a tertiary healthcare centre. Federal Medical Centre, Keffi. Also,
Ethical clearance (attached in appendix...) for the study was obtained from
Nasarawa State Ministry of Health (SMOH) Lafia, and Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Keffi, Health Research
designed case form (CRF)
were used to record vital information on demographic data/social and medical history, laboratory results
l therapy history. All information were treated with high
confidentiality. For prospective study, sputum was obtained into labelled sterile from three hundred and fifty
(350) diagnosed HIV patients attending FMC Keffi from January to June. As sputum was collected,
demographic information (sex, age, occupation status) of each patient was recorded on designed forms.
Data obtained were analysed using statistical software SPSS and EPI Info 3.5
786
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
Fig.2: Age Distribution of individuals with HIV/TB c
2011
FIGURE 3: Sex Distribution Of Individuals With
2011
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
2007
Numberofindividuals
0921 (Online)
47
: Age Distribution of individuals with HIV/TB co-infection in Nasarawa State, from 2007 to
Of Individuals With HIV/TB Co-Infection In Nasarawa Sta
2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Male Female
Age in years
www.iiste.org
Nasarawa State, from 2007 to
Nasarawa State From 2007 To
.
2011
Age in years
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.3, No.7, 2013
FIGURE 4: Educational status of individuals with HIV/TB Co
2011.
Discusion
Out of the 3,470 recorded cases of seropositive HIV individuals during the period of study (January, 2007 to
December, 2011), it was observed that the highest prevalence rate of HIV infection; 22.7% (786) was in 2011
and the least prevalence rate; 18.3% (634) was in 2008 with p value of 0.220, which indicate no statistical;
difference (p>0.05). This agrees with st
in Lagos. Many reports showed that HIV infection was on the increase as there are new cases everyday despite
the intervention being provided by WHO and do nor agencies for the fight again
attributing to the decline in 2008 might be social stigmatization, forcing individuals to hide. The rise in 2011
might be attributed to health seeking behavior as a result of awareness. With more information and knowledge, it
makes individuals to seek health.
The age distribution of HIV/TB co-infection in the study showed that most cases occurred among sexually active,
productive/childbearing persons aged 20
indicate no statistical; difference (p>0.05).This agreed with Singhal et al, Zoll and Okonko et al, 2012 in
Abeokuta. Individuals in this age group were more vulnerable to TB infection and comprised of young adults
with peer pressure and adolescence.Femal
infection throughout the period of study with a mean of 56.7%. This was similar to studies of Nwobu et al, 2004
in Edo and Onubogu et al, 2010 in Lagos but Contracts Taura et al, 2008 in Ka
difference in co-infection rate in males and females could be as a result of early exposure of females to sexual
activity due to bad economic situations, high susceptibility to infection (Umeh et al, 2007), delay (i) care se
due to stigma association with HIV infection, less access to fund for transportation and personal health care
(Nsubuga et al, 2002). One third (33%) of married women in Nigeria are in polygamous union (NACA, 2011)
and health seeking behavior attribut
individual with HIV/TB co-infection showed that the individuals not educated had the highest prevalence rate in
four years of the five years study; 2007 (45.6%), 2008 (36.7%), 2009
0.012, which indicate statistical; difference (p<0.05).Individuals who were educated had the least prevalence rate
34.8% across the five years study. This agreed with NACA, 2011 and Yitayih et al, 2012 in North West
Formal educated is power and the best vaccine to HIV/TB co
children no in school are girls of the world’s 875 million illiterate adults; two thirds are women who have the
highest prevalence rate in HIV/TB co
While HIV is the most powerful risk factor for the progression of TB infection to TB disease (Yusuph et al, 2005
and Van Altena et al, 2007), it has been noted that HIV individuals are highly vulnerable to TB infection becau
of their immune suppressed system and the latter has become their number one killer (science Daily, 2009).Drug
resistance, inadequate drug, lack of drug adherence is some causes of treatment failure (Vibrova et al, 2007).
Men though are decision makers, have economic empower, have access to health programs and services, and are
more educated, still died for lack of trust and acceptance.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2007
Numberofindividuals
Not Educated
0921 (Online)
48
FIGURE 4: Educational status of individuals with HIV/TB Co-infection in Nasarawa State from 2007 to
Out of the 3,470 recorded cases of seropositive HIV individuals during the period of study (January, 2007 to
ecember, 2011), it was observed that the highest prevalence rate of HIV infection; 22.7% (786) was in 2011
and the least prevalence rate; 18.3% (634) was in 2008 with p value of 0.220, which indicate no statistical;
difference (p>0.05). This agrees with studies conducted by Mario et al, 2010 in Kenya and Onubogu et al 2010
in Lagos. Many reports showed that HIV infection was on the increase as there are new cases everyday despite
the intervention being provided by WHO and do nor agencies for the fight against HIV/AIDS. Possible factors
attributing to the decline in 2008 might be social stigmatization, forcing individuals to hide. The rise in 2011
might be attributed to health seeking behavior as a result of awareness. With more information and knowledge, it
infection in the study showed that most cases occurred among sexually active,
productive/childbearing persons aged 20-30 years (25.3%) across the studied years with p value of 0.325, which
indicate no statistical; difference (p>0.05).This agreed with Singhal et al, Zoll and Okonko et al, 2012 in
Abeokuta. Individuals in this age group were more vulnerable to TB infection and comprised of young adults
with peer pressure and adolescence.Females had higher prevalence rate in the sex distribution of HIV/TB co
infection throughout the period of study with a mean of 56.7%. This was similar to studies of Nwobu et al, 2004
in Edo and Onubogu et al, 2010 in Lagos but Contracts Taura et al, 2008 in Kano and Maori, 2012 in Gombe the
infection rate in males and females could be as a result of early exposure of females to sexual
activity due to bad economic situations, high susceptibility to infection (Umeh et al, 2007), delay (i) care se
due to stigma association with HIV infection, less access to fund for transportation and personal health care
(Nsubuga et al, 2002). One third (33%) of married women in Nigeria are in polygamous union (NACA, 2011)
and health seeking behavior attributing to its higher prevalence. (Uzoma et al, 2009).The education status of
infection showed that the individuals not educated had the highest prevalence rate in
four years of the five years study; 2007 (45.6%), 2008 (36.7%), 2009 (40.1%) and 2011 (44.2%) with p value of
0.012, which indicate statistical; difference (p<0.05).Individuals who were educated had the least prevalence rate
34.8% across the five years study. This agreed with NACA, 2011 and Yitayih et al, 2012 in North West
Formal educated is power and the best vaccine to HIV/TB co-infection. Two thirds of the 110 millions of
children no in school are girls of the world’s 875 million illiterate adults; two thirds are women who have the
V/TB co-infection (NACA, 2011).
While HIV is the most powerful risk factor for the progression of TB infection to TB disease (Yusuph et al, 2005
and Van Altena et al, 2007), it has been noted that HIV individuals are highly vulnerable to TB infection becau
of their immune suppressed system and the latter has become their number one killer (science Daily, 2009).Drug
resistance, inadequate drug, lack of drug adherence is some causes of treatment failure (Vibrova et al, 2007).
have economic empower, have access to health programs and services, and are
more educated, still died for lack of trust and acceptance.
2008 2009 2010
Year
Not Educated Non Formal Educated Educated
www.iiste.org
infection in Nasarawa State from 2007 to
Out of the 3,470 recorded cases of seropositive HIV individuals during the period of study (January, 2007 to
ecember, 2011), it was observed that the highest prevalence rate of HIV infection; 22.7% (786) was in 2011
and the least prevalence rate; 18.3% (634) was in 2008 with p value of 0.220, which indicate no statistical;
udies conducted by Mario et al, 2010 in Kenya and Onubogu et al 2010
in Lagos. Many reports showed that HIV infection was on the increase as there are new cases everyday despite
st HIV/AIDS. Possible factors
attributing to the decline in 2008 might be social stigmatization, forcing individuals to hide. The rise in 2011
might be attributed to health seeking behavior as a result of awareness. With more information and knowledge, it
infection in the study showed that most cases occurred among sexually active,
30 years (25.3%) across the studied years with p value of 0.325, which
indicate no statistical; difference (p>0.05).This agreed with Singhal et al, Zoll and Okonko et al, 2012 in
Abeokuta. Individuals in this age group were more vulnerable to TB infection and comprised of young adults
es had higher prevalence rate in the sex distribution of HIV/TB co-
infection throughout the period of study with a mean of 56.7%. This was similar to studies of Nwobu et al, 2004
no and Maori, 2012 in Gombe the
infection rate in males and females could be as a result of early exposure of females to sexual
activity due to bad economic situations, high susceptibility to infection (Umeh et al, 2007), delay (i) care seeking
due to stigma association with HIV infection, less access to fund for transportation and personal health care
(Nsubuga et al, 2002). One third (33%) of married women in Nigeria are in polygamous union (NACA, 2011)
, 2009).The education status of
infection showed that the individuals not educated had the highest prevalence rate in
(40.1%) and 2011 (44.2%) with p value of
0.012, which indicate statistical; difference (p<0.05).Individuals who were educated had the least prevalence rate
34.8% across the five years study. This agreed with NACA, 2011 and Yitayih et al, 2012 in North West Ethiopia.
infection. Two thirds of the 110 millions of
children no in school are girls of the world’s 875 million illiterate adults; two thirds are women who have the
While HIV is the most powerful risk factor for the progression of TB infection to TB disease (Yusuph et al, 2005
and Van Altena et al, 2007), it has been noted that HIV individuals are highly vulnerable to TB infection because
of their immune suppressed system and the latter has become their number one killer (science Daily, 2009).Drug
resistance, inadequate drug, lack of drug adherence is some causes of treatment failure (Vibrova et al, 2007).
have economic empower, have access to health programs and services, and are
2011
5. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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Vol.3, No.7, 2013
49
Conclusion
From the study it was observed that HIV infection was in increase despite health programs and services to fight
the infection. The pulmonary tuberculosis epidemic was a challenge to control and because of its synergy with
HIV epidemic, created enormous problems that needed to be tackled with precision and collaboration. Overall,
female individuals suffered more from the HIV/TB co-infection and poverty and illiteracy levels contributed to
the high burden of HIV/Tb co-infection.
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