This research proposal aims to investigate factors affecting the quality of work life and career dimensions of primary school teachers in Cambodia. The study will use a mixed methods approach, collecting quantitative data through questionnaires with 120 teachers and qualitative data through interviews with 15 teachers. The proposal provides background on issues facing Cambodian teachers like low salaries and high workloads. It establishes the research questions and significance of understanding teachers' perspectives to help improve policies. The literature review discusses motivation theories and concepts of quality of work life and careers to inform the study's variables. Limitations in generalizing findings and using both research methods are acknowledged.
This document provides background information and outlines the scope of a proposed thesis that will investigate the lived experiences of neophyte (new) school heads in Leyte, Philippines. The study aims to understand the challenges faced by new school administrators and how they cope. It will interview heads from 4 schools who have served 2-5 years. The theoretical frameworks of symbolic interactionism and organizational adaptation theory will be used. The significance of the study is that it could help DepEd and other stakeholders better support new school leaders in managing schools.
This document compares the change in teaching motivations among preservice teachers in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. It finds that intrinsic motivation increases during teacher education programs, while extrinsic motivation does not change. Unexpectedly, altruistic motivation like the motivation to work with children tends to decrease. The change in motivation is influenced by in-school learning opportunities like teaching practice and mentor support, with more practical programs in Austria and Switzerland seeing a greater impact than the more theoretical German program.
This study examined teachers' perceptions of factors affecting their effectiveness in private primary schools in Kolfe Keranio Sub-City, Addis Ababa. Data was collected through questionnaires administered to 126 teachers and interviews with 7 principals. The factors analyzed included teacher-related factors like recognition and salary, school-related factors like facilities and leadership, and parent-related factors like cooperation. Results showed that teachers felt recognition, adequate training, and salary influenced their effectiveness, while principals said support, workload, and working conditions also impacted it. The study concluded that addressing these factors through a supportive environment could improve teacher effectiveness and retention.
This study investigated factors that determine teacher job satisfaction in secondary schools in ABA Education Zone, South-East Nigeria. The researchers surveyed 512 teachers to identify factors related to school facilities, teacher characteristics, and human relations that influence job satisfaction. They found that teachers were less satisfied with advancement opportunities, compensation, supervision, human relations, and working conditions. Specifically, inadequate classroom environments and school facilities negatively impacted job satisfaction. The researchers recommended equipping school laboratories to improve science teaching and promote effective teacher job satisfaction.
The document summarizes a study that examined factors affecting the impact of teacher education courses on teacher preparedness. The study aimed to identify effective elements of pre-service teacher education programs based on perceptions of beginning teachers after their first year. The conceptual framework considered teacher background, course structure, in-school experience, opportunity to learn, and school context. Surveys assessed beginning teachers' perceptions of how well their program prepared them in areas like content knowledge, teaching practice, and meeting professional standards. The results could help policymakers determine appropriate standards for accrediting teacher education programs.
Nationally, thousands of new teachers in grades K-12 permanently leave the profession of teaching within five years of employment. Up to one third of new teachers leave the profession within three years. State legislatures mandated new teacher induction programs in the 1980s to improve new teacher retention. However, research regarding the effectiveness of induction programs shows mixed results. Factors from two theoretical, teacher induction models were used to guide the inquiry: Comprehensive Induction and Mutual Benefits Models. This study examined the relationship of teacher induction models to the likelihood of first-year middle school teacher retention. First-year middle school teachers in Texas from state Education Regions One, Two, Three, and Four participated. Background included gender, age, ethnicity, district type, SES, first or second career, certification type, and content area. Middle school teachers in the Regions were contacted. Only first year teachers were asked to respond. Ninety-nine surveys from respondents were used for quantitative analyses. Analyses included descriptive, frequency, factor analysis, regression, t-test, and ANOVA statistical procedures. Results showed faculty planned on remaining as teachers, but not necessarily due to induction programs. Induction programs were not particularly effective for teachers returning to the profession for a second year. Factor analyses showed the two theoretical models were important to new teachers for professional development as it applies to their career for assessment, planning, and mentoring, but they were not influential for retention. For their personal lives, results showed new teachers want to know how to: balance their personal life with their professional one; provide success opportunities for students; and be at ease in the profession. Implications suggest that a new teacher’s background does not matter for retention: a new teacher is a new teacher. Additionally, new teacher induction programs are not particularly effective for new teacher retention. New teachers have a number of other needs beyond those of the profession that should be addressed in induction programs. Finally, induction programs should consider experimenting with the new induction model proposed in the study as a result of data analyses. It integrates professional and personal interests.
This document summarizes four sources related to school leadership and culture. The first source discusses a principal who celebrates diversity and coaches his staff to understand how diversity impacts learning. The second source suggests school leaders simplify improvement efforts by focusing on key goals and strategies. The third source emphasizes the importance of a positive school climate and culture for student outcomes. The fourth source discusses using brain-based learning strategies and the importance of collaboration between teachers, administrators, parents and researchers.
This document provides background information and outlines the scope of a proposed thesis that will investigate the lived experiences of neophyte (new) school heads in Leyte, Philippines. The study aims to understand the challenges faced by new school administrators and how they cope. It will interview heads from 4 schools who have served 2-5 years. The theoretical frameworks of symbolic interactionism and organizational adaptation theory will be used. The significance of the study is that it could help DepEd and other stakeholders better support new school leaders in managing schools.
This document compares the change in teaching motivations among preservice teachers in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. It finds that intrinsic motivation increases during teacher education programs, while extrinsic motivation does not change. Unexpectedly, altruistic motivation like the motivation to work with children tends to decrease. The change in motivation is influenced by in-school learning opportunities like teaching practice and mentor support, with more practical programs in Austria and Switzerland seeing a greater impact than the more theoretical German program.
This study examined teachers' perceptions of factors affecting their effectiveness in private primary schools in Kolfe Keranio Sub-City, Addis Ababa. Data was collected through questionnaires administered to 126 teachers and interviews with 7 principals. The factors analyzed included teacher-related factors like recognition and salary, school-related factors like facilities and leadership, and parent-related factors like cooperation. Results showed that teachers felt recognition, adequate training, and salary influenced their effectiveness, while principals said support, workload, and working conditions also impacted it. The study concluded that addressing these factors through a supportive environment could improve teacher effectiveness and retention.
This study investigated factors that determine teacher job satisfaction in secondary schools in ABA Education Zone, South-East Nigeria. The researchers surveyed 512 teachers to identify factors related to school facilities, teacher characteristics, and human relations that influence job satisfaction. They found that teachers were less satisfied with advancement opportunities, compensation, supervision, human relations, and working conditions. Specifically, inadequate classroom environments and school facilities negatively impacted job satisfaction. The researchers recommended equipping school laboratories to improve science teaching and promote effective teacher job satisfaction.
The document summarizes a study that examined factors affecting the impact of teacher education courses on teacher preparedness. The study aimed to identify effective elements of pre-service teacher education programs based on perceptions of beginning teachers after their first year. The conceptual framework considered teacher background, course structure, in-school experience, opportunity to learn, and school context. Surveys assessed beginning teachers' perceptions of how well their program prepared them in areas like content knowledge, teaching practice, and meeting professional standards. The results could help policymakers determine appropriate standards for accrediting teacher education programs.
Nationally, thousands of new teachers in grades K-12 permanently leave the profession of teaching within five years of employment. Up to one third of new teachers leave the profession within three years. State legislatures mandated new teacher induction programs in the 1980s to improve new teacher retention. However, research regarding the effectiveness of induction programs shows mixed results. Factors from two theoretical, teacher induction models were used to guide the inquiry: Comprehensive Induction and Mutual Benefits Models. This study examined the relationship of teacher induction models to the likelihood of first-year middle school teacher retention. First-year middle school teachers in Texas from state Education Regions One, Two, Three, and Four participated. Background included gender, age, ethnicity, district type, SES, first or second career, certification type, and content area. Middle school teachers in the Regions were contacted. Only first year teachers were asked to respond. Ninety-nine surveys from respondents were used for quantitative analyses. Analyses included descriptive, frequency, factor analysis, regression, t-test, and ANOVA statistical procedures. Results showed faculty planned on remaining as teachers, but not necessarily due to induction programs. Induction programs were not particularly effective for teachers returning to the profession for a second year. Factor analyses showed the two theoretical models were important to new teachers for professional development as it applies to their career for assessment, planning, and mentoring, but they were not influential for retention. For their personal lives, results showed new teachers want to know how to: balance their personal life with their professional one; provide success opportunities for students; and be at ease in the profession. Implications suggest that a new teacher’s background does not matter for retention: a new teacher is a new teacher. Additionally, new teacher induction programs are not particularly effective for new teacher retention. New teachers have a number of other needs beyond those of the profession that should be addressed in induction programs. Finally, induction programs should consider experimenting with the new induction model proposed in the study as a result of data analyses. It integrates professional and personal interests.
This document summarizes four sources related to school leadership and culture. The first source discusses a principal who celebrates diversity and coaches his staff to understand how diversity impacts learning. The second source suggests school leaders simplify improvement efforts by focusing on key goals and strategies. The third source emphasizes the importance of a positive school climate and culture for student outcomes. The fourth source discusses using brain-based learning strategies and the importance of collaboration between teachers, administrators, parents and researchers.
School Based Factors Influencing Preschool Teachers Job Performance in Public...paperpublications3
Abstract: Majority of pre-school teachers are leaving their jobs for different professions in recent years. The problem of teacher migration is evident in both developed and developing countries. In Kenya, ECDE teaching profession has not been accorded the same status compared to primary, secondary and tertiary professions. This has led to many ECDE teachers seeking opportunities in other fields for better working environment, pay and even motivation. With this problem in mind, the study sought to establish whether pre-school management style and interpersonal relationships influenced teachers’ job performance in public ECDE centres in Kenya with focus on East Karachuonyo Division, Homa Bay County. All public ECDE centres in Kenya are under the county governments with teachers receiving their pay from the county coffers. The respondents for this study involved preschool teachers and head teachers. Data was collected through questionnaires and interview schedule. The analysis of data was conducted using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study established that management styles practices in pre-schools affected teachers job performance to a great extent. The study also found out for effective learning to take place, inter-personal relationships need to be developed between teachers, parents, school administrators and pupils. The study recommends that there is need to develop positive interpersonal relationships at the work place to enhance emotional stability and facilitate maintenance of life-work balance and there is a need to sensitize the Schools Board of Management on the rationale of working closely with the pre- schools teachers to enhance their job performance.
This document discusses a study on the effect of external environmental factors on secondary education teachers' workplace. It analyzes how social, political, legal, economic, cultural and technological factors, as well as groups like teacher advisors and parent associations, impact teachers. The results showed that education policies, school funding cuts, and unreliable technology negatively affect teachers, while teacher advisors and community support have positive effects. Understanding these external influences can help create better working conditions for teachers.
Teacher Educators’ and Student Teachers’ Attitude towards Teacher Education P...IJSRP Journal
Attitudes vary at different times of one’s life and are usually determined by several factors such as work environment, job satisfaction and status of the profession. Both student-teachers’ and teacher-educators’ attitudes may affect the quality of teacher preparation program and finally quality of the teacher either positively or negatively. This paper is a focus on the attitude of teacher educators and student teachers towards teacher education programmes in universities. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study sample consisted of Bachelor of Education fourth year students drawn from three Public universities and three Private universities, Teacher Educators and Heads of Departments from the faculty of Education. Stratified random sampling was used to select the universities, student-teachers and Teacher Educators. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, observation checklists and documents analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found that a large percentage of the respondents portrayed a negative attitude of teacher education programmes. This may be to the fact that most student teachers and teacher educators enrolled in these programmes, do not have teaching as their professional interest thus join by circumstance. The study recommends the need to conduct screening of individuals before admission in teacher education programmes so as to ensure that only those who are interested and committed to teaching as a profession are enrolled. Keywords: Attitude, Teacher Education Programmes, Enrollment, Teacher Educators, Student Teachers, Public University, Private University
The document provides background information on Eastern Visayas State University and its College of Engineering. It discusses the important role of teachers in ensuring quality education and motivating students. The study aims to determine faculty perceptions of motivational factors like growth opportunities and job security, and maintenance factors like benefits and work environment. Understanding what influences teacher performance could help improve education standards. The conceptual framework discusses how meeting physiological, social and ethical needs affects teacher performance, based on theories of human motivation.
The Impact of School Location on the Effectiveness of Secondary School Admini...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of school location on the effectiveness of public secondary school administrators in Cameroon. The study used a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data through a questionnaire and qualitative data through interviews. The findings showed that over half of administrators were satisfied with their school's location, and school location had a significant and strong positive effect on administrative effectiveness. Administrators at schools in less conducive locations reported lower effectiveness. The conclusion was that school location impacts administrator effectiveness, so school locations should be made safe and conducive.
Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongoliaijtsrd
The purpose of this study is to identify stress levels among school teachers and to compare stress levels based on demographic factors. There are 268 respondents sampled by teachers from individual schools in the Selangor area. A questionnaire was used, and a teacher's workplace stress inventory and teacher's workplace stress questionnaire was used as a tool. The study also found that high school teachers are more stressed in all stress factors that are associated with their parents, their colleagues, workloads, time constraints, student attitudes, recognition and support, and lack of resources than elementary school teachers. The result also showed that there was a significant difference in the average stress level for single and married teachers with an average difference 0.42, p 0.05 . It is hoped that the findings will help relevant authorities develop effective stress management programs for teachers to prevent the negative effects of stress. Enkhtsetseg Agvaan | Munkhzul Mangal "Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongolia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/29719/study-on-stress-among-for-teachers-in-mongolia/enkhtsetseg-agvaan
This study aimed to investigate factors contributing to work stress among primary school teachers in Kasarani Division, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study examined the relationship between work stress and factors such as role overload, teacher-pupil ratio, school type, years of teaching experience, and gender. Data was collected through questionnaires from 120 teachers. The majority of teachers reported experiencing work overload and burnout. Higher work stress levels were found among teachers in public schools compared to private schools. Neither teaching experience nor gender were found to impact work stress. The study recommended reducing class sizes and teachers' workloads to help decrease stress.
This study seeks to investigate fluctuations in motivation among English teachers at the University of Quintana Roo (UQROO) through a case study approach. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with three female English teachers to answer the research questions: how does motivation to teach English vary over time, and what factors influence this motivation? The interviews will explore five areas that could impact motivation: students, work environment, economic benefits, teaching activities, and subject taught. The results may help identify motivational and demotivational factors present at different stages of these teachers' careers.
The study assessed factors hindering academic performance of grade 9 students at Wenceslao Trinidad National High School. A questionnaire was administered to 50 students to determine if student-related factors (intelligence, study habits, motivation) or teacher-related factors (personality, teaching skills) had a greater effect. The results showed student-related factors had a greater impact, with averages of 68.4% for intelligence, 57.2% for study habits, and 72% for motivation. Teacher-related factors received higher averages, but student factors were determined to hinder academic performance more.
The document analyzes the elementary school principal development program in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It found that the program involves regulations, standards, grants, and professional development. Success depends on supervisor and principal performance, financial support, and meeting standards. However, limitations include complex administration, bureaucracy, compliance demands, lack of monitoring, and relationship issues.
An effective teaching contributes to the students’ performance and this
depends on qualified-trained teachers, school administration, parents and
conducive environment for teaching and learning. It is proven that students
are more successful in their academic achievements, in the societies where
teachers perceive their profession as their job. This paper explores the impact
of the society’s perception on teachers’ professionalism. The method
employed in this paper is qualitative by using interview technique and used
audio-recorded to ensure a complete transcript. The result indicated that in
some developing countries including Cameroon, Kenya and Fiji has various
reasons for their job. Teaching profession was affected by how the society
considers teachers whereby they are perceived as disadvantaged population
who cannot fully take part in the social and economic activities due to the
fact that their salary is very low compared other public servants. This low
salary and loss of respect of teachers by the society lead to the job
dissatisfaction and made the teaching profession as a transitional job before
waiting to move to another different professional field.
Running head: PORTFOLIO PROPOSAL 1
PORTFOLIO PROPOSAL 2
Portfolio Proposal
ECE657: Assessment to Support Young Children and Families
Annette Williams
Instructor Strout
December 16, 2019
Portfolio Proposal
The performance of children in the learning environment is an important component of facilitating positive academic development. Therefore, it is important to consider a portfolio that looks into robust communication regarding the gaps associated with the learning environment. Students should have a capacity to identify their strengths in terms of learning new skills and knowledge. With the above in place, it would be crucial to communicate about the pros and cons of the teaching practice, the fitting portfolio system, and the chosen portfolio system. Also, it becomes crucial to focus on the portfolio system that would encompass growth in the developmental domains. Lastly, it is important to record how it would be possible to ensure fidelity in the portfolio system.
The teaching strategies Gold and Lifecubby portfolio system are an important component of the learning environment. The main reason for this is because it provides the student with the needed skills and knowledge to ensure effective performance. It is an important segment because it enables teachers to remain motivated and dedicated to teaching the students to become independent thinkers in their professional environment. Early education is critical and requires a teacher who is more patient and flexible in delivering the needed knowledge. A teacher who does not take the time to handle the students may become frustrated.
Therefore, the teaching strategies are crucial in the establishment of effective relationships with the students. It is through the above that it becomes easier for the teachers to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of their students. Also, they try their best to promote positive outcomes in terms of communicating the right ideas among the students in the learning environment. The learning environment provided by the teaching strategies is more diverse and has a large opportunity base to support the growth and development of the student (Becker, R et al., 2015). The environment is also structured in a way that the teaching strategies meet the needs of the teachers.
When it comes to the cons, it is important to note that they are limited. The teaching strategies may not be too flexible to allow the adoption of educational technology. The teaching strategies are more traditional and include one-to-one communication with the students. Another significant con focuses on the rigidity of the teaching practices. The teacher is the person with all the major responsibilities and does not provide the student with the opportunity to ensure personal development. The ...
Lunenburg, fred c. the principal as instructional leader nfeasj v27 n4 2010William Kritsonis
The document summarizes how principals can serve as effective instructional leaders by focusing on student learning. It discusses five key dimensions principals should focus on: 1) focusing on learning outcomes rather than teaching, 2) encouraging teacher collaboration, 3) using student performance data to guide improvements, 4) providing teachers support and resources, and 5) aligning curriculum, instruction, and assessments. Taken together, these five dimensions can help principals achieve sustained success for all students.
One of the most important factors that positively influence the performance of lecturers is the motivation toward work, which determines the self-discipline to improve the professional skills, morale, work attitude, and the performance of lecturers. This paper was conducted with the main purpose is to find out job motivational factors affecting on performance of lecturers with the application of reliable model in the situation of economic and administration in Hanoi, Vietnam. By surveying 490 lecturers at universities in Hanoi, the research has shown the relationship of seven motivational factors to lecturers’ performance, of which the greatest impact is “assessment”, followed by “incentives”, “recognition”, “colleagues”, “superiors”, “working conditions”, and finally “works itself”. Finally, based on the results, the research has proposed suggestions to help policymakers develop programs and action targets that enhance the motivation and performance of the teaching staffs in universities; step by step improving the quality of higher education according to the goals that Vietnamese Party and State have set for the higher education sector these days.
This document discusses a study that examined South African educators' perceptions of their increasing workload due to administrative and professional duties. The study found that educators face a heavy workload without adequate support from the Department of Education. It recommends implementing an internship program called READ (Relieve Educators' Administrative Demands) to help educators deal with their workload by assisting with administrative tasks. The document provides background on the roles and responsibilities South African educators are expected to fulfill, which involve both administrative and professional duties. It notes that educators struggle to fulfill all their duties due to the large amount of paperwork and other administrative requirements.
MOTIVATIONAL PRACTICES AND TEACHERS’PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS ...Turyamureeba Silaji
The study was about motivational practices and teachers’ performance in private secondary schools in Mbarara District, Uganda. The study aimed at; establishing the relationship between administrative support and teachers‟ performance. The cross-sectional and descriptive survey designs were adopted on a sample of 214 comprising Board of governors, PTA Chair persons, head teachers and teachers from selected private secondary schools. Data analysis involved use of descriptive statistics and of Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between motivational practices and teachers‟ performance. Descriptive results revealed that administrative support had vital role on teachers’ performance. The findings also showed that there was a statistically positive relationship between administrative support and teachers performance. Thus, it was recommended that administrators should provide a conducive work environment to teachers leading to good performance.
AN EFFECTIVE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SERIES IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF TEACHERC...ijejournal
Just as the educational system in the United States is working to figure out the best ways to reach the developmentally diverse student population found in our public and private institutions; we should be looking how to best prepare our teachers. Over the years, the threat of trickle down curriculum has become a reality and there is increasing pressure on in-coming kindergarteners to be knowledgeable of more and more. Teachers express through honest feedback the lack of quality and/or effective professional
development opportunities available to them. There needs to be some sort of reform when the positive changes in the education system can been seen in the success of the students, which is directly affected by the quality and effectiveness in teacher instruction. A quality feedback through coaching model is the most
effective way to develop educators in order to improve teacher-child interactions that translates into high quality education.
This thesis examines the working conditions of public elementary school teachers in Zamboanga City, Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and how these conditions affected their work performance. A survey was conducted of 83 teachers across 6 schools to understand the extent of their working conditions in terms of professional development, communication, recognition, collaboration, and expectations. The survey also assessed teachers' work performance. The study found that teachers reported their working conditions as satisfactory and their work performance as very satisfactory. A moderate positive relationship was found between working conditions and work performance. Certain demographic variables like age and length of service were found to influence working conditions and performance. The results can inform policymaking and teacher professional development programs.
Gender And Teachers’ Attitude Towards Guidance And Counseling Programmes In S...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated teachers’ attitudes towards Guidance and Counseling (GAC) programs. The aim was to establish whether gender has an influence on teachers’ attitudes towards GAC programmes. The study sample comprised of 130 teachers. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis utilized the Statistical Package for Social Scientists to generate descriptive statistics that included frequencies and percentages and inferential statistics (Chi Square). The findings indicate that generally teachers had positive attitudes towards GAC programms in school. It however emerged that gender has some influence on teachers’ attitudes towards GAC programmes. It was recommended that female teachers be given support by education stakeholders in order for them to offer the needed services in GAC departments and the male teachers to be encouraged to attend the workshops and enroll for GAC courses. The findings, conclusions and recommendations will be useful to the department of GAC, Ministry of Education, policy makers, researchers, practitioners, academicians, professionals and stakeholders in the various fields.
Running head TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS .docxtodd521
Running head: TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS 1
TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS 2
Teacher Preparation Programs
Teacher Preparation Programs
Abstract
Poor attitudes towards teacher training programs by the policymakers have had a huge impact on the education of children with disability. This has been contributed by the continuous poor speculations and perceptions among the key stakeholders who argue that the programs have not had a huge impact on the students not the teachers in their teaching techniques in school. Teachers who have attended teacher training programs have not showed any impact on their way of handling students with disabilities. This perception has grounded the growth of teacher training programs not only in the country but all over the world. This calls for research into the need for teacher training programs. This research is aimed at filling the gap between the perceptions and the teacher training programs. The findings of this research are projected to prove the existence of poor attitude towards the training of teacher’s programs. In addition, the research projects that there is a great impact on a teacher training program which has been shown by teachers teaching in special schools. There is also a connection between teacher training programs and quality education provision for students with various disability. The research also projects recommendations which can ensure that teacher training programs which has attracted poor attitudes can be transformed in order to provide quality education to students with special needs. The recommendations include integration of teacher’s coursework with hands-on practical to enable teachers to relate the two, carry out more research of importance of teacher training programs and also determine the impact of teacher training on students with special needs. The research applies a quota qualitative sampling method in the selection of the sample size. The sample group for the research is teacher training programs, special school teachers and lastly the education department for special education was chosen involving 2000 participants which gave a 100% representation. Data collected included the use of questionnaires and interviews for primary data and journals, articles and documentaries for secondary data. Data presentation used tables, charts and graphs. Analysis of the collected data applied narrative analysis in analyzing secondary data and discourse analysis in analyzing primary data. The results were presented widely and discussed to give a clear picture of the findings from the research study. All the research data from the research were also summarized to come up with a conclusion. The study has also cited gaps in the previous studies and given necessary suggestions which should be welcomed and used in the transformation of attitudes.
Who Buy Essay Uk Review, Of Buy Essay Uk Reviews. Buy Essay ReviewsKarla Long
This document discusses tarantulas and their evolution over millions of years. It describes some key physical characteristics of two tarantula species: the red knee tarantula and Aphonopelma Chalcodes. The red knee tarantula has adapted to its environment by building underground burrows for protection from weather. It has beige hair covering its abdomen and red joints on its legs, providing camouflage. Despite their intimidating appearance, tarantulas have much to teach us about adaptation and survival.
I Will Pay You To Write My University Papers - Pay SoKarla Long
The document discusses how a nurse's professional portfolio provides evidence of achieving specific proficiencies, with the proficiencies based on risk management and evidence-based practice standards. It will analyze how the nurse's portfolio demonstrates achieving one particular proficiency, showing competencies and expertise through carefully selected materials. The analysis focuses on showing evidence from the portfolio that supports achieving proficiency in risk management or evidence-based practices.
More Related Content
Similar to A Research Proposal of Quality of Work Life and Career Dimensions Using Mixed-Method Approach to Investigate Primary School Teachers in Cambodia.pdf
School Based Factors Influencing Preschool Teachers Job Performance in Public...paperpublications3
Abstract: Majority of pre-school teachers are leaving their jobs for different professions in recent years. The problem of teacher migration is evident in both developed and developing countries. In Kenya, ECDE teaching profession has not been accorded the same status compared to primary, secondary and tertiary professions. This has led to many ECDE teachers seeking opportunities in other fields for better working environment, pay and even motivation. With this problem in mind, the study sought to establish whether pre-school management style and interpersonal relationships influenced teachers’ job performance in public ECDE centres in Kenya with focus on East Karachuonyo Division, Homa Bay County. All public ECDE centres in Kenya are under the county governments with teachers receiving their pay from the county coffers. The respondents for this study involved preschool teachers and head teachers. Data was collected through questionnaires and interview schedule. The analysis of data was conducted using qualitative and quantitative research methods. The study established that management styles practices in pre-schools affected teachers job performance to a great extent. The study also found out for effective learning to take place, inter-personal relationships need to be developed between teachers, parents, school administrators and pupils. The study recommends that there is need to develop positive interpersonal relationships at the work place to enhance emotional stability and facilitate maintenance of life-work balance and there is a need to sensitize the Schools Board of Management on the rationale of working closely with the pre- schools teachers to enhance their job performance.
This document discusses a study on the effect of external environmental factors on secondary education teachers' workplace. It analyzes how social, political, legal, economic, cultural and technological factors, as well as groups like teacher advisors and parent associations, impact teachers. The results showed that education policies, school funding cuts, and unreliable technology negatively affect teachers, while teacher advisors and community support have positive effects. Understanding these external influences can help create better working conditions for teachers.
Teacher Educators’ and Student Teachers’ Attitude towards Teacher Education P...IJSRP Journal
Attitudes vary at different times of one’s life and are usually determined by several factors such as work environment, job satisfaction and status of the profession. Both student-teachers’ and teacher-educators’ attitudes may affect the quality of teacher preparation program and finally quality of the teacher either positively or negatively. This paper is a focus on the attitude of teacher educators and student teachers towards teacher education programmes in universities. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The study sample consisted of Bachelor of Education fourth year students drawn from three Public universities and three Private universities, Teacher Educators and Heads of Departments from the faculty of Education. Stratified random sampling was used to select the universities, student-teachers and Teacher Educators. Data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedules, observation checklists and documents analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The study found that a large percentage of the respondents portrayed a negative attitude of teacher education programmes. This may be to the fact that most student teachers and teacher educators enrolled in these programmes, do not have teaching as their professional interest thus join by circumstance. The study recommends the need to conduct screening of individuals before admission in teacher education programmes so as to ensure that only those who are interested and committed to teaching as a profession are enrolled. Keywords: Attitude, Teacher Education Programmes, Enrollment, Teacher Educators, Student Teachers, Public University, Private University
The document provides background information on Eastern Visayas State University and its College of Engineering. It discusses the important role of teachers in ensuring quality education and motivating students. The study aims to determine faculty perceptions of motivational factors like growth opportunities and job security, and maintenance factors like benefits and work environment. Understanding what influences teacher performance could help improve education standards. The conceptual framework discusses how meeting physiological, social and ethical needs affects teacher performance, based on theories of human motivation.
The Impact of School Location on the Effectiveness of Secondary School Admini...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of school location on the effectiveness of public secondary school administrators in Cameroon. The study used a mixed-methods approach, collecting quantitative data through a questionnaire and qualitative data through interviews. The findings showed that over half of administrators were satisfied with their school's location, and school location had a significant and strong positive effect on administrative effectiveness. Administrators at schools in less conducive locations reported lower effectiveness. The conclusion was that school location impacts administrator effectiveness, so school locations should be made safe and conducive.
Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongoliaijtsrd
The purpose of this study is to identify stress levels among school teachers and to compare stress levels based on demographic factors. There are 268 respondents sampled by teachers from individual schools in the Selangor area. A questionnaire was used, and a teacher's workplace stress inventory and teacher's workplace stress questionnaire was used as a tool. The study also found that high school teachers are more stressed in all stress factors that are associated with their parents, their colleagues, workloads, time constraints, student attitudes, recognition and support, and lack of resources than elementary school teachers. The result also showed that there was a significant difference in the average stress level for single and married teachers with an average difference 0.42, p 0.05 . It is hoped that the findings will help relevant authorities develop effective stress management programs for teachers to prevent the negative effects of stress. Enkhtsetseg Agvaan | Munkhzul Mangal "Study on Stress among for Teachers in Mongolia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/business-economics/29719/study-on-stress-among-for-teachers-in-mongolia/enkhtsetseg-agvaan
This study aimed to investigate factors contributing to work stress among primary school teachers in Kasarani Division, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study examined the relationship between work stress and factors such as role overload, teacher-pupil ratio, school type, years of teaching experience, and gender. Data was collected through questionnaires from 120 teachers. The majority of teachers reported experiencing work overload and burnout. Higher work stress levels were found among teachers in public schools compared to private schools. Neither teaching experience nor gender were found to impact work stress. The study recommended reducing class sizes and teachers' workloads to help decrease stress.
This study seeks to investigate fluctuations in motivation among English teachers at the University of Quintana Roo (UQROO) through a case study approach. Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with three female English teachers to answer the research questions: how does motivation to teach English vary over time, and what factors influence this motivation? The interviews will explore five areas that could impact motivation: students, work environment, economic benefits, teaching activities, and subject taught. The results may help identify motivational and demotivational factors present at different stages of these teachers' careers.
The study assessed factors hindering academic performance of grade 9 students at Wenceslao Trinidad National High School. A questionnaire was administered to 50 students to determine if student-related factors (intelligence, study habits, motivation) or teacher-related factors (personality, teaching skills) had a greater effect. The results showed student-related factors had a greater impact, with averages of 68.4% for intelligence, 57.2% for study habits, and 72% for motivation. Teacher-related factors received higher averages, but student factors were determined to hinder academic performance more.
The document analyzes the elementary school principal development program in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. It found that the program involves regulations, standards, grants, and professional development. Success depends on supervisor and principal performance, financial support, and meeting standards. However, limitations include complex administration, bureaucracy, compliance demands, lack of monitoring, and relationship issues.
An effective teaching contributes to the students’ performance and this
depends on qualified-trained teachers, school administration, parents and
conducive environment for teaching and learning. It is proven that students
are more successful in their academic achievements, in the societies where
teachers perceive their profession as their job. This paper explores the impact
of the society’s perception on teachers’ professionalism. The method
employed in this paper is qualitative by using interview technique and used
audio-recorded to ensure a complete transcript. The result indicated that in
some developing countries including Cameroon, Kenya and Fiji has various
reasons for their job. Teaching profession was affected by how the society
considers teachers whereby they are perceived as disadvantaged population
who cannot fully take part in the social and economic activities due to the
fact that their salary is very low compared other public servants. This low
salary and loss of respect of teachers by the society lead to the job
dissatisfaction and made the teaching profession as a transitional job before
waiting to move to another different professional field.
Running head: PORTFOLIO PROPOSAL 1
PORTFOLIO PROPOSAL 2
Portfolio Proposal
ECE657: Assessment to Support Young Children and Families
Annette Williams
Instructor Strout
December 16, 2019
Portfolio Proposal
The performance of children in the learning environment is an important component of facilitating positive academic development. Therefore, it is important to consider a portfolio that looks into robust communication regarding the gaps associated with the learning environment. Students should have a capacity to identify their strengths in terms of learning new skills and knowledge. With the above in place, it would be crucial to communicate about the pros and cons of the teaching practice, the fitting portfolio system, and the chosen portfolio system. Also, it becomes crucial to focus on the portfolio system that would encompass growth in the developmental domains. Lastly, it is important to record how it would be possible to ensure fidelity in the portfolio system.
The teaching strategies Gold and Lifecubby portfolio system are an important component of the learning environment. The main reason for this is because it provides the student with the needed skills and knowledge to ensure effective performance. It is an important segment because it enables teachers to remain motivated and dedicated to teaching the students to become independent thinkers in their professional environment. Early education is critical and requires a teacher who is more patient and flexible in delivering the needed knowledge. A teacher who does not take the time to handle the students may become frustrated.
Therefore, the teaching strategies are crucial in the establishment of effective relationships with the students. It is through the above that it becomes easier for the teachers to learn about the strengths and weaknesses of their students. Also, they try their best to promote positive outcomes in terms of communicating the right ideas among the students in the learning environment. The learning environment provided by the teaching strategies is more diverse and has a large opportunity base to support the growth and development of the student (Becker, R et al., 2015). The environment is also structured in a way that the teaching strategies meet the needs of the teachers.
When it comes to the cons, it is important to note that they are limited. The teaching strategies may not be too flexible to allow the adoption of educational technology. The teaching strategies are more traditional and include one-to-one communication with the students. Another significant con focuses on the rigidity of the teaching practices. The teacher is the person with all the major responsibilities and does not provide the student with the opportunity to ensure personal development. The ...
Lunenburg, fred c. the principal as instructional leader nfeasj v27 n4 2010William Kritsonis
The document summarizes how principals can serve as effective instructional leaders by focusing on student learning. It discusses five key dimensions principals should focus on: 1) focusing on learning outcomes rather than teaching, 2) encouraging teacher collaboration, 3) using student performance data to guide improvements, 4) providing teachers support and resources, and 5) aligning curriculum, instruction, and assessments. Taken together, these five dimensions can help principals achieve sustained success for all students.
One of the most important factors that positively influence the performance of lecturers is the motivation toward work, which determines the self-discipline to improve the professional skills, morale, work attitude, and the performance of lecturers. This paper was conducted with the main purpose is to find out job motivational factors affecting on performance of lecturers with the application of reliable model in the situation of economic and administration in Hanoi, Vietnam. By surveying 490 lecturers at universities in Hanoi, the research has shown the relationship of seven motivational factors to lecturers’ performance, of which the greatest impact is “assessment”, followed by “incentives”, “recognition”, “colleagues”, “superiors”, “working conditions”, and finally “works itself”. Finally, based on the results, the research has proposed suggestions to help policymakers develop programs and action targets that enhance the motivation and performance of the teaching staffs in universities; step by step improving the quality of higher education according to the goals that Vietnamese Party and State have set for the higher education sector these days.
This document discusses a study that examined South African educators' perceptions of their increasing workload due to administrative and professional duties. The study found that educators face a heavy workload without adequate support from the Department of Education. It recommends implementing an internship program called READ (Relieve Educators' Administrative Demands) to help educators deal with their workload by assisting with administrative tasks. The document provides background on the roles and responsibilities South African educators are expected to fulfill, which involve both administrative and professional duties. It notes that educators struggle to fulfill all their duties due to the large amount of paperwork and other administrative requirements.
MOTIVATIONAL PRACTICES AND TEACHERS’PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS ...Turyamureeba Silaji
The study was about motivational practices and teachers’ performance in private secondary schools in Mbarara District, Uganda. The study aimed at; establishing the relationship between administrative support and teachers‟ performance. The cross-sectional and descriptive survey designs were adopted on a sample of 214 comprising Board of governors, PTA Chair persons, head teachers and teachers from selected private secondary schools. Data analysis involved use of descriptive statistics and of Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the relationship between motivational practices and teachers‟ performance. Descriptive results revealed that administrative support had vital role on teachers’ performance. The findings also showed that there was a statistically positive relationship between administrative support and teachers performance. Thus, it was recommended that administrators should provide a conducive work environment to teachers leading to good performance.
AN EFFECTIVE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SERIES IMPROVES THE QUALITY OF TEACHERC...ijejournal
Just as the educational system in the United States is working to figure out the best ways to reach the developmentally diverse student population found in our public and private institutions; we should be looking how to best prepare our teachers. Over the years, the threat of trickle down curriculum has become a reality and there is increasing pressure on in-coming kindergarteners to be knowledgeable of more and more. Teachers express through honest feedback the lack of quality and/or effective professional
development opportunities available to them. There needs to be some sort of reform when the positive changes in the education system can been seen in the success of the students, which is directly affected by the quality and effectiveness in teacher instruction. A quality feedback through coaching model is the most
effective way to develop educators in order to improve teacher-child interactions that translates into high quality education.
This thesis examines the working conditions of public elementary school teachers in Zamboanga City, Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic and how these conditions affected their work performance. A survey was conducted of 83 teachers across 6 schools to understand the extent of their working conditions in terms of professional development, communication, recognition, collaboration, and expectations. The survey also assessed teachers' work performance. The study found that teachers reported their working conditions as satisfactory and their work performance as very satisfactory. A moderate positive relationship was found between working conditions and work performance. Certain demographic variables like age and length of service were found to influence working conditions and performance. The results can inform policymaking and teacher professional development programs.
Gender And Teachers’ Attitude Towards Guidance And Counseling Programmes In S...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT : This study investigated teachers’ attitudes towards Guidance and Counseling (GAC) programs. The aim was to establish whether gender has an influence on teachers’ attitudes towards GAC programmes. The study sample comprised of 130 teachers. Questionnaires were used to collect data. Data analysis utilized the Statistical Package for Social Scientists to generate descriptive statistics that included frequencies and percentages and inferential statistics (Chi Square). The findings indicate that generally teachers had positive attitudes towards GAC programms in school. It however emerged that gender has some influence on teachers’ attitudes towards GAC programmes. It was recommended that female teachers be given support by education stakeholders in order for them to offer the needed services in GAC departments and the male teachers to be encouraged to attend the workshops and enroll for GAC courses. The findings, conclusions and recommendations will be useful to the department of GAC, Ministry of Education, policy makers, researchers, practitioners, academicians, professionals and stakeholders in the various fields.
Running head TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS .docxtodd521
Running head: TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS 1
TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS 2
Teacher Preparation Programs
Teacher Preparation Programs
Abstract
Poor attitudes towards teacher training programs by the policymakers have had a huge impact on the education of children with disability. This has been contributed by the continuous poor speculations and perceptions among the key stakeholders who argue that the programs have not had a huge impact on the students not the teachers in their teaching techniques in school. Teachers who have attended teacher training programs have not showed any impact on their way of handling students with disabilities. This perception has grounded the growth of teacher training programs not only in the country but all over the world. This calls for research into the need for teacher training programs. This research is aimed at filling the gap between the perceptions and the teacher training programs. The findings of this research are projected to prove the existence of poor attitude towards the training of teacher’s programs. In addition, the research projects that there is a great impact on a teacher training program which has been shown by teachers teaching in special schools. There is also a connection between teacher training programs and quality education provision for students with various disability. The research also projects recommendations which can ensure that teacher training programs which has attracted poor attitudes can be transformed in order to provide quality education to students with special needs. The recommendations include integration of teacher’s coursework with hands-on practical to enable teachers to relate the two, carry out more research of importance of teacher training programs and also determine the impact of teacher training on students with special needs. The research applies a quota qualitative sampling method in the selection of the sample size. The sample group for the research is teacher training programs, special school teachers and lastly the education department for special education was chosen involving 2000 participants which gave a 100% representation. Data collected included the use of questionnaires and interviews for primary data and journals, articles and documentaries for secondary data. Data presentation used tables, charts and graphs. Analysis of the collected data applied narrative analysis in analyzing secondary data and discourse analysis in analyzing primary data. The results were presented widely and discussed to give a clear picture of the findings from the research study. All the research data from the research were also summarized to come up with a conclusion. The study has also cited gaps in the previous studies and given necessary suggestions which should be welcomed and used in the transformation of attitudes.
Similar to A Research Proposal of Quality of Work Life and Career Dimensions Using Mixed-Method Approach to Investigate Primary School Teachers in Cambodia.pdf (20)
Who Buy Essay Uk Review, Of Buy Essay Uk Reviews. Buy Essay ReviewsKarla Long
This document discusses tarantulas and their evolution over millions of years. It describes some key physical characteristics of two tarantula species: the red knee tarantula and Aphonopelma Chalcodes. The red knee tarantula has adapted to its environment by building underground burrows for protection from weather. It has beige hair covering its abdomen and red joints on its legs, providing camouflage. Despite their intimidating appearance, tarantulas have much to teach us about adaptation and survival.
I Will Pay You To Write My University Papers - Pay SoKarla Long
The document discusses how a nurse's professional portfolio provides evidence of achieving specific proficiencies, with the proficiencies based on risk management and evidence-based practice standards. It will analyze how the nurse's portfolio demonstrates achieving one particular proficiency, showing competencies and expertise through carefully selected materials. The analysis focuses on showing evidence from the portfolio that supports achieving proficiency in risk management or evidence-based practices.
The document discusses the issue of healthcare professionals accepting gifts from clients. It notes that gift giving can be an ethically sensitive issue that varies depending on the discipline and perspectives involved. The key considerations around gift acceptance include the type of gift, its financial value, timing, intentions of the giver, and potential effects on all parties. Gifts are sometimes given to show gratitude, but can also be a way to manipulate the professional relationship. The appropriateness of accepting gifts depends on balancing these different factors.
PPT - Best Essay Writing Tips And Tricks PowerPoinKarla Long
The document discusses steps to request an assignment writing service from HelpWriting.net:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications and feedback.
4. Ensure the paper meets expectations and authorize payment, or request revisions.
Argumentative Introduction Example. Writing Guide Introduction AndKarla Long
The document provides a 5-step guide for using the HelpWriting.net service to have papers written. It explains that users must first create an account, then submit a request form with instructions and sources. Writers will bid on the request, and the user can choose a writer. After receiving the paper, the user can request revisions if needed. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
The document provides instructions for using the HelpWriting.net service to have an assignment written. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarism.
Eexamples Of How To Write A Reaction PaperKarla Long
This document outlines steps for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It explains how to create an account, submit a request with instructions and deadline, review writer bids and qualifications, authorize payment after receiving a satisfactory paper, and request revisions if needed. The service aims to provide original, high-quality content and offers refunds for plagiarized work.
College Acceptance Letter Template Format, SamplKarla Long
1. It can create inequality. Not all students have access to the latest cell phone technologies, so allowing phones in class could disadvantage some.
2. Cell phones are a major distraction. It is difficult for students to focus on learning when phones are present in the classroom.
3. Cell phones enable dishonesty. Students may be tempted to use their phones to cheat or get answers to assignments, undermining the integrity of their education.
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email, 2) Complete a form with assignment details and attach samples, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions until satisfied. It emphasizes the site's commitment to original, high-quality work and full refunds for plagiarized content.
Extended Essay Help Ib Besthelpgetessay ServicesKarla Long
The document discusses why bath bombs fizz and bubble when placed in water, posing the hypothesis that a bath bomb containing lime juice may dissolve faster than one with citric acid. It aims to explore the chemical reactions that cause bath bombs to effervesce through comparing how quickly different acid ingredients cause the bombs to break down in water.
Citing A Quote In Text. MLA In. 2019-01-24Karla Long
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a full refund for plagiarized work. The document promotes HelpWriting.net's writing assistance services.
College Transfer Essay Templates At AllbusinessteKarla Long
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund option for plagiarized work. The service utilizes a bidding system and promises original, high-quality content.
This document discusses steps to request writing assistance from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines 5 steps: 1) Create an account with an email and password. 2) Complete an order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work. It also notes a money-back guarantee if work is plagiarized.
Step By Step Essay Writing Guide - EsamaKarla Long
The document provides a 5-step guide for using the HelpWriting.net essay writing service, including registering for an account, submitting a paper request and sample, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, revising the paper as needed, and knowing that high quality original work is guaranteed or a refund will be provided. The steps outline the process for students to obtain customized essay writing assistance from the service.
The document discusses three key habits that can help ensure success: resilience, self-motivation, and setting goals. Resilience allows one to become better after difficult experiences and turn challenges into success. Self-motivation helps one embrace the pain that is often part of achieving success. Setting goals provides direction and something to work towards to achieve one's definition of success. Developing these habits can help one accomplish their goals and achieve success.
The document provides instructions for creating an account and submitting assignment requests on the HelpWriting.net website. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Receive the paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions until fully satisfied, with the option of a refund for plagiarized work. The purpose is to guide users through obtaining writing help services from HelpWriting.net.
How To Write A Good Introductory Paragraph And ThKarla Long
This document provides instructions for using an online writing service in 5 steps: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a form with assignment details. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied, and the service guarantees original work or a refund.
Citing A Endnote With A Quote In Chicage Style - ImagineherofKarla Long
This document outlines the 5 step process for requesting and receiving writing assistance from the HelpWriting.net service. It begins with creating an account and order form to request a paper. Writers then bid on the request and the client chooses a writer. The client receives the paper and can request revisions if needed. The service promises original, high-quality content and refunds for plagiarized work.
Toefl Model Essay. 2 Perfect. 2022-11-09Karla Long
1. Diversity in the workplace refers to having a heterogeneous workforce that includes people from different backgrounds, cultures, races, genders, etc. This helps companies tap into a wider range of skills, experiences, and perspectives.
2. A diverse workforce can lead to greater innovation as it exposes companies to new ideas and allows them to better understand diverse customer groups. This can provide a competitive advantage.
3. As the global economy has become more interconnected, companies need to consider talent from foreign markets to access high quality skills and remain competitive. Exposure to international experiences can help companies apply learning to similar markets. Relying only on local talent is no
Philip Asiodu Institute Unveils Essay Competition For Students ...Karla Long
The document discusses creating an essay competition for students hosted by the Philip Asiodu Institute. It provides instructions for students to participate, including creating an account, completing an order form with instructions and sources, and reviewing writer bids on the request. Students can then choose a writer, make a deposit, and receive their paper. They can request revisions until satisfied. The competition aims to provide original, high-quality content for students.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
A Research Proposal of Quality of Work Life and Career Dimensions Using Mixed-Method Approach to Investigate Primary School Teachers in Cambodia.pdf
1. 1
Institute of International Education
Department of Education
A Research Proposal of Quality of Work Life and Career
Dimensions: Using Mixed-Method Approach to Investigate
Primary School Teachers in Cambodia
Assignment for the Course
Introduction to Educational Research Methods
Sovichea Vann
May 2015
2. 2
Table of Contents
1. Background........................................................................................................................5
1.1 Research Aims and Objectives ..............................................................................7
1.2 Research Questions....................................................................................................8
1.3 Significance of the Research......................................................................................8
1.4 Limitations and Delimitations .................................................................................9
2. Review of Relevant Theories and Concepts............................................................... 11
2.1 Motivation Theories ............................................................................................... 11
2.2 Concepts of Quality of Work Life ........................................................................ 13
2.3 Concepts of Career-related Dimensions.............................................................. 15
2.4 Conceptual Framework .......................................................................................... 16
2.5 Relevant Studies ...................................................................................................... 18
3. Research Methodology.................................................................................................. 18
3.1 Research Design ...................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Simple Size and Participants Selection................................................................. 22
3.3 Data Collection........................................................................................................ 23
3.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 25
4. Ethical Issues .................................................................................................................. 26
5. Summary of the Study................................................................................................. 27
6. Time Schedules .............................................................................................................. 28
7. References ....................................................................................................................... 29
8. Appendix A: Questionnaires...................................................................................... 33
9. Appendix B: Interview Guides.................................................................................. 37
3. 3
Abbreviation
ADB: Asian Development Bank
CITA: Cambodian Independent Teachers’ Association
MoEYS: Ministry of Education, Youth and Sport
OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
QWL: Quality of Work Life
SPSS: Statistic Package for Social Science
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
$: USD
4. 4
List of Figures and Tables
Figure 1 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................... 17
Figure 2 Mixed-Method Design ............................................................................... 21
Table 1 Criteria for Judging Quantitative and Qualitative Research......................... 22
5. 5
1. Background
Teaching is regarded as a highly stressful career that many studies showed the high
level of burnout and stress among teachers. Over the last decade, there has been major
concern on teacher workload and problems associated with quality of work life such as
wellbeing, health, recruitment and retention taken into international and local agenda
in many countries. A number of studies have also increasingly focused on the role of
policy makers to deal with these problems at the same time attempting to raise the
education standard and efficiency of quality of teaching and learning (Bubb & Earley,
2004). For instance, OECD report in 2005 introduced a remarkable agenda entitled
Teachers Matter to improve the quality of teachers, the efficiency and equity
concerning schools by ensuring the competent people are well selected to work as
teachers with highly qualification that also allows students to equally access to the
quality teaching (Thomas, 2010). To response the better social and economic
expectations, some international organizations like World Bank and UNESCO and
many countries have paid attention on teacher supply, demand, recruitment, teacher
preparation, retention, and professional development to cope with the shortcoming of
teacher proportions. Teachers are seen the central to school improvement effort and
undoubtedly the important resource shaping the learning and growth of students
(Ingersoll, 2003). When the demand on teachers are getting tough, teachers
experienced burnout problems and literally there is less known about teacher quality
of work life (QWL) and job satisfaction regarding some issues in poor working
condition, time pressure, school types, working hours, student-relation, work-family
conflict, compensation, career development and psychological health (Milfont,
Denny, Ameratunga, Robinson & Merry, 2007).
The purposes of this course paper are intended to propose a research within
Cambodia context of teachers’ quality of work life that reflects their careers in current
situation of education system in the area of educational leadership and management.
Having work life balance and inspirational career development among teachers can
contribute to the quality of education in the country. According to Hughes and Demo
(1989), the quality of work life relates to having job security, work quality and job
6. 6
satisfaction that play role in boosting the work productivity, high involvement, and
enrichment at the organization or schools. It is a comprehensive construct that
teachers can extend experience via some motivational leadership including self-
fulfilling and rewarding system where stress and negative punishment can be avoided
to meet the commitment and wellbeing to the workplace.
As Cambodia went through a number of civil war, the quality of life has been
deteriorated as the impact of poor economic and many social problems. Also,
Cambodian teachers in many generations have faced difficulties in improving the
quality of work life and gaining better career path at the present. Geeves and
Bredenberg (2005) reported that public workers in Cambodia work at average 35
hours per weeks, teachers work double shifts at 44 hours per week and five days per
weeks including some professional development and training. Relatively teachers have
more burdens when the workload and level of compensation are not favorable. For
instance, teachers’ salary at average is at $660 which is less than the national per capita
and it is even lower payment compared to the neighboring countries such as Thailand
$5800 and Vietnam $1400 annually according to (CITA, 2011). This still remains the
majors problems such as lower salaries, less resource support, poor leadership,
corruption, and lack of teachers’ voice are the main demotivating factors that give a
great impact on their quality of work life and career path. Bubb and Earley (2004)
reported how teachers spend their time is on teaching, lesson preparation,
administrative work, staff relation, professional development, and contact with pupils
and parents. Most of teachers spend vast of time outside the classroom for lesson
planning and marking as extra work. These work conditions have also created major
concerns about teachers’ wellbeing, fair remuneration and work life balance in many
countries including Cambodia today.
Therefore, this course paper aims to investigate factors that can be identified to
understand the problems facing by many primary school teachers. The research will
propose some questions and outline that are structured in a consistent way with the
research background, relevant concepts and literature, research methodology, ethical
issues and time frame for the study process in order to understand the phenomena
7. 7
(Bryman, 2012). In this regard, the concept of quality of work life and career-related
dimension are discussed to give insight of the theories, related conceptual framework
and relevant studies that have been conducted in different context to support this
proposal plan. The research design and data collection method are described by using
different source of research books and publications that introduces rigorous steps in
each process.
1.1 Research Aims and Objectives
This study is intended to identify and understand the issues related to quality of work
life and career-related dimensions of teachers in Cambodian context. The concept of
QWL and career dimensions will be discussed to generate the different variables
based on fundamental knowledge and understanding about the natural process and
phenomena in a school or organization (Johnson & Christensen, 2008). Also, the
focus of this study is to examine the level and relationship between wellbeing and
career development among teachers in remote area. By understanding teachers’
problems, the study will be able to identify the related factors through teachers’
perception on teaching experience, viewpoints, feeling and interaction that allows the
research to construct the knowledge and reality (McMillan & Schumacher, 2006).
Consequently, this study can be a ground evidence for the teachers, school managers,
policies makers, and stakeholders in Cambodia to understand the problems and
consider the possible improvement on the teacher polices, leadership and
management styles in the future. Therefore, primary school teachers are the actual
participants in this study with some of the objectives below:
1. To understand the level of career-related dimensions such as career
satisfaction, career achievement, career balance and the quality of work life in
selected primary schools
2. To study the relationship between career-related dimensions and quality of
work life among primary school teachers
3. To describe teachers’ perception on their teaching career and quality of work
life at the present and to suggest some possible recommendations that can
improve the system in the future.
8. 8
1.2 Research Questions
Research questions provide statements of what being studied for the researchers to be
more explicit what to investigate. So research questions are crucially important in the
research process as it enables researchers to rigorously consider a clear area of interest,
what do researchers want to know, how to narrow down the focus in a precise way
(Bryman, 2012). The research questions should be able to answer the research
objectives, which basically have generated some linked questions below:
1. What are the levels of career-related dimensions and quality of work life of
primary school teachers in Cambodia?
2. What are the relationships between career-related dimensions and quality of
work life among primary school teachers in Cambodia?
3. How these teachers perceive their working experience, careers path and
quality of work life? What are recommendations to improve the system?
1.3 Significance of the Research
This study will be informative for leadership and management levels in education
sector in Cambodia. Mainly, the result can add more understanding of the current
teachers wellbeing and their career problems that can be helpful source for school
managers. This can create a learning context that fosters teaching job commitment,
prevent the turnover rates and possibly develop framework for the rewarding policies
for teachers based on the findings. Additionally, this study can be used to identify
some concerning problems from national to school levels. OECD (2005) stated the
main concern in many countries where attractiveness of teaching careers have been in
challenge due to inadequate supply of good qualified teachers and the image of
teaching status is undervalued due to working conditions such as salaries have
declined in most countries. These problems need to be addressed in many places. In
some countries, teachers expressed problems about the effects of mountain workloads,
stress, poor working condition, teaching effectiveness and the reward of the teachers’
work. According to (Spilt, Koomen & Thijs, 2011), there are a number of studies
conducted their research on teacher policies, the quality of education and importance
9. 9
of children; however, there is much less known how teacher wellbeing impact on the
professional and personal life. So this paper can inform the education management
levels to understand the current needs of teachers.
Moreover, the result of the study can be significant for Cambodian government and
stakeholders in considering teacher policies in the future. The majority of Cambodian
teachers is living in poverty. There is very limited knowledge about teachers’ quality of
work life since civil war ended three decade ago. Benveniste, Marshall and Araujo
(2008) pointed out number of poor working conditions and career path for pre-service
and in-service teachers in different regions of the country. For instance, Cambodia
has the largest student-teacher ratio 51:1 in primary schools, the highest ratio in Asia,
which is one of the factors preventing from quality of education and causing teachers’
burnout. Today, the government has faced challenges in recruited qualified teachers,
shortage of funding for teacher training, lack of infrastructure, challenging policies of
supplying teachers to remote areas, and most importantly the school staff and teachers
often impose unofficial fees for students and parents to earn more for a living. This
has remained a major problem among teachers and parents have to spend 20% greater
than the government expense on each child in basic education (ADB, 2014).
Therefore, this study is aiming to understand these factors that influence their quality
of work life and how teachers perceive their occupation and experience in teaching.
Also, this paper can be added more literature on teacher wellbeing, teacher policies,
educational management and leadership. The results can be used to suggest some
possible recommendations for the government, policy makers and stakeholders to
understand the problems faced by teachers at the present.
1.4 Limitations and Delimitations
Methodological limitations are inevitable. Since the research design is mixed
methods, it is not more superior approach compared to others. It depends on the
nature of research objectives and questions being raised to study. According to
Bryman (2012), the argument against the mixed method has been discussed into two
kinds 1) the idea that research methods carry epistemological commitment and 2) the
idea that quantitative and qualitative research are separate paradigms. Creswell (2009)
10. 10
suggested that researchers prepare a research proposal or plan to specify explicitly the
larger philosophical ideas that are being supported. The philosophical worldviews will
help explain why we choose a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approach for
the study. McMillan and Schumacher (2006) also pointed out the weakness that the
combination of qualitative and quantitative methods requires researchers to have
competence, greater understanding both methodology and great knowledge to avoid
being less credible. It is not always feasible because the mixed method requires
extensive data collection, amount of time, and more resources; therefore, the
researcher might use the approaches superficially. However, using both approaches
allow the researcher to incorporate the strength that provides comprehensive pictures
of what being studied by emphasizing quantitative outcome and supplementing with
the qualitative data. Based on the nature of the research and questions, the methods
give complete set of understanding the problems, finding and conclusion.
Generalization of the finding is another limitation of the study. By using convenient
sampling in selecting n=120 teachers for the questionnaire survey among the whole
population of 44,895 primary school teachers and using qualitative sampling 15
participants for the interview, the capability to generalize the finding is impossible.
However, the purpose of the study is not to generalize or transfer to the whole
population. In a special case, the result of the study can be generalized only if the
contexts and settings are similar to the study (Kumar, 2011).
Regarding the delimitation, Creswell (2003) mentioned that delimitations are used to
narrow the scope of a study, which may focus on central phenomena, specific
participants or sites, or selection of one type of research design. This study chooses
explanatory design which quantitative and qualitative data are gathered sequentially in
order to response to the research questions. This design enables the researcher to
determine certain factors from the empirical data to descriptive data. To narrow down
the scope, only 5 primary schools located in remote areas are selected based on the
actual situation and problems with high turnover rates of primary school teachers,
poor background provinces and exclusive environment (MoEYS, 2014).
11. 11
2. Review of Relevant Theories and Concepts
In this section, some key theories and conceptual framework are introduced to give
more insight of the study, indicating how theories and concepts are being related to
this research area such as theory of motivation, concept of quality of work life, career
dimension, and relevant research so that the researcher can draw the variables and
incorporate the study to what have been reviewed and studied earlier.
2.1 Motivation Theories
The concept of motivation is important for workplace and personal development. It is
really necessary in everyone’s life that can encourage him or her to effectively work.
Woolfolk (2007) defined motivation as an internal state that stimulates, manage and
maintains certain behavior of individuals. Eggen & Kauchak (1994) defined
motivation as a force that directs behavior to a goal and it can be both intrinsic and
extrinsic factors engaging its inherent rewards or attaining some separable outcome
such as approval from public figures or special privileges in the society.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need in 1954 introduced theory of motivation that explains
how people satisfy various personal needs in the context of their work. Based on this
Maslow’s pyramid, individuals basically prioritize the physiological needs before
moving on with increasing desire to satisfaction of safety and social needs, then
through the higher needs of self-actualization in their environment. In this case,
teachers should be able to gain basic needs such as shelters, security, foods, feel of
belonging and salary before moving on to the next level of self-esteem, achievement
and development. However, Trigg (2004) argued Maslow’s approach on individual
needs are explained to be innate and pre-occupied. The main problem of the theory is
the lack of social and culture interaction, which is simply less considered. Kiel (1999)
added that the components in each level were criticized that individual needs are
never ending and ones can engender life-long learning, change of self-esteem and
boundlessness of the desire. In this regards, different individuals have different needs
in their lives, workplace and society.
12. 12
However, there are some other theories that explain the needs of human: intrinsic and
extrinsic motivation. The concept plays roles to elaborate the theory further. Houston
(1985) defined extrinsic motivation as situation in which individuals act due to expect
some external reward, such as money, position, certification, and recognition. These
rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide
(Alexander & Winne, 2006). Ones are motivated by external factor was explained to
have personal outside factor to herself rather than the tasks she were performing,
simply just wanted the good result that brings about a certain activity or achievement.
In teaching career, some teachers are also energized by external desire that considers
the main drive for their goal and achievement. Moreover, the theory of intrinsic
motivation added that human are motivated by intrinsic factors that were directed to
perform the task by internal effort with pleasure, finding relevant thing to develop
their skill and aware of what were the right thing to do. Ormod (2006) also indicated
that ones can be benefit from their work when they are intrinsically motivated in
engaging meaningful learning and are eagerly to learn and process the information in
the effective way. This desire is more likely to achieve the high levels performance.
Nonetheless, the same author argued that intrinsic motivation is more powerful tool
that can encourage people to perform tasks and activities since they feel satisfied and
pleasured in themselves. Intrinsic motivation thus is somewhat similar to interest of
value and extrinsic motivation to utilize the value. It should be noted that these
construct come from different theoretical tradition of motivation. Teachers in
Cambodia can have their own types of motivation to their work; therefore, this study
will also identify the levels of their career satisfaction and work quality in order to
compare the motivational factors mentioned in these theories
In leadership and management, the employees’ motivation is categorized into three
levels: 1) direction of employees’ behavior, 2) level of effort and 3) level of persistence
that relates to employees wellbeing (Mosley, Pietri, & Mosley, 2008). The employees
will have good quality of work life when the workplace creates interesting jobs, give
clear performance description and support the development effort by providing
feedback and rewards. In relation to Maslow’s theory, they should have the basic
needs such as foods, safety, feeling of belonging and achievement that can drive the
13. 13
internal desire and motivates certain behaviors to fulfill their needs and improve
performance. It is very crucial for the school managers and leaders to apply motivation
theories to satisfy employees ‘needs and encourage them to have better performance
by providing friendly working environment, proper work condition, dynamic team
work, and extend their potential that lead to satisfaction of the work life quality.
Tampoe (1993) also divided motivation into four types for knowledge workers: 1)
personal growth where individual fully realize their opportunities and potential, 2)
occupational autonomy where the working environment enable them to achieve the
assignment, 3) task achievement which they have the sense of accomplishment
relevant to themselves, organization and wellbeing and 4) money rewards are the
contribution to corporate achievement and symbolization to success in their career.
These motivation types can have significant impact on individuals’ quality of work life
and well-performed organization.
2.2 Concepts of Quality of Work Life
The culture of workplace have dramatically changed from traditional practice to more
dynamics and fulfilling the human needs for better work system and living standard.
The evolution of the term quality of work life began in late 1960s when more focus on
human needs, working conditions and relationship between the surrounding
environment and employees (Rose et. al, 2006). Eventually, this concept and practice
are getting more important for the organization to understand different personal
needs based on their interest, work experience that can describe the strength and
weakness to develop the system. Guest (1979) defined the quality of work life as
knowledge, understanding and experience from their work including payment, job
stability, work atmosphere, organizational communication and relevant rewards that
motivates them to perform the tasks. If it is fairly implemented, the quality of work
life can push the workplace forwards. Additionally, Herrick & Michael (1975)
mentioned that quality of work life have relations with three elements: principles of
security, equity and daily practice. To many extents, the contemporary work provides
sufficient benefits, rewards, recognition and control to the staff over their responsible
compared to the past; however, their personal expenses for lifestyle, leisure activities,
health and other spending can affect the levels of needs. Some studies indicated that
14. 14
family roles also reflect the needs, opportunity and constraints that somehow have
impact on employees’ behavior on work. Lau and May (1998) explained that the core
elements are much relevant to working conditions, behavioral aspects, financial and
non-financial benefits, growth and development.
Besides, to conceptualize the measure quality of work life, a multi-dimensional
construction of interrelated factors require careful consideration for the job
satisfaction, involvement, motivation, productivity, health, safety, competencies, and
working balance. In this regard, employees’ perspectives are important to determine
whether the good quality of work life exist as individuals are committed to the core
value, feeling and favor on their work in different ways. Sirgy (1990) pointed out that
the need satisfaction is stemmed from the interaction of employees’ needs: survival,
social, ego, and self-actualization as mentioned in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. It is
positively related between job satisfaction, organization identification and
performance in a way that quality of work life practice involves acquiring skills,
training, developing, motivating and appraising the performance. The most well
known approach to measure the quality of work life is found in Walton’s approach.
Walton (1973 as cited in Jofreh et. Al, 2013) proposed eight conceptual variables for
the quality of work life to meet the needs of the organization through their personal
experiences:
1. Fair and adequate pay: the equal payment for equal work and paid balance
with social norms and standards compared to other employees and job types.
2. Work safety and health: creating safe working conditions from the
viewpoint of physical and logical of working hours.
3. Human progress capabilities: providing such opportunities for
independence and self-control at work and enjoy a variety of skills and access
to relevant work information.
4. Providing opportunities for continued growth and Security: the ability of
individual improvement, advancement opportunities, and opportunities to
apply the acquired skills in the field of income and employment security.
15. 15
5. Social integration in the work organization: creating a suitable working
environment that reinforces the employees' sense of belonging toward the
organization
6. Constitutionalism: in the work organization: freedom of speech without
fear of providing higher level of response.
7. Total life space: maintaining balance between work life and other aspects of
life, including free time, education and family life.
8.The social relevance of work life: way of perceiving of employees about
social responsibility in an organization.
These concepts are selected as the variables in this study that aims to measure the
levels of each item and the relationship of these items with other variables.
2.3 Concepts of Career-related Dimensions
Career plays important role in everyone’s life and it arises from the individual
interaction with organization and society. It is not basically a theoretical construct but
a meaningful way that can define the meaning and experience. Rose et al. (2006)
defined career as a succession of related jobs arranged in a hierarchy of prestige
through persons’ movement in ordered and predictable sequences. Werther & Davis
(1996) mentioned that career consists of all the jobs held during one’s working life,
where the jobs are parts of a careful plan or unplanned purpose. However, the career
also related to ones’ desire to work in period of time and place. In this case, Bowin
and Harvey (2001) also defined career as the individually perceived sequence positions
occupied by an individual during the course of one’s lifetime, which includes the
attitude and behavior connected to activities and experiences. In general sense, career
implies neither success nor failure to individuals except the judgment and perception
that is based on experience and series of job position held by individuals.
Some studies showed the positive relations between career dimensions and quality of
work life (Korkerd, 2008; Sam Aun, 2011). Rose et al. (2006) described that career
aspects are the main factors to have great impacts on employees’ wellbeing. The
quality of work life also reflects the concern of ones’ experience at work, personal
relationship, work condition and effectiveness in the job performance. It is more
16. 16
involved with improvement between organization and employees in the physical,
psychology and surrounding environment. The working condition, hours, teamwork
and motivation are other aspect of the environment concerns the career dimensions.
According to Rose et al. (2006), elements of career or career- related dimensions are
divided into three, and those are below:
1. Career satisfaction: As every individual judge the term success and failure of
career differently, the term satisfaction is also varied and it depends on what a
person lack of what they do. The work success can be determined by level of
happiness in working or teaching in the organization. The satisfaction of each
individual derives from intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in careers such as
salary, advancement and career development. It is defined as pleasurable or
positive emotional state resulting from an appraisal for job performance.
2. Career achievement: the positive psychological outcomes or achievements
that a person has accumulated as result of experiences over the span of
working life which consist of objective career success (job title, salary, or
promotion) and subjective career success (one’s own appraisal of career
attainment).
3. Career balance: a broad concept including proper prioritizing between work
(career and ambition) on one hand and life (health, pleasure, leisure, family,
and spiritual development) on the other hand, or it can be related to life style
balance or life balance.
These elements are chosen as one of variables in order to measure its levels and the
relationship between other variables as mentioned in the purposes of the paper.
2.4 Conceptual Framework
Researchers usually formulate a design or general plan for carrying out the study.
Knowing the research design of a study gives a sense of the overall procedure, as well
as of relationships between variables and conceptualized thoughts that will be
investigated (Springer, 2010). The components which are mainly taken to study the
quality of work life the primary school teachers that considered one of variables:
1) adequate and fair compensation, 2) safe and healthy working conditions,
3) opportunity to use and develop human capacities, 4) opportunity for continued
17. 17
growth and security, 5) social integration in the work organization, 6)
constitutionalism, 7) balanced role of work, and 8) socially beneficial and responsible
work and these have been considered to vital in the career aspects. These variables are
directed from the literature review, which constructed the framework in this study
below:
Figure 1 Conceptual Framework
Safe and healthy working
conditions
(Independent) Variables:
Quality of Work Life (QWL)
(Dependent) Variables:
Career-Related Dimensions
Career Satisfaction
Career Achievement
Career Balance
Opportunity to use and
develop human capacities
Opportunity for continued
growth and security
Social integration in the
work organization
Constitutionalism
Total life space
Adequate and fair
compensation
Socially beneficial and
responsible work
18. 18
2.5 Relevant Studies
A study of Nardlada Korkerd (2008) on “Relationships Work Values and Quality of
Work Life to Perception of Job Success Among Temporary Teachers in Chiang Rai
Educational Service Area Office 1-4” indicated that (1) intrinsic work values and
extrinsic work values were positively related to perception of job success (p<.01) and
quality of work life was positively related to perception of job success (p<.01). The
conceptual framework of quality of work life must be built around an equitable pay
programs.
A study of Sam Aun Vong (2011) on “Quality of Work Life of Public Officials in
Takeo Provincial Hall, Takeo Province, Cambodia” The results reveal that the level
of quality of work life is at medium level (Mean=3.21), and in relation to career-
related dimension including career satisfaction, career achievement, and career balance
is at high level (Mean=3.41). Moreover career-related dimension is strongly and
positively related to the quality of work life (r=0.83)
These studies will be used to compare the research findings athat have been
conducted in different time and context. The different studies can add more value in
the discussion parts whether the results are similar or different in value. However, this
study will provide more insight data from the qualitative method, which can be
considered as case study to provide more meaningful information.
3. Research Methodology
This part presents the research method that gives the research philosophy, framework,
and guideline to construct the study by indicating ways to collect and analyze the data
that are used to acquire knowledge responding to the research objectives though a
valid procedure.
19. 19
3.1 Research Design
This paper indicates the research assumptions and paradigms in order to select the
most suitable position of social inquiry responding to the nature of the study. The
research design in this study is structured according the research objetives, research
questions that acquire the multiple realities in the natural setting. Bryman (2012)
wrote that the researchers’ concepts are based on a set of consumption, value and
practice in ontological and epistmoligical positions. The ontological position, which is
based on the explaination of social constructionism, explains the perceptions of
organization or culture are innate by nature so the social actors are the external
realities that have no role in the meanings. On the other hand, the epistemological
position provides concept for social interpretivism which science attempts to describe
the understanding of social phenomenon in order to explain the causes and effects.
Creswell (2009) suggested four different worldviews: postpositivism, constructivism,
advocacy/participatory, and pragmatism. In this regard, the researchers prepare a
research proposal or plan to specify explicitly the larger pholosophical ideas that are
being supported. The philosophical worldviews will help explain why we choose a
qualitative, quantititave or mixed methods approach for the study. Johnson and
Christensen (2008) stated that many researchers rejected the incompatibility thesis
and began advocating pragmatic position that both quantitative and qualitative
researches are important in a single study. The pragmatism explains that the research
design should be planned and conducted based on what will be best to help answering
research questions, what are the suitable method being valid, and what fit with the
nature of the study.
Consequently, the pragmatisim conveys the design of this paper to proposes the
Mixed Method Approach to collect and analyse the data in a rigorious way.
According to Bryman (2012), the mixed methods research is the integration of both
quantitative and qualitative approaches within a single project. The combination of
the research methods are associated with more than one strategies where it has to
cross the two research paradigm.
20. 20
“Mixed methods research is to describe investigations combining quantitative and
qualitative research that has increasingly become the preferred term and in many
ways better expresses the fact that, in many cases, using both quantitative and
qualitative research should involve a mixing of the research methods involved and
not just using them in tandem,” Bryman, 2012, p.628
Since the book tittled Social Research Methods published in 2001, the mixed
methods have increasingly became popular as an accepted approach to conducting
social research (Bryman, 2012). Also, McMillan and Schumacher (2006) added that
that both approaches allow the research to incorporate the strength of each method by
providing more comprehensive view of what being studied. It is helpful for the
research data to supplement a primarily quantitative or qualitative study and finding
from the other method, that produce complete set of research questions and
objectives. For instance, adding to an empirical data, the study seeks to understand
the reality behind in deeper meanings of the phenomena that can be completed each
other information to study.
There are some types of mixed methods designs. Creswell and Clark (2007) suggested
two main strategies: concurrent and sequential designs. The designs can be adopted
depends on the nature of the research, problems and objectives including:
triangulation design, concurrent embedded design, explanatory design, exploratory
design, and sequential embedded design. In this study, the explanatory design is
selected, as it is the most suitable mixed methods for the study objectives and
questions. In explanatory design, quantitative and qualitative data are collected
sequentially in two phases. Kroll and Neri (2009) illustrated that the process is
initially characterized by quantitative phase, which is then followed by a qualitative
data collection and analysis phase. The two strategies are combined during the
interpretation phase and eventually the findings from the qualitative study are being
contextualized and explained the results from the quantitative component.
In this study, the mixed-method approach has been carefully designed in systematic
process in order to ensure the rigorous of the methodology. After reviewing the nature
21. 21
of mixed methods, the study chooses the suitable design that can be used to answer
the research purposes and questions, including the major concern of research ethics
and harmfulness. The figure below give more details how the research is designed:
Figure 2 Mixed-Method Design
In order to ensure the mixed method validity and feasibility, Bryman (2012) suggested
when the mixed method is designed to conduct a study, there are some important
ways to understand and consider some procedures: 1) Triangulation or greater validity
refers to traditional view of both combiation between quantitative and qualitative
research to triangulate findings in order be mutually corroborated. It is not coded as
triangulation if this term is used as a synonym for integrating quantitative and
qualitative research; 2) Offset refers to technique that research methods associated
with both quantitative and qualitative research to offset their weakness in order to
draw the strengths although research desgin have its own limitations in nature;
3) Completeness refers to the notion that the researcher can bring together a more
comprehensive account of the area of inquiry in when both quantitative and
qualitative research are employed; 4) Process refers to quantitative research gives
insight structures in social life but qualitative research provides a sense of process;
Research Design:
Mixed-Method Approaches
Quantitative Approach
Qualitative Approach
Setting
Participant selection
- Correlation Test
- Questionnaire design
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
+
- Case Study
- Interview guides
- Data Collection
- Data Analysis
Ethical Issues
22. 22
5) Explanation refers to either one of the two research methods is used to help explain
findings generated by the other; 6) Unexpected results refers to concepts that
quantitative and qualitative research can be richly combined when one generates
surprising results that can be understood by employing the other. This study is
following these stpes to gain more level of acceptiability.
Kumar (2011) mentioned research trusthworthiness requires the consistent methods
that convince the readers’ believe by presenting rigorious procedure in each methods.
He suggested some criteria to judge the research methodology in order to ensure the
trusthworthiness of the study.
Table 1 Criteria for Judging Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Judging Quantitative Research Judging Qualitative Research
Internal Validity Credibility
External Validity Transferability
Reliability Dependability
Objectivity Confirmability
Source: Kumar (2011, p. 185)
These terms are used interchangeably between the two methods; for instance, the
internal validity in quantitative research is similar to the credibility in qualitative and
the rest of the terms are being used in the way same. Because this study is a mixed
method, every step of the method design has to be clear and well understood in order
to meet the consistency. This study is directed by these criteria to judge each method
in order to increase the level of trustworthiness.
3.2 Simple Size and Participants Selection
The study will be conducted in Cambodia and the focus is on primary school teachers.
The totally number of primary schools teachers are (N=44,895) with the pool of
primary schools 6,993 and about 1.8 million primary student in 2013-2014 (MoEYS,
2014). Some schools in remote area in the northern party of the country and relatively
23. 23
poor economic background tend to have more troubles in teachers recruitment,
deployment and retention.
For quantitative phase, there are 5 primary schools are selected to take part in this
study, and convenience sampling accounted for (n=120) teachers are the sample size.
According to Hesse-Biber (2010), the minimum sample size for correlation study is
only 82 participants for two-tailed test; however, 120 teachers are selected to avoid
the level of error and unreliable questionnaire return. Moreover, Bryman (2012)
suggested that the convenience sample can be used in accordance to the virtue of
availability and accessibility to researchers as the chance of the response is higher.
However, this sampling strategy will find it impossible to generalize the findings and
the whole population sample that is representative. So this study is only aimed to
understand a case study of the primary schools teachers in the northern Cambodia.
In qualitative phase, the samples in qualitative research have some features in
common. Boeije (2010) wrote the purposive samples are often small but intensively
generated a large amount of information in the study. It is not a fixed rule or pre-
determined with data collection and analysis. Kumar (2011) also agreed that sample
size in qualitative does not play a major role in selection strategy but it should be
carefully chosen and accurately described such as purposive, judgmental, experts,
accidental and snowball can be used in the qualitative approach. Moreover, the
researcher is simply guided by self-judgment the samples who are mostly being able to
provide most relevant data to support the research. However, Hesse-Biber (2010)
suggested the minimum key informant of the case study is in between 3-5
participants; however, this study chooses 15 teachers to involve in the interview based
on the accessibility to the setting. In short, there will be 120 teachers for
questionnaires survey and 15 teachers for an interview session.
3.3 Data Collection
There are some research instruments being used in this study both quantitatively and
qualitatively in order to answer the research questions and objectives. The research
instruments give detail procedure in each process to make the methods rigorous,
reliable, credible and valid.
24. 24
In quantitative method, questionnaire survey will be used to identify the level and
relationship between quality of work life and career dimensions among the selected
primary school teachers. The questionnaires are adopted from (Sam Aun, 2011) who
did his study on quality of work life among public officers in Cambodia which
reliability and validity in each item has been tested (See appendix A). For the
response scale, Likert Rensis’s Scale from 1 to 5 levels (1= Strongly Disagree, 5 =
Strongly Agree) is used to measure the negative or positive answers. There are mainly
three parts of the questionnaires: 1) personal information, 2) quality of work life, and
3) career dimensions questions. These questionnaires are translated in to Cambodian
language and checked by language experts to ensure the validity so that the responders
would find it easy to answers the questions.
In qualitative part, a semi-structured interview questions are used in this study. The
interview could be an information conversation with friendliness and attempt to
equalize the relationship between the researcher and interviewee in a very interactive
way. Patton (2002) suggested three types of qualitative interview: 1) informal
conversational interview, 2) interview guide approach, and (3) standard open-ended
interview. In this study, Patton’s Interview Guide Approach is used to generate the
questions based on: Experience questions, Opinion questions, Feeling questions, and
Sensory questions. Bailey (2007) stated that there are also some methods being used
such as establishing rapport, active listening, open questioning, proactive interview,
more focused questioning and time lengths to get in-depth meaning from the
interview. Therefore, there are 18 generated questions form the interview guides (See
appendix B); however, there would be some probe questions emerging during the
interview to deepen the meanings. Bryman (2012) suggested the interview time
should be in between 20-25 minutes depends on the nature of the research and actual
interview session. Moreover, the selection of the participants is done through
volunteer and a gatekeeper. The interview session can be held in Cambodian language
either at schools or home depending on the agreement. Voice recorders will be used
during the interview so it would be easy to track back the information for the data
analysis.
25. 25
3.4 Data Analysis
In order to analyze the data, the Statistic Package for Social Science (SPSS) program
will be used in the study, for the measurement of level and relationship between the
variables. For the practical term, there are some mathematical approaches: 1)
Frequency is used to analyze the personal background such as age, sex and education
level among teachers, 2) Descriptive statistic to measure the value of Mean (�) and
Standard Deviation (S.D) in each level and 3) Pearson’s correlation to value the
relationship between the career dimension and quality of work life variables whether
they have positive or negative value. The correlation coefficient is a number that rang
from – 1.00 to +1.00 shows the strength of correlation when 0 indicates no relation
and the value at 0.5 is significant relations between variables (Johnson & Christensen,
2008). Then, this result will be combined with the qualitative data.
To analyze the qualitative data gained from the interview, firstly the sound recording
will be transcribe into words and sentences in text documents. Then, the Manual
Coding- Themes- Categories- Sub-Categories techniques are used to find out the
important themes from each paragraph and categorize them into groups. In this
sense, the direct quotations are used to support the themes and meanings of each
category. Wilson (2009) suggested that the qualitative data analysis should have three
processes: 1) data reduction, 2) data display, and 3) conclusion verification. These
processes can be done before the data collections, during the study planning, during
the data collection and after the data collection as the final products are approached
and complete. Again, the language translation from Cambodian to English will be
checked by the experts to ensure the meaning lose and credibility of the qualitative
data. As it is the mixed methods study, the summary of the analysis is to present the
two data and compares the findings on the linked questions in order to response to
the research objectives. The weight of presenting the data is equal when the
quantitative data shows the statistical information; the qualitative data supplements
the meanings and added values to the analysis part. Bryman (2012) suggested that
both quantitative and qualitative finding can be present sequentially but they need to
be merged in the discussion.
26. 26
4. Ethical Issues
It is extremely important for the paper to consider the ethical issues concerning the
information involved with people, from teachers and about their opinions. This paper
relates this study to ethical consideration to ensure the understanding and agreements
between the participants during the field study of data collection. Punch (2009)
mentioned that ethical issues are one of the acute parts of any social research, mainly
the qualitative part because it often intrudes people’s lives, sensitivities and intimacy.
He also categorized the research ethics into three issues: 1) the issues arising before
the study where researchers should pay attention to worthiness of the research,
competence boundaries, informed consent, benefits of the study, and reciprocity, 2)
during the research process, harmfulness and risks to participants should be paid
attention at the same level of privacy, anonymity, confidentiality and intervention by
keeping honest and trust, 3) after the study, the researchers should carefully double
check the research integrity and quality, ownership of data and conclusion to see if
any misuse of the data and the appropriateness of the information. Because this study
is conducted with primary school teachers, the researcher has reviewed the ethical
consideration into research rational, method, procedures and steps in a systematic
way. There are also two main issues placed the major importance in this study.
Firstly, informed consent must be given to the participants to fully aware of the study.
Denzin and Lincoln (2005) suggested that human freedom is important for the
participant rights and voluntary participation must be given without physical and
psychological coercion. The consent form should be made to clarify the research
materials such as questionnaires, photograph, video, sound recorder, and other
relevant document. So the participants should be fully informed the objectives of the
study, hold the rights to their confidentiality, enable to refuse or withdraw anytime,
and interact with the researchers during and after the study. In this case, this paper
will produce a consent form to get agreement from the teachers by signing on the
paper and keep them anonymous.
Secondly, the harmfulness is also considered not to violate the their demographic
characteristics, such as age, gender, material status, occupation, disease, and even
27. 27
pseudonym when these personal information should be kept confidential. Stake
(2010) described that it should avoid the humiliation, embarrassment, lose of respect
and danger exposure of the study. In this case, the study should be able to protect the
identity of specific individuals by remaining them unidentified and the interview data
should be stored in a safe place.
5. Summary of the Study
The researcher in this study is interested in investigating the relationship between
quality of work life and career dimensions among primary school teachers in his home
country. There are three main objectives of the study 1) to study the level of each
variables, 2) to measure the value of the relationship between the two main variables
and 3) to describe the teachers’ perceptions on their wellbeing and career development
based on their experience and personal view. The reasons to chose this study the
major concern of teacher turnover and their difficulties in the rural area. This study
can help to understand the phenomena and problems occurring in the actual setting
so that this result can be resourceful information for school mangers, policy makers
and the government to consider.
For the methodology, this study mainly relies on Walton’s Approach that describes
the quality of work life and career dimension concepts for many organization
including schools being studied. A number of motivation theories have been reviewed
to support this model so that the researcher can draw the conceptual frameworks.
Based on the nature of the questions, mixed-method approach has been used in
responding to the research objectives because the research paradigm explained clearly
the pragmatism allow the researcher to select the most appropriate method in order to
answer his/her study. By using explanatory sequential design, the data collection will
be using questionnaires from 120 teachers and 15 participants for the interview based
on convenient sampling. The data analysis is using Person Correlation test and
Manual Coding techniques to interpret the data. In overall, the study focuses on
ethical consideration from the beginning to the end of the study during ten months.
28. 28
6. Time Schedules
Months Method Activities
May- June Writing Proposal - Literature Review
- Research Design
- Testing questionnaire
- Creating interview Guides
July- September Data Collection - Travel to the setting
- Distribute questionnaires
- Conduct interviews
October- January Data Analysis - Use SPSS to analyze
questionnaires data
- Use manual coding to analyze
interview data
February Writing Discussion - Summarize the mixed data and
make conclusion
29. 29
7. References
Alexander, P.A., & Winne, P. H. (2006). Handbook of educational psychology
(2nded). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
ADB (2014). Third Education Sector Development Program: Economic and
financial analysis. Phnom Penh Asian Development Bank. Retrieved on May
12, 2015 from http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-
documents/43260-013-cam-efa.pdf
Benveniste, L., Marshall, J. & Araujo, M.C. (2008). Teaching in Cambodia.
Retrieved on May 15, 2015 from
http://datatopics.worldbank.org/hnp/files/edstats/KHMwp08.pdf
Bubb, S and Earley, P (2004) Managing Teacher Workload: work-life balance and
wellbeing London: Sage/Paul Chapman
Bryman, A. (2012) Social Research Methods. (4th Ed.) New York: Oxford University
Press.
Bowin, R. B & Harvey, D. (2001). Human Resource Management. (2nd ed).
Prentice Hall, p. 228
Boeije, H. (2010). Analysis in qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, London: Sage
Bailey, A. C. (2007). A guide to qualitative filed research (2nd ed.). Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among
five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods approaches (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed
methods approaches (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods
research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
CITA. (2011). Cambodian Independent Teachers’ Association Campaigns and
Policies (2011- 2015). Phnom Penh: Cambodian Independent Teachers’
Association. Retrieved on May 5, 2015 from
30. 30
http://www.cita.org.kh/File/Education/CITA%20Campaigns%20and%20Poli
cies%20201%201-2015.pdf
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2005). The handbook of qualitative research (3rd
ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Eggen, P., & Kauchak, D. (1994). Educational psychology: Classroom connections
(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Macmillan College Publishing
Huges, M & Demo, D. H. (1989). Self-Perception of Americans: Self-Esteem and
Personal Efficacy. American Journal of Sociology 95, pp. 139-159
Houston, J. P. (1985). Motivation. New York, NY: Macmillan
Hesse-Biber, S. N. (2010). Mixed Methods Research: Merging Theory with Practice.
New York, NY, USA: Guilford Press.
Geeves, R. & Bredenberg, K. (2005). Contract teachers in Cambodia. UNESCO.
Retrieved on May 9, 2015 from
http://www.unesco.org/iiep/eng/research/basic/PDF/cambodia.pdf
Guest, R. H. (1979). Quality of Work Life: Learning from Tarrytown. Harvard
Business, Review, pp. 76-87
Herrick, & Michael, (1975). In Soputch Ngamsngha. The Quality of Work Life of
the Community Staff, (2550, p. 7)
Ingersoll, R. (2003). Out-of-Field Teaching and the Limits of Teacher Policy.
Report of The Center for the Study of Teaching and Policy and The
Consortium for Policy Research in Education 32 pages.
Jofreh, M., Yasini, A., Dehsorkhi. H.F, & Hayat, A. (2013). The Relationship
Between EFL Teachers’ Quality of Work Life and Job Motivation. Middle-
East Journal of Scientific Research 13 (3): 338-346
Jonhson, B. & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative
and mixed approaches (3rd
e.d). London: Sage Publication
Kiel, J. M. (1999). Reshaping Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to reflect today’s
educational and managerial philosophies. Journal of Instructional Psychology.
26 (3).
Kroll, T. and Neri, M. (2009) Designs for Mixed Methods Research, in Mixed
Methods Research for Nursing and the Health Sciences (eds S. Andrew and
E. J. Halcomb), Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK.
31. 31
Kumar, R. (2011). Research methodology: A step-by-step guide for beginners
(3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, London: Sage
Korkerd, N. (2008). Relationships Work Values and Quality of Work Life to
Perception of Job Success Among Temporary Teachers in Chiang Rai
Educational Service Area Office 1-4. Master thesis publication: Thailand
Lau, R. S. M & May, B. E., (1998). In Md. Zohurul Islam and Sununta Siendthai.
Quality of Work Life and Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence
from Dhaka Export Processing Zone, p. 5
Mosley, D. C. Pietri, P. H., & Mosley, D. C. JR. (2008). Supervisory Management.
Thomson South-Western: United States of America
Milfont, T.L., Denny, S., Ameratunga, S., Robinson, E., & Merry, S. (2007).
Burnout and wellbeing: Testing the Copenhagen burnout inventory in New
Zealand teachers. Social Indicator Research (2008) 89:169-177
McMillan, J. & Schumacher, S. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based
inquiry (6th
e.d). New York: Pearson Education, Inc.
Manfred Max Bergman (Ed.). (2008). Advances in Mixed Methods Research.
London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
MoEYS. (2014). Education and statistic 2013-2014. Phnom Penh: Phnom Penh:
Ministry of Education Youth and Sports.
Ormrod, J. E. (2006). Educational psychology: Developing learners (5th ed.). New
Jersey: Person Education
OECD (2005). Attracting, developing and retaining effective teachers. Final report:
Teachers matter. Retrieved on May 3, 2015 from
http://www.oecd.org/education/school/attractingdevelopingandretainingeffect
iveteachers-finalreportteachersmatter.htm
Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (2nd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research method (3rd ed.).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Punch, K. F. (2009). Introduction to research in education. Thousand Oaks, London:
Sage.
Rose, R. C., Bech, L., Uli, J. & Idris, K. (2006). Quality of Work Life: Implication of
32. 32
Career Dimension, J.S.S, pp. 61-67
Sam Aun, V. (2011). Quality of Work Life of Public Officials in Takeo Provincial
Hall, Takeo Province, Cambodia. Master thesis publication: Thailand
Spilt, J.L, Koomen, H.M, & Thijs, J.T. (2011). Teacher wellbeing: The Importance
of Teacher–Student Relationships. Education Psychology Review (2011)
23:457-477.
Stake, R. E. (2010). Qualitative research: Studying how to think work. Spring Street,
NY: The Guilford Press.
Springer, K. (2010). Educational research: A contextual approach. Denver: John
Wiley & Sons.
Sirgy, M. J., Efraty, D., Siegel, P. & Lee, D. (2001). A new measure of quality of
work life (QoWL) based on need satisfaction and theories. Social Indicators
Research, pp. 241-302
Tampoe, M. (1993). Motivating Knowledge Workers: Human Resources
Management Practice: Cambridge University Press (2007, p. 183)
Thomas, E. (2010). Teacher policies in asia pacific and other regions: A review in
UNESCO Asia Pacific region bureau for education regional seminar on
teacher policies in the asia pacific. Retrieved on May 6, 2015 from
http://www.unescobkk.org/?id=11448
Trigg, A. B. (2004). Deriving the engel curve: Pierre Bourdieu and the social critique
of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Review of Social Economic: 62 (3).
Wilson, E. (2009). School-based research: A guide for education students. Thousand
Oaks, London: Sage.
Woolfork, A. (2007). Educational psychology (10th ed.) Boston: Pearson Education
Werther, W. B. Jr., & Davis, K. (1996). In Human Resources and Personnel
Management. (5th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 499-501
Walton, R. E. Criteria for Quality of Working Life. In Wendell L. French (2007).
Human Resource Management. Houghton Mifflin Company.
Walton, R. E. (1975). In Raduan Che Rose, LooSee Bech, Jegak Uli and Khairuddin
Idris (2006). Quality of Work Life: Implication of Career Dimension.
American Journal of Applied Science 3 (12): 2159-2159
33. 33
8. Appendix A: Questionnaires
The questionnaire is divided into three main parts:
Part 1: Personal information
Part 2: Quality of Work Life
Part 3: Information related to career dimensions
Part 1. Personal information
1. Sex: ( ) Male ( ) Female
2. Education: ( ) Doctor ( ) Master ( ) Bachelor ( ) High School
Diploma
3. Age: ( ) Over 30 ( ) 30 years ( ) Below 30
Part 2. The Quality of Work Life of Primary School Teachers
Indicators: 1= Strongly Disagrees, 2 = Disagree, 3=Neither Agree nor
Disagree, 4= Agree, 5= Strongly Agree
The Elements of Quality of Work Life Level of Agreement
1 2 3 4 5
(A) Adequate and fair compensation
1. The salary earned from teaching meets
standard of the government’s policy.
2. The salary is adequate to support the standard
of living.
3. The salary is fairly perceived in accordance
with job responsibility and the amount of work.
4. The salary is met with the teachers’
competencies.
5. The salary is compatible to those of other
departments.
(B) Safe and healthy working conditions
1. Working condition minimizes poor
environment and injury risks.
34. 34
2. Teaching materials are orderly and comfortably
equipped.
3. The teachers are protected from violence in
the work place.
4. The teachers are protected from occupational
diseases.
5. Safety is strengthened in the work place.
(C) Opportunity to use and develop human capacities
1. The teachers are given the opportunities to
build up their capacities.
2. The teachers are provided with opportunities
to display their own skills and capacities.
3. The incumbent job requires teachers to use
innovation and skills.
4. The teachers are offered opportunities to
anticipate and plan for project issues.
5. The school has policy in enhancing the
teachers’ capacity.
(D) Opportunity for continued growth and security
1. The teachers have opportunities to get
promotion.
2. The promotion is equally and fairly
administered to all the teachers in the school.
3. The teachers are legally prevented from
arbitrary termination, layoffs, lockouts or unjust
distribution of work.
4. The school takes appropriate measures to
minimize the effect of actions on employment
status.
5. The teachers have a reasonable expectation
that their jobs will reasonably continue.
35. 35
(E) Social integration in the work organization
1. The school provides a friendly and acceptable
workplace, free from bias and conflict.
2. The teachers are free from prejudice.
3. The school provides an atmosphere of mutual
support.
4. There is a good relationship among the
teachers in the school.
5. There is an interpersonal openness and
communitarian sense among the teachers in the
school.
(F) Constitutionalism
1. There is respect for workers’ privacy in the
school.
2. There is enough right to access the
information.
3. There is freedom of expression in the school.
4. There is an impartial treatment toward every
teacher in the school.
5. Labor laws are taken into practice in the
school.
(G) Total life space
1. There is a term-time working contract in the
school.
2. The organization avoids interference in an
appropriate balance between work life and family
life.
3. Relaxing hours are suitable and acceptable.
4. The teachers are happy with the vacation
given by the school.
5. Working hours are suitable and acceptable.
36. 36
Part 3. Information of Career Dimensions of Primary School Teachers
Career-Related Dimensions
The Level of Agreement
1 2 3 4 5
(A). Career satisfaction
1. The duties correspond very well with your skills.
2. You are interested in your daily work.
3. Your workplace is full of healthy environment.
4. Your workplace is implemented with fairness.
5. You are motivated to work.
(B). Career achievement
1. The school recognizes your achievement.
2. You get the promotion from your achievement.
3. You get the rewards from your achievement.
4. You get the supplements from your achievement.
5. You get encouragement from your achievement.
(C). Career balance
1. You have compulsory overtime work.
2. You are working from home.
(H) Socially beneficial and responsible work
1. The school operates its activities in accordance
with ethical principles.
2. The school is socially responsible in all kinds of
its performance.
3. The school provides services that contribute to
the greater good of the public.
4. The school conducts the policy in improving
social responsibilities.
5. The school encourages the workers to
participate in social responsibilities.
37. 37
3. Your work does not affect your holiday.
4. You are satisfied with the determinate retirement.
5. You are satisfied with the flexi-time organized.
9. Appendix B: Interview Guides
The creation of interview guide was generated from Patton (2002). He suggested four
categories of interview guides for the data collection: (1) Behavior/Experience
Questions, (2) Opinion/Value Questions, (3) Feeling Questions, and (4) Sensory
Questions.
Categories Interview Questions
Behavior/Experience
Questions
- How do you describe your experience as a teacher?
- What do you think about teaching career? What motivates
you to be a teacher?
- How would you relate your teaching career to your quality
of work life? How it has been improved or not?
Opinion/Value
Questions
- In your opinion, what do you value about teaching career,
students, and school you are working for?
- Do you think the working condition is appropriate for you?
How well the school and students treat you?
- Do you think how important is your quality of work life in
relation with your teaching job? And in society?
Feeling Questions
- How do you feel about the compensation, safe
environment, opportunity, skills development, your
relationship, freedom of speech, balance of work and social
benefits from your work? Are there any problems?
- How do you feel about your the government policies in
these points?
Knowledge
Questions
- How do you explain about your career satisfaction,
achievement, and balance in relation to your teaching?
38. 38
- What do you like or dislike about that?
- What motivate you to develop your career path?
- How can you see yourself in next few years?
Sensory Questions
- How do you enjoy your leisure or free time?
- What are you doing after class or during vacation? How do
you like it?
- How do you see the problems in teaching, quality of your
work, and career development? Any obstacles?
Suggestions
- What are your suggestions to improve your quality of work
life? In school and in society?
- What are your suggestions to improve teachers career?
- What is your last comment for this interview?