IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
A Prospective Study of Evaluation of Operative Duration as a Predictor of Mortality in Pediatric Emergency Surgery: Concept of 100 Minutes Laparotomy in Resource-limited Setting
A Prospective Study of Evaluation of Operative Duration as a Predictor of Mortality in Pediatric Emergency Surgery: Concept of 100 Minutes Laparotomy in Resource-limited Setting
Comparison of Ondansetron and Granisetron for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiti...Apollo Hospitals
The most common and distressing symptoms, which follow anaesthesia and surgery, are pain and emesis. The consequences of PONV are physical, surgical and anesthetic complications for patients as well as financial implications for the hospitals or institutions. Sometimes nausea and vomiting may be more distressing especially after minor and ambulatory surgery, delaying the hospital discharge. Laparoscopic surgery is one condition, where risk of PONV is particularly pronounced due to pneumo-peritoneum causing stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the gut. In spite of plenty of anti-emetic drugs available no single drug is 100% effective in prevention of PNV and combination therapy has got a lot of side effects.
Pregabalin is an effective and safe adjuvant for reducing chronic
post-thoracotomy pain, without significant side effects, in all age
groups and either gender. The pain relief becomes statistically
significant after three weeks of treatment and it continues till six
months. However, larger randomized and placebo-controlled trials
of longer durations are required to further validate these findings.
A single blind RCT to evaluate the effect of intraoperative bupivacaine infilteration fro post operative pain relief was conducted. Observations based on the VAS and mean duration for requirement of 1st analgesic dose post operatively. Results compared with other similar studies and found that the there is significant reduction in the VAS of post operative pain and increase in the duration for requirement for the 1st dose of the analgesic postoperatively
“A Comparative Study of Bupivacaine with Dexamethasone and Bupivacaine with C...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Pharmacist Educational Intervention in Intravenous Patient Controlled Analges...Sunil Vadithya
Pharmacist Educational Intervention in Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia is Associated with Decreased Postoperative PainPharmacist Educational Intervention in Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia is Associated with Decreased Postoperative Pain
Physician-Pharmacist Comanagement of Postoperative Pain in Egyptian Patients:...iosrphr_editor
Introduction:Patientcontrolled analgesia (PCA) is an interactive method of self drug administrationthat requires proper education to ensure safe and effective use. Morphine is the most popular opioid used for postoperative pain management using PCA; however it has many adverse effects. Nalbuphine, a mixed opioid agonist antagonist, is known to be safer than morphine. Ketorolac produce excellent analgesia when used alone or with opioids. Multimodal analgesicapproach using morphine or nalbuphine combined with ketorolac for PCA administration has not been compared before. The study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy, adverse effects of multimodal analgesia using PCA and the effect of patient education regarding PCA use on patients' outcomes. Patients and methods: AdultEgyptian patients ASA I and II whounderwent different surgical procedures were selected and randomized either to receive PCA of morphine or nalbuphine combined with ketorolac. Patients from each drug group were further randomly selected to receive additional preoperative PCA education beside the usual care for pain management. Visual analogue scale (VAS), hemodynamic parameters,adverse effects and patient satisfaction were compared between groups. Results: Of the total of 60 patients enrolled, 45 patients completed the study: 22 patients for morphine group(M) and 23 for nalbuphine group (N). VAS score was significantly lower in group(M)than group (N)at certain time points. Nalbuphineshowed a significant lower incidence of itching than morphine(P: 0.03*). Pain control and overall satisfactionswerebetter in the intervention groups (M2, N2) than in the control groups (M1, N1). Conclusion:Morphine coadministerd with ketorolac provides more potent analgesia than with nalbuphine. Preoperative patient education regarding PCA is crucial for proper postoperative pain control.
Effects of Intralesional Triamcinalone injection following Internal Urethroto...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Ketamine Injection USP 10mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ketamine Dosage & Rx Info | Ketamine Uses, Side Effects Ketamine: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ketamine -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Ketamine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ketamine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ketamine contraindications, Ketamine price, Ketamine Taj Pharma Ketamine SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Ketamine Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
Effectiveness of intra-articular dexmedetomidine as postoperative analgesia i...iosrphr_editor
Background And Objectives: To study the effect of inj.Ropivacaine (0.25%) 2mg/kg with and without Inj.Dexmedetomidine (1-2μg/kg) intraarticularly for postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic knee surgery.1:To Evaluate Onset, Duration and analgesic efficacy of Intraarticular Dexmedetomidine2: To monitor the safety of Dexmedetomidine and Ropivacaine.
Methods: A prospective randomized double blind study, was conducted in 50 patients undergoing elective arthroscopy of knee joint under spinal anaesthesia. At the completion of the surgery, all patients were divied into two groups;GroupP(n=25):received Inj. Ropivacaine 0.25% and GroupD(n=25):received Inj.Ropivacaine(0.25%)+Inj. Dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg) total volume 20 ml was deposited intra-articularly.Patients were monitored in the postoperative ward for the hemodynamic parameters and their Sedation score was assessed.. The efficacy of the drug was determined by improvement in VAS score, duration of analgesia and total number of rescue analgesics during 24 hr in post operative period.
Results: There was no statistically significant differences observed in heart rate except changes at 6 and 8 hr. At 6 and 8 hr in group P pulse (82.48 ± 7.49, 81.44 ± 8.78) as compared to group D (75.38 ± 6.52, 74.96 ± 5.70),because of duration of action of ropivacaine with or without dexmedetomidine.There was no statistically significant difference in blood pressure was found, except at 12 hour and 24 hour (p=0.018), because of longer duration of action of intrarticular dexmedetomidine with ropivacaine in group D.At 6 hrs patients in Group P had a mean VAS score of 3.2 as compared to VAS score values of 1.8 in Group D which is statistically significant..At 2 , 4, 6 and 8 hour VAS score in P group was 1.64, 2.44, 3.24, 2.84 respectively. As compared to group P, in group D VAS score at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hour was 0.92, 1.04, 1.79 and 2.08 respectively. So VAS score lower in group D as compared to group P at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hrs.
Comparison of Ondansetron and Granisetron for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiti...Apollo Hospitals
The most common and distressing symptoms, which follow anaesthesia and surgery, are pain and emesis. The consequences of PONV are physical, surgical and anesthetic complications for patients as well as financial implications for the hospitals or institutions. Sometimes nausea and vomiting may be more distressing especially after minor and ambulatory surgery, delaying the hospital discharge. Laparoscopic surgery is one condition, where risk of PONV is particularly pronounced due to pneumo-peritoneum causing stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the gut. In spite of plenty of anti-emetic drugs available no single drug is 100% effective in prevention of PNV and combination therapy has got a lot of side effects.
Pregabalin is an effective and safe adjuvant for reducing chronic
post-thoracotomy pain, without significant side effects, in all age
groups and either gender. The pain relief becomes statistically
significant after three weeks of treatment and it continues till six
months. However, larger randomized and placebo-controlled trials
of longer durations are required to further validate these findings.
A single blind RCT to evaluate the effect of intraoperative bupivacaine infilteration fro post operative pain relief was conducted. Observations based on the VAS and mean duration for requirement of 1st analgesic dose post operatively. Results compared with other similar studies and found that the there is significant reduction in the VAS of post operative pain and increase in the duration for requirement for the 1st dose of the analgesic postoperatively
“A Comparative Study of Bupivacaine with Dexamethasone and Bupivacaine with C...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Pharmacist Educational Intervention in Intravenous Patient Controlled Analges...Sunil Vadithya
Pharmacist Educational Intervention in Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia is Associated with Decreased Postoperative PainPharmacist Educational Intervention in Intravenous Patient Controlled Analgesia is Associated with Decreased Postoperative Pain
Physician-Pharmacist Comanagement of Postoperative Pain in Egyptian Patients:...iosrphr_editor
Introduction:Patientcontrolled analgesia (PCA) is an interactive method of self drug administrationthat requires proper education to ensure safe and effective use. Morphine is the most popular opioid used for postoperative pain management using PCA; however it has many adverse effects. Nalbuphine, a mixed opioid agonist antagonist, is known to be safer than morphine. Ketorolac produce excellent analgesia when used alone or with opioids. Multimodal analgesicapproach using morphine or nalbuphine combined with ketorolac for PCA administration has not been compared before. The study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy, adverse effects of multimodal analgesia using PCA and the effect of patient education regarding PCA use on patients' outcomes. Patients and methods: AdultEgyptian patients ASA I and II whounderwent different surgical procedures were selected and randomized either to receive PCA of morphine or nalbuphine combined with ketorolac. Patients from each drug group were further randomly selected to receive additional preoperative PCA education beside the usual care for pain management. Visual analogue scale (VAS), hemodynamic parameters,adverse effects and patient satisfaction were compared between groups. Results: Of the total of 60 patients enrolled, 45 patients completed the study: 22 patients for morphine group(M) and 23 for nalbuphine group (N). VAS score was significantly lower in group(M)than group (N)at certain time points. Nalbuphineshowed a significant lower incidence of itching than morphine(P: 0.03*). Pain control and overall satisfactionswerebetter in the intervention groups (M2, N2) than in the control groups (M1, N1). Conclusion:Morphine coadministerd with ketorolac provides more potent analgesia than with nalbuphine. Preoperative patient education regarding PCA is crucial for proper postoperative pain control.
Effects of Intralesional Triamcinalone injection following Internal Urethroto...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Ketamine Injection USP 10mg/ml, 50mg/ml, 100mg/ml Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Ketamine Dosage & Rx Info | Ketamine Uses, Side Effects Ketamine: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Ketamine -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Ketamine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Ketamine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Ketamine contraindications, Ketamine price, Ketamine Taj Pharma Ketamine SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Ketamine Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
Effectiveness of intra-articular dexmedetomidine as postoperative analgesia i...iosrphr_editor
Background And Objectives: To study the effect of inj.Ropivacaine (0.25%) 2mg/kg with and without Inj.Dexmedetomidine (1-2μg/kg) intraarticularly for postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic knee surgery.1:To Evaluate Onset, Duration and analgesic efficacy of Intraarticular Dexmedetomidine2: To monitor the safety of Dexmedetomidine and Ropivacaine.
Methods: A prospective randomized double blind study, was conducted in 50 patients undergoing elective arthroscopy of knee joint under spinal anaesthesia. At the completion of the surgery, all patients were divied into two groups;GroupP(n=25):received Inj. Ropivacaine 0.25% and GroupD(n=25):received Inj.Ropivacaine(0.25%)+Inj. Dexmedetomidine(1μg/kg) total volume 20 ml was deposited intra-articularly.Patients were monitored in the postoperative ward for the hemodynamic parameters and their Sedation score was assessed.. The efficacy of the drug was determined by improvement in VAS score, duration of analgesia and total number of rescue analgesics during 24 hr in post operative period.
Results: There was no statistically significant differences observed in heart rate except changes at 6 and 8 hr. At 6 and 8 hr in group P pulse (82.48 ± 7.49, 81.44 ± 8.78) as compared to group D (75.38 ± 6.52, 74.96 ± 5.70),because of duration of action of ropivacaine with or without dexmedetomidine.There was no statistically significant difference in blood pressure was found, except at 12 hour and 24 hour (p=0.018), because of longer duration of action of intrarticular dexmedetomidine with ropivacaine in group D.At 6 hrs patients in Group P had a mean VAS score of 3.2 as compared to VAS score values of 1.8 in Group D which is statistically significant..At 2 , 4, 6 and 8 hour VAS score in P group was 1.64, 2.44, 3.24, 2.84 respectively. As compared to group P, in group D VAS score at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hour was 0.92, 1.04, 1.79 and 2.08 respectively. So VAS score lower in group D as compared to group P at 2, 4, 6 and 8 hrs.
Post anesthesia care unit or , High Dependency unit is part of hospital for Post surgery/procedures recovery.Nursing, anesthesiologist, surgeons, hospital administration need to know about ideal conditions.
Pain definition, Pain pathways, pain modulation, the endorphin system, Types of Pain, current trend of Drugs used for pain management. New Drugs for pain
Comparison between Tramadol and Nalbuphine As an Adjunct to Midazolam for Con...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Evaluation of Effect of Low Dose Fentanyl, Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine in S...iosrjce
In the present study effect of intrathecal hyperbaric Bupivacaine 0.5% with low doses of Clonidine
or Fentanyl or Dexmedetomidine were compared in elective lower abdominal surgeries. This was a prospective
randomized control trial. 90 patients belonging to ASA 1 &II, aged between 20-50 years were allocated into
three groups. Group-C: Clonidine 30µg, Group-D: Dexmedetomidine 5 µg, Group-F: Fentanyl 25 µg. The
onset of sensory blockade was comparable in all the three groups. The onset of motor blockade was earlier by
about 1.3 mins in Dexmedetomidine group when compared to Clonidine and Fentanyl group. Duration of
sensory blockade was prolonged in Dexmedetomidine group (346mins) when compared to Clonidine (300mins)
and Fentanyl (302mins) group. Time duration of motor blockade was prolonged in Dexmedetomidine group
(269mins) when compared to Clonidine (223mins) and Fentanyl (220mins) group. The haemodynamic
parameters were clinically and statistically insignificant The time of first request for analgesics by the patients
was more in Dexmedetomidine group (250mins) when compared to Clonidine (194mins) and Fentanyl
(189mins) group. The use of intrathecal Dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to Bupivacaine is an attractive
alternative to Fentanyl or Clonidine for long duration surgical procedures due to its profound intrathecal
anesthetic and analgesic properties combined with minimal side effects.
Preemptive Analgesia for Attenuation of Postoperative Pain in Patients Underg...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Antiemetic Prophylaxis in Major Gynaecological Surgery With Intravenous Grani...inventionjournals
In a prospective double blind randomized study we evaluated the prophylactic anti emetic efficacy of granisetron, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist and metoclopramide, a benzamide anti emetic on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery under general anaesthesia. The patients received a single dose of granisetron, 40mcg/kg (Group A, n = 25) or metoclopramide, 0.15mg/kg (Group B, n = 25) before induction of anaesthesia in a coded syringe. The response was assessed during 0-4 hrs, 4-8 hrs, 8-16hrs and 16-24 hrs time intervals after recovery from anaesthesia by means of presence or absence of nausea, retching or vomiting. The overall control of PONV during early postoperative period (0-4 hrs) did not show statistically significant differences after administration of either drug. The incidence of PONV during the next 20 hours was 12% and 48% with Group A (Granisetron) and Group B (Metoclopramide) respectively. Nausea scores are significantly lower in-group A (Granisetron) than in Group B (Metoclopramide) in all the four assessment periods. Although there were no emetic episodes in the granisetron group, 32% of patients in metoclopramide group were observed to have such episodes during the assessment periods. (P value< 0.05). No clinically important adverse events due to drugs were observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of granisetron is more effective and superior to metoclopramide in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients under going major gynaecological surgery under general anaesthesia.
Antiemetic Prophylaxis in Major Gynaecological Surgery With Intravenous Grani...inventionjournals
In a prospective double blind randomized study we evaluated the prophylactic anti emetic efficacy of granisetron, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist and metoclopramide, a benzamide anti emetic on postoperative nausea and vomiting after major gynaecological surgery under general anaesthesia. The patients received a single dose of granisetron, 40mcg/kg (Group A, n = 25) or metoclopramide, 0.15mg/kg (Group B, n = 25) before induction of anaesthesia in a coded syringe. The response was assessed during 0-4 hrs, 4-8 hrs, 8-16hrs and 16-24 hrs time intervals after recovery from anaesthesia by means of presence or absence of nausea, retching or vomiting. The overall control of PONV during early postoperative period (0-4 hrs) did not show statistically significant differences after administration of either drug. The incidence of PONV during the next 20 hours was 12% and 48% with Group A (Granisetron) and Group B (Metoclopramide) respectively. Nausea scores are significantly lower in-group A (Granisetron) than in Group B (Metoclopramide) in all the four assessment periods. Although there were no emetic episodes in the granisetron group, 32% of patients in metoclopramide group were observed to have such episodes during the assessment periods. (P value< 0.05). No clinically important adverse events due to drugs were observed in any of the groups. In conclusion, the prophylactic use of granisetron is more effective and superior to metoclopramide in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients under going major gynaecological surgery under general anaesthesia.
To Evaluate the Role of Inj. Ketamine (0.3mg/Kg) Intravenously, Before Skin I...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTIONPatient-Controlled Transdermal Fentan.docxgerardkortney
ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION
Patient-Controlled Transdermal Fentanyl
Hydrochloride vs Intravenous Morphine Pump
for Postoperative Pain
A Randomized Controlled Trial
Eugene R. Viscusi, MD
Lowell Reynolds, MD
Frances Chung, MD
Linda E. Atkinson, PhD
Sarita Khanna, PhD
P
ATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGE-
sia (PCA) allows the patient to
self-administer small doses of
opioids, such as fentanyl, mor-
phine, hydromorphone, or meperi-
dine, as needed to manage pain. A key
principle of PCA use is that it is initi-
ated after titration to patient comfort
with loading doses of intravenous (IV)
opioids.1 Thereafter, PCA is used to
maintain a mild level of pain rather than
total pain relief, allowing the patient to
self-administer enough drug to achieve
a comfortable balance between analge-
sia and adverse effects.2-5 Existing PCA
therapies infuse opioid analgesics
through an IV line at a preset rate by
electronic pumps or by disposable,
fixed-volume devices when a patient ac-
tivates a dosing button. Problems that
compromise patient safety, such as pro-
gramming errors, uncontrolled deliv-
ery of syringe contents, and patient tam-
pering, have been reported.6 Pump
failures and syringe mix-ups are also
possible.
To overcome these problems, a fen-
tanyl hydrochloride patient-con-
trolled transdermal system (PCTS) is
under development as an alternative
method that delivers small doses of fen-
tanyl by iontophoresis with electro-
Author Affiliations and Financial Disclosures are listed
at the end of this article.
Corresponding Author: Eugene R. Viscusi, MD,
Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson Uni-
versity, 111 S 11th St, Suite G 8490, Philadelphia, PA
19107 ([email protected]).
Context Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with morphine is commonly used to pro-
vide acute postoperative pain control after major surgery. The fentanyl hydrochloride
patient-controlled transdermal system eliminates the need for venous access and com-
plicated programming of pumps.
Objective To assess the efficacy and safety of an investigational patient-controlled
iontophoretic transdermal system using fentanyl hydrochloride compared with a stan-
dard intravenous morphine patient-controlled pump.
Design, Setting, and Patients Prospective randomized controlled parallel-group
trial conducted between September 2000 and March 2001 at 33 North American hos-
pitals, enrolling 636 adult patients who had just undergone major surgery.
Interventions In surgical recovery rooms, patients were randomly assigned to in-
travenous morphine (1-mg bolus every 5 minutes; maximum of 10 mg/h) by a patient-
controlled analgesia pump (n = 320) or iontophoretic fentanyl hydrochloride (40-µg
infusion over 10 minutes) by a patient-controlled transdermal system (n = 316). Supple-
mental analgesia (morphine or fentanyl intravenous boluses) was administered as needed
before and for the first 3 hours after activation of the PCA treatments. Patients then
used the PCA treatments without additional analgesics.
Effect of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine on Prolongation of Intrathecal Spinal A...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Awake Fiberoptic Intubation with Sedation in Cardiac (High-Risk) Patients – O...info622939
Embark on a compelling exploration of anesthesia innovation with our presentation on 'Awake Fiberoptic Intubation with Sedation in Cardiac (High-Risk) Patients – Our Experience.' Delve into the intricacies of this specialized technique, tailored for high-risk cardiac patients, as we share our unique insights and experiences.
Similar to A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate Morphine sparing effect of IV paracetamol in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. (20)
An Examination of Effectuation Dimension as Financing Practice of Small and M...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Does Goods and Services Tax (GST) Leads to Indian Economic Development?iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Childhood Factors that influence success in later lifeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Emotional Intelligence and Work Performance Relationship: A Study on Sales Pe...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer’s Acceptance of Internet Banking in Dubaiiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study of Employee Satisfaction relating to Job Security & Working Hours amo...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumer Perspectives on Brand Preference: A Choice Based Model Approachiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Student`S Approach towards Social Network Sitesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Broadcast Management in Nigeria: The systems approach as an imperativeiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study on Retailer’s Perception on Soya Products with Special Reference to T...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Study Factors Influence on Organisation Citizenship Behaviour in Corporate ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Consumers’ Behaviour on Sony Xperia: A Case Study on Bangladeshiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Design of a Balanced Scorecard on Nonprofit Organizations (Study on Yayasan P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Media Innovations and its Impact on Brand awareness & Considerationiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Customer experience in supermarkets and hypermarkets – A comparative studyiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Social Media and Small Businesses: A Combinational Strategic Approach under t...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
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IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Organizational Conflicts Management In Selected Organizaions In Lagos State, ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
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Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
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Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
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Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
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Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
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A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate Morphine sparing effect of IV paracetamol in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
1. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS)
e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 12 Ver. IV (Dec. 2015), PP 97-102
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1412497102 www.iosrjournals.org 97 | Page
A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate Morphine
sparing effect of IV paracetamol in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
QamarulZaman1
,Shafat A Mir1
, Basharat Farooq1
, Abdul Qayoom Dar2
1.
Senior Resident, 2.
Professor
Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Sher-i- Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura,
Srinagar, Kashmir, India.
Corresponding Author:
Name: DrShafat A Mir
Email :mir.shafatahmad@gmail.com
Abstract:
Objective: The study evaluated the analgesic efficacy and morphine sparing effect of intravenous Paracetamol
afterlaparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Method: Eighty patients wererandomized into two groups to receive either 100 ml (1000mg) Paracetamol
(group I) or 100 ml normal saline (group II) 30 minutes before induction with 50% or full dose of morphine at
induction .In the recovery room pain intensity was evaluated and the time of first request for analgesic and
morphine consumption was noted. Side effects of morphine if any, were recorded.
Results: Mean time of rescue analgesia from induction in the study group was 12.8±3.4hrs and in control group
was 7.0±4.8 hrs. (P = 0.000) The mean number of administered doses of rescue analgesia during 24hrs in the
study group was 0.5 ± 0.5 and in the control group it was 1.3 ± 0.4. (p = 0.000) with significant difference in
morphine consumption,12.2 ± 2.1 vs7.1± 1.6 respectively in the immediate postoperative period. The episodes of
nausea and vomiting in the study group were 0.7 ± 0.7 in comparison to 1.1 ± 0.8 in the control group during
24hrs of surgery.(p = 0.056)
Conclusion: Administration of IVparacetamol and 50% dose of morphine in patients undergoing laparoscopic
cholecystectomy ensures effective analgesia intraoperatively as well as postoperatively when compared with full
dose of IV morphine without affecting morphine-related adverse effects in these patients.
Keywords: Paracetamol; Morphine; Laparoscopy; cholecystectomy;
I. Introduction
Acute pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is complex in nature and does not resemble pain after
other laparoscopic procedures.1
General anaesthesia with intravenous opioid analgesic using morphine or
fentanyl is a standard procedure.2
However, the use of these medications is associated with side effects such as
nausea, vomiting, sedation, and delayed recovery. Prescribed method for minimizing opioid related side effects
is concomitant administration of a nonopioid analgesic.3
Intravenous paracetamol has recently been used
intraoperatively to decrease requirement of opioids for postoperative analgesia and has been found to have
comparable efficacy to pethidine for postoperative pain in tonsillectomy in children.4
While Paracetamol has been used for pain control after surgery5
the use of this drug prior to induction
of anesthesia for the postoperative pain control is the main aim of this research that determined its analgesic
efficacy, opioid sparing effect and attenuation ofopioid related side effects after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
II. Material And Methods
This prospective randomized study was conducted in Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical care
atSher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences Soura Srinagar Kashmir. Eightyfemale patients of physical
status ASA I and II in the age group of 18-50 years scheduled for laparoscopic Cholecystectomy were selected
for the study. Patients with history of allergic reactions to paracetamol or morphine, hepatic failure, pregnancy,
ASA> II were not included in the study. Preoperatively use of Visual Analogue Score (VAS) scale was
demonstrated to the patients consenting for the study. No premedication was given to any patient.
2. A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate Morphine sparing effect …
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1412497102 www.iosrjournals.org 98 | Page
On arrival to operation Theatre intravenous line was secured. Electrocardiography (ECG), Noninvasive blood
pressure (NIBP), Pulse oximetry (SpO2) was monitored prior to induction and intraoperatively till the extubation
was achieved.
We recruited 80 patients and as per randomization these patients were allocated to one of the groups
(n = 40) to receive following drug mixtures.
Group I (Study group): Received intravenous 100ml(Paracetamol 10mg/ml) 30min prior to induction in
anaesthetic room and 50 µgm/kg morphine diluted with normal saline to a total volume of 10ml at induction.
Group II (Control group): Received 100 ml normal saline 30 minute prior to induction and100 µgm/kg
morphine in 10ml normal saline at induction.
Each patient was induced with Propofol; muscle relaxation achieved with 0.5mg/kg Atracurium for
endotracheal intubation . The anesthesiologist involved in anaesthetizing the patients was blinded to the
analgesic regimen. Upto 50µgm/kg of morphine could be used as rescue analgesic intraoperatively depending
on the decision of the anesthesiologist.Anesthesia was maintained with equal mixtures of O2 and N2O in 0.6 -
1.5%isoflurane. Controlled ventilation was used to achieve ETCO2of 30-35mmHg. Vital signs were recorded
every 5 minutes during the procedure. Granisetron 40µgm/kg was injected 15min prior to reversal of anesthesia.
At the end of surgery, neuromuscular block was reversed and patient extubated awake.
In the Post anaesthesia care unit (PACU), vital signs were recorded every 10 minutes for 1st
30 min. Pain if any
was assessed by VAS. If VAS was >3 on a scale of 0 - 10, rescue analgesia was given as 3 mg bolus of
morphine intravenously. Pain was assessed after 10 min and repeat dose of morphine was given if VAS was still
>3. Side effects such as nausea and vomiting were recorded in first 24 hours period. Inj. prochlorperazine
12.5mg intravenous was given as rescue anti emetic and repeated 8hourly if necessary.
If patients did not need rescue analgesia in PACU but needed it in the postoperative period in the surgical ward,
Injection ketorolac or Tramadol was administered as rescue analgesia by the surgical staff and the time when
rescue analgesia administered was noted as the time to first request of analgesia.
Statistical analysis.Metric data was compared by student’s t-test and non-metric by chi-square test at 95% CI
(confidence interval) respectively. Metric and non-metric data was expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD)
and percentages. Metric data was compared by student’s t-test and non-metric by chi-square test at 95% CI
(confidence interval) respectively. SPSS 11.5 MS excel andMinital-software were used for data analysis.
III. Results
The data analysis showed both groups were comparable regarding theirage, ASA status, BMI and
duration of surgery. (Table I).
Table I. Demographic data.
Demographics Study group (I) Control group (II) P value
Age (yrs.) 35.4 ± 9.2 38.8 ± 8.1 0.089 (NS)
ASA class I/II 40/0 37/3 0.077(NS)
BMI (kg/m2
) 25.3 ± 3.32 26.2 ± 2.73 0.621 (NS)
Duration of surgery (min) 41.5±8.1 40.6±9.9 0.667 (NS)
Data presented as mean ± standard deviation
Comparison of Mean heart rate, systolicblood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure between the two
groups measured at 5-minute intervals between the two groups was insignifiant. (p> 0.05). The median value of
pain scores was found significantly lower atall time intervalsin-group I when compared to group II (Table II).
Mean time of rescue analgesia from induction i.e. duration of analgesia was 12.8±3.4hrs and 7.0±4.8 hrs in
study and control group respectively(P = 0.000).(Figure I)None of our patients in either group required an
additional dose of morphine intraoperatively.
3. A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate Morphine sparing effect …
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1412497102 www.iosrjournals.org 99 | Page
Table II. Pain scores at different intervals between the two groups.
Visual Analogue Score (VAS)
Time Study group (I) Control group (II) p value
0 hr. 0.4 ± 0.6 (0, 3) 2.2 ± 0.8 (1, 4) 0.000 (Sig)
4 hrs 1.9 ± 0.8 (1, 5) 3.2 ± 0.9 (2, 5) 0.000 (Sig)
8 hrs 2.4 ± 0.5 (1, 3) 3.2 ± 0.7 (2, 5) 0.000 (Sig)
12 hrs 2.8 ± 1.2 (1, 5) 3.4 ± 0.9 (2, 5) 0.026 (Sig)
16 hrs 1.9 ± 1.0 (1, 4) 2.4 ± 1.0 (1, 5) 0.037 (Sig)
20 hrs 1.3 ± 0.8 (0, 3) 1.7 ± 0.8 (0, 3) 0.030 (Sig)
24 hrs 0.7 ± 0.8 (0, 2) 1.1 ± 0.8 (0, 2) 0.030 (Sig)
Data presented in mean ± standard deviation
The total consumption of morphine as rescue analgesic in PACU was significantly higher in control Group.The
total numberof rescue analgesia doses injected over 24 hours showed a significant difference between the two
groups with p value of 0.000 (Table III).
TableIII. Post operative analgesia requirement, pain relief and side effects.
Variable (Mean ± SD) Study group (I) Control group (II) P value
Morphine consumption
(Intraoperative)
0 0 NA
Morphine consumption
(PACU)
7.1± 1.6 12.2 ± 2.1 0.01 (S)
Duration of analgesia (hrs) 12.8 ± 3.4 7.0±4.8 0.000 (S)
Mean Aldrete Score 9.7 ± 0.5 8.0 ± 1.2 0.000 (S)
Mean stay in PACU (min) 25.12 ± 14.52 41.12 ± 14.99 0.022 (S)
Incidence of sedation 1.2 ± 0.12 2.3 ± 0.01 0.063 (NS)
Episodes of PONV 0.7 ± 0.7 1.1 ± 0.8 0.056 (NS)
No. of rescue doses in 24 hours 0.5 ± 0.5 1.3 ± 0.4 0.000 (S)
Data presented in mean ± standard deviation
Mean Aldrete Score in the study group was 9.7 ± 0.5 and in the control group it was 8.0 ± 1.2 and was found to
be statistically significant with a P value of <0.05. The episodes of nausea and vomiting in the two groups did
not show any statistical significance. (p = 0.056). None of the patients experienced symptoms of respiratory
depression during postoperative period. No late complications were reported
IV. Discussion
Recent advancements in surgical techniques have resulted in shorter, less invasive procedures, and
newer anaesthetic agents have facilitated rapid recovery with fewer side effects. These improvements have
resulted in a tremendous increase in scope and extent of surgical procedures performed on an ambulatory basis.
Post operative pain, nausea and vomiting could delay the discharge of patients and even could result in
overnight admission in the inpatient department. Use of intravenous opioids is the mainstay of pharmacological
therapy for intraoperative and immediate postoperative analgesia and these are known to produce postoperative
sedation and increased nausea and vomiting.
In a prospective study in laparoscopic cholecystectomy, Fleisher et al in 1999 reported that all the
patients met discharge criteria within 6 hours of surgery. 94% of patients required only oral analgesics, 12% of
patients experienced postoperative nausea and vomiting requiring parenteral therapy and 3% required an
additional day in the hospital.6
.
This is the first prospective, randomized, controlleddouble blind study to look at the role of intravenous
paracetamol injected 30 minutes before induction of anaesthesia in reducing intraoperative and postoperative
4. A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate Morphine sparing effect …
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1412497102 www.iosrjournals.org 100 | Page
morphine requirements in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, so that optimum analgesia is
achieved with a concomitant reduction in opioid related side effects.
The overall pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a conglomerate of three different components:
incisional pain (somatic pain), visceral pain (deep intra-abdominal pain), and shoulder pain (referred from
visceral pain). Besides showing individual variation in intensity and duration, the pain is often unpredictable. It
may even remain severe throughout the first week in 18% of the patients.7
The complex nature of pain after
laparoscopic cholecystectomy suggests that effective analgesic treatment should be multimodal.8
In our study, we used intravenous paracetamol 1 gm. as pre-emptive analgesic in laparoscopic
cholecystectomy and assessed its effects on intraoperative analgesic requirement, post-operative analgesic
effectiveness, post-operative morphine consumption and frequency of side effects. Our study showed that
intravenousparacetamol when used as pre-emptive analgesic just before induction as part of multimodal
analgesic regime has significant opioid sparing effect. This is consistent with the findings in various studies
where opioid-sparing effects of NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, and paracetamol have been found to be in the range
of 20–30%.9,10
Thereis evidence from other surgical procedures to support clinically relevant analgesic effect of
paracetamol with additives (Opioids, NSAIDs etc.) in laparoscopic cholecystectomy.11,12
It has been reported in
previous studies that proparacetamol behaves favorably with different ketorolac doses producing a 31–37%
decrease in the morphine requirement during the first 24 h after surgery.13
Olonisakin et al demonstrated
improved analgesia and reduced morphine consumption in the immediate postoperative period with reduced
opioid side effects and better patient satisfaction with IVparacetamol in patients undergoing lower abdominal
gynecological surgery.14
Our study results are consistent with all previous findings in this regard.
Our study demonstrated the additive effect of combining intravenous paracetamolwith morphine on
postoperative analgesia resulting in decreased opioid amount, improved and longer duration of pain
relief.(Figure I) The median pain scores were significantlylower in the paracetamol group at all intervals in 24-
hourperiod.The different sites of action of these drugs in the nervous system may be the cause of better pain
relief. Whereas the effect of Paracetamol is due to the inhibition of prostaglandins and activation of descending
serotonergic inhibitory pathways,15,16
the analgesic effect of morphine is due to its agonist action on opioid
receptors of the central nervous system. Piguetet al.17
had demonstrated the close correlation between plasma
concentration and analgesic effect of paracetamolwith intravenous doses of up to 2 gm. in healthy volunteers.
Figure I.Comparison of duration of analgesia between the two groups.
5. A prospective, randomized, double blind study to evaluate Morphine sparing effect …
DOI: 10.9790/0853-1412497102 www.iosrjournals.org 101 | Page
Our study did not find any reduction in the opioid related side-effects (PONV, sedation etc.) in the paracetamol
group (Group I) as might be expected because of the decrease in total morphine dose..At present there is
insufficient data to decide whether paracetamol reduces opioid-related adverse effects or not.McNicolet al18
performed a systematic search for single-dose, randomized, controlled clinical trials of propacetamol or
intravenous paracetamol for acute postoperative pain in adults or children. Patients receiving propacetamol or
intravenousparacetamol required 30% less opioid over 4hr and 16% less opioid over 6hr than those receiving
placebo. However, this did not translate to a reduction in opioid-induced adverse events. Another systematic
review in 2010 found that paracetamol along with PCA after major surgery reduces mean morphine
consumption by6.34 mg (95% CI 3.65–9.02) in 24 hrs. But they also did not find any difference in postoperative
nausea and vomiting.However, use of NSAIDS and COX-2 inhibitor causes a decrease in morphine
consumption and decrease in PONV also.19
We concluded that administration of intravenousparacetamol and 50% dose of morphine prior to
induction in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy ensures effective analgesia intraoperatively as
well as postoperatively and was associated with earlier readiness for discharge from PACU when compared with
full dose of intravenous morphine. However above combination was not able to decrease the occurrence of
morphine-related adverse effects in these patients.
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