The document provides details about Himanshu Singh's summer internship at Arihant Spinning Mills in Malerkotla, Punjab from June to July 2016. It includes an introduction to the company, descriptions of departments and machinery, and an overview of Unit 3 where he was placed. The document acknowledges those who helped with his training and project on soft waste management in spinning.
The two types of jute/cotton blended yarn whose jute and cotton fibres were respectively blended at the opening and drawing stages were spun by using the ring & Rotor spinning technology.In this report we know about the different operational sector for the producing cotton-jute blended yarn, Fabric. Also understand about the different product, which produce by the cotton-jute blended fabric.
This document provides a literature review on healthcare textiles. It discusses the types of textiles used in healthcare like surgical gowns, drapes, and bed linens. These textiles require special properties like antibacterial properties and comfort. A range of natural and man-made fibers with enhanced properties have been developed for healthcare textiles. Blending fibers is often necessary to achieve desired product properties. The document then focuses on the properties and use of lyocell fiber for healthcare textiles.
Fibre is any raw material that has a hair-like appearance or elongated shape due to its high ratio of length to thickness. A textile fibre must have suitable length, pliability, fineness and strength for conversion into yarns and fabrics. Yarn is a continuous strand composed of natural or manmade fibres or filaments used for weaving and knitting. Spinning is the process of converting fibres into yarn, which can be done through wet, dry or melt spinning depending on the fibre properties. Fibre properties like staple length, fineness and strength influence spinning and the properties of the final yarn.
In which process yarn is conditioned for better performance (such as strength, serviceability, luster, handle etc) is called yarn conditioning. Textile fibers are subjected to various physical operations to make in to a yarn. For example cotton fiber passes through opening, carding, drawing and spinning to become a yarn. During these phases the original moisture content on the fiber would have been lost and some static electricity would be carried by the fiber. The amount of static current carried by yarn changes from fiber to fiber. Similarly the strength of any fiber depends up on how close the present moisture content is to the original natural value.
The document discusses different types of fundamental fabric weaves and their derivatives. It describes the key parameters that define weaves like plain, twill, sateen, and how weaves are constructed. Some key weave derivatives discussed include reinforced twills, compound twills, diagonal twills, and shaded twills. Each weave type is constructed based on basic weaves but with additional overlaps or shifts to create different fabric structures and properties.
This document discusses weaving plans, which characterize the process conditions for fabric production on a loom. A weaving plan consists of three elements: the repeat of the weave (e.g. plain, twill, sateen), the draft or drawing-in of warp yarns on heddles, and the lifting plan which determines the raising and lowering of heddles to form the shed for the weft yarn to pass through. Different types of drafts are described including straight, skip, pointed, broken, divided, grouped, and curved drafts. Requirements for drawing-in warp yarns are outlined. Examples of a straight draft arrangement and how a weaving plan relates to a d
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
The document provides details about Himanshu Singh's summer internship at Arihant Spinning Mills in Malerkotla, Punjab from June to July 2016. It includes an introduction to the company, descriptions of departments and machinery, and an overview of Unit 3 where he was placed. The document acknowledges those who helped with his training and project on soft waste management in spinning.
The two types of jute/cotton blended yarn whose jute and cotton fibres were respectively blended at the opening and drawing stages were spun by using the ring & Rotor spinning technology.In this report we know about the different operational sector for the producing cotton-jute blended yarn, Fabric. Also understand about the different product, which produce by the cotton-jute blended fabric.
This document provides a literature review on healthcare textiles. It discusses the types of textiles used in healthcare like surgical gowns, drapes, and bed linens. These textiles require special properties like antibacterial properties and comfort. A range of natural and man-made fibers with enhanced properties have been developed for healthcare textiles. Blending fibers is often necessary to achieve desired product properties. The document then focuses on the properties and use of lyocell fiber for healthcare textiles.
Fibre is any raw material that has a hair-like appearance or elongated shape due to its high ratio of length to thickness. A textile fibre must have suitable length, pliability, fineness and strength for conversion into yarns and fabrics. Yarn is a continuous strand composed of natural or manmade fibres or filaments used for weaving and knitting. Spinning is the process of converting fibres into yarn, which can be done through wet, dry or melt spinning depending on the fibre properties. Fibre properties like staple length, fineness and strength influence spinning and the properties of the final yarn.
In which process yarn is conditioned for better performance (such as strength, serviceability, luster, handle etc) is called yarn conditioning. Textile fibers are subjected to various physical operations to make in to a yarn. For example cotton fiber passes through opening, carding, drawing and spinning to become a yarn. During these phases the original moisture content on the fiber would have been lost and some static electricity would be carried by the fiber. The amount of static current carried by yarn changes from fiber to fiber. Similarly the strength of any fiber depends up on how close the present moisture content is to the original natural value.
The document discusses different types of fundamental fabric weaves and their derivatives. It describes the key parameters that define weaves like plain, twill, sateen, and how weaves are constructed. Some key weave derivatives discussed include reinforced twills, compound twills, diagonal twills, and shaded twills. Each weave type is constructed based on basic weaves but with additional overlaps or shifts to create different fabric structures and properties.
This document discusses weaving plans, which characterize the process conditions for fabric production on a loom. A weaving plan consists of three elements: the repeat of the weave (e.g. plain, twill, sateen), the draft or drawing-in of warp yarns on heddles, and the lifting plan which determines the raising and lowering of heddles to form the shed for the weft yarn to pass through. Different types of drafts are described including straight, skip, pointed, broken, divided, grouped, and curved drafts. Requirements for drawing-in warp yarns are outlined. Examples of a straight draft arrangement and how a weaving plan relates to a d
This document provides guidelines for sampling procedures when testing cotton fibers to determine their quality properties. It discusses:
- The need for representative sampling due to natural variations in fiber properties within and between cotton bales.
- Procedures for obtaining a gross sample by drawing tufts from 10 equally spaced layers across randomly selected bales based on the lot size.
- Reducing the gross sample size by spreading it out and randomly pulling tufts weighing about 4g from 25 sub-squares of a 1m x 1m area or 2g from 50 sub-squares of a 1m x 2m area.
- Further reducing the reduced sample into 25 or 50 approximately equal parts for fiber testing.
This slide is about the historical development of loom
Weaving machine
Loom machine
History of loom
Horizontal loom
Vertical loom
Chronological loom
Pit loom
Frame loom
Automatic loom
Power loom
Modern loom
Air jet loom
Water loom
projectile loom
Rapier loom
Multiphase loom
Textile engineering
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Handloom weaving is an ancient craft in Nepal that is still practiced today. The traditional handloom uses a wooden frame with heddles, shuttles, and other basic components to manually weave fabrics like pashmina and palpali dhaka. To improve efficiency, semi-automatic handlooms have been proposed that incorporate automatic picking and taking-up mechanisms while still allowing manual operation. Recommendations to further modernize handlooms include adding multiple filling carriers and magnetic shafts to reduce weaving time for artisans.
This document summarizes the yarn manufacturing process and common defects that can occur. It discusses the 7 main departments in yarn manufacturing: (1) blow room, (2) carding, (3) drawing, (4) roving, (5) spinning, (6) winding, and (7) inspection and packaging. The blow room is the initial stage where cotton bales are opened and cleaned. Yarn defects most often occur during winding, the final stage where packages of yarn are created for customers. Managing defects is important for companies to improve quality and profits.
Modefied hand loom in Ethiopia Final presentation pptsolomaya
The document describes modifying a traditional Ethiopian handloom weaving machine to increase productivity for small businesses. The researchers observed that existing handlooms had widths larger than needed for common products, causing workload issues. Their modified design optimizes the loom width, reduces space usage, includes an adjustable take-up motion to reduce fatigue, and adds a comfortable bench. Testing showed the modified loom improved performance, load distribution during batting, and efficient use of materials.
The document provides information about Picanol, a weaving machine manufacturer. It discusses Picanol's latest developments including airjet weaving without a filling catch cord ("Cordless") and their new TERRYplus 800 machine for terry weaving. It also highlights two Picanol customers, Berto Industria Tessile in Italy and Wagdy Moamen Weaving Mill in Egypt, and their positive experiences with Picanol machines.
The document summarizes different types of specialty yarns including Bobtex, chenille, slub, siro, and core spun yarns. It provides details on the production processes, properties, and end uses of each yarn type. The Bobtex process produces an integrated composite yarn using a core of filaments or multifilaments covered with staple fibers and a polymer layer. Chenille yarn has a fuzzy surface due to short cut pile yarns wrapped around a core. Slub yarn is produced with intentional thicker and thinner sections. Siro spinning combines spinning and twisting in one step to make a two-fold yarn. Core spinning covers a core yarn, typically filament,
Paper - A new approach to producing tubular items using +a -B spread tow fab...TeXtreme ®
This document introduces a new approach for producing tubular composite items using +α/-β spread tow fabrics. Spread tow fabrics incorporate tapes at angles other than the conventional 0°/90° orientation. Using continuous-length +α/-β spread tow fabrics allows tubular items to be directly roll-wrapped, providing a new, cost-effective alternative to filament winding. Tubular items experience complex loading, so +α/-β spread tow fabrics with tapes at different angles can improve properties over filament winding. The document outlines existing textile production methods for tubular items and their limitations, establishing that +α/-β spread tow fabrics enable new opportunities for automating and improving tubular composite manufacturing.
The document discusses various spinning techniques, including rotor spinning. It provides a history of rotor spinning, describing its development from early prototypes in the 1950s to widespread commercial use by the 1970s. It explains the basic operational sequence of rotor spinning, which involves feeding a sliver of fibers into a rapidly rotating rotor that separates, compacts, and twists the fibers into yarn. The document compares properties of rotor-spun and ring-spun yarns.
This document provides a review of literature on new developments in textile warping. There are two main systems of warping - direct warping and sectional warping. Direct warping is used for mono-colored warps but has limitations in the number of threads that can be wound. Sectional warping allows for multi-colored patterns but can only wind smaller lengths of yarn. The literature review discusses attempts to combine the two systems to address their individual limitations, though none have gained commercial success. The review provides background on the key components and processes of each warping method.
A basic introduction of Fabric manufacturing technology. Weaving is a very important manufacturing technology. Here is a basic knowledge of Weave fabric manufacturing.
This document discusses advanced weaving technology, including different types of looms. It compares shuttle looms with shuttleless modern looms. Shuttle looms are cheaper but have disadvantages like requiring pirn winding, uncontrolled shuttle speed, and limited width. Modern looms have higher costs but allow for higher speeds, wider fabrics, and better quality control. Key components of modern looms discussed include weft accumulators, which help regulate weft tension, and different types of selvedges along the fabric edges.
Denim fabric is constructed from indigo and white yarns in a twill weave. The process of making jeans begins with growing cotton, which is then cleaned, blended, carded, spun into yarn, dyed, woven into fabric, cut and assembled into jeans. The finished jeans then undergo washing and finishing steps like laser treatment and abrasion washes to soften the fabric before being packaged and shipped to consumers.
This document summarizes a student's summer training project on reducing warp breaks at a weaving department. It includes an introduction, acknowledgements, objectives, and sections on literature review, materials and methods, cost benefit analysis, inferences, and conclusions. The student conducted the project under the guidance of Mr. A.K.S. Gangwar to analyze causes of warp breakage and reduce warp breaks per machine at a textile company.
The document provides information about the basics of fabric manufacturing processes. It discusses the key steps which are:
1) Yarn production from the spinning department which includes processes like winding, creeling, and warping. Warping can be done using direct/beam warping or indirect/sectional warping methods.
2) Sizing of the warp yarns is then carried out to prepare them for weaving.
3) The warp yarns are threaded through the heddles and reed during loom preparation before weaving begins.
4) Weaving is the process that interlaces the warp and weft yarns to produce fabric. The fabric then undergoes inspection, folding
비전문가를 위한 4가지 손베틀(수직기) 제작 방법을 소개하는 전자북이다. 액자베틀, 띠 베틀, 말뚝 베틀, 대형 틀 베틀 등 몇가지 손베틀 제작 방법을 도면과 함께 자세히 설명하고 있다. 보디(reed /comb/beater) 만드는 방법과 실로 잉아( Heddle / harness ) 만드는 법과 날실 끼우는 법, 기타 직조도구에 대한 설명, 무엇보다도 가장 기본적인 직조용어 설명이 들어 있다. 띠베틀(inkle loom)은 책에 소개된 그대로 제작해도 좋지만, 나머지 베틀들은 토속적이거나 전통적인 베틀 형태라 그대로 만들어 쓰기에는 불편하다. 하지만 베틀을 연구하는 목수들이나 목수가 아니더라도 직조를 처음 입문하는 사람에게 베틀에 대한 충분한 이해를 갖도록 한다. 전자북에 포함된 삽화들도 친근하고 자세하다. 사실 글이 그리 많지 않은 전자북이라 그리 부담스럽지도 않다. 다만 영어 압박이 있다. 나도 처음 이 자료를 통해 직조를 배우기 시작했다. 이 책은 제본해서 꼭 곁에두고 봐야할 자료다.
This document provides information about preparation for weaving, including yarn preparation and the weaving process. It discusses the history of weaving and looms. It also summarizes the key steps in yarn preparation for weaving, including winding, warping, sizing, and drawing and denting. The purpose of yarn preparation is to transfer yarn to packages suitable for weaving and improve yarn quality before weaving.
This document provides an overview of the textile industry from fiber to fabric production. It begins with an introduction to textiles and describes the various natural and man-made fibers used. It then explains the different types of yarns and methods for fabric formation, including weaving, braiding, knitting, and nonwovens. The document focuses on weaving processes like warping, sizing, shedding, and types of looms. It also discusses other fabric formation methods like tufting and provides classifications of shuttle and shuttleless looms. The document aims to provide basic information on the textile industry for intermediate employees and consumers.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which are differentiated by the direction the yarn moves relative to fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are popular for properties like stretchability, softness, and moisture wicking. Common knitted fabrics include jersey and rib fabrics. Knitting has advantages over weaving like less yarn waste and ability to better engineer fabric properties.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
This slide is about the historical development of loom
Weaving machine
Loom machine
History of loom
Horizontal loom
Vertical loom
Chronological loom
Pit loom
Frame loom
Automatic loom
Power loom
Modern loom
Air jet loom
Water loom
projectile loom
Rapier loom
Multiphase loom
Textile engineering
International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) provides a multidisciplinary passage for researchers, managers, professionals, practitioners and students around the globe to publish high quality, peer-reviewed articles on all theoretical and empirical aspects of Engineering and Science.
The peer-reviewed International Journal of Engineering Inventions (IJEI) is started with a mission to encourage contribution to research in Science and Technology. Encourage and motivate researchers in challenging areas of Sciences and Technology.
Handloom weaving is an ancient craft in Nepal that is still practiced today. The traditional handloom uses a wooden frame with heddles, shuttles, and other basic components to manually weave fabrics like pashmina and palpali dhaka. To improve efficiency, semi-automatic handlooms have been proposed that incorporate automatic picking and taking-up mechanisms while still allowing manual operation. Recommendations to further modernize handlooms include adding multiple filling carriers and magnetic shafts to reduce weaving time for artisans.
This document summarizes the yarn manufacturing process and common defects that can occur. It discusses the 7 main departments in yarn manufacturing: (1) blow room, (2) carding, (3) drawing, (4) roving, (5) spinning, (6) winding, and (7) inspection and packaging. The blow room is the initial stage where cotton bales are opened and cleaned. Yarn defects most often occur during winding, the final stage where packages of yarn are created for customers. Managing defects is important for companies to improve quality and profits.
Modefied hand loom in Ethiopia Final presentation pptsolomaya
The document describes modifying a traditional Ethiopian handloom weaving machine to increase productivity for small businesses. The researchers observed that existing handlooms had widths larger than needed for common products, causing workload issues. Their modified design optimizes the loom width, reduces space usage, includes an adjustable take-up motion to reduce fatigue, and adds a comfortable bench. Testing showed the modified loom improved performance, load distribution during batting, and efficient use of materials.
The document provides information about Picanol, a weaving machine manufacturer. It discusses Picanol's latest developments including airjet weaving without a filling catch cord ("Cordless") and their new TERRYplus 800 machine for terry weaving. It also highlights two Picanol customers, Berto Industria Tessile in Italy and Wagdy Moamen Weaving Mill in Egypt, and their positive experiences with Picanol machines.
The document summarizes different types of specialty yarns including Bobtex, chenille, slub, siro, and core spun yarns. It provides details on the production processes, properties, and end uses of each yarn type. The Bobtex process produces an integrated composite yarn using a core of filaments or multifilaments covered with staple fibers and a polymer layer. Chenille yarn has a fuzzy surface due to short cut pile yarns wrapped around a core. Slub yarn is produced with intentional thicker and thinner sections. Siro spinning combines spinning and twisting in one step to make a two-fold yarn. Core spinning covers a core yarn, typically filament,
Paper - A new approach to producing tubular items using +a -B spread tow fab...TeXtreme ®
This document introduces a new approach for producing tubular composite items using +α/-β spread tow fabrics. Spread tow fabrics incorporate tapes at angles other than the conventional 0°/90° orientation. Using continuous-length +α/-β spread tow fabrics allows tubular items to be directly roll-wrapped, providing a new, cost-effective alternative to filament winding. Tubular items experience complex loading, so +α/-β spread tow fabrics with tapes at different angles can improve properties over filament winding. The document outlines existing textile production methods for tubular items and their limitations, establishing that +α/-β spread tow fabrics enable new opportunities for automating and improving tubular composite manufacturing.
The document discusses various spinning techniques, including rotor spinning. It provides a history of rotor spinning, describing its development from early prototypes in the 1950s to widespread commercial use by the 1970s. It explains the basic operational sequence of rotor spinning, which involves feeding a sliver of fibers into a rapidly rotating rotor that separates, compacts, and twists the fibers into yarn. The document compares properties of rotor-spun and ring-spun yarns.
This document provides a review of literature on new developments in textile warping. There are two main systems of warping - direct warping and sectional warping. Direct warping is used for mono-colored warps but has limitations in the number of threads that can be wound. Sectional warping allows for multi-colored patterns but can only wind smaller lengths of yarn. The literature review discusses attempts to combine the two systems to address their individual limitations, though none have gained commercial success. The review provides background on the key components and processes of each warping method.
A basic introduction of Fabric manufacturing technology. Weaving is a very important manufacturing technology. Here is a basic knowledge of Weave fabric manufacturing.
This document discusses advanced weaving technology, including different types of looms. It compares shuttle looms with shuttleless modern looms. Shuttle looms are cheaper but have disadvantages like requiring pirn winding, uncontrolled shuttle speed, and limited width. Modern looms have higher costs but allow for higher speeds, wider fabrics, and better quality control. Key components of modern looms discussed include weft accumulators, which help regulate weft tension, and different types of selvedges along the fabric edges.
Denim fabric is constructed from indigo and white yarns in a twill weave. The process of making jeans begins with growing cotton, which is then cleaned, blended, carded, spun into yarn, dyed, woven into fabric, cut and assembled into jeans. The finished jeans then undergo washing and finishing steps like laser treatment and abrasion washes to soften the fabric before being packaged and shipped to consumers.
This document summarizes a student's summer training project on reducing warp breaks at a weaving department. It includes an introduction, acknowledgements, objectives, and sections on literature review, materials and methods, cost benefit analysis, inferences, and conclusions. The student conducted the project under the guidance of Mr. A.K.S. Gangwar to analyze causes of warp breakage and reduce warp breaks per machine at a textile company.
The document provides information about the basics of fabric manufacturing processes. It discusses the key steps which are:
1) Yarn production from the spinning department which includes processes like winding, creeling, and warping. Warping can be done using direct/beam warping or indirect/sectional warping methods.
2) Sizing of the warp yarns is then carried out to prepare them for weaving.
3) The warp yarns are threaded through the heddles and reed during loom preparation before weaving begins.
4) Weaving is the process that interlaces the warp and weft yarns to produce fabric. The fabric then undergoes inspection, folding
비전문가를 위한 4가지 손베틀(수직기) 제작 방법을 소개하는 전자북이다. 액자베틀, 띠 베틀, 말뚝 베틀, 대형 틀 베틀 등 몇가지 손베틀 제작 방법을 도면과 함께 자세히 설명하고 있다. 보디(reed /comb/beater) 만드는 방법과 실로 잉아( Heddle / harness ) 만드는 법과 날실 끼우는 법, 기타 직조도구에 대한 설명, 무엇보다도 가장 기본적인 직조용어 설명이 들어 있다. 띠베틀(inkle loom)은 책에 소개된 그대로 제작해도 좋지만, 나머지 베틀들은 토속적이거나 전통적인 베틀 형태라 그대로 만들어 쓰기에는 불편하다. 하지만 베틀을 연구하는 목수들이나 목수가 아니더라도 직조를 처음 입문하는 사람에게 베틀에 대한 충분한 이해를 갖도록 한다. 전자북에 포함된 삽화들도 친근하고 자세하다. 사실 글이 그리 많지 않은 전자북이라 그리 부담스럽지도 않다. 다만 영어 압박이 있다. 나도 처음 이 자료를 통해 직조를 배우기 시작했다. 이 책은 제본해서 꼭 곁에두고 봐야할 자료다.
This document provides information about preparation for weaving, including yarn preparation and the weaving process. It discusses the history of weaving and looms. It also summarizes the key steps in yarn preparation for weaving, including winding, warping, sizing, and drawing and denting. The purpose of yarn preparation is to transfer yarn to packages suitable for weaving and improve yarn quality before weaving.
This document provides an overview of the textile industry from fiber to fabric production. It begins with an introduction to textiles and describes the various natural and man-made fibers used. It then explains the different types of yarns and methods for fabric formation, including weaving, braiding, knitting, and nonwovens. The document focuses on weaving processes like warping, sizing, shedding, and types of looms. It also discusses other fabric formation methods like tufting and provides classifications of shuttle and shuttleless looms. The document aims to provide basic information on the textile industry for intermediate employees and consumers.
Knitting is a process of making fabric by interlocking loops of yarn. It can be done by hand or machine, and involves pulling loops of yarn through previous loops to form the fabric. There are two main types of knitting: weft knitting and warp knitting, which are differentiated by the direction the yarn moves relative to fabric formation. Knitted fabrics are popular for properties like stretchability, softness, and moisture wicking. Common knitted fabrics include jersey and rib fabrics. Knitting has advantages over weaving like less yarn waste and ability to better engineer fabric properties.
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
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A multiple colour bobbin winder
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A Multiple Colour Bobbin Winder: An Enhanced Accessory for
Transforming Indigenous On-Loom Weaving
William Badoe1*
Nana Afia Opoku-Asare2
Ross Emmanuel Ansah3
1. Department of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
2. Department of General Art Studies, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi,Ghana
3. Department of Industrial Art, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
*
Email of the corresponding author: wbadoe@gmail.com
Abstract
Indigenous hand weaving is an ancient traditional handicraft practised in many cultures across Africa, Asia,
Middle East, Europe and Latin America. The looms and accessories are made from local materials and the
mechanism for their operation involves simple technologies that are easy to learn. These traditional hand
weaving looms mostly produce long, narrow strips of patterned woven fabric that are sewn together to construct
cloth, carpets and other specialized end-user woven products. Bobbin winding is an integral aspect of weft
preparation for weaving. Bobbin winders used by cloth weavers in the indigenous Ghanaian textiles industry
have capacity to produce single bobbins only at a time, which lengthens the yarn preparation and weaving
periods, and reduced productivity of cloth weavers. The bobbin winder described in this article is semi-automatic,
capable of winding multiple bobbins with single or multiple coloured yarns of uniform tension concurrently
within a short time for higher rate production of woven fabrics in direct contrast with existing bobbin winders.
This bobbin winder was based on the Universal Design Methodology and constructed with the sole aim of
resolving limitations of existing bobbin winders in order to transform the traditional weaving industry. Testing
the bobbin winder for broadloom weaving by 58 textiles students proved the technology is simple, efficient and
effective; easy to manipulate and wind multiple bobbins within a short time. This implies time saving in weft
preparation and hand weaving for increased productivity in Ghana’s indigenous textiles industry.
Keywords: bobbin winder; weft preparation; hand weaving; traditional loom; indigenous textiles industry
1. Introduction
Indigenous hand weaving is the main or sometimes the part-time occupation of people in many communities
across the globe. Indigenous weaving is traditionally done by men in long narrow strips of fabric on narrow
double-heddle looms that mostly have two or four heddles. The loom, which is the main equipment that is
used for weaving is fundamentally a box-like wooden structure in which the weaver sits to weave. The
looms consist of a simple frame that holds a set of threads in tension; they have no warp beam so weight is
used to give tension to the warp yarns during weaving (Insert 1992 as cited in Ross 1998). The earliest
looms date from the 5th millennium BC and consisted of bars or beams fixed in place to form a frame to hold a
number of parallel threads in two (Encyclopaedia Britannica).
Woven fabric is constructed from sets of yarns interlaced at right angles in some established sequence or pattern.
The yarns that run parallel to the selvedge or the longer diameter of a bolt of fabric are the warp yarns or ends;
those that run crosswise of the fabric are the filling, weft or woof yarns, or picks (Weaving, 2012). Each filling
yarn passes alternately over and under one warp yarn while each warp yarn passes alternately over and under
each filling yarn (Kiron 2012). The simplest of all weaves is the plain weave, which is predominant in the
indigenous hand weaving industry in Africa. Plain weave fabrics have an equal distribution of warp and weft
floats; a typical example of plain weave fabrics produced in Africa is the Akete cloth produced by the Igbo of
Nigeria (Nwachukwu & Ibebabuchi 2012). There are also indigenous fabrics that are made predominantly of
weft yarns; examples of such weft-faced fabrics are Kente and Kete which are produced respectively by the
Asantes and Ewes of Ghana (Obuba 2006; Amesimeku 2009).
Looms are incomplete without accessories such as the warp mill, beaming box, bobbin winder, skein winder and
shuttle. Loom accessories aid the preparation of the warp and the weft yarns for on-loom weaving of fabrics.
Bobbin winding is a critical component of the weft preparation and weaving process. As illustrated in Plates 1
and 2, bobbin winders and skein winders used by indigenous weavers in Ghana are manually operated by hand
and capable of producing single bobbins at a time. This article however, describes the design and development of
a semi-automatic bobbin-and-skein winder that produces many bobbins simultaneously with speed to enhance
the local textiles industry in Ghana.
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Plate 1. Bobbin winder Plate 2. Skein winder
The existing traditional bobbin winder can only produce one bobbin at a go albeit with some challenges: it is
unable to achieve uniform tension which sometimes results in yarn slough off; it is inefficient for producing
multiple bobbins; and its slow rate of bobbin production contributes to low productivity in the indigenous hand
weaving industry. In order to address these challenges, this project focused on design and construction of semi-
automatic bobbin winder that has combined the bobbin and skein winders in one model. It has the capacity to
produce two or more single colour or multiple coloured bobbins at a faster and efficient rate in comparison to the
existing manual single bobbin winder in use. As part of the unit, tension devices have been incorporated to
ensure uniform tension in the bobbin without any stress. The result is that, the device has the capacity to produce
more than one single-colour or multi-coloured bobbins with uniform tension and higher rate of production in
comparison with the existing bobbin winder. The aim is to address the setbacks in the manual bobbin winder by
the introduction of certain mechanisms in the mode of operation in order to achieve the following:
· Uniformity in bobbin production with minimal skill and experience,
· Good tension needed to avoid yarn slough off,
· Increased rate of bobbin production. And
· Adoption of very simple technology that is easy to learn and use by the average member of the community.
This design-based research project adopted the universal research methodology (UDM), which involves
experiments, working drawings, and prototype models from which the final work is constructed. Barab and
Squire (2004) have described UDM as “a series of approaches, with the intent of producing new theories,
artifacts and practices that account for and potentially impact learning and teaching in naturalistic settings”.
The methodology enabled the design and construction of a semi-automatic bobbin winder that apprentice
weavers could learn to operate without much difficulty, which can also be used by master weavers to generate
numerous bobbins in a relatively shorter time as compared to the existing indigenous manual bobbin winder.
Three components contributed to the effectiveness of the prototype bobbin winder: 1) a number of tension
devices were incorporated in the design to ensure uniform tension; 2) some control mechanisms were introduced
to take care of even distribution and tapering of yarns at the extreme ends of the bobbin to achieve a conical
shape to prevent yarn slough off during weaving; 3) an electric motor with a foot pedal was attached to regulate
the speed of bobbin production. It must be emphasized that the existing manual bobbin winders lack all these
features, which made it necessary to apply much creative and design experience and skill in order to arrive at an
effective and efficient bobbin winder that works reasonably better than what is currently available to producers
of indigenous fabrics. The essential feature was the number of bobbins that could be produced to hasten the weft
preparation and weaving processes.
For organizational improvement, merging the various aspects of the traditional weaving industry would present
ensure effective use of the resultant bobbin winder as it may apply to the respective weaving units. This multi
sectoral view could provide a more reliable basis for developing innovative tools for the indigenous textiles
industry. As Olaoye (1989) suggests for the indigenous weaving industry in Nigeria, innovations are required in
the global weaving industry as technology and development abounds in recent times. It is appropriate therefore
to explore the possibility of modernizing traditional crafts instead of abandoning them altogether. In this respect,
the tools, equipment and operations of the traditional weaving industry in Ghana is also open to modernization
for improved processes and products.
As Olaoye (1989) rightly states, there is also the need for small-scale technological improvements in the industry
to be within the control of the weavers. Weft preparation primarily revolves around bobbin winding, which
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essentially involves the use of a manual bobbin winder that enables the weaver to unwind yarns from their
packages onto pirns. Bobbins or the yarns that are packaged on pirns are inserted into a shuttle and in the course
of weaving, the shuttle traverses an open shed and leaves in its trail, the weft yarn that interlaces with the warp
yarn to form a woven fabric.
2. Design Process
Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object or a system. In formal terms,
design has been defined as a specification of an object, manifested by an agent, intended to accomplish goals, in
a particular environment, using a set of primitive components, satisfying a set of requirements, subject to
constraints (Wikipedia the free Encyclopedia). Design could be viewed as an activity that translates an idea into
a blueprint for something useful, whether it is a car, a building, a graphic, a service or a process. A design does
not have to be new, different or impressive to be successful in the marketplace, as long as it is fulfilling a need;
design methods do lead to innovative products and services (What is design 2013).
The design of this novel bobbin winder was modelled after the universal design methodology (Zeidman 2003)
because the strategy offers opportunity to:
· Design a device that is free from manufacturing defects, that works reliably over the device's
Lifetime and function correctly in a system.
· Design the device efficiently, using the least amount of time and resources, including personnel.
· Plan the design efficiently by creating a reasonable schedule that allows one to understand all
the necessary resources and allocate them early in the design process.
The Universal Design Methodology (UDM) specifies steps that enable the designer to reach these UDM design
goals indicated in Figure 1. Although the specifics of each step vary with each design, the steps essentially
remain the same for all designs.
Figure 1. Universal design methodology
2.1 Development Processes
As illustrated in Figure 1, the Universal Design Methodology (UDM) comprises three phases: the Analytical,
Creative and Executive phases. These phases were tackled as described in the following sections.
Analytical phase: This stage involved a field survey of bobbin winders used by indigenous cloth weavers in the
Northern, Ashanti and Volta Regions of Ghana where hand weaving is a predominant occupation. Weaving
centres visited were Daboya and Yendi in Northern Region; Bonwire and Adanwomase in Ashanti Region; and
Agortime Kpetoe and Anlo Afiadenyigba in Volta Region. The survey revealed that weavers in these
communities rely on manual single bobbin winders that had no tension devices and a means to control the
winding process to achieve conical shaped bobbins that would withstand yarn slough-off. Dimensions of existing
bobbin winders were recorded to serve as a guide to the design and construction of the intended semi-automatic
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multiple-colour bobbin winder to improve weft preparation in the indigenous cloth weaving industry.
Creative phase: This stage involved sketches, drawing concepts, developing of models and selection of the best
design to develop for the project. Figures 2 to 5 show the lines, shapes and forms that were combined to translate
the abstract ideas into design concepts.
Figure. 2. Lines, shapes and forms Figure 3. Stage one Figure 4. Stage two
Figure 5. Stage three
As part of the designing process, three drawing concepts came up: the first two suggested the use of an electric
motor to propel the bobbin to spin. The ensuing vibration made the system unstable so the third idea of mounting
the motor on a table was adopted to ensure stability was achieved. This proved most appropriate for the intended
semi-automatic bobbin winder.
Building models
Figure 6. Model 1 Figure 7. Model 2
A model is a three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a
smaller scale than the original (Merriam-Webster 2014). As the different component parts of the design were put
together (Figures 6 and 7), Model 2 (Figure 7) was adopted as the basis for constructing the prototype illustrated
in Plate 2 to represent the three-dimensional perspective of the final device that measures 35cm x 25 cm x 15 cm.
The design choice was informed by careful consideration of compactness, simplicity of operation, ease of
handling; safety, appropriateness of technology and cost effectiveness.
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Plate 3. Prototype of selected model
Execution Phase: This stage of the project required imagination and creativity to produce something new
(Oxford Advance Learner’s Dictionary 2000). It involved description and explanation of the specific parts of the
new bobbin winder.
3. Winding mechanism
The winding mechanism is the automated part of this project. It consists of an electric motor connected to two
gears by means of a transmission belt. The gears were mounted on the main shaft that has grooves on its surface
and fastened two inches below the ball bearing and secured with two nuts. One gear drives the other and causes
the two to rotate at the same speed but in the opposite direction. The upper part of the main shaft is also
connected to a metallic bar that serves as the bobbin shaft. The two bobbin shafts were mounted on the main
shaft permanently so that the gears would drive them as they rotate. The bobbin shafts are the support on which
empty pirns were mounted to prepare bobbins (Figure 8).
PULLEY
MAIN SHAFTELECTRIC MOTOR
TRANSMISSION BELT GEAR
BALL BEARING
BOBBIN SHAFT
Figure 8. Shows arrangement of both gear shafts
The outer part of the ball bearing was fixed into a race board so it holds the spinning mechanism in place. This
outer shell was also made to hold the main shaft whiles the inner part is made to rotate freely. A wooden pulley
of about 8 inches in diameter and 2 inches thick was fixed below the gears. This mechanism allows the position
of the pulley to be adjusted to correspond to the position of the pulley of the main motor, both of which are
connected by the transmission belt. The motor is operated electrically and its speed can be regulated by means of
a foot pedal (Plate 4).
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Plate 4. Foot pedal
4. Double yarn regulating mechanism
This involves the action that facilitates the up and down movement of the yarn whiles in motion. It helps to lay
the weft yarn in motion in an organized manner to achieve a uniform tension. This action permits easy
unraveling of the weft yarn from the pirn in the shuttle during weaving. The up and down movement mechanism
is made possible by two sets of ring-hand traveller bar that is attached to a treadle cord in the foot pedal.
Depressing the pedal causes the traveller bar to be depressed against springs located in the two sockets mounted
on the side of the bobbin winder, which also causes the upward and downward movements of the traveller bar. In
addition to this, two travellers fixed in the middle of the traveller bar guide the weft yarn on the pirn. The
downward and upward movement of the traveller bar causes the traveller to come into contact with the weft yarn,
thus manipulating the yarn movement in an up and down manner (Figs. 10 and 11).
Figure 10. Position of traveller Figure 11. Arrangement of foot pedal and traveller bar
5. Assemblage of the parts
Due to the complex nature of the components of the new bobbin winder, the assembling process for achieving
the single unit was done in three phases to link the constituent stages with their corresponding activities and what
needed to be done at every point in time.
First phase: The first phase involved assembling the various parts of the device. As seen in Plate 4, the main
frame of the bobbin winder consists of a wooden table that serves as the support unit. It measured 90 cm x 55 cm
x 55 cm.
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Plate 5. The frame for prototype bobbin winder
Second phase: This phase involved assembling of all the metal parts of the project that demands welding and
other means of adhesion. The winding mechanism hinged on this. All the metal parts were purchased, arranged
as desired and mounted into a single unit as shown in Plate 5.
Plate 6. The mounted gears
Third phase: This was the construction phase. It essentially involved drilling of holes, mounting of the tension
props with metal rings and a cone stand, and construction of the traveler socket and treadles.
5.1 Mounting of tension props rings
The metal rings were mounted on the wooden props with white glue. A shallow hole was first created on top of
the wooden prop using a nail; the metal ring was dipped in the white glue and fixed in the hole. Turning the
metal rings several times enabled the grooved bar of the metal ring to sink into the wood (Plate 7).
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Plate 7. Mounting of component parts
5.2 Mounting of the traveller sockets and treadles
Plate 8. The mounted treadle
In the construction of the treadle, the right sketch was followed and mounted. Afterwards it was positioned
between the two legs beneath the tension mechanism of the main frame and was fastened together with nails.
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Plate 9. Assembled frame
Plate 9 shows all the parts assembled together. The final phase of the project involved mounting the springs, the
spinning mechanism through the race board, painting the metal parts and the wooden parts of the project to
improve its aesthetical quality and appeal.
6. Mounting the spring and spinning mechanism
The springs that would facilitate the upward and downward movement of the traveller bar and also regulate the
yarn were mounted in the two traveller sockets and locked with rectangular metal sheets. The complete spinning
mechanism that comprises gears, ball bearings, the main shaft and pulley, were fixed onto the race board. To give
it a good finish, the metal parts were sprayed with anti-rust paint while the wooden parts were done with lacquer.
Plate 9 shows the complete proto type bobbin winder measuring 90 cm x 55cm x 55 cm.
Plate 10. The semi-automatic colour bobbin winder
7. Discussion of results and findings
The equipment is one composite unit that carries the cones that supply the yarns through the tensioners to the
final bobbins. There are a number of props that serve as support for the cones. These make room for different
coloured cones of yarn to be mounted for expanded capacity to produce several coloured bobbins concurrently.
The path of the yarns go through a number of tensioners that are positioned at different angles to ensure uniform
tension in the bobbins as well as control devices that enable the bobbins to be produced in a tapering manner to
prevent slough-off during weaving. Unlike existing models of bobbin winders that produce one bobbin at a time,
this novel bobbin winder can efficiently produce two or more bobbins simultaneously, creating an efficient and
time saving means to shorten the duration of cloth weaving. The tests showed that this new bobbin winder can
significantly reduce the labour-intensive nature of traditional weaving processes as well as the long man-hours
required to complete the weaving of a male or female indigenous cloth. It also would improve the productivity
and efficiency of weavers in the indigenous hand weaving industry in Ghana and wherever it is used.
To test the efficiency and effectiveness of the new bobbin winder, the prototype was made available to 58 final
year textile students at the Department of Industrial Arts of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology in Kumasi, Ghana. Supervised tests involved the students using the device to help them complete
their semester studio weaving project work. Feedback on the performance of the novel bobbin winder revealed
that 56 of the 58 students (or 97.0%) were able to learn to manipulate the equipment for the first time to produce
the number of bobbins they required at a go without much difficulty. This not only hastened the weaving process
but the quality of bobbins they produced within the allotted time also enhanced the aesthetic appeal of the woven
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fabrics. This was attributed to the bobbin winder’s capacity to produce as many coloured bobbins as the frame
would take so that the weaver had enough bobbins for a session on the narrow or broadloom.
The speed with which the device works also enabled the students to produce more bobbins where necessary even
though 58 students used the new bobbin winder simultaneously. None of them complained of being slowed down
by other users because a number of students could get bobbins of the required colours in groups at a time without
wasting time. Each one of them could wait their turn and not feel left out. The two students who reported some
challenges were those who could not combine the fast movement of the feet to control or sustain the speed of the
motor that powers the equipment with the pace at which the yarns should be regulated to ensure that both
synchronize to produce conical shaped bobbins that are ideal form to prevent yarn slough off during weaving.
With further guidance and demonstration, the two students were able to overcome the initial difficulties and
master the movements after a few more tries. This suggests that constant practice will enable anyone using the
new bobbin winder to tackle this initial slow aspect of yarn and weft preparation with ease. Appreciation of the
appropriateness of the device and the quality of woven fabrics achieved with the woven fabric on the broadloom
revealed the simplicity, compactness and feasibility of the new bobbin winder for its intended purpose.
8. Conclusion
Although the new bobbin winder was tested under studio conditions only, the outcome shows that apprentice
weaver in the indigenous weaving industry can easily learn the simple technology it employs with little or no
difficulty, and within a short time. The test results confirm Olaoye’s (1989) desire for the development of
appropriate small-scale technological improvements that are within the reach and control of the traditional
weaver. The excitement with which the textiles students engaged the new bobbin winder and the fewer
difficulties that were encountered even with its first time use attests to its usefulness to the indigenous textiles
industry. The prototype bobbin winder could be further researched and engineered for mass production for the
local market. The many dressmakers and garment manufacturers would also benefit immensely from its use.
Exploring such possibilities could also help to modernize other culturally significant art forms and thereby
resuscitate dying indigenous industries in Ghana and revive Africa’s indigenous cultural heritage of art.
References
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Adu-Akwaboa S. (1989). “Art for schools and colleges”, KNUST, Kumasi.
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Wisegeek. Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-bobbin.html November 8, 2013.
Marks, R. & Robinson, A.T.C. (1976). “Principle of Weaving”. The Textile Institute Manchester.
Billie, J., Collier and Tortora P. G., “Understanding Textiles”. (6th Ed).
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11. The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open-Access hosting service and academic event
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