'A History of Enterprises with OSS' is a talk delivered by Masahiro Date at the Japan OSS promotion forum on April 17.

1. © 2019 Masahiro Date
A History of Enterprises with
OSS
April, 2019
Masahiro Date
The Linux Foundation Japan
1

2. © 2019 Masahiro Date
disclaimer
This is a work of fiction. The characters, incidents and
locations portrayed and the names herein are fictitious
and any similarity to or identification with the
location, name, character or history of any
person, product or entity is entirely coincidental
and unintentional.
This presentation will be delivered under the
Chatham House Rule, participants are free to use the
information received, but neither the identity nor the
affiliation of the speaker(s), nor that of any other
participant, may be revealed.
2

3. © 2019 Masahiro Date
This disclaimer informs readers that the views,
thoughts, and opinions expressed in this presentation
belong solely to the author, and not necessarily to the
author’s employer, organization, committee or other
group or individual.
Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.
IBM is a trademark or registered trademark of International Business
Machines Corporation in the United States and other countries.
Microsoft® is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United
States and other countries.
Intel® is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation in the United States
and other countries.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
3

4. © 2019 Masahiro Date
My experience
1970 - Operating Systems for Mainframes
“Structural Validation in Queuing Network Models of Computer System,” Performance Evaluation
Review, Volume 10 Issue 4, ACM, 1981
1980 – Operating Systems for FTC
(Fault Tolerant Computers)
“Operating System SXO for Continuous Operation,” Information Processing 92, volume I, IFIP
1992
“Development of an OS that can be maintained and operated without stopping the system,”
NIKKEI ELECTRONICS, no.520, 2/18/1991
“Operating System SXO for Continuously Operable SURE SYSTEM 2000: An Overview,”
Information Processing Society of Japan No. 42 National Convention, 1991
1990 – Operating Systems and DBMS for UNIX servers
2000 – Open Source Software
“RepOSS: A Flexible OSS Assessment Repository,” LinuxCon Europe, 2012
4

5. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Wave of Open Source Software
Open Innovation, Henry Chesbrough, 2003
- Open innovation is a paradigm that assumes that firms can and
should use external ideas as well as internal ideas, and internal and
external paths to market, as the firms look to advance their
technology
- The goal is to attract outside users and contributors who bring in new
ideas and help advance the technology at a faster pace
Wikinomics, Don Tapscott & Anthony D. Williams, 2006
- The mass use of collaboration in a business environment
- “According to Tapscott, Wikinomics is based on four ideas: Openness,
Peering, Sharing, and Acting Globally”. By Wikipedia
5

6. © 2019 Masahiro Date
The Beginning
Hello everybody out there using minix -
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones. This
has been brewing since april, and is starting to get ready. I'd like any feedback on things people like/dislike in minix, as my
OS resembles it somewhat (same physical layout of the file-system (due to practical reasons) among other things).
I've currently ported bash(1.08) and gcc(1.40), and things seem to work. This implies that I'll get something practical
within a few months, and I'd like to know what features most people would want. Any suggestions are welcome, but I
won't promise I'll implement them :-)
Linus (torvalds@kruuna.helsinki.fi)
PS. Yes - it's free of any minix code, and it has a multi-threaded fs. It is NOT portable (uses 386 task switching etc), and
it probably never will support anything other than AT-harddisks, as that's all I have :-(.
— Linus Torvalds[15]
 Linus Benedict Torvalds
• The email from Linus Torvalds on 25 August, 1991
• Linux started as a hobby
 Lou Gerstner, Chairman and CEO of IBM (1993 – 2002)
• From “Proprietary Locked-in” to “Open Standard”
”Who Says Elephants Can't Dance?,” 11/12/2002
• “IBM company will spend $1 billion on Linux next year”
@eBusiness Conference Expo, NY, 12/12/2000
6“Rebel Code: Linux and the Open Source Revolution,” Glyn Moody , 7/10/2002

7. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Linux Influences Enterprises
IBM
• Promote its middleware business
• Linux on all servers: Chiphopper, FSG (Free Standard Group, LSB, 2000)
• OSDL (Open Source Development Lab., 2000), DCL (Date Center Linux)
• Telecommunication market
• High-end servers like Mainframes and Unix servers
• OSDL (Open Source Development Lab., 2000), CGL (Carrier Grade Linux)
Intel
“A history of IBM’s open-source involvement and strategy,” IBM systems Journal, vol44, no2, 2005
7

8. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Linux Influences Enterprises
Oracle
• Supports only top 5 operation systems (1996)
• OEL from RHEL (announced at Oracle OpenWorld San Francisco, 2006)
“The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance,” Harvard Business Review Press,
Jim Whitehurst, 2012
Sun
• IA Solaris, Open Solaris, Linux API (around 2000)
Microsoft
• Halloween documents (1998) published by Eric S.
Raymond
• Negative campaign (i.e. TCO: Total Cost of Ownership)
“An open operating system
does not only have benefits,”
Microsoft’s advertisement
In Germany, - 10/2000
8

9. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Failure Teaches Success
• CGL (Carrier Grade Linux)
- Collaboration and co-working
- The importance of “Upstream”
• DCL (Data Center Linux)
- Thread, LVM and so on
- Collaboration with the community
• OSDL (Open Source Development Lab.)
- Relationship with the community
- Linux center of gravity?
9

10. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Reaching out to Linux Community
Not to manage it, but to create
“win/win relationship”
How to collaborate with the Linux
Kernel Community
“10+ Years of Linux at IBM,” the keynote of Collaboration Summit, Dan Frye, 2010
• Dos and Don’ts lists to contribute source code
- Communicate with the community in a relationship building manner rather than as a
corporate transaction
- Start to contribute with small patches rather than a big chunk of source code
- Don’t demand patch adoption by saying “it is already in Solaris and other major
venders’ UNIX OSes”
• Upstream first
10

11. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Finally The Linux Foundation
 To address the challenges of Japanese venders
• Meetings were arranged with maintainers in 2005
- DDI/DKI, RAS functions and so on
• Engineers engaged with the community from 2006
- Japan Linux Symposium Japan in English from 2006
• The Linux Foundation was established in 2007
- Communication: “Events (C.S., E.M. with panels)”
11

12. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Success story with community
Version Release Source code
2.2.0 1/25/1999 1,800,847
2.4.0 1/4/2001 3,377,902 • LVM
2.6.0 12/7/2003 5,929,913 • Native POSIX Thread
Library
• AIO
• 64bit Addressing
• O(1) Scheduler
• Memory management
“Since the beginning of the git era (the 2.6.11 release in 2005), a total of 15,637 developers have contributed to the Linux kernel;
those developers worked for a minimum of 1,513 companies.”
“It is worth noting that, even if one assumes that all of the “unknown” contributors are working on their own time, well
over 85 percent of all kernel development is demonstrably done by developers who are being paid for their work.”
“2017 Linux kernel Development Report,” The Linux Foundation, 2017
12
Crossing
the chasm
Source: http://www.themarketingstudent.com/
wp-content/uploads/2017/04/chasm-adoption-
lifecycle.jpeg

13. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Linux Foundation Recognizes Fujitsu
and Mr. Masahiro Date
By The Linux Foundation, November 29, 2012
Mission critical systems (i.e. TSE) with Linux
- Upstream first: cfs (Complete Fair Scheduler), cgroups (Resource manager)
- Distribution: Joint Development, Emergency patches, long term support
“Fujitsu Gets, Gives Value to Linux,” January 7, 2010, LiNUX.COM
13
© 2019 Masahiro Date

14. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Facing legal issues – Licenses -
• GNU General Public License (1989)
- challenging terminology and normative discussions from FSF
i.e. “link” related issues: MySQL lawsuit (2002), and so on
- gpl-violations.org (Sometimes raised challenges in supply chains)
- GPL copyright troll: i.e. Patrick McHardy case
• Open Source License Compliance
- Standards and Tools (OpenChain, SPDX: Software Package Data Exchange, and
so on)
- Books (“Open Source Compliance in the Enterprise”: a free guide from The Linux
Foundation)
14

15. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Facing legal issues – Patents -
• Patent cross-license agreements with Microsoft
• Microsoft and Patent trolls
- Lawsuit against TomTom with the FAT (File Allocation Table) patent (2009)
• Oracle vs Google (JAVA API)
• Preventive Measures
- OIN (Open Invention Network) (2005)
- Law interpretation sometimes changes
On June 19, 2014 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International that "merely
requiring generic computer implementation fails to transform [an] abstract idea into a patent-eligible invention."
15
“Microsoft's General Counsel claims that free and open-source software (FOSS) violates exactly 235 Microsoft
patents: Linux kernel (42), Linux GUI (65), Open Office suite (45), email (15), and then another 68 patents violated
across a variety of FOSS wares,” www.engadget.com, 05/14/2007
“Burning the Ships: Transforming Your Company's Culture Through Intellectual Property Strategy,” Marshall Phelps,
12/21/2010

16. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Other (SCO – Linux disputes)
• SCO v. IBM
• SCO v. Novell
• SCO v. AutoZone, DaimlerChrysler
• Microsoft funding of SCO controversy
SCO claimed that Linux was infringing
the UNIX license by copying source code
from SVRX.
The case is now concluded with
the SCO claims rejected 16

17. © 2019 Masahiro Date
The End of Fictions and Chatham
House Rule
“Knowledge and knowhow to
forge a win/win relationship
between enterprises and
communities”
17

18. © 2019 Masahiro Date
“Cambrian explosion” for
Manufacturing industry
“Why Software Is Eating the World,”
Marc Andreessen , The Wall Street Journal on August 20, 2011
“It’s actually open source software that’s eating
the world,”
John Vrionis, Lightspeed Venture Partners, December 6, 2015
Wave of “Internet of Things: IOT”
18

19. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Microsoft is now an enthusiastic
evangelist of open source
Rank Company
Employees
Contributing
1Microsoft 4,550
2Google 2,267
3Red Hat 2,027
4IBM 1,813
5Intel 1,314
6Amazon.com 881
7SAP 747
8ThoughtWorks 739
9Alibaba 694
10GitHub 676
11Facebook 619
12Tencent 605
13Pivotal 591
14EPAM Systems 585
15Baidu 584
16Mozilla 469
17Oracle 455
18Unity Technologies 414
19Uber 388
20Yandex 351
21Shopify 345
22LinkedIn 343
23Suse 325
24ESRI 324
25Apple 292
26Salesforce.com 291
27VMware 271
28Adobe Systems 270
29Andela 259
30Cisco Systems 233
“Which leaves us with
Microsoft having twice the
number of contributors of
its next nearest competitor,
Google. For those of us
that were around when
Microsoft castigated open
source as a “cancer” and
“anti-American,” this is a
remarkable change of
heart.”
“Who really contributes to open
source,” by Matt Asay
InfoWorld, FEB 7, 2018
The number of employees
actively contributing to open
source projects on GitHub
 Join OIN in Oct., 2018
 Join OpenChain in Feb.,
2019

20. © 2019 Masahiro Date
How to get involved in OSS
• Industry 4.0 requires that enterprises live with the OSS
ecosystem
• Enterprises have to learn as to how to create a win/win
relationship with the community:
- No time and resource to learn from many failures
- Establish governance to handle OSS
- Get involved in communities
20

21. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Open source guides for The Enterprise
https://www.linuxfoundation.org/resources/open-source-guides/
21

22. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Establish governance for OSS in “Supply chains”
(https://www.openchainproject.org/)
22
Copyright © 2019 The Linux Foundation®. All rights reserved

23. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Q/A
23

24. © 2019 Masahiro Date
Other references
• “IBM exec says Linux is ready,” Upside.com, February 01, 2001
After returning from the trip, Palmisano said he consulted with his management staff,
most of whom were already in the process of investigating the Linux phenomenon. He
quickly asked some of his advisers, including current vice president of technology and
strategy, Irving Wladawsky-Berger, to do a feasibility study on Linux.
"Sure enough, they came back very, very quickly," Palmisano said. "In fact, they says,
'We could have all our products Linux compatible within six months.' That, to me,
seemed amazing, especially when you consider how many products we have."
• “Wikinomics,” Anthony D. Williams, Don Tapscott, 2011
Its director, Dan Frye, says the toughest job in the early days was figuring out the right
way to join the community. Linux ... By comparison, internal company communications,
attentive to internal sensitivities, are frequently slow and measured. Frye ... Frye told his
team: “I'm unplugging you from the network. ... And from then on the team used the
same bulletin boards and chat rooms as Linux developers.
24

25. © 2019 Masahiro Date
“Conference Reports, Linux 2.5 Kernel Developers Summit,” SANJOSE, CALIFORNIA,
MARCH30-31, 2001, Summarized by Rik Farrow
Ted Ts’o took the helm for this final official session. The focus was on bugtracking, which
appears (to me) to be very lame at this point. The current mechanism is that someone posts
a bug to the kernel developers mailing list, and then someone (usually Alan Cox) notices the
bug, saves it, and perhaps dispatches it to the person who manages that portion of code.
Ts’o said he tried this for a while and found it very difficult to do. Ts’o also made “a modest
proposal. ”Rather than have long periods between releases, which leads to a last-minute
rush of code submissions, he proposed that a date be announced for a feature freeze. While
there was serious discussion of this, no date for 2.5 was announced 25

26. © 2019 Masahiro Date
The first Japanese from Japan at Kernel Summit
26
“2006 Kernel Summit group photo” from LWN.com, July 19, 2006, J. Corbet