For a successful career in Information Technology, a strong foundation of basic networking concepts is a must. Networking technology allows for the exchange of data between large and small information systems used primarily by various businesses.
Learn more about:
» OSI Model
» Networking Protocol
» TCP Model
» Networking and data security
A research paper on the concept of network layer explaining its terminologies, uses, and functionalities.
This paper was presented by me as an NTCC report in 2nd Year of B.Tech Computer Science.
A Modem is somewhat a more interesting network device in our daily life. So if you have noticed around, you get an internet connection through a wire (there are different types of wires) to your house. This wire is used to carry our internet data outside to the internet world.
However, our computer generates binary data or digital data in forms of 1s and 0s and on the other hand, a wire carries an analog signal and that’s where a modem comes in.
A modem stands for (Modulator+Demodulator). That means it modulates and demodulates the signal between the digital data of a computer and the analog signal of a telephone line.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Network Data
#3A,3rd floor, Sri Gem plaza,
Sankaranpillai street,
S.R.C college road
Near Chatram Bus Stand,
Trichy -620002
Phone: +91 80721 11436, +91 80567 75503
hkumarasamy@gmail.com
http://www.networkdata.in
A research paper on the concept of network layer explaining its terminologies, uses, and functionalities.
This paper was presented by me as an NTCC report in 2nd Year of B.Tech Computer Science.
A Modem is somewhat a more interesting network device in our daily life. So if you have noticed around, you get an internet connection through a wire (there are different types of wires) to your house. This wire is used to carry our internet data outside to the internet world.
However, our computer generates binary data or digital data in forms of 1s and 0s and on the other hand, a wire carries an analog signal and that’s where a modem comes in.
A modem stands for (Modulator+Demodulator). That means it modulates and demodulates the signal between the digital data of a computer and the analog signal of a telephone line.
CONTACT INFORMATION
Network Data
#3A,3rd floor, Sri Gem plaza,
Sankaranpillai street,
S.R.C college road
Near Chatram Bus Stand,
Trichy -620002
Phone: +91 80721 11436, +91 80567 75503
hkumarasamy@gmail.com
http://www.networkdata.in
Project report on mesh hybrid topology network visionJignesh Ameta
In this paper we have to study the different types of the topologies like Bus Topology, Ring Topology, Star Topology, Mesh Topology and Tree Topology.
In this paper we have considered above five topology uses and its merits and demerits that will study will help to know that which structure or topology is best for which organization or business. We have to study the topology and finally we have to find the fact that all topologies are alternate options for business like that Bus Topology is use full for small network but its some demerits so its alternate option is Ring Topology. So finally, we can say that all topologies have some extra and different feature are available from other topology and that features are making it special from other topology.
Cybersecurity Tutorial | Demo On Man In The Middle Attack | Cybersecurity Tra...Edureka!
** Cyber Security Course: https://www.edureka.co/cybersecurity-certification-training **
This "Cybersecurity tutorial" ppt presented by edureka gives an in-depth information about the Cyber Security world and talks about its basic concepts. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. Packet structure
2. Network architecture
3. Addressing
4. IP/MAC
5. Firewalls
6. Symmetric Cryptography
7. Public key Cryptography
Cybersecurity Training Playlist: https://bit.ly/2NqcTQV
Overview of Network Programming, Remote Procedure Calls, Remote Method Invocation, Message Oriented Communication, and web services in distributed systems
What is P2P networks, history, architecture, advantages and weaknesses, Legal issues, Security and Privacy issues, Economic issues, Applications of use and Future developments (April, 2010).
DESIGN OF A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE BETWEEN MULTIPLE CLIENTS AND A SI...edirin aphunu
Wireless communication cost reduction software provides a simple but sophisticated means of communications between individuals in an organization. Here we focus on both sides of the clients-server relationship using Java Programming Language. The client requests that some action be performed, and the server performs the action and responds to the clients. The clients will also be able to establish connection between themselves through the server itself. Java’s fundamental networking capabilities are declared by classes and interfaces of package java.net, through which Java offers stream-based communication that enable applications to view networking as streams of data.
Project report on mesh hybrid topology network visionJignesh Ameta
In this paper we have to study the different types of the topologies like Bus Topology, Ring Topology, Star Topology, Mesh Topology and Tree Topology.
In this paper we have considered above five topology uses and its merits and demerits that will study will help to know that which structure or topology is best for which organization or business. We have to study the topology and finally we have to find the fact that all topologies are alternate options for business like that Bus Topology is use full for small network but its some demerits so its alternate option is Ring Topology. So finally, we can say that all topologies have some extra and different feature are available from other topology and that features are making it special from other topology.
Cybersecurity Tutorial | Demo On Man In The Middle Attack | Cybersecurity Tra...Edureka!
** Cyber Security Course: https://www.edureka.co/cybersecurity-certification-training **
This "Cybersecurity tutorial" ppt presented by edureka gives an in-depth information about the Cyber Security world and talks about its basic concepts. Below are the topics covered in this tutorial:
1. Packet structure
2. Network architecture
3. Addressing
4. IP/MAC
5. Firewalls
6. Symmetric Cryptography
7. Public key Cryptography
Cybersecurity Training Playlist: https://bit.ly/2NqcTQV
Overview of Network Programming, Remote Procedure Calls, Remote Method Invocation, Message Oriented Communication, and web services in distributed systems
What is P2P networks, history, architecture, advantages and weaknesses, Legal issues, Security and Privacy issues, Economic issues, Applications of use and Future developments (April, 2010).
DESIGN OF A WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SOFTWARE BETWEEN MULTIPLE CLIENTS AND A SI...edirin aphunu
Wireless communication cost reduction software provides a simple but sophisticated means of communications between individuals in an organization. Here we focus on both sides of the clients-server relationship using Java Programming Language. The client requests that some action be performed, and the server performs the action and responds to the clients. The clients will also be able to establish connection between themselves through the server itself. Java’s fundamental networking capabilities are declared by classes and interfaces of package java.net, through which Java offers stream-based communication that enable applications to view networking as streams of data.
A framework that helps to understand complex network interactions. It is the part of the Internet communications process where these connections occur, by sending packets of data back and forth between different networks. There are two models that are widely referenced today: OSI and TCP/IP. The concepts are similar, but the layers themselves differ between the two models.
Learn How to Configure Cisco Data Center Core Networking(Handouts).pdfTuan Yang
Acquire the required skills and knowledge to implement, manage, and maintain the networking protocols used within Cisco data centers .
Click here to watch the recorded session: https://bit.ly/3GDpNdx
Best Practices to Cybersecurity Vulnerability Management,.pdfTuan Yang
This webinar will provide your teams with the skills to proactively defend your organization's security stance. This session also helps professionals demonstrate their knowledge of common vulnerability assessment tools and keeps them abreast with emerging technologies.
Watch here- https://bit.ly/3g2Z5PZ
Defense Against Multi-Network Breaches.pdfTuan Yang
This live webinar will empower your teams to handle and respond to external security incidents and insider threats effectively. Acquire the required skills to defend your organization against multi-stage network breaches by deploying the appropriate countermeasures.
Watch here - https://bit.ly/3fiIOGj
Cybersecurity Incident Handling & Response in Under 40 Minutes.pdfTuan Yang
This live webinar will empower your teams to handle and respond to external security incidents and insider threats effectively. Acquire the required skills to effectively develop, implement, and manage an incident response capability to minimize the damage that a cyberattack can inflict.
Watch here - https://bit.ly/3zLbcrc
An Introduction to CompTIA Security+ - SY0-601.pdfTuan Yang
This live webinar will provide your teams with critical insights into the different methods of assessing your organization's security posture and recommending and implementing appropriate security solutions.
Watch this session to give your teams a rundown on the most core technical skills in risk assessment and management, incident response, forensics, enterprise networks, hybrid/cloud operations, and security controls.
Watch here -https://bit.ly/3N4DeT1
CCNP Enterprise Networks Move One Step Closer to Advanced Networking(Handout)...Tuan Yang
Master essential network concepts to pass the CCNP ENCOR (350-401) exam for the CCNP Enterprise certification. Reserve your spot in our upcoming Cisco Enterprise Networks webinar that will give you the knowledge and skills needed to manage enterprise wired and wireless networks. Learn to implement security principles, automation, and programmability within an enterprise network.
Interested in knowing More? watch the complete video click on this Link
https://bit.ly/3Gg0s76
Empower your IT teams with the latest cutting-edge technologies used for software-defined networking!
Watch our Free 40-minute CompTIA Network+ N10-008 webinar where your teams will get information about the on-demand networking skills and capabilities to develop enterprise-level network solutions, diagnose performance issues, and mitigate risks.
Watch Now: https://bit.ly/3NycuLh
What is new with CompTIA PenTest+- PT0 002 - NetCom Learning.pdfTuan Yang
Organizations can protect their sensitive data and secure their IT infrastructure by upskilling their existing IT teams in Pentesting.
Watch our FREE 40-minute live PenTest+ PT0 002 webinar to upskill your teams to the latest and updated penetration testing practices, vulnerability assessment, and management skills required to determine the network’s resiliency against attacks.
Watch now: https://bit.ly/3jTzhV7
Agile Fundamentals One Step Guide for Agile Projects(Handout).pdfTuan Yang
Take the leap and move to Agile for seamless project management.
Join this FREE session to explore the world of Agile and discover some common mistakes and misconceptions about the Agile method. An introduction to SCRUM is also covered in the session, delivered by our certified trainer.
Interested in knowing more click on the given Link to watch the recorded session for Free : https://bit.ly/3sMHlwa
Organizations are increasingly leveraging AWS cloud and DevOps practices to deliver faster and better customer service.
Watch our Master Class (2 Hours) on AWS DevOps that is curated to help your team master the most common DevOps patterns, practices, and tools required to develop, deploy, and maintain applications and services at high velocity on AWS.!
Watch Now: https://bit.ly/3DSs0y7
Certified Ethical Hacker v11 First Look.pdfTuan Yang
Do you want to create a robust cybersecurity strategy for your team and secure your networks and other assets from malicious threats? The EC-Council CEH v11 masterclass will give your IT teams a rundown on the latest commercial-grade hacking tools, techniques, and methods to spot vulnerabilities in your IT infrastructure and thereby safeguard your organization from cyber-threats.
Watch Now: https://bit.ly/3IMOGAP
An overview of agile methods and agile project management Tuan Yang
With the widespread adoption of Agile methods, organizations can now focus on frequent delivery of value and ensure the final product fulfills their customer needs. Agile has enabled businesses to be more responsive to the market and the customers by promptly addressing their needs and demands to increase the value delivery to the stakeholder and reduce the risk of developing products that no longer meet the market/stakeholder needs.
Interested in knowing more?? watch our recorded session here: https://www.netcomlearning.com/webinars/9916/agile-project-management.html?WebinarID=951&advid=1315
The essentials of ccna master the latest principles(handouts)Tuan Yang
The Cisco portfolio aims to serve networking professionals by developing their knowledge in the field of IT networking. The updated Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification includes a wide range of fundamentals based on software development skills, the latest networking technologies, and job roles.
Interested in knowing more click on the given Link to watch our recorded session.
https://www.netcomlearning.com/webinars/9918/essentials-latest-principles.html?WebinarID=953
Unlock the value of itil 4 with 5 key takeaways that can be used today(handout)Tuan Yang
In the era when technology has taken the spotlight for most organizations undergoing digital transformation, IT service management has a more in-depth meaning and holistic view altogether. It now involves solution innovation, budget transparency, strategic planning, customer relationship management, and much more. To sustain a business and stay competitive in this rapidly expanding ecosystem for technology-enabled solutions, investing in your ITIL®4 employee upskilling program is critical.
Interested in knowing more? Click on the given link to watch our reorded video of this session
https://www.netcomlearning.com/webinars/9914/itil-used-today.html?WebinarID=950&advid=1315
CHFI First Look by NetCom Learning - A Free Course on Digital ForensicsTuan Yang
With the increase in cybercrimes, it is imperative for organizations to build an efficient in-house digital forensics team to safeguard theirs and their stakeholders’ security posture. This FREE CHFI v10 2.5-hour live Masterclass trains your existing teams with the latest investigation practices using groundbreaking digital forensics technologies. It upskills them to use threat intelligence to anticipate and investigate complex security threats, record and report cybercrimes to prevent future attacks.
The CHFI v10 Masterclass is conducted by an EC-Council Certified Master trainer who takes you through the latest technology, including IoT Forensics, Dark Web Forensics, Cloud Forensics (including Azure and AWS), Network Forensics, Database Forensics, Mobile Forensics, Malware Forensics (including Emotet and Eternal Blue), OS Forensics, RAM forensics, and Tor Forensics.
Watch now: https://www.netcomlearning.com/webinars/9895/learning-digital-forensics.html?WebinarID=944&advid=1315
Master Class: Understand the Fundamentals of Architecting on AWSTuan Yang
The Architecting on AWS Master Class is a complimentary Instructor-led Virtual session that covers the fundamentals of building IT infrastructure on the AWS platform. In this session, learners will explore the best practices and design patterns for architecting optimal IT solutions on the AWS Cloud. Moreover, they will also get an opportunity to build and explore a variety of infrastructures through guided discussions and hands-on activities, and much more!.
Watch now : https://bit.ly/3J9HQpB
How to Deploy Microsoft 365 Apps and Workloads.Tuan Yang
Want to learn how to deploy Microsoft 365 Apps and Workloads? We invite you to register for a FREE online webinar where you will gain in-depth insights regarding the management of Microsoft 365 Identity and Services. The webinar is designed to help empower your teams with the skills to drive success using Microsoft 365 Apps.
Become a part of this FREE webinar to receive thorough guidance towards managing Microsoft 365 identity and services.
Watch now : https://www.netcomlearning.com/webinars/9879/microsoft-365-apps.html?WebinarID=907&advid=1315
Learn to utilize cisco unified communications for better collaboration( hando...Tuan Yang
Disruption in communication is a common problem for businesses and organizations that affect overall productivity, collaboration, and revenue. Establish your communications infrastructure and enable your teams to connect easily with the Cisco Unified Communications Manager. It features IP telephony, integrated messaging, high-definition video, instant message, and presence.
Interested in knowing more?
Watch the recorded video by following the given link: https://www.netcomlearning.com/webinars/9917/cisco-better-collaboration.html?WebinarID=952
NetCom learning webinar how to manage your projects with disciplined agile (d...Tuan Yang
Looking for ways to enhance your team’s agility? Improve your team’s way of working with Disciplined Agile (DA). Explore the latest strategies to improve your processes and boost your team with the Disciplined Agile tool kit.
Join this FREE webinar to learn foundational agile and lean methods supported by Disciplined Agile and practice using the tool kit to solve problems. This training will prepare your teams for the Disciplined Agile Scrum Master (DASM) exam and start implementing Disciplined Agile immediately
NetCom learning webinar cnd first look by netcom learning - network defender freTuan Yang
Any individual planning to protect, detect, and respond to network attacks undoubtedly opts for Certified Network Defender (CND). Certified Network Defender is the world’s most advanced network defense certification that covers the most current network security domains.
Claim your spot now for CND Master Class (2.5 Hour) – A special and complementary offer to NetCom Learning and EC-Council clients.
The CND Master Class is a complimentary Instructor-led virtual session designed to help you understand the most popular modules in CND, such as Network security controls, IDS/IPS sensors, Wireless network threats, and much more, along with live lab demonstrations.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
6. The OSI Model
•The Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) reference
model is used to define how data
communication occurs on
computer networks.
•This model is divided into layers,
each of which provides services to
the layers above and below.
•These layers are associated with
protocols and devices.
7.
8. Application
Presentation
Session
The Application layer
defines several standard network
Services that fall into categories
such as file transfer, print access
the Presentation layer
deals with character-set translation Like
ASCII , Binary
Session layer of the OSI model
are responsible for
establishing, maintaining, and breaking sessions
9. Transport
Network
Data-Link
Physical
responsible for reliable end-to-end data delivery and
flow control
responsible for network addressing and routing
responsible for dividing datagrams into packets as well as
physical addressing
responsible for placing data on the network in the form of
electrical signals
10. Advantages Of the OSI Model
Provides a common language or
reference point between network
professionals.
Divides networking tasks into
logical layers for easier
comprehension.
Allows specialization of features
at different levels.
Aids in troubleshooting.
Promotes standards.
interoperability between networks
and devices.
11. Limitations of the OSI model
OSI layers are theoretical and do
not actually perform real functions.
Industry implementations rarely
have a layer-to-layer
correspondence with the OSI layers.
Different protocols within the stack
perform different functions that help
send or receive the overall message.
A particular protocol
implementation may not represent
every OSI layer (or may spread
across multiple layers).
12. The TCP/IP (D.O.D) Model
Application
Transport
Internet
Network
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data-link
Physical
OSI model
TCP/IP model
Layer 1: Data link layer
(also simply known as the
link layer).
Layer 2: Network layer
(also known as the Internet
layer).
Layer 3: Transport layer.
Layer 4: Application layer.
13. The Networking Protocols
Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols
Connection-Oriented (CO)
Protocols
Connectionless (CL) Protocols
They perform session initiation, error
detection, and error correction. They
identify and retransmit lost packets.
assume an existing link between
devices and allow transmission without
extensive session establishment.
Have larger headers and more overhead Have smaller headers and less
overhead
Provide packet acknowledgments, data
segmentation, flow control, and error
detection and correction
Do not provide additional services
Acknowledge transmitted packets, so they
are considered reliable
Do not acknowledge transmitted
packets, so they are considered
unreliable
14. Protocol Description
OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
Transmission
Control Protocol
(TCP)
It provides
connection-
oriented services
and performs
segment
sequencing and
service
addressing. It also
performs important
error-checking
functions and is
considered a host-
to-host protocol.
Transport
Host-to-Host
(Transport)
15. Protocol Description
OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
Considered a host-
to-host protocol
like TCP. It also
performs functions
at the Transport
layer. However, it
is not connection-
oriented like TCP.
Because of less
overhead, it
transfers data
faster, but is not as
reliable.
Transport
Host-to-Host
(Transport)
16. Protocol Description
OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
File Transfer
Protocol (FTP)
Provides a generic
method of
transferring files. It
can include file
security through
usernames and
passwords, and it
allows file transfer
between dissimilar
computer systems.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process
17. Protocol Description
OSI Model
Layer
DOD Model
Layer
The Hypertext
Transfer Protocol
(HTTP)
Used by Web
browsers and Web
servers to exchange
files (such as Web
pages) through the
World Wide Web
and intranets. It is
typically used to
request and send
Web documents, but
is also used as the
protocol for
communication
between agents
using different
TCP/IP protocols.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process
18. Protocol Description OSI Model Layer
DOD Model
Layer
Simple Network
Management
Protocol (SNMP)
Designed for
managing complex
networks. SNMP
lets network hosts
exchange
configuration and
status information.
This information can
be gathered by
management
software and used
to monitor and
manage the
network.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process
19. Protocol Description OSI Model Layer
DOD Model
Layer
Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol (SMTP)
used to route
electronic mail
through the
internetwork. E-mail
applications provide
the interface to
communicate with
SMTP or mail
servers.
Application,
Presentation,
Session
Application/Process
20. Protocol Description OSI Model Layer
DOD Model
Layer
Domain Name
System (DNS)
Is distributed
throughout the
internetwork to
provide
address/name
resolution. For
example, the name
"www.testout.com"
would be identified
with a specific IP
address.
Transport
Host-to-Host
(Transport)
21. Protocol Description OSI Model Layer
DOD Model
Layer
DHCP
The Dynamic Host
Configuration
Protocol (DHCP)
delivering IP
configuration
parameters from a
DHCP server to a
host
specifying how IP
addresses are
assigned.
Network Internet
22. Protocol Description OSI Model Layer
DOD Model
Layer
Internet Protocol
(IP)
The main TCP/IP
protocol. It is a
connectionless
protocol that makes
routing path
decisions, based on
the information it
receives from ARP.
It also handles
logical addressing
issues through the
use of IP addresses.
Network Internet
23. Networking and data security
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A connection between two or more computers or devices that are
not on the same private network.
In order to ensure that only the proper users and data sessions
cross to a VPN device, data encapsulation and encryption are used.
A “tunnel” is created, so to speak, through the LANs and WANs that
might intervene.
24. Security devices such as firewalls are the main defense for a company’s
networks, whether they are LANs, WANs, intranets, or extranets.
Firewalls are used to protect a network from malicious attack and
unwanted intrusion.
They are the most commonly used type of security device in an
organization’s perimeter.
Perimeter security zones such as demilitarized zones (DMZs) help keep
certain information open to specific users or to the public while keeping the
rest of an organization’s data secret.
Security Devices and zones
25. A network intrusion detection
system (NIDS) is a type of IDS that
attempts to detect malicious network
activities (e.g., port scans and DoS
attacks) by constantly monitoring
network traffic.
The NIDS will then report any issues
that it finds to a network administrator
as long as it is configured properly.
A network intrusion prevention
system (NIPS) is designed to inspect
traffic, and, based on its configuration
or security policy, it can remove,
detain, or redirect malicious traffic in
addition to simply detecting it.
Network Intrusion Detection System
26. A perimeter network or demilitarized
zone (DMZ) is a small network that is set
up separately from a company’s private
local area network and the Internet.
It is called a perimeter network
because it is usually on the edge of a
LAN, but DMZ has become a much more
popular term.
A DMZ allows users outside a company
LAN to access specific services located
on the DMZ.
However, when the DMZ set up
properly, those users are blocked from
gaining access to the company LAN.
The DMZ might house a switch with
servers connected to it that offer web,
email, and other services.
DMZ
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Editor's Notes
Physical layer
Data link layer
Network layer
Transport layer
Session layer
Presentation layer
Application layer
All People Seem To Need Data Processing (descending).
Please Do Not Trust Sales Person Always (ascending).
Layer
Description and Keywords
Protocols
Devices
Encapsulation
7- Application
User interface
Communication partner identification
HTTP (P.NO.80)
Telnet (P.NO.23)
FTP(20,21)
TFTP (69)
SNMP(161)
SMTP(25)
Messages and Packets
6- Presentation
Data format (file formats)
Encryption, translation, and compression
Data format and exchange
JPEG, BMP, TIFF, PICT
MPEG, WMV, AVI
ASCII, EBCDIC
MIDI, WAV
Packets
5- Session
Keeps data streams separate (session identification)
Set up, maintain, and terminating communication sessions
SQL
NFS
ASP
RPC
X window
Packets
4- Transport
Reliable (connection-oriented i.e. file transfer and email) and unreliable (connectionless i.e. streaming audio&videoin real time applications) communications (segments)
End-to-end flow control
Port and socket numbers
Segmentation, sequencing, and combination
TCP (transport control protocol) (connection-oriented)
SPX (connection-oriented)
UDP(user datagram protocol ) (connectionless)
Segments, Datagrams, and Packets
3- Network
Logical addresses
Path determination (identification and selection)
Routing packets
IP
IPX (by Novel)
AppleTalk
DECNET
ALL USE THE SOURCE PORT NO.&DESTINATION PORT NO.
Router
Packets and Datagrams
2- Data Link
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Convert bits into bytes and bytes into frames
MAC address, a.k.a. burned in address (BIA), hardware address
Logical network topology
Media access
Flow control
Acknowledgements
Buffering
Windowing
Parity and CRC
LAN protocols: 802.2 logic link control (LLC), 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.5 (Token Ring), 802.11 (Wireless)
WAN protocols: high level data link control (HDLC), point to point protocol (PPP)between different vonders on the same serial link , Frame Relay, ISDN, ATM
NICsSwitchesBridges
Frames
Media Access Control (MAC)
1- Physical
Move bits across media
Cables, connectors, pin positions
Electrical signals (voltage, bit synchronization)
Physical topology (network layout)
EIA/TIA 232 (serial signaling)
V.35 (modem signaling)
Cat5
RJ45
CableConnectorsHubs and repeaters
Bits
The physical Layer has the physical and electrical medium for data transfer.
It includes but is not limited to cables, jacks, patch panels, punch blocks, hubs, and MAUs.
Concepts related to the physical layer include topologies, analog versus digital/encoding, bit synchronization, baseband versus broadband, multiplexing, and serial (5-volt logic) data transfer.
The unit of measurement used on this layer is bits.
A three-way handshake is a method used in a TCP/IP network to create a connection between a local host/client and server. It is a three-step method that requires both the client and server to exchange SYN and ACK (acknowledgment) packets before actual data communication begins.
A three-way handshake is primarily used to create a TCP socket connection. It works when:
A client node sends a SYN data packet over an IP network to a server on the same or an external network. The objective of this packet is to ask/infer if the server is open for new connections.
The target server must have open ports that can accept and initiate new connections. When the server receives the SYN packet from the client node, it responds and returns a confirmation receipt – the ACK packet or SYN/ACK packet.
The client node receives the SYN/ACK from the server and responds with an ACK packet.
Upon completion of this process, the connection is created and the host and server can communicate.
Popular VPN Protocols are:
PPTP
L2TP with IPSec
Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) is the more commonly used protocol, but it is also the less secure option.
PPTP generally includes security mechanisms, and no additional software or protocols need to be loaded.
A VPN device or server that allows incoming PPTP connections must have inbound port 1723 open.
PPTP works within the point-to-point protocol (PPP), which is also used for dial-up connections.
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is quickly gaining popularity due to the inclusion of IPsec as its security protocol.
Although this is a separate protocol and L2TP doesn’t have any inherent security,
L2TP is considered the more secure solution because IPsec is required in most L2TP implementations.
A VPN device or server that allows incoming L2TP connections must have inbound port 1701 open.
Two common DMZ configurations are as follows:
Back-to-back configuration: This configuration has a DMZ situated between two firewall devices, which could be black box appliances or Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Servers.
3-leg perimeter configuration: In this scenario, the DMZ is usually attached to a separate connection of the company firewall. Therefore, the firewall has three connections—one to the company LAN, one to the DMZ, and one to the Internet.
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I’d like to thank the team members that were part of this webinar:
Swedha
Sarah
Gaurav
Ben
Ankuna
vashali
&special thanks to Chief Engineer Mina Henery from IBM Germany for his valuable support