This document presents a conceptual framework for assessing critical success factors for business intelligence implementation in organizations. It discusses business intelligence from both technical and managerial perspectives. From a technical perspective, it focuses on tools, software, and technologies for data gathering, storage, and analysis. From a managerial perspective, it focuses on processes for integrating internal and external data to provide decision-making support. The framework was developed based on a literature review and interviews. It identifies key dimensions for business intelligence infrastructure from both technical (suitable hardware/software platforms) and managerial (senior management support, data transparency needs, familiarity with IT) perspectives. The framework was validated using confirmatory factor analysis of survey data from 78 large and medium-
IS/IT Capability and Strategic Information System Planning (SISP) SuccessIJMIT JOURNAL
Successful planning of Information Systems (SISP) is perhaps going to be more problematic in today’s world of rapid change and uncertainty. SISP is a cornerstone of the information system discipline and very little attention has been paid to its success based on the resource based view of the firm (RBV).This paper provides a model for IT capability and strategic information system planning success, by considering environmental and organizational factors that may influence this relationship in a contingency model. A review of existing IT capability and SISP literature is given to identify the opportunities in building successful SISP. A model is developed by hypothesizing IT capability as independent variable leads to SISP success as dependent variable; in which organizational & environmental influences are considered as moderating variables. The control variables are firm size, firm structure, and industry type. The study proposes a model to conceptualize the relationship between IT capabilities and SISP success and contingency factors moderating that relationship. This paper explains the ways of exploiting IT capabilities as specialized and integrated knowledge of the firm in IT area to create a more successful SISP. The researchers believe that the aim to build a model for SISP success based on RBV theory is important because this new perspective will be helpful for gaining a superior assessment and better underpinning of the SISP from a knowledge based perspective.
Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Information System: A Comp...Samsul Alam
Understanding how human resource information system (HRIS) is linked with competitive strategies (CSs) has become an important research topic in the field of strategic human resource management (SHRM) and information systems (IS). This study intends to find a relationship between HRIS and CSs and the resulting competitive advantages gained from the relationship that impact the organization's overall performance. A semi-structured questionnaire survey based on the face-to-face interview method was conducted among human resource (HR) executives of the selected Bangladeshi business organizations to collect data and find results. The result shows that HRIS implementation has a significant influence on CSs. Again, HRIS contributes to leveraging benefits from these strategies. The statistical findings reveal that HRIS pay-off (36%) is positively correlated (37%) with CSs to a lower-medium extent, but this correlation insignificantly affects business performance in this horizon. Finally, a framework is developed showing how to leverage HRIS pay-off based on findings and literature.
Recognition and Ranking Critical Success Factors of Business Intelligence in ...ijcsit
Background and Aim: Business Intelligence, not as a tool of a product but as a new approach is
propounded in organizations to make tough decisions in business as shortly as possible. Hospital managers
often need business intelligence in their fiscal, operational, and clinical reports and indices. Recognition of
critical success factors (CSF) is necessary for each organization or project. Yet, there is not a valid set of
SCF for implementing business intelligence. The main goal of recognition and ranking CSF is
implementation of a business intelligent system in hospitals to increase success factor of application of
business intelligence in health and treatment sector.
Factors Affecting Organizations Adopting Human Resource Information Systems: ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
The importance of using a computerized information system becomes a vital urgency to be resolved.
The existence of this need is based on the status quo condition or problems in the company, especially related to
real-time data and quality control conditions that affect decision-making for companies that are currently in a
"developing" condition with an "entrepreneur" -based leadership style where fluctuations and policy changes
can happen at any time.
Exploring the Impact of the use of Business Information systems BIS on the or...inventionjournals
Business Information System BIS is considered as a critical tool, which has a major supporter of the economy which use BIS in an effectively manner. Organizations marked experiencing and acceleration towards the use of BIS to support its operations in order to improve performance and achieve superiority over competitors, which is reflected in the organizational effectiveness. This study aims to identify the impact of the use of Business Information Systems BIS on the organizational performance effectiveness in banks in Jordan. The study population are all (23) banks in Jordan. The study instrument distributed a (42) questionnaire to all senior directors in the banks, The questionnaires were analysed using regression, correlation analysis in order to determine the impact of business information systems BIS and its dimensions as an independent variable on the organizational performance effectiveness which is dependent variable in banks in Jordan.. The study outcomes shown that business information system BIS adoption would increase organizational performances, and offering practical suggestions that may ensure the achievement of the objectives to be accomplished by using BIS contributing to organisational effectiveness. Beside, effective use of BIS in banks would maximizing the total value to financial performance. Also Banks in Jordan gives great importance to the use of BIS significantly, in the belief that they contribute to improving the competitive position.
IS/IT Capability and Strategic Information System Planning (SISP) SuccessIJMIT JOURNAL
Successful planning of Information Systems (SISP) is perhaps going to be more problematic in today’s world of rapid change and uncertainty. SISP is a cornerstone of the information system discipline and very little attention has been paid to its success based on the resource based view of the firm (RBV).This paper provides a model for IT capability and strategic information system planning success, by considering environmental and organizational factors that may influence this relationship in a contingency model. A review of existing IT capability and SISP literature is given to identify the opportunities in building successful SISP. A model is developed by hypothesizing IT capability as independent variable leads to SISP success as dependent variable; in which organizational & environmental influences are considered as moderating variables. The control variables are firm size, firm structure, and industry type. The study proposes a model to conceptualize the relationship between IT capabilities and SISP success and contingency factors moderating that relationship. This paper explains the ways of exploiting IT capabilities as specialized and integrated knowledge of the firm in IT area to create a more successful SISP. The researchers believe that the aim to build a model for SISP success based on RBV theory is important because this new perspective will be helpful for gaining a superior assessment and better underpinning of the SISP from a knowledge based perspective.
Linking Competitive Strategies with Human Resource Information System: A Comp...Samsul Alam
Understanding how human resource information system (HRIS) is linked with competitive strategies (CSs) has become an important research topic in the field of strategic human resource management (SHRM) and information systems (IS). This study intends to find a relationship between HRIS and CSs and the resulting competitive advantages gained from the relationship that impact the organization's overall performance. A semi-structured questionnaire survey based on the face-to-face interview method was conducted among human resource (HR) executives of the selected Bangladeshi business organizations to collect data and find results. The result shows that HRIS implementation has a significant influence on CSs. Again, HRIS contributes to leveraging benefits from these strategies. The statistical findings reveal that HRIS pay-off (36%) is positively correlated (37%) with CSs to a lower-medium extent, but this correlation insignificantly affects business performance in this horizon. Finally, a framework is developed showing how to leverage HRIS pay-off based on findings and literature.
Recognition and Ranking Critical Success Factors of Business Intelligence in ...ijcsit
Background and Aim: Business Intelligence, not as a tool of a product but as a new approach is
propounded in organizations to make tough decisions in business as shortly as possible. Hospital managers
often need business intelligence in their fiscal, operational, and clinical reports and indices. Recognition of
critical success factors (CSF) is necessary for each organization or project. Yet, there is not a valid set of
SCF for implementing business intelligence. The main goal of recognition and ranking CSF is
implementation of a business intelligent system in hospitals to increase success factor of application of
business intelligence in health and treatment sector.
Factors Affecting Organizations Adopting Human Resource Information Systems: ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications
The importance of using a computerized information system becomes a vital urgency to be resolved.
The existence of this need is based on the status quo condition or problems in the company, especially related to
real-time data and quality control conditions that affect decision-making for companies that are currently in a
"developing" condition with an "entrepreneur" -based leadership style where fluctuations and policy changes
can happen at any time.
Exploring the Impact of the use of Business Information systems BIS on the or...inventionjournals
Business Information System BIS is considered as a critical tool, which has a major supporter of the economy which use BIS in an effectively manner. Organizations marked experiencing and acceleration towards the use of BIS to support its operations in order to improve performance and achieve superiority over competitors, which is reflected in the organizational effectiveness. This study aims to identify the impact of the use of Business Information Systems BIS on the organizational performance effectiveness in banks in Jordan. The study population are all (23) banks in Jordan. The study instrument distributed a (42) questionnaire to all senior directors in the banks, The questionnaires were analysed using regression, correlation analysis in order to determine the impact of business information systems BIS and its dimensions as an independent variable on the organizational performance effectiveness which is dependent variable in banks in Jordan.. The study outcomes shown that business information system BIS adoption would increase organizational performances, and offering practical suggestions that may ensure the achievement of the objectives to be accomplished by using BIS contributing to organisational effectiveness. Beside, effective use of BIS in banks would maximizing the total value to financial performance. Also Banks in Jordan gives great importance to the use of BIS significantly, in the belief that they contribute to improving the competitive position.
Business Analytics Dissertation Help: Defining And Identifying A Research Ag...Tutors India
In this topic, we have discussed about writing Dissertation in business and management for Master’s students. Researchers are encouraged to research and good dissertation writing skills are necessary. The present article helps the USA, the UK, Europe and the Australian students pursuing their master’s degree to identify the best technical conventions, which is usually considered to be challenging. Tutors India offers UK dissertation in various Domains. When you Order any dissertation at Tutors India, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Enterprise Architecture (EA) has many definitions, school of thoughts and perspectives. According
to Buchanan (2010) EA is a strategic planning process that translates the business vision of an
enterprise and its strategy into enterprise change.
http://assignmentstudio.net
The employee perception of the Human Resources Information Systems successinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This study aims to identify the level of success of the human resources information systems, through the assessment of its role in the performance of the functions of human resource management in the Public Authority for Radio and Television, in intention of detection of the difficulties that’s faced by those systems and limit the efficiency and effectiveness of their use in providing the requested information, and work to submit some proposals that’s could contribute in improving the efficiency of information systems management of human resources, so that this study presented and validated a comprehensive, multidimensional model of HRIS success, which consists of six success measures: perceived HRIS system quality, perceived HRIS information quality, perceived HRIS ease of use, perceived HRIS usefulness, HRIS satisfaction, and HRIS success and the all results there is showed a positive impact among themselves, so that the more each of the (system quality, information quality, Usefulness, ease of use) increases with satisfaction system. Also results were also shown a positive effect in terms of satisfaction on information systems to achieve the desired success.
Impact of Application of the Organization's Resources Planning System on Deve...inventionjournals
This study aimed to identify the impact of application of the organization's resources planning system on development of the creative abilities in Jordanian universities. To achieve the study objectives the researcher designed a questionnaire included on (44) items, was testing the tool sincerity and its reliability. Then the questionnaire applied on a sample study of (188) faculty members were selected randomly using a stratified random sample method from among the faculty members in three Jordanian universities. The study found a number of results, among of them the following:The assessment of the faculty members of the surveyed universities for the application level of the organization's resources planning system dimensions were (positive). Also, their assessment of the creative abilities dimensions were (positive) as well.There exist a statistically significant impact at the significance level (α = 0.05), for application of the organization's resources planning system and the dimensions (the operational, administrative, strategy, information technology, and organizational), on development of the creative abilities in the Jordanian universities. And it was the (operational) dimension is the most of the organization's resources planning system dimensions influential on improving the creative abilities.
Determinants of knowledge management systems success in the banking industryjaysoncham
Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to examine the impact from technical and social aspects on knowledge
management system (KMS) success. Moreover, this study also attempts to examine the
interrelationships between KMS success and user satisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from the
commercial bank officers to test the proposed KMS success model. All the measurement scales adopted
in this study were adopted from the existing literature. The data collected in this study were analysed
using both SPSS and structural equation modelling approach via AMOS.
Findings – The research results indicate that both technical (knowledge quality, system quality and
service quality) and social factors (user trust and management support) play a significant and positive
role in system user satisfaction. The results also show that user satisfaction have a direct influence on
the success of KMS and vice versa.
Originality/value – This study is one of the few studies on KMS which include both the technical and
social perspectives in examining KMS success. This research study raises the importance of social
factors, which have been earlier neglected by many studies on KMS success models. Moreover, the
interrelationships relationship between KMS success and user satisfaction also been examined in this
study.
To Explore how Enterprise Resource Planning System is Enhancing Internal Fina...AI Publications
The study aims to assess how an organisation deploys ERPs’ availability in ensuring effective internal controls to ensure effective financial decision-making, the importance for organisations to achieve their objectives. To achieve this the study put in place four objectives; to evaluate how management commitments can influence an effective internal control in NGOs, evaluate their effectiveness through the use of an ERP, assess how best operations cycles and procedures can be improved by systems to ensure improved internal controls while understanding the shorting during the implementations. It is believed that the systems have the capabilities of deployment in most major functions of the organisations and therefore ensures faster and accurate decision-making also protect and reduce mismanagements of the donor funds. The study seeks to assess ERPs usefulness to stakeholders in the organisation finances use and coordination The significance of the study is that it can be used by the organisation in making better financial decisions, improve their efficiency and effectiveness and also by the authorities and the professional organisation to improve the reporting. The project will be of significant importance to the NGOs across Tanzania, their management, staff beneficiaries, regulatory authorities such as TRA and the registrar of NGOs, scholars and current and potential donors The study revies pieces of literature such as, the internal control systems, Enter Resource Planning System as a tool of controls, internal control environments and activities and monitoring and controls, Four interlinked theories that are
A business' choice for using an innovation depends on looking into the variables affecting this use and its favorable circumstances. Innovation deployment significantly influences the way business is led, the optimality of asset usage and increase in the organizations competitive advantage. This research is to identify the role Business Processing Management (BPM) play in selected SMEs in Ghana. The method utilized for this investigation was the descriptive research design. This research is exclusively embraced by the utilization of secondary data. The technique for data analysis will be by the utilization of content analysis. The study revealed that the main principles of BPM implementation in the selected SMEs are commitment from management, customer priority, teamwork, and continuous improvement. The study also showed that BPM has a direct relationship with the productivity of SMEs. The main challenges of BPM on the selected SMEs are the lack of resources, lack of experience in quality management, lack of objectives and strategies, Short term objectives concerns, lack of information technology (IT) experts. Since BPM is a broad and an intense concept that needs to be taken seriously when it comes to SMEs ensuring that the firm produces a high-quality goods and services, it was recommended that SMEs needs to have IT experts who can assist in the integration of BPM in all aspect of the business activities.
Manufacturing Companies today are constantly in search for ways to achieve
better business performance and sustain competitive advantages through effective
deployment of resources and business processes. To improve business performance,
Manufacturing Companies require an efficient planning and control system that
synchronizes planning of all processes across the industry. Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) provides a centralized framework for all data and processes of an
industry. It integrates all aspects of a business from planning to inventory control,
manufacturing, sales, marketing, finance, customer service and human resources.
Manufacturing Companies undertake ERP implementations to achieve tangible
benefits including a significant return on investment. Accordingly the most common
benefit of Manufacturing Company is for an increase in response time due to better
availability of information. Another common benefit is increase in interaction across
the company, integration of business operations/processes, improved interaction with
customers, reduced direct operating and labour costs, reduced IT maintenance costs,
improved lead-time, improved inventory levels and improved interaction with
suppliers. A study was undertaken to assess impact of ERP as a Change Management
Tool in Manufacturing Companies. This article presents the key findings, conclusions
and suggestions.
Business Analytics Dissertation Help: Defining And Identifying A Research Ag...Tutors India
In this topic, we have discussed about writing Dissertation in business and management for Master’s students. Researchers are encouraged to research and good dissertation writing skills are necessary. The present article helps the USA, the UK, Europe and the Australian students pursuing their master’s degree to identify the best technical conventions, which is usually considered to be challenging. Tutors India offers UK dissertation in various Domains. When you Order any dissertation at Tutors India, we promise you the following – Plagiarism free, Always on Time, outstanding customer support, written to Standard, Unlimited Revisions support and High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Enterprise Architecture (EA) has many definitions, school of thoughts and perspectives. According
to Buchanan (2010) EA is a strategic planning process that translates the business vision of an
enterprise and its strategy into enterprise change.
http://assignmentstudio.net
The employee perception of the Human Resources Information Systems successinventionjournals
ABSTRACT: This study aims to identify the level of success of the human resources information systems, through the assessment of its role in the performance of the functions of human resource management in the Public Authority for Radio and Television, in intention of detection of the difficulties that’s faced by those systems and limit the efficiency and effectiveness of their use in providing the requested information, and work to submit some proposals that’s could contribute in improving the efficiency of information systems management of human resources, so that this study presented and validated a comprehensive, multidimensional model of HRIS success, which consists of six success measures: perceived HRIS system quality, perceived HRIS information quality, perceived HRIS ease of use, perceived HRIS usefulness, HRIS satisfaction, and HRIS success and the all results there is showed a positive impact among themselves, so that the more each of the (system quality, information quality, Usefulness, ease of use) increases with satisfaction system. Also results were also shown a positive effect in terms of satisfaction on information systems to achieve the desired success.
Impact of Application of the Organization's Resources Planning System on Deve...inventionjournals
This study aimed to identify the impact of application of the organization's resources planning system on development of the creative abilities in Jordanian universities. To achieve the study objectives the researcher designed a questionnaire included on (44) items, was testing the tool sincerity and its reliability. Then the questionnaire applied on a sample study of (188) faculty members were selected randomly using a stratified random sample method from among the faculty members in three Jordanian universities. The study found a number of results, among of them the following:The assessment of the faculty members of the surveyed universities for the application level of the organization's resources planning system dimensions were (positive). Also, their assessment of the creative abilities dimensions were (positive) as well.There exist a statistically significant impact at the significance level (α = 0.05), for application of the organization's resources planning system and the dimensions (the operational, administrative, strategy, information technology, and organizational), on development of the creative abilities in the Jordanian universities. And it was the (operational) dimension is the most of the organization's resources planning system dimensions influential on improving the creative abilities.
Determinants of knowledge management systems success in the banking industryjaysoncham
Abstract
Purpose – This study aims to examine the impact from technical and social aspects on knowledge
management system (KMS) success. Moreover, this study also attempts to examine the
interrelationships between KMS success and user satisfaction.
Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from the
commercial bank officers to test the proposed KMS success model. All the measurement scales adopted
in this study were adopted from the existing literature. The data collected in this study were analysed
using both SPSS and structural equation modelling approach via AMOS.
Findings – The research results indicate that both technical (knowledge quality, system quality and
service quality) and social factors (user trust and management support) play a significant and positive
role in system user satisfaction. The results also show that user satisfaction have a direct influence on
the success of KMS and vice versa.
Originality/value – This study is one of the few studies on KMS which include both the technical and
social perspectives in examining KMS success. This research study raises the importance of social
factors, which have been earlier neglected by many studies on KMS success models. Moreover, the
interrelationships relationship between KMS success and user satisfaction also been examined in this
study.
To Explore how Enterprise Resource Planning System is Enhancing Internal Fina...AI Publications
The study aims to assess how an organisation deploys ERPs’ availability in ensuring effective internal controls to ensure effective financial decision-making, the importance for organisations to achieve their objectives. To achieve this the study put in place four objectives; to evaluate how management commitments can influence an effective internal control in NGOs, evaluate their effectiveness through the use of an ERP, assess how best operations cycles and procedures can be improved by systems to ensure improved internal controls while understanding the shorting during the implementations. It is believed that the systems have the capabilities of deployment in most major functions of the organisations and therefore ensures faster and accurate decision-making also protect and reduce mismanagements of the donor funds. The study seeks to assess ERPs usefulness to stakeholders in the organisation finances use and coordination The significance of the study is that it can be used by the organisation in making better financial decisions, improve their efficiency and effectiveness and also by the authorities and the professional organisation to improve the reporting. The project will be of significant importance to the NGOs across Tanzania, their management, staff beneficiaries, regulatory authorities such as TRA and the registrar of NGOs, scholars and current and potential donors The study revies pieces of literature such as, the internal control systems, Enter Resource Planning System as a tool of controls, internal control environments and activities and monitoring and controls, Four interlinked theories that are
A business' choice for using an innovation depends on looking into the variables affecting this use and its favorable circumstances. Innovation deployment significantly influences the way business is led, the optimality of asset usage and increase in the organizations competitive advantage. This research is to identify the role Business Processing Management (BPM) play in selected SMEs in Ghana. The method utilized for this investigation was the descriptive research design. This research is exclusively embraced by the utilization of secondary data. The technique for data analysis will be by the utilization of content analysis. The study revealed that the main principles of BPM implementation in the selected SMEs are commitment from management, customer priority, teamwork, and continuous improvement. The study also showed that BPM has a direct relationship with the productivity of SMEs. The main challenges of BPM on the selected SMEs are the lack of resources, lack of experience in quality management, lack of objectives and strategies, Short term objectives concerns, lack of information technology (IT) experts. Since BPM is a broad and an intense concept that needs to be taken seriously when it comes to SMEs ensuring that the firm produces a high-quality goods and services, it was recommended that SMEs needs to have IT experts who can assist in the integration of BPM in all aspect of the business activities.
Manufacturing Companies today are constantly in search for ways to achieve
better business performance and sustain competitive advantages through effective
deployment of resources and business processes. To improve business performance,
Manufacturing Companies require an efficient planning and control system that
synchronizes planning of all processes across the industry. Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) provides a centralized framework for all data and processes of an
industry. It integrates all aspects of a business from planning to inventory control,
manufacturing, sales, marketing, finance, customer service and human resources.
Manufacturing Companies undertake ERP implementations to achieve tangible
benefits including a significant return on investment. Accordingly the most common
benefit of Manufacturing Company is for an increase in response time due to better
availability of information. Another common benefit is increase in interaction across
the company, integration of business operations/processes, improved interaction with
customers, reduced direct operating and labour costs, reduced IT maintenance costs,
improved lead-time, improved inventory levels and improved interaction with
suppliers. A study was undertaken to assess impact of ERP as a Change Management
Tool in Manufacturing Companies. This article presents the key findings, conclusions
and suggestions.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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2. 110 F.F. Jahantigh et al.
Biographical notes: Farzad Firouzi Jahantigh is a full-time Assistant Professor
at the Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Sistan and
Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. He received his PhD in Industrial Engineering
from the Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran. His main research interests
include quality engineering healthcare systems and data mining. He has
published many papers in national and international journals and conferences.
Arash Habibi received his BS in MBA from the Isfahan University and
Master’s of MBA from the Isfahan University. His main research interests
include data mining, applied research based on scientific principles, structural
equation modelling (SEM), multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), and fuzzy
gap analysis.
Azam Sarafrazi received her BS in English Translation from the Chabahar
Maritime University, Iran and Master’s in Executive Master of Business
Administration (EMBA) from the Payam-e-Nour University, Iran. Her main
research interests are data mining, fuzzy logic, multi-criteria decision-making
and strategic management.
1 Introduction
In today’s increasingly complex business environment, organisations require special
management information systems for quick response to the market variations. These
information systems must be able to perform a variety of causal analyses of the
organisation and its environment (Rubin and Rubin, 2013; Aufaure et al., 2015). In the
mid-90s, ‘business intelligence’ (BI) emerged prominently in response to the remarkable
changes of the competitive environment, the rapid growth of technology, increasing IT
support for the implementation of the business process, and worldwide diffusion of the
internet (Anandarajan et al., 2004; Cheung and Li, 2012). BI rooted in decision support
system (DSS) has undergone a significant development over the last decades and today it
is one of the areas of DSS that attracts a great deal of interest from both academia and
industries (Negash, 2004; Arnott and Pervan, 2008; Wang, 2016). BI is a type of
information system that can be used for supporting complex decision-makings and
solving semi-structured problems (Shim et al., 2002; Turban et al., 2011; Martin and
Buxmann, 2015).
Organisations have implemented BI applications to realise a variety of organisational
benefits and they have invested considerable resources in the usage of BI systems (Yoon
et al., 2017; Nofal and Yusof, 2016). BI helps corporate managers and decision makers to
make relevant, accurate, timely, and smart decisions and thus it leads to enhance
organisational productivity and profitability (Watson, 2005; Ranjan, 2008). Managers are
able to relate their long-term and strategic goals to short-term and operational goals using
BI (Schulz et al., 2015; Wang, 2016). The objective of BI system implementations is to
improve main activities’ performance, to support information quality and timeliness, to
empower managers to be better aware of their company’s position compared to
competitors, and to support the organisational decisions by providing access to the
existing data (Williams and Williams, 2007; Davenport, 2010). It might be presented as
an architecture, tool, technology or system that helps data gathering and storage, analyses
it through analytical tools, facilities reporting, querying and delivers information or
3. A conceptual framework for business intelligence critical success factors 111
knowledge to improve organisational decision-makings (Thierauf, 2001; Negash, 2004;
Turban et al., 2008). By providing access to data, modern BI consists of various tools,
applications, processes, databases, and architectures for all levels of an organisation
(Turban et al., 2011). BI systems are implemented to provide analytical capability to offer
suggestions for improving operational or strategic processes or product characteristics
(Williams and Williams, 2007; Howson, 2007).
Most organisations still experience a lack of BI in their decision-making processes
when implementing enterprise systems (Rouhani and Ravasan, 2015). BI assessment in
enterprise systems before buying and developing them is a critical issue for managers
(Elbashir et al., 2008; Rouhani et al., 2012). Although many scholars and practitioners
have considered BI systems as a source of improved decision-making capabilities, limited
efforts have been made for BI assessment (Chou et al., 2005; Arnott and Pervan, 2008;
Hou and Papamichail, 2010). BI system implementation in an organisation is not possible
without examining its infrastructure and thus it may not improve the efficiency.
Therefore, it is essential to explain and define BI critical success factors (CSFs). In other
words, BI as a new paradigm of organisation and management should be further
developed, i.e., the key aspects of BI must be identified and operationalised. In fact, BI as
an emerging discipline requires developing more theoretically. This is no time to be
recommended that organisations have achieved market success through BI because they
are familiar with the importance of BI. Their main problem is successful BI
implementation. Therefore, in this study, first, the relevant research literature on the
emergence and importance of BI is discussed. Then, the key aspects of BI
implementation are introduced. Next, the developed framework is validated using proper
statistical techniques. Finally, results and discussion will be provided.
2 Theoretical framework and literature review
In the early decades of the twenty-first century, BI has been introduced as a top priority
of information systems and online analytical processing (OLAP) technology. However,
for the first time, BI has replaced other terms such as executive information systems and
managerial information systems (Thomsen, 2003; Negash, 2004; Turban et al., 2008).
There are various definitions of BI in scientific and technical literature. Some studies
have broadly defined BI as a holistic and sophisticated approach to DSS (Moss and Atre,
2003; Alter, 2004; Mikroyannidis and Theodoulidis, 2010). Others have discussed it from
a more technical approach; they have considered BI as a strategic information system
capable of providing applied information through a centralised database, originated from
numerous sources, transformed into meaningful information via BI analytical tools to
facilitate business insights leading to informed decisions (Kulkarni et al., 2007; Turban
et al., 2008). In other studies, BI has been defined as a method for improving business
performance by providing organisational decision makers with actionable information.
This definition itself leads to fundamental concepts such as data warehouse (DW), data
mining (DM) and data sovereignty (Ranjan, 2008; Schulz et al., 2015).
BI is also defined as a collection of integrated operational and decision support
applications and databases that provide the businesses with easy access to business data.
Therefore, BI systems can be viewed as the next generation of DSSs (Arnott and Pervan,
2008). Through dashboards that display key performance indicators, and display current
4. 112 F.F. Jahantigh et al.
or historical data relative to organisational or individual targets on scorecards, BI systems
are able to provide real-time information, create rich and precisely targeted analytics, and
manage business processes (Mwilu et al., 2015). BI integrates data, which is stored and
aggregated by the organisation. Therefore, it is based on usable facts to help make
accurate and efficient decisions.
Based on the traditional approach to BI for improving the efficiency of
decision-making, BI identifies various technical tools and provides reports and forecasts.
BI technical tools include DW, extract-transform and load (ETL), OLAP, DM, text
mining, web mining, data visualisation, geographic information systems (GIS) and web
portals (Kudyba and Hoptroff, 2001; Raisinghani, 2004; Khan and Quadri, 2012).
Another approach is concerned with the integration of BI-based business processes.
According to this approach, BI is considered as a mechanism to bridge the gap between
business process management and business strategy. Besides all tools available in
traditional BI, tools as business performance management (BPM), business activity
monitoring (BAM), service-oriented architecture (SOA), automatic decision systems
(ADS) and dashboards are included (Golfarelli et al., 2004; Turban et al., 2008; Khan and
Quadri, 2012).
Numerous and dispersed studies have been conducted on the identification of BI
CSFs in the organisations. Among these efforts, in identifying CSFs of business insight
and their applications in BI systems, Moss and Hoberman (2005) have emphasised data
modelling and they have referred to three technical, organisational and project aspects. In
another study, Yeoh (2011) discussed the CSFs influencing the implementation of BI
systems. In their study, Yoon et al. (2017) found that individual intention to adopt a BI
application was positively influenced by their motivation to learn the BI application.
Taking a global perspective, Jahantigh et al. (2016) designed a set of performance criteria
of BI and before them, the researchers had conducted studies aimed to justify and
demonstrate the need for BI investments and value. These factors are culture, technical
knowledge, accountability, organisational structure, business environment, practices,
resistance to change, power and policy, technology, etc. Rajab and Sharma (2017) also
presented a survey of the application-based research on neuro-fuzzy systems (NFS) in
business on account of the research articles published in various reputed international
journals and conferences during the last decade (2005–2014). In a study using ANP
approach and identified experts’ CSFs, Lin et al. (2009) have developed a model to
evaluate the performance of a single BI system, which is used to assess the performance
and effectiveness of BI systems and service organisations but they again studied BI
independent of the organisational system. Alpar et al. (2015) have stressed software
infrastructure as BI CSFs. Hardware and software maturity has been highlighted in other
studies as well. Mathew (2012) also examined BI systems adoption in two Indian retail
organisations belonging to two different segments. Brooks et al. (2015) provided a
framework for a BI maturity model to be used in the healthcare sector.
Generally, in the IT environment, the deployment of any software system requires
proper infrastructure by which it can be expected that the efforts will produce the desired
result. Evaluation of BI implementation infrastructures also requires identifying
operational indicators that can measure the desired infrastructure and it is revealed to
what extent the organisation is ready to implement such systems. Literature review on BI
suggests an overall classification in defining this concept. This classification is
summarised in two managerial and technical approaches with two different paradigms
(Table 1).
5. A conceptual framework for business intelligence critical success factors 113
Table 1 Dimensions of BI infrastructure
Indicators Dimension
Suitable hardware platform Technical
x Enabling application communications by organisation’s internal network
x Suitable hardware for running software available on the organisation
x Suitable hardware for data integration software
x Suitable hardware for large integrated databases
Suitable software platform
x Data storage in databases
x Data storage in spreadsheet files
x Suitable software for communicating different applications
x Automated operational data collection systems
Senior management support Managerial
x Management’s need for quantifiable measures of organisational trend
x Accurate and comprehensive reports as senior management’s decision-making
tools
x Senior management’s belief in accurate data to achieve strategic objectives
x Senior management’s belief in automatic data flow
Necessity of data transparency
x Managers’ belief in data transparency for better decision-making
x A multifaceted view of corporate data
x Accurate data for comparing plan and performance
x Managers tendency to share available data with other units in their affiliated units
Data generation processes
x Organisational processes in queuing unit for generating massive data
x Organisational processes in the staff unit for generating massive data
x Organisational processes for generated data flow
x Applying data generated by different processes
Standards for process integration
x Inter-organisational communications for process integration
x Standards such as ISO for organising and documentation of organisational
processes
x The similar definitions of common concepts in the organisation
x Definition of organisational access levels for gaining access to integrated data
Familiarity with IT
x Experience of software application
x Familiarity with basic IT skills
x Tendency to enhance IT skills
x IT training courses
From the technical viewpoint, BI is viewed as a broad category of tools, software,
solutions, and technologies that enable decision-makers to find, accumulate, organise,
and access a wider range of information from disparate data sources (Moss and
Hoberman, 2004). The technical approach to BI is often focused on the applications and
6. 114 F.F. Jahantigh et al.
technologies required for data gathering, storage, analysing and providing affordable
access to data to help management make better decisions (Moss and Atre, 2003; Brooks
et al., 2015). Managerial approach sees BI as a process in which data is gathered and
integrated within and outside the organisation so that they provide relevant information
about the decision-making processes. The technical approach considers BI as a set of
tools that supports these processes. This approach does not focus on the process itself, but
on the technologies, algorithms and tools that enable data storage, recovery, aggregation
and analysis (Bose, 2009; Petrini and Pozzebon, 2009). In managerial approach, data
from both internal and external sources are integrated to create actionable information for
enhanced decision support, and to realise the advantages of the establishment of
integrated transaction processing systems and enterprise applications (Whitehorn and
Whitehorn, 1999; Moss and Hoberman, 2005; Oracle, 2007).
Figure 1 Main dimensions of BI (see online version for colours)
Managerial
BI
Technical
Therefore, according to the previous studies and specialised interviews with BI managers
in the organisations, it is revealed that the establishment of BI system requires suitable
managerial and technical platforms (Figure 1). These two approaches are intertwined and
cannot be considered entirely independent factors. The managerial approach can
influence the technical approach from two perspectives:
1 managerial supports from financing the hardware facilities
2 managerial supports from developing applications by which information can be
gathered automatically.
In technical approach, suitable hardware and software platforms have been emphasised.
In managerial approach, senior management’s support, managers’ familiarity with BI, the
need for data transparency, data generation processes, and data integration processes are
also emphasised as main managerial infrastructures.
7. A conceptual framework for business intelligence critical success factors 115
3 Method
This study is a pure research, which aims to identify the technical and managerial
infrastructures of BI for large and medium-sized companies. The literature review,
specialised structured and semi-structured interviews, and questionnaire have been used
for data collection. The population of the study consists of senior IT executives and
managers in Iranian large and medium-sized organisations. The study data have been
collected during a five-year period.
In this study, since confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) technique has been used, some
observations are intended for the sampling. In fact if it is not proven that the items
(observable variables) have measured the latent variables properly, the relationships may
not be tested (Kline, 2011). It is very important to determine the minimum sample size
required for data collection related to the structural equation modelling (SEM). Although
there is no general agreement about sample size required for factor analysis and structural
models (Schreiber et al., 2006), according to many researchers, the minimum required
sample size is 200 (Hoelter, 1983; Garver and Mentzer, 1999; Sivo et al., 2006; Hoe,
2008). In CFA, the minimum sample size is determined based on factors not variables. If
SEM is used, about 20 samples are necessary for each factor (latent variable). The
recommended sample size for CFA is about 200 samples for ten factors (Kline, 2011).
Therefore, in this study, a sample of 400 subjects has been used. Six questionnaires could
not be used, and ultimately, data has been extracted from a sample of 394 subjects.
For providing the measurement scale of BI infrastructure, first, the main dimensions
of BI have been identified based on relevant literature and interviews with academic and
practical experts and scholars. Then, a set of items has been identified for each
dimension.
Content validity, construct validity and convergent validity have been used to
examine the scale validity. The Cronbach’s alpha and reliability composite are also
calculated to assess the reliability. Multivariate analysis is one of the strongest and best
methods of analysis in the field studies. The obtained data are also analysed using
LISREL software.
4 Data analysis
In this study, two scales are used to measure BI infrastructure. CFA is used for the
validation of the items of technical and managerial infrastructure scales. The second
order CFA includes measurement model and path model. The measurement model
represents the relationship between items (observable variables) and constructs (latent
variables). The path model also represents the relationship between main construct and
secondary constructs.
In CFA and SEM, several points are of great importance; the power of relationship
between variables is represented by loading factor. The loading factor is between zero
and one. Generally, if the loading factor is less than 0.3, the relationship is weak and it is
ignored. The factor loading between 0.3 and 0.6 is acceptable and if it is higher than 0.6,
it is very favourable. When the correlation between variables was identified, a
significance test should be done. However, t-value statistic is used to determine the
8. 116 F.F. Jahantigh et al.
significance of the factor loading. At 5% confidence level, if t-value is higher than 1.96,
the factor loading is significant (Foster et al., 2006; Kline, 2011)
Table 2 CFA of BI technical infrastructure scale
1 Technical dimension
Factor
load
t-value AVE CR
Cronbach’s
D
SHP 1-1 Suitable hardware platform 0.546 0.825 0.774
SHP1 Enabling application
communications by
organisation’s internal
network
0.84 10.81
SHP2 Suitable hardware for
running software available
on the organisation
0.63 9.27
SHP3 Suitable hardware for data
integration software
0.64 8.72
SHP4 Suitable hardware for large
integrated databases
0.82 11.16
SSP 1-2 Suitable software platform 0.597 0.855 0.783
SSP1 Data storage in databases 0.88 14.44
SSP2 Data storage in spreadsheet
files
0.77 12.43
SSP3 Suitable software for
communicating different
applications
0.72 6.15
SSP4 Automated operational data
collection systems
0.71 7.48
Table 2 shows the CFA results of BI technical infrastructure indicators. The CFA results
of BI managerial infrastructure indicators are also shown in Table 3.
Table 3 CFA of BI managerial infrastructure scale
2 Managerial dimensions
Factor
load
t-value AVE CR
Cronbach’s
D
SMS 2-1 Senior management support 0.509 0.804 0.854
SMS1 Management’s need for
quantifiable measures of
organisational trend
0.68 7.88
SMS2 Accurate and comprehensive
reports as senior
management’s decision-
making tools
0.77 9.19
SMS3 Senior management’s belief
in accurate data to achieve
strategic objectives
0.78 9.53
SMS4 Senior management’s belief
in automatic data flow
0.61 7.09
9. A conceptual framework for business intelligence critical success factors 117
Table 3 CFA of BI managerial infrastructure scale (continued)
2 Managerial dimensions
Factor
load
t-value AVE CR
Cronbach’s
D
NDT 2-2 Necessity of data
transparency
0.610 0.862 0.731
NDT1 Managers’ belief in data
transparency for better
decision-making
0.71 9.88
NDT2 A multifaceted view of
corporate data
0.83 11.31
NDT3 Accurate data for comparing
plan and performance
0.80 11.60
NDT4 Managers’ tendency to share
available data with other
units in their affiliated units
0.78 10.57
DGP 2-3 Data generation processes 0.502 0.800 0.769
DGP1 Organisational processes in
queuing unit for generating
massive data
0.82 11.09
DGP2 Organisational processes in
the staff unit for generating
massive data
0.62 7.46
DGP3 Organisational processes for
generated data flow
0.68 9.05
DGP4 Applying data generated by
different processes
0.70 8.74
SPI 2-4 Standards for process
integration
0.687 0.897 0.812
SPI1 Inter-organisational
communications for process
integration
0.77 11.33
SPI2 Standards such as ISO for
organising and
documentation of
organisational processes
0.86 13.45
SPI3 The similar definitions of
common concepts in the
organisation
0.89 14.35
SPI4 Definition of organisational
access levels for gaining
access to integrated data
0.89 14.25
FIT 2-5 Familiarity with IT 0.649 0.880 0.744
FIT1 Experience of software
application
0.82 11.95
FIT2 Familiarity with basic IT
skills
0.84 13.01
FIT3 Tendency to enhance IT
skills
0.68 8.88
FIT4 IT training courses 0.87 12.75
10. 118 F.F. Jahantigh et al.
Figure 2 CFA of BI technical infrastructure scale
0.72
0.77
0.71
0.60
0.84
0.71
SSP
0.88
Technical
0.82
0.64
0.63
SHP1
SHP2
SHP
SHP4
SHP3
SSP1
SSP2
SSP4
SSP3
Figure 3 CFA of BI technical infrastructure scale
0.78
0.68
0.69
0.77
0.78
0.82
0.78
0.80
0.61 0.83
0.77 0.71
SMS
SMS1 SMS2 SMS3 SMS4 NDT1 NDT2
0.89
0.69
0.79
0.77
0.86
SPI
SPI1 SPI2 SPI3 SPI4
Managerial
NDT
NDT4
NDT3
0.70
0.68
0.62
DGP1 DGP2
DGP
DGP4
DGP3
0.62
0.68 0.87
0.82
0.84
FIT
FIT1 FIT2 FIT3 FIT4
If one or more attributes are measured, the correlation between these measurements
provides two main validity indices. If the correlation between factor loadings is high, the
questionnaire has convergent validity. The average variance extracted (AVE) and
composite reliability (CR) should be calculated for convergent validity. There is
11. A conceptual framework for business intelligence critical success factors 119
convergent validity when the following equation is established (Fornell and Larcker
1981):
CR 0.7
CR AVE
AVE 0.5
!
°
!
®
° !
¯
As shown in Table 2 and Table 3, AVE in all cases is greater than 0.5 and CR is also
greater than 0.7. In all cases, CR is also greater than AVE (CR > AVE).
Goodness of fit is also one of the most important issues of SEM and CFA. There are
indices that determine whether the overall model has good fit or not. Two main indices
have been used for model’s fit. Normalised chi-square (χ2/df) is another common index
for considering free parameters in calculating the fit indices. It is calculated by chi-square
(χ2) dividend by degree of freedom (df). If χ2/df < 2, it is optimal. In CFA and SEM,
RMSEA is also used as one of main fit indices. If RMSEA < 0.05, it is optimal. Some
other indices including GFI, CFI, NFI, and NNFI should be greater than 0.9 (Schumacker
and Richard, 2004).
For technical scale and managerial scale, χ2/df is 1.26 and 1.46, respectively.
RMSEA is 0.026 for technical scale and 0.034 for managerial scale. Some other fit
indices have also been used to fit the model, which are shown in Table 4. Other fit
indices are also acceptable.
Table 4 Fit indices of structural model of main hypothesis
Fit index χ2/df RMSEA RMR GFI AGFI NFI NNFI IFI
Acceptable values 1 – 5 < 0.05 < 0.05 > 0.9 > 0.9 > 0.9 > 0.9 0 – 1
Results of technical scale 1.26 0.026 0.014 1.00 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.00
Results of managerial scale 1.46 0.034 0.034 0.95 0.92 0.96 0.98 0.99
It should be noted that CFA has been saturated in multiple steps. Hence, the fit indices
are acceptable. Saturation is a process by which unexplained error variances are linked
together that are likely affected by a common factor outside of the model. By identifying
the same causal root between items, which are not embedded in the model, the final
model is improved. This model improvement can be observed with more optimised fit
indices. In the saturated model, the coefficients and factor loadings between variables are
also improved and become closer to the true values.
In this model, the factor loadings of technical and managerial scales have also been
calculated. The factor loadings of the relationship between each one of technical and
managerial scales and its own construct are above 0.6. Furthermore, in all cases, t-value
is greater than 1.96 indicating these dimensions have been selected properly for the
assessment of technical and managerial preparation and the model is supported.
5 Conclusions
Several studies have been done on BI in academia. On the other hand, organisations have
also invested heavily in BI. However, it seems that BI has taken two separate paths
theoretically and practically. Most academic studies have described BI and the
12. 120 F.F. Jahantigh et al.
advantages of applying it and little scientific solution has been suggested for BI
implementation. Organisations have also more emphasised the cost-benefit analysis and
consulting with companies providing the BI software. In this study, the gap between
theory and practice was bridged. In other words, consistent with the principles of
scientific method, an operational scale was presented for BI implementation.
Executives should not act hastily for applying BI and they do not consider it as a
panacea for all problems. Before the establishment of BI in the organisation, its
infrastructure must be examined properly. For the feasibility of BI implementation, the
organisation’s infrastructure should be explored technically and managerially. Like any
other organisational projects, ‘the senior management support’ is the first and most
important prerequisite for the successful BI implementation. Two factors determining the
degree of management support from the BI project are ‘managers’ familiarity with IT’
and ‘the need for information transparency’.
Organisations that have already been applied the process standardisation trends can
be leaders in BI implementation. One of these procedures is ISO standards in the
organisation. One of main infrastructures before the establishment of BI in the
organisation is documentation, generating and storing large volumes of data. Data should
be collected from different parts of the organisation and stored in the data storage files
such as excel spreadsheets and the access simple database, etc. This requires the same
definition of the common concepts in the organisation. The next issue is data sovereignty
in the organisation, i.e., data access levels are defined and it is determined that each
person may access what level of data.
The main achievement of this study was to provide a valid and reliable scale for
measuring BI infrastructure in the organisations. The findings indicated that existing
hardware platform should allow the organisation to provide application communications
via the internal network. There should be also suitable hardware to run existing
applications such as data integration software in the organisation. In such cases, it could
be expected to implement BI during a short period and with low costs, and the investment
risk would be low.
5.1 Suggestions and limitations
This was one of the first studies evaluating BI CSFs based on the scientific research.
Therefore, the research trend and indices might have some shortcomings. Using
qualitative research methods and specialised interviews for developing scales could be
useful in improving the results and model. This study investigated just Iranian medium
and large-sized organisations, which was itself another limitation for the researchers. For
developing a global scale, the existing model could be tested in other countries.
An essential suggestion to the future researchers is to explore BI CSFs. The authors
believe that the development of the existing scale was not only an ultimate goal. A major
gap between academic researches on BI is that an independent investigation has not been
done on BI CSFs, while CSFs are a very important issue for industries and managers.
Organisational managers are also recommended to assess BI infrastructure based on
the proposed scale before implementing and establishing it in their organisations. BI
establishment requires substantial investment that is cost-effective considering the
benefits of BI. However, the failure rate of these projects is very high. Therefore, apart
from relying on the opinions of the experts providing BI software package, the
organisational infrastructure should also be assessed.
13. A conceptual framework for business intelligence critical success factors 121
In summary, it could be said that a BI project, like any other project, has three basic
steps: infrastructure assessment, BI implementation, and BI performance measurement.
In this study, BI CSFs were measured. For implementation, extensive studies could be
conducted on BI CSFs. The technology assessment models (TAMs) and balanced
scorecard (BSC) approach would be used for BI performance measurement.
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