: The purpose of this study is to examine current English as foreign language education programmes in China (Hong Kong), Finland, Southern Cyprus, Japan, and Turkey and to reveal similarities and differences between them. And, the method of this study is reviewing of literature. At the end of the study, it was concluded that these countries have different objectives of a foreign language education according to their economic, cultural, and social status. However, communication and international relations are common denominators. It was also seen that China (Hong Kong), Finland, Southern Cyprus, and Turkey start teaching English as a foreign language at young age. If it is considered that starting English as a foreign language education at an early age is an advantage, it can be seen that Japan and Turkey have disadvantage. And, Finland is the most successful country in foreign language teaching. It was reached the conclusion that supporting the individuality of a foreign language education has a major share in this success. When it was examined the approaches used in a foreign language teaching, it came to a conclusion that all countries use various methods which make students active.
Almost all Moroccan institutions of education, as others elsewhere, of all levels from primary, secondary to higher, of all sectors, from private to public, of all shapes and sizes, from metropolitan universities to small institutions, are starting to teach English as a second language to students. These students’ learning is influenced by their parents’ involvement in and attitudes toward English language. Such influence is what the current study tires to investigate and evaluate in the Moroccan context. To this end, a quantitative approach was adopted, and 31 questionnaires were distributed on students at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. The results showed that parents were strongly involved in their children’s learning of English though with varying degree. Parents with educational background and considerable income accompanied their children through all twists and turns of their learning journey. The less fortunate ones, however, were less engaged when it comes to orienting their children’s specialty choice. It was also found out that most parents recognized the crucial role of English language. The findings revealed also that parents’ support in and positive attitudes toward English language have significantly facilitated and contributed to the academic achievement of the students.
Multicultural education in a diverse cultural society is one of the important aspects to be addressed in order that it is not viewed as a threat in the current era of education 4.0. This researchaims at examining the implementation of multicultural education in German language learning, especially in the Aufbaustufe A2 course. The samples of this research were second semester students of class A in the Study Program of German Language Educationwith the total of 20 students. The instruments used in this research were questionnaires, interviews and document review. The data of the results of the questionnaire, interviews, and document review were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The results of this research show that students are aware of their existence and also the existence of other students who have different cultural backgrounds. In addition, they respect their own culture even though they are also open to learning and understanding German culture.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
If you don´t understand, how can you learn? João Soares
A new policy paper, No more excuses: Provide education to all forcibly displaced people, jointly produced by the GEM Report and UNHCR shows the scale of the education needs for refugees and internally displaced children and youth.
The paper calls for countries and their humanitarian and development partners to urgently ensure that those forcibly displaced are included in national education plans and to collect better data to monitor their education status and progress. It reveals new data showing that only 50% of refugee children are in primary school and 25% of refugee adolescents are in secondary school.
Every child should have a textbook, by UNESCO João Soares
A new policy paper released at the end of April in time for Global Action Week run by the Global Campaign for Education shows that aid to education needs to rise considerably if the world is to reach the new education goal in the Sustainable Development Agenda.
Donor countries have the means to bridge the gap. But the latest data, from 2014, show that for several years aid to education has been stuck at a level far below what is needed.
Humanitarian aid for education is also still at low levels. In 2015, out of a total amount of US$10.6 billion of humanitarian aid, the education sector received $198 million. This is less than 1.9% of total funding.
Almost all Moroccan institutions of education, as others elsewhere, of all levels from primary, secondary to higher, of all sectors, from private to public, of all shapes and sizes, from metropolitan universities to small institutions, are starting to teach English as a second language to students. These students’ learning is influenced by their parents’ involvement in and attitudes toward English language. Such influence is what the current study tires to investigate and evaluate in the Moroccan context. To this end, a quantitative approach was adopted, and 31 questionnaires were distributed on students at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University. The results showed that parents were strongly involved in their children’s learning of English though with varying degree. Parents with educational background and considerable income accompanied their children through all twists and turns of their learning journey. The less fortunate ones, however, were less engaged when it comes to orienting their children’s specialty choice. It was also found out that most parents recognized the crucial role of English language. The findings revealed also that parents’ support in and positive attitudes toward English language have significantly facilitated and contributed to the academic achievement of the students.
Multicultural education in a diverse cultural society is one of the important aspects to be addressed in order that it is not viewed as a threat in the current era of education 4.0. This researchaims at examining the implementation of multicultural education in German language learning, especially in the Aufbaustufe A2 course. The samples of this research were second semester students of class A in the Study Program of German Language Educationwith the total of 20 students. The instruments used in this research were questionnaires, interviews and document review. The data of the results of the questionnaire, interviews, and document review were analyzed by using descriptive statistics. The results of this research show that students are aware of their existence and also the existence of other students who have different cultural backgrounds. In addition, they respect their own culture even though they are also open to learning and understanding German culture.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
If you don´t understand, how can you learn? João Soares
A new policy paper, No more excuses: Provide education to all forcibly displaced people, jointly produced by the GEM Report and UNHCR shows the scale of the education needs for refugees and internally displaced children and youth.
The paper calls for countries and their humanitarian and development partners to urgently ensure that those forcibly displaced are included in national education plans and to collect better data to monitor their education status and progress. It reveals new data showing that only 50% of refugee children are in primary school and 25% of refugee adolescents are in secondary school.
Every child should have a textbook, by UNESCO João Soares
A new policy paper released at the end of April in time for Global Action Week run by the Global Campaign for Education shows that aid to education needs to rise considerably if the world is to reach the new education goal in the Sustainable Development Agenda.
Donor countries have the means to bridge the gap. But the latest data, from 2014, show that for several years aid to education has been stuck at a level far below what is needed.
Humanitarian aid for education is also still at low levels. In 2015, out of a total amount of US$10.6 billion of humanitarian aid, the education sector received $198 million. This is less than 1.9% of total funding.
Effects of Language of the Catchment Area in Learning Kiswahiliinventy
Kiswahili one of the compulsory subjects that is nationally examined but there has been complaints about poor performance in schools. This paper is a report of a study carried out in 2012 in Kapseret Division of Uasin Gishu County. The study assessed the effects of the language of the catchment area in learning Kiswahili. The study was guided by sociocultural theory (SCT) and was descriptive in nature. Simple random sampling was used to select 15 out of 50 schools in Kapseret Division, it was also used to select 20 %(750) of standard six pupils from each of the selected schools. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 upper primary Kiswahili teachers; one class six Kiswahili teacher and a Kiswahili panel head from the selected schools. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation checklists. It was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques such as percentages and frequencies. The investigation found out Nandi was the language of the catchment area but Kiswahili was used in communication because of different ethnic communities. Kiswahili be used in schools, parents be sensitized to have a positive attitude towards Kiswahili hence changing the learners attitude.
The Relationship between Socio-Economic and Socio-Cultural Structures of High...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to put forth attitudes of students to English class within the scope of socio-cultural structure. Scanning method was used in the study.5 point likert scale was used as a data collection tool. Questionnaire scale was composed of two parts. In the first part, demographical question items providing general information about students were included and in the second part, 5-point attitude items aiming at determining students' attitudes to English class were included. The questionnaire was prepared by scanning the relevant literature and scope and face validity of the questionnaire was tried to be fulfilled through opinions and suggestions provided by English teachers and expert Pedagogues. The items ranked in the questionnaire as "Strongly Disagree", "Disagree", "Neither Agree nor Disagree", "Agree", "Strongly Agree" were scored with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. High schools at the center of Siirt were chosen as population of the research. While determining the sample, easily accessible and random sampling methods were utilized. In this regard, students in Anatolian High School (Public High School), High School of Social Sciences, Vocational High School, High School of Athletics and High School of Fine Arts which are located in different socioeconomical environments in Siirt was chosen. After removing questionnaires responded by students in an uninterested and wrong way, resting 849 questionnaires were analyzed for data. In analyzing, SPSS 21 Package program was utilized and kruskall wallis analysis was used for descriptive statistics, frequency, crosstabs, independent groups t test, one-way variance and non-parametric tests. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was found 0.96. As a result, it was determined that students had a view of "undecided" for 38 items regarding attitudes to English class and although not being a very high average, "Agree" for 16 items in the questionnaire. It was determined there was a significant difference in favor of males between attitudes of students in High schools as to English classes in line with the independent variable 'gender'; on the other hand, there was not any significant difference between their attitudes in terms of independent variables 'Number of Family Members', 'Self-Expression' and 'Field of Teacher'
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The planning policy of bilingualism in education in iraqBilal Yaseen
Iraq as a multicultural and multilingual country has different languages as Arabic, which is the dominant language, and
it also has some other minority languages, such as Kurdish, Turkish, Syriac....etc. Over the last 80 years, Iraq which was
involved in some political struggles, had faced many internal problems regarding the Arabic domination that occurred,
and this was owing to the absence of clear language policy used. Children learning in the Iraqi system, for instance,
speak and study all courses in Arabic, while speaking and using their own culture at home tend to be done in their first
language. The minorities’ language usage in Iraq was ignored both inside the schools as well as in the curriculum
construction. So this study focuses on the following issues: the first issue is, What is the strategy of language planning
policy in Iraq? the study discusses the strategy and the planning educational system that Iraq applies now, the second
issue is, What is the status of minority languages in Iraq? Iraq is a multicultural county and has many minorities
communities with different languages, the third issue is, What are the challenges of language in Iraq? as long as there is
different languages within one country the study also focuses on the challenges that been faced in the planning policy
system, and the last issue is, Is there a homogenous relationship during the current policy? How? the study shows the
homogenous relationship inside the current policy and the researches give many suggestions and recommendations
regarding to the current policy and what is needed for improving the educational planning policy system.
National Language Policy on Primary Education and the Challenges of Language ...inventionjournals
The challenges of language teaching and learning in our schools today constitute the foremost issues in language Education. The tremendous role that language, especially English language plays in the development of every individual and the nation educationally cannot be relegated to the background. Language Education is very important in the educational system of the Nigerian nation due to the multilingual nature of the society. English language is the medium of instruction across all educational levels and hence the bedrock of the teaching and learning process in our schools. The English language teacher therefore, is faced with the task of achieving this laudable educational objective. The paper set out to x-ray and take cursory look at the National language policy on primary education, the prevailing situation on implementation process of the policy. It examines the challenges and the way forward emanating from the National language policy on primary Education.
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
Final draft of research on sign language as a medium of instructionAmanuelEndale
The study was design to assess the practice and challenges of sign language as a medium of instruction in case of: Yekatit 23 primary school by employing purposive sampling techniques method. To achieve the purpose of the study, the main target group is Deaf student and their teacher 15 student and 7 teacher (a total of 22, M=9 F=13), were included in the study. The participant selected purposively for Yekatit 23 primary school and the student were selected from Grade 6-8 because the researcher assume that the have a better understanding and experience. The two points on practice and challenges rating scale questionnaire consisting of 15 items for teacher and a Two point rating scale questionnaire consisting of 13 items for student and for both of them the researcher use open ended question and observation check list has been used to collect the data. Depending upon the data collected both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in the analysis of the collected data. The findings have shown that the majority of Deaf students (53%) have shown there is inadequate use of instructional material. The major challenges were related to accessibility of instructional material, student teacher ratio and classroom environment. The study has also confirmed that the school and most of school community (67%) have awareness about sign language as a medium of instruction. Generally, the result suggests the effective measures of need to be taken to reduce challenges of the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction by accessing instructional material and matching student teacher ratio and create an accessible classroom environment. Further research also required to fulfill the gap of practicing sign language as a medium of instruction. Some recommendations were made based on findings particularly to improve the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction and reducing the challenge of student and teachers. The study gives a direction on priory area of intervention such as giving training to teachers and students to develop their skill and providing appropriate material and hiring new teacher to match student teacher ratio.
Solving Poisson’s Equation Using Preconditioned Nine-Point Group SOR Iterativ...inventionjournals
A well-designed preconditioning of the partial differential equations problems reduces the number of iterations to reach convergence. Dramatic improvements are possible, but the difficulty is to construct the suitable preconditioner.The construction of a specific splitting-type preconditioner in block formulation for a class of group relaxation iterative methods derived from the finite difference approximations have been shown to improve the convergence rates of these methods. This paper is concerned with the application of suitable preconditioning techniques to the Nine-Point Group SOR (N-P SOR) iterative method for solving Poisson’s Equation. Preconditioning strategies which improve the rate of convergence of these iterative methods are investigated. The results reveal the improvements on the convergence rate and the efficiency of the proposed preconditioned Group iterative method.
Effects of Language of the Catchment Area in Learning Kiswahiliinventy
Kiswahili one of the compulsory subjects that is nationally examined but there has been complaints about poor performance in schools. This paper is a report of a study carried out in 2012 in Kapseret Division of Uasin Gishu County. The study assessed the effects of the language of the catchment area in learning Kiswahili. The study was guided by sociocultural theory (SCT) and was descriptive in nature. Simple random sampling was used to select 15 out of 50 schools in Kapseret Division, it was also used to select 20 %(750) of standard six pupils from each of the selected schools. Purposive sampling was used to select 30 upper primary Kiswahili teachers; one class six Kiswahili teacher and a Kiswahili panel head from the selected schools. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation checklists. It was analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques such as percentages and frequencies. The investigation found out Nandi was the language of the catchment area but Kiswahili was used in communication because of different ethnic communities. Kiswahili be used in schools, parents be sensitized to have a positive attitude towards Kiswahili hence changing the learners attitude.
The Relationship between Socio-Economic and Socio-Cultural Structures of High...inventionjournals
The purpose of this study is to put forth attitudes of students to English class within the scope of socio-cultural structure. Scanning method was used in the study.5 point likert scale was used as a data collection tool. Questionnaire scale was composed of two parts. In the first part, demographical question items providing general information about students were included and in the second part, 5-point attitude items aiming at determining students' attitudes to English class were included. The questionnaire was prepared by scanning the relevant literature and scope and face validity of the questionnaire was tried to be fulfilled through opinions and suggestions provided by English teachers and expert Pedagogues. The items ranked in the questionnaire as "Strongly Disagree", "Disagree", "Neither Agree nor Disagree", "Agree", "Strongly Agree" were scored with 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. High schools at the center of Siirt were chosen as population of the research. While determining the sample, easily accessible and random sampling methods were utilized. In this regard, students in Anatolian High School (Public High School), High School of Social Sciences, Vocational High School, High School of Athletics and High School of Fine Arts which are located in different socioeconomical environments in Siirt was chosen. After removing questionnaires responded by students in an uninterested and wrong way, resting 849 questionnaires were analyzed for data. In analyzing, SPSS 21 Package program was utilized and kruskall wallis analysis was used for descriptive statistics, frequency, crosstabs, independent groups t test, one-way variance and non-parametric tests. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was found 0.96. As a result, it was determined that students had a view of "undecided" for 38 items regarding attitudes to English class and although not being a very high average, "Agree" for 16 items in the questionnaire. It was determined there was a significant difference in favor of males between attitudes of students in High schools as to English classes in line with the independent variable 'gender'; on the other hand, there was not any significant difference between their attitudes in terms of independent variables 'Number of Family Members', 'Self-Expression' and 'Field of Teacher'
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The planning policy of bilingualism in education in iraqBilal Yaseen
Iraq as a multicultural and multilingual country has different languages as Arabic, which is the dominant language, and
it also has some other minority languages, such as Kurdish, Turkish, Syriac....etc. Over the last 80 years, Iraq which was
involved in some political struggles, had faced many internal problems regarding the Arabic domination that occurred,
and this was owing to the absence of clear language policy used. Children learning in the Iraqi system, for instance,
speak and study all courses in Arabic, while speaking and using their own culture at home tend to be done in their first
language. The minorities’ language usage in Iraq was ignored both inside the schools as well as in the curriculum
construction. So this study focuses on the following issues: the first issue is, What is the strategy of language planning
policy in Iraq? the study discusses the strategy and the planning educational system that Iraq applies now, the second
issue is, What is the status of minority languages in Iraq? Iraq is a multicultural county and has many minorities
communities with different languages, the third issue is, What are the challenges of language in Iraq? as long as there is
different languages within one country the study also focuses on the challenges that been faced in the planning policy
system, and the last issue is, Is there a homogenous relationship during the current policy? How? the study shows the
homogenous relationship inside the current policy and the researches give many suggestions and recommendations
regarding to the current policy and what is needed for improving the educational planning policy system.
National Language Policy on Primary Education and the Challenges of Language ...inventionjournals
The challenges of language teaching and learning in our schools today constitute the foremost issues in language Education. The tremendous role that language, especially English language plays in the development of every individual and the nation educationally cannot be relegated to the background. Language Education is very important in the educational system of the Nigerian nation due to the multilingual nature of the society. English language is the medium of instruction across all educational levels and hence the bedrock of the teaching and learning process in our schools. The English language teacher therefore, is faced with the task of achieving this laudable educational objective. The paper set out to x-ray and take cursory look at the National language policy on primary education, the prevailing situation on implementation process of the policy. It examines the challenges and the way forward emanating from the National language policy on primary Education.
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982 (www.nationalforum.com) is a group of national and international refereed journals. NFJ publishes articles on colleges, universities and schools; management, business and administration; academic scholarship, multicultural issues; schooling; special education; teaching and learning; counseling and addiction; alcohol and drugs; crime and criminology; disparities in health; risk behaviors; international issues; education; organizational theory and behavior; educational leadership and supervision; action and applied research; teacher education; race, gender, society; public school law; philosophy and history; psychology, sociology, and much more. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief.
Final draft of research on sign language as a medium of instructionAmanuelEndale
The study was design to assess the practice and challenges of sign language as a medium of instruction in case of: Yekatit 23 primary school by employing purposive sampling techniques method. To achieve the purpose of the study, the main target group is Deaf student and their teacher 15 student and 7 teacher (a total of 22, M=9 F=13), were included in the study. The participant selected purposively for Yekatit 23 primary school and the student were selected from Grade 6-8 because the researcher assume that the have a better understanding and experience. The two points on practice and challenges rating scale questionnaire consisting of 15 items for teacher and a Two point rating scale questionnaire consisting of 13 items for student and for both of them the researcher use open ended question and observation check list has been used to collect the data. Depending upon the data collected both qualitative and quantitative methods were employed in the analysis of the collected data. The findings have shown that the majority of Deaf students (53%) have shown there is inadequate use of instructional material. The major challenges were related to accessibility of instructional material, student teacher ratio and classroom environment. The study has also confirmed that the school and most of school community (67%) have awareness about sign language as a medium of instruction. Generally, the result suggests the effective measures of need to be taken to reduce challenges of the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction by accessing instructional material and matching student teacher ratio and create an accessible classroom environment. Further research also required to fulfill the gap of practicing sign language as a medium of instruction. Some recommendations were made based on findings particularly to improve the practice of sign language as a medium of instruction and reducing the challenge of student and teachers. The study gives a direction on priory area of intervention such as giving training to teachers and students to develop their skill and providing appropriate material and hiring new teacher to match student teacher ratio.
Solving Poisson’s Equation Using Preconditioned Nine-Point Group SOR Iterativ...inventionjournals
A well-designed preconditioning of the partial differential equations problems reduces the number of iterations to reach convergence. Dramatic improvements are possible, but the difficulty is to construct the suitable preconditioner.The construction of a specific splitting-type preconditioner in block formulation for a class of group relaxation iterative methods derived from the finite difference approximations have been shown to improve the convergence rates of these methods. This paper is concerned with the application of suitable preconditioning techniques to the Nine-Point Group SOR (N-P SOR) iterative method for solving Poisson’s Equation. Preconditioning strategies which improve the rate of convergence of these iterative methods are investigated. The results reveal the improvements on the convergence rate and the efficiency of the proposed preconditioned Group iterative method.
Panchayati Raj: Towards Good Governance “Just as the whole universe is contai...inventionjournals
This paper discussed about the Rationale of Good governance in present era of Globalization at Grassroot level. It discuss about the Rural India and 73rd Amendment act of 1992 and how Panchayati raj Institutions and the need of transparency and accountability through good governance . For the upliftment of rural village there is a esurience of delivering better service by using information technology and giving better quality of life at grass roots. For this there is need to strengthen democracy through good governance. The issue of governance at the forefront of the development agenda and states “good governance is one of most crucial factor for development”. Governance is wider than government which ensures the responsibility and accountability of various community i.e government, the civil society and the corporate sector
Human Resources Novelty to Measure Incentive Factors for Health Professional ...inventionjournals
Background: Addressing the shortage of health service professionals (doctors and nurses) in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA)continue to be an enormous challenge. The lack of motivation of health professionals to work in (KSA) is one of the major reasons for such shortage. Although some effort to investigating the reasons for low motivation, barely any studies in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) have focused on generating effective and reliable instrument to quantity motivation for health professionals in (KSA) . Therefore, the objective of this research was to examine and create a effective and dependable tools to measure the motivation of health professionals working in (KSA) health system. Methods: The current study modified a previously developed tool on motivation. The reliability and validity of the tool were established using different methods. The initial phase of the tool development related to content development and valuation where, afterwards a complete literature review, the tool with 19 items was considered. Nonetheless, in light of the literature review and pilot trial, the same tool was modified to be adequate with local context by adding 7 items so that the tool has a 26 items. A correlation matrix was applied to check the pattern of relationships among the items. The random sample size for this research contain 154 health professionals from Western (KSA) province. for the sampling phase, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were employed and finally factor analysis was carried out to calculate the eigenvalues and to understand the factors that may affecting health professional’s motivation in (KSA). Results: A correlation matrix value of 0.017 was acquired narrating multi-co-linearity between the observations. Based on early factor analysis, 8 out of 26 study factors were omitted from the study components with a cutoff range of less than 0.6. Running the factor analysis again suggested the inclusion of 18 items which were consequently labelled under the following items: transparency, goals, security, convenience, benefits, encouragement, adequacy of earnings and further growth and power. Conclusions: undoubtedly the research study showed that, we have reached to a conclusion that There is a great need to develop mechanisms directed at measuring the motivation of health service providers. The instrument used in the study has good psychometric properties and may serve as a suitable device to measure the professional’s motivation in (KSA). therefore; Proper management of human resources is critical in providing a high quality of health care.also a refocus on human resources management in health care and more research are needed to develop new policies
Adaptable knit top: an innovative 9 button design that creates an endless combination of looks and silhouettes for the wearer. Zero-waste, sustainable fabric, extremely versatile for all occasions
Generate Leads with a Financing Marketing CampaignSteve Teneriello
When you know how to use pay-per-click and position it in the right way, you’ll find that you can actually generate leads through a finance offer—and I’m going to show you how. The goal of this campaign is to deliver extreme perceived value in your local market. Admachines.com
Regional Disparity in India with reference to Liberalizationinventionjournals
The effect of liberalization on the Indian economy is very much debated about. It was introduced in 1990 to the country’s economy with the objectives of bringing economic growth and to bring micro stabilization and structural adjustment in the economy. Liberalization and privatization has limited the state’s control in the economy and gave the private player much of the power. Also that the regional disparity in economic growth in India has substantially increased over time. This paper tests the convergence and divergence of regional disparity in economic growth after liberalization. This paper also validates the InvertedU relationship between economic growth and interregional inequality given by Kuznets. The convergence test suggest of increasing divergence after liberalization. And the Kuznets’s Inverted-U hypothesis is not applicable in India after liberalization
Factors and Implications of Cross-Border Marriage among Malaysian Citizensinventionjournals
Cross-border marriage has been the choice of citizens of Malaysia to hasten the matrimony process. The Province of Satun in Thailand is a popular place to engage in a low cost and efficient marriage consultancy services. A qualitative research was conducted to identify the contributory factors to this phenomenon. Ten respondents were interviewed structurally by the researchers in Satun, Thailand. The interview sessions were recorded and transcribed for analysis purposes. The thematic method was applied to answer the research objectives. The findings showed that among the dominant factors were family arranged marriage, polygamy, acquaintance and others. Overall, cross border marriage is still a choice among Malaysians even though the strict procedure and laws on marriage have been alleviated by the local Islamic Religious Departments. Two implications have been identified, which are the psychosocial and economics implications, and the implication on the laws. The research also suggests that the authorities should further loosen the existing marriage procedures particularly in terms of the conditions for marriage and polygamy. Couples need to prepare themselves mentally and physically as well as with knowledge before deciding to get married across the border.
The Effects of Teaching the Iliad with Films on the Academic Success of Stude...inventionjournals
This study aims to find out the effects of teaching the Iliad with films on the academic success of Turkish Grade 10 students. The case study pattern is used in accordance with a qualitative research method. Percentage, frequency and arithmetic mean methods are used in the analysis of data with SPSS v. 14.0. T-test is used for the analysis of significance. The experimental group watched the movie selected and shortened in relation to the Iliad during Turkish Literature course, while the control group followed traditional teaching methods (plain lecturing). It was found that the academic success rates of the experimental and control groups differ and this difference favours the group who watched the movie
El Turismo Comunitario Y Lagestión De Recursos Turísticos En La Parroquia Pis...inventionjournals
This research aims to study the impact of community tourism in local development of the Pistishí parish located in Alausí canton, its main actors are the direct subjects responsible for the implementation of activities and make profits within a structure of associativity. a situational analysis of the site was performed by collecting primary and secondary information, the current supply and domestic and international demand was analyzed, so that they could identify strengths and weaknesses; then administrative and operational aspects of tourism activities that are developed through the center of community tourism Tolte analyzed - Pistishí, revealing the organizational structure, management and project management, the same that has improved social conditions, economic and environmental impacts of the inhabitants. We recommend creating strategic alliances with governmental, non-governmental and private entities to position the tourism products and open new markets
Intercultural education is firmly rooted on the notion that language and
culture are intrinsically linked. Several studies have looked into the
importance of understanding different languages and cultures in language
teaching; however, studies on the integration of principles intercultural
language learning (IcLL) in Philippine ESL classrooms seem to be lacking.
This is what the article addresses as it looked into the extent of integration of
IcLL principles in two higher educational institution in Region 2, Cagayan
Valley, Northern Philippines. Anchored on the principles of IcLL and
through the employment of survey to elicit responses of the language
teachers as to the integration of IcLL principles in language classrooms,
results revealed that teachers perceive IcLL to be integrated in their
classrooms to a great extent. Specifically, the principles of active
construction and social interaction are integrated to a very high extent while
the principles making connections, reflection, and responsibility were
perceived to be integrated to a high extent. As regards classroom activities,
the teachers favored the employment of discussions, lectures, writing tasks,
oral reports, role plays, small group tasks, simulations or skits and
collaborative learning activities in transmitting the target culture.
The Bridging Process: Filipino Teachers’ View on Mother TongueRSIS International
This paper recognized that teachers play the main
element in the success of the new language policy, the Mother
Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) in the
Philippines. Their views as implementer on this approach are
essential in the attainment of the MTB-MLE objectives. In this
descriptive paper, the authors report a comprehensive account of
the 35 teachers’ perception on the efficiency and effectiveness of
MTB approach in teaching at Malvar Central School, Batangas,
Philippines for the school year 2016-2017. Using adopted
questionnaire, needed data were gathered and statistically
treated. The study found out that the respondents moderately
perceived mother tongue- based approach as effective and
efficient in achieving learning goals. The implications of these
findings are discussed within the theoretical and practical issues
surrounding the use of mother tongue-based in the Philippines
English as a Second Language A Reflective Review of Policiesijtsrd
The purpose of this review is to synthesise the available research on ESL reading instruction in the United States and provide those findings. Reading instruction for ESL English for Speakers of Other Languages students in the United States has been the subject of a lot of research, although its typically superficial. Still, certain emerging themes emerged. The following were some of the most important assertions that might be made. First, we identified the classrooms most fundamental limitations Educators may primarily work in small groups, emphasising word knowledge as well as oral reading classic educational discourse patterns may well be incompatible with common home discourse patterns and ESL teachers may function properly with lower ESL cultural changes and underscore bottom level skills even more than with higher ESL groups. Second, there is a lack of clarity on the role and timing of born and bred reading instruction and ESL reading training in relation with ESL reading skills. Third, instruction that relied on students existing knowledge, such as that which emphasised vocabulary, context, and sentence construction, was usually useful. And last, critical areas of teacher support for ESL reading instruction were insufficient. Dr. Dinesh Kumar | Manav "English as a Second Language: A Reflective Review of Policies" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52772.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/52772/english-as-a-second-language-a-reflective-review-of-policies/dr-dinesh-kumar
ESSENTIALS ON EDUCATION DATA and RESEARCH ANALYSIS ResearchC.docxbridgelandying
ESSENTIALS ON EDUCATION DATA and RESEARCH ANALYSIS
ResearchCenter
68 January 2013 District Administration
Second-Language Learning
by Carla Thomas McClure
WHILE EDUCATION RESEARCH
has long suggested that studying second
languages in K12 schools boosts student
achievement in other content areas, the
current testing emphases on mathematics
and reading has placed foreign language
instruction relatively low on district pri-
ority lists. However, a growing body of
research indicates that second-language
learning should be bumped up signifi-
cantly, as demonstrated particularly in
the following areas.
Potential Benefits
Cognitive ability. Numerous stud-
ies document a positive relationship
between early second language learning
and improved mental processes, includ-
ing conceptual learning (Archibald, 2006;
Robinson, 1998). For example, a recent
experiment with 104 six-year-olds found
those who spoke two languages were bet-
ter at switching from one task to another,
an indicator of their ability to manage
attention (Barac & Bialystok, 2012).
Achievement gains. Dumas (1999)
examined the test scores of 13,200 third-
and fifth-grade students in Louisiana and
found that those studying a foreign lan-
guage performed better on the state assess-
ment in English than those not enrolled
in a foreign language class, regardless of
race, gender, and overall academic per-
formance. Curtain and Dahlberg (2004)
noted in other studies that learning a sec-
ond language seems especially beneficial
to the academic achievement of children
from minority and low-income families.
College and career readiness. One
in four institutions of higher education
requires applicants to study a foreign
language to gain admission, and one in
two requires students to fulfill a language
requirement during college to receive an
undergraduate degree (Lusin, 2012).
Program Implementation
Research and data indicate that imple-
menting a foreign language program that
contributes to such improvements in
students’ achievement and preparedness
will require schools and districts to do
the following:
Establish a sequenced instructional
program. The Center for Applied Lin-
guistics (CAL) recommends sequenced
preK-to-college programs of sufficient
strength to help students become highly
proficient in a second language.
Start early. Children who receive sec-
ond-language instruction before middle
school are more likely to speak the lan-
guage fluently. Further, young children
who master a second language seem more
able than monolinguals to master addi-
tional languages later in life. A study of
Second-Language Learning Fast-Facts
According to an American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL)
survey, in 2007-2008:
18% of U.S. public school students were enrolled in foreign language courses
40% of those enrolled in a foreign language were in California, Texas, New York,
Florida, or Pennsylvania
17 states, half of t ...
Differentiated Learning Exemplars for
Students’ Academic Achievement in English
Grade 9
This research evaluated and assessed the learning competency level of the respondents in English and the
different determinants that hinder their learning capability in English. It utilized descriptive survey method
during the conduct of the study. To determine the subjects of the study, universal sampling techniques was
utilized. In addition, respondents’ socio economic status and learning preferences were also investigated. To
answer the socio economic status, a tool was used that was adopted from the Bureau of Census and National
Statistics quoted from the study of Pansit (2018) on “Enhanced MTB Strategic Intervention Materials for
Reading” is used with a statistical treatment on simple percentage. It was found out that education level of
respondents’ parents is in Elementary level with a percentage 63.16% which means that parents could not provide
an appropriate academic information to their children .Meanwhile, in determining, learning styles of the
respondents, adopted questionnaire from the study of Ocampo (2018) on Pedagogical Exemplars in Mathematics
Across Learning Styles utilizing weighted mean. It found out, that the highest ranked of learners’ learning style is
visual which has a weighted mean of 2.36. This is a great manifestation that learners learned best if lessons were
presented interestingly and visually given. Visuals that are chunked into bit of ideas for easier understanding.
Hence this increases student's interest in the subject matter. Meanwhile, it was revealed that, the over-all learning
competency level of the respondents, is in below average. This implies that more exposure of exercises must be
done for the learners to gain mastery of these learning competencies. Therefore, it is encouraged to craft
differentiated learning exemplars fitted to their learning styles and engage them on the different exercises for the
improvement of their academic performance.
Keywords: English Language, Assessment of Learning Styles, English Competencies, Academic Achievement,
Differentiated Learning Exemplars, Visual Learners, Kinesthetic Learners, Auditory Learners.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
A Comparative Analysis of English as Foreign Language Education Programmes
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 11||November. 2016 || PP.35-39
www.ijhssi.org 35 | Page
A Comparative Analysis of English as Foreign Language
Education Programmes
Hakan Karatas1
, Mehtap Bademcioglu2
, Cemre Taskin Eskici3
,
Duygu Savas4
,Gamze Ebru Bastan5
,Yildiz Karakoyun6
1-2-3-4-5-6
(Faculty of Education, Department of Educational Sciences, Yildiz Technical University,
Turkey)
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to examine current English as foreign language education
programmes in China (Hong Kong), Finland, Southern Cyprus, Japan, and Turkey and to reveal similarities
and differences between them. And, the method of this study is reviewing of literature. At the end of the study, it
was concluded that these countries have different objectives of a foreign language education according to their
economic, cultural, and social status. However, communication and international relations are common
denominators. It was also seen that China (Hong Kong), Finland, Southern Cyprus, and Turkey start teaching
English as a foreign language at young age. If it is considered that starting English as a foreign language
education at an early age is an advantage, it can be seen that Japan and Turkey have disadvantage. And,
Finland is the most successful country in foreign language teaching. It was reached the conclusion that
supporting the individuality of a foreign language education has a major share in this success. When it was
examined the approaches used in a foreign language teaching, it came to a conclusion that all countries use
various methods which make students active.
Keywords: English as a Foreign Language Education Programmes, Foreign Language Learning
I. INTRODUCTION
It is necessary to compete with other countries for the survival of a country in a globalized world. It is
important to have English knowledge to be able to follow developments in the technological and economic
issues. Today, learning English as a foreign language is very important for these reasons. People from around
the world can bring together by instant communication possibilities. And, there is a major share of English in
bringing people of different nationalities together. Of course, it forces the states to renew or replace of language
education policies1
.
In language education, there are many variables that must be considered. The purpose of language
education, having homogenous or heterogeneous population structure, cultural heritage of the state, culture of
language taught, different techniques and strategies in teaching situations are examples of these variables. When
all these are taken into account, it is considered to meet at some common denominator though there are different
perspectives on language education in countries around the world2
.
This study is a qualitative study. The requirements, starting age and learning criteria and evaluation
methods of foreign language education and approaches in foreign language teaching are compared because of
the constantly developing and changing foreign language education policies. Turkey has experienced difficulties
in foreign language education. The purpose of this study is to set an example compared countries’ successful
implementations for countries facing language education problems like Turkey and to encourage them to solve
these problems.
1.1.English as a Foreign Language Education
While first language means mother tongue, a foreign language which is actually the mother tongue of
another community represents a learner’s second, third, fourth, etc. language(s). And, foreign language
education policies are decided at the level of governments taken into consideration of some interests3
. Also, it is
stated that there are two different contributions of learning a foreign language4
. The first dates back to the 19th
century and Latin and ancient Greek is included in the curriculum in order to reach written information in the
ancient sources. After the 20th
century, foreign language education gained an importance due to a different
cause. The necessity of learning a foreign language has been accepted for individuals to communicate
effectively ever since. It is mentioned that English is the lingua franca of science, technology, trade, and global
organization and emphasized the importance of English cannot be denied1
. And also, it is stressed that a quarter
of people around the world use English as the language of communication and this rate is increasing day-by-day
due to the global economy5
.
2. A Comparative Analysis of English as Foreign Language Education Programmes
www.ijhssi.org 36 | Page
It is emphasized that the aim of Bologna Declaration which was adopted in 1999 is students’ freedom
of academic movement in Europe6
. And, this plays an important role in increasing the impact of English in the
academic environment. Moreover, English is the language of education, commerce and technology in Europe
and it is a critical language for global affairs in countries outside Europe. For example, in China, English offers
more opportunities in education while it represents the social and economic welfare. It is also mentioned a
similar situation in third world countries such as Kenya7
. Kopečková said that English is considered to be
representative of a better future in these countries. Thus, it can be seen that English gives way to the curriculums
in a global world.
It is the generally accepted idea that students should make sense of the language in learning process for
using a foreign language in communication. It is said communicative competence, development of language
skills, focusing on students’ needs and Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is
new trend in foreign language teaching pedagogy2
. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages
is a scale model that defines the students' communicative competence on A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2 level.
Many countries are developing their foreign language training programs based on this framework.
Learning a foreign language is an advantage for individuals no matter what their ages are. Today, the
importance of knowing foreign languages has increased greatly and states have lowered increasingly the age to
start English language programs. The reasons starting foreign language learning at young ages are to transform a
foreign language learning process as natural as possible and to provide plenty of exposure to this language8
. It is
emphasized that it is a long process9
. And, he also states foreign language education should start at an early age
so that individuals can practice before exposure to stress of working life. Moreover, it is argued that students at a
young age have a superior sound system and they can imitate different voices very well by means of this10
. And,
they suggest the ability to imitate decreases with age and this affect pronunciation of language students in
advanced age adversely. Because of the mentioned reasons, starting age of teaching English gradually decreases.
In this study, it was aimed to compare of English as a foreign language education programs in China-
Hong Kong, Finland, Southern Cyprus, Japan, and Turkey and to reveal similarities and differences between
them.
II. METHOD
2.1. Research Model
The descriptive survey model was used so as to compare the countries’ foreign language education
programs in this study. This is an approach that aims to describe a past or currently existing case. As a result, the
events and circumstances can be investigated in detail11
.
2.2. Data Collecting Instrument
The data were obtained by literature review. Literature review is a process consisting of gathering the
data, discussing the importance of the data collected, establishing the relations between the data and the
problem, and the classification of the information stages.In this technique, it is aimed to collect the data by
examining the existing sources, documents, and papers12
. Also, in this study, the typical sampling developed by
Patton was used. The purpose of the typical sampling is not to select typical situations and generalize the
universe. It is to have an idea about a certain area by studying on the average conditions or to inform people
who do not have sufficient knowledge about an area, an issue, a practice or an innovation13
.
2.3. Analysis of Data
The data were analysed by using the descriptive analysis approach. This approach allows to be
organized the data according to themes that emerge from the research question or to submit the data considering
questions or size used in interview14
. By this approach, the data was selected, organized, put together similarities
and differences, compared and interpreted.
III. FINDINGS
There are well-structured English as a foreign language programs in China-Hong Kong. Owing to
these, it takes second place in the PISA reading average15
. And, China-Hong Kong is one of the successful
examples of foreign language education in Far East. Also, Finland is an example of exhibiting a utopia in
education. And, it is quite good in foreign language education. Although the Finnish and Swedish are the mother
tongues, 69% of the population can speak one language, 47% of them can speak two, and 47% of them can
speak at least three foreign languages. According to these, 77% of the Finnish population have the language
proficiency, which is above the European average16
. Southern Cyprus is among ten countries which are the most
recent members of the European Union. It has been made structural reforms of foreign language education
according to Europe's multilingualism and multiculturalism. It is stated it is given only four hours of English
lessons per week. He also suggests that they are quite successful in foreign language education17
.
3. A Comparative Analysis of English as Foreign Language Education Programmes
www.ijhssi.org 37 | Page
Foreign language education is not at the desired level in Japan. It is asserted that there are serious
problems in English education18
. They mentioned the Japanese’s communicating difficulty in English is the
most common problem. There is a similar case in Turkey. According to the foreign language report of Socio-
Cultural Studies Centre of Turkish Education Association19
, a student is taught English approximately 1296
hours during compulsory education in Turkey. Despite sparing so much time to teach English, nearly 95% of
high school graduates have difficulty in even saying a simple sentence except for specific students.
It was given the requirements of foreign language education, starting age of a foreign language
education, approaches to teaching a foreign language, and the assessment criteria for a foreign language
teaching of these five countries in the following tables.
Table 1Requirements of Foreign Language Education
Countries Requirements
China-Hong Kong To familiarise other cultures and people
To provide personal and intellectual development
To keep in step with changing and developing technology
Finland To learn about other cultures
To communicate easily
To gain cultural talent
Southern Cyprus To ensure multilingualism
To compete with other countries thanks to the language skills
To understand and accept other cultures
Japan To educate individuals as being respectful against different cultures
To revive the spirit of international cooperation
Turkey To establish international communication
To create an international cultural awareness
The countries’ objectives of a foreign language education can vary according to their economic,
cultural, and social status. Yet, the countries involved in this study find several common denominators. As it is
observed in Table 1, one of the common reasons of a foreign language education is communication in these
countries. Especially, foreign language education has great importance in order to establish international
relations. When people contact with people from different cultures, they can learn to be respectful to person who
has a different culture. Because of this, familiarising other cultures is another issue on which they stood strongly
20-24
.
Table 2 The Starting Age of Foreign Language Education
Countries Class Age
China-Hong Kong First class 6
Finland It is as elective in first and second classes, and it is compulsory from third class 7/9
Southern Cyprus First class 6
Japan Sixth class 12
Turkey Second class 7/8
As seen in Table 2, the starting age of foreign language education is 6 in China-Hong Kong and
Southern Cyprus. The students who start a primary school are educated in a foreign language as well as the
native language20, 22
. Individual differences are considered in Finland. That is why foreign language education is
elective in first and second grades of primary school and it is compulsory from third class21
. In Turkey, with the
purpose of the mother tongue’s adoption, using and dissemination, first grade of primary schools devoted to
develop basic language skills. As a result of this, foreign language education is initiated in the second grade of
primary school24
. In Japan, it is started in the sixth grade unlike other countries23
.
Table 3 Approaches in Foreign Language Teaching
Countries Approaches
China-Hong Kong Interpersonal
Based on information and experience
Totalitarian
Task-based
Finland The communicative approach based on comprehension, repetition and practice
Content-based approach
Functional and game-based methods
Southern Cyprus Communicative approach
Individual differences
International awareness
Interdisciplinary approach
Japan Communicative approach based on listening and speaking
Turkey Eclectic approach
Communicative approach
Cultural awareness
4. A Comparative Analysis of English as Foreign Language Education Programmes
www.ijhssi.org 38 | Page
It is understood by Table 3 in where has coverage the foreign language teaching approaches adopted by
the countries that almost all of the countries use variety of methods that make students active. With
communicative approach which is adopted by Finland, Southern Cyprus, Japan and Turkey, it is possible for
students’ making appropriate exercises and unlimited activities. It is organized on the basis of communicative
functions that a given learner needs to know. It emphasises the way in which particular grammatical forms may
be used to express these functions appropriately25
. Task-based approach is one of the methods adopted by the
China-Hong Kong that students are exposed to a variety of situations related to real life; they try to fulfil their
assigned tasks,and they are obliged to make them in verbal communication. In this approach, language is
considered as a tool26
. Apart from these, foreign language educators such as Crandall27
, Snow28
and Stoller29
have
promoted the benefits of content-based approach which is one of the methods adopted by Finland. They stated
that instruction of content-based fosters academic growth while also developing language proficiency. And, they
stressed it views language as a medium for learning content and content as a resource for learning and
improving language. Eclectic approach adopted by Turkey requires addressing issues with different
perspectives, also24
. As speaking is not enough for language acquisition, it is not sufficient to adopt a uniform
approach to learn the language dimensions such as reading, writing, and listening. Because of this, the countries
have adopted multiple approaches for language acquisition. In general, the approaches adopted by them are
based game, funny and requiring active participation.
Table 4 Learning Criteria and Evaluation Methods
Countries Learning Criteria Evaluation Methods
China-Hong Kong Learning Outcome Framework
4 Key Stages
An exam held at the end of the theme or subject
Alternative evaluation methods
Finland CEFR Alternative evaluation methods
Southern Cyprus CEFR Alternative evaluation methods
Japan Any criteria is not specified An exam held at the end of the theme or subject
Turkey CEFR Alternative evaluation methods
As shown in Table 4, the learning criteria and evaluation methods adopted by Turkey, Southern Cyprus
and Finland are the same. CEFR scale is a guide that is used to define success at the end of foreign language
learning. It is proposed by European Union Council to establish the verification system of language skills in
November of 2001. Six levels are determined as reference in CEFR. And, they are defined as the standards of
Europe for grading an individual's language proficiency. Also, the alternative evaluation methods necessitate
that the students should be assigned tasks related field30
. The learning process is as important as emerging
products. So, these countries aim to motivate the students and to assess them deeper. The evaluation method
which is adopted by Japan prevents students from passing without understanding subjects. Therefore, it is an
early intervention method. With this method, it is possible that the students’ knowledge can be evaluated
quickly and their learning can be meaningful23
.
IV. DISCUSSION
A substantial part of national culture is language. It is also a self-image. And, a foreign language
education policies and practices reflect the spirit of the times31
. As China-Hong Kong, Finland, Japan, Southern
Cyprus and Turkey's foreign language education programs are compared, it is seen that language education is
started at a young age in China-Hong Kong, Finland, Southern Cyprus and Turkey. In similar manner, language
proficiency is linked to certain criteria in these countries. While Finland is the only country referring to the
individuality in foreign language education, all of them value an international communication and cultural
awareness. And, they have adopted the communicative approach in a foreign language education.
According to these results, if it is accepted that language education starting at a young age as an
advantage for individual, Japan in which language education is started in the sixth grade and Turkey where
language education has been given in second grade of primary school since 2013 can be counted among the
failed samples in a foreign language education. Finland is regarded as the most successful country in a foreign
language education. In the light of this success, it can be argued that the individualisation is effective.
In Turkey, the continued practices of English as a foreign language education reveal the underlying
political, social and economic concerns of the country. Turkey continues to be concerned about its economic
future and has enacted a policy that is open to foreign language to address this. In the light of the data obtained
from other countries which are successful in English as a foreign language education, it can be said if it happens
starting a foreign language education at an early age, identifying the students’ needs correctly and
individualising a foreign language education in Turkey, it will be easy to reach political, social and economic
objectives.
5. A Comparative Analysis of English as Foreign Language Education Programmes
www.ijhssi.org 39 | Page
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languages-in-finland-s-educational-system (10.06.2015).
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Into the next decade with (2nd) FL Teaching Rudolf Reinelt Research Laboratory EU Matsuyama, 16 - 40. 20
[19] TEDMEM, Einstein’ın Turkiye’deki yabancı dil egitimi hakkındaki gorusu: Aynı seyleri yapıp, farklı sonuc beklemek! (1st
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Ankara: TEDMEM, 2013.
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