Autism & Related Disabilities is a developmental disorder that affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. It is also known as a complex developmental disability. Austin Journal of Autism & Related Disabilities is an open access, peer reviewed scholarly journal committed to publication of unique contributions concerned with Autism & Related Disabilities.
Austin Journal of Autism & Related Disabilities accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Autism & Related Disabilities.
Autism & Related Disabilities is a developmental disorder that affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. It is also known as a complex developmental disability. Austin Journal of Autism & Related Disabilities is an open access, peer reviewed scholarly journal committed to publication of unique contributions concerned with Autism & Related Disabilities.
Austin Journal of Autism & Related Disabilities accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of Autism & Related Disabilities.
Noncleavable linker is considered noncleavable-meaning linker cleavage, and payload release does not depend on the differential properties between the plasma and some cytoplasmic compartments. Instead, the release of the cytotoxic drug is postulated to occur after internalization of the ADC via antigen-mediated endocytosis and delivery to lysosomal compartment, where the antibody is degraded to the level of amino acids through intracellular proteolytic degradation.
tratamientos para el mieloma multiple WHAT IS MM? Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common cancer of the blood formed by malignant plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. Despite recent advances, remains incurable in the vast majority of patients.
In the United States, there will be an estimated 24,050 new cases of MM in 2014 and >60,000 individuals living with the disease. Worldwide, ~86,000 patients are diagnosed each year with myeloma, while ~63,000 patients die every year from disease-related complications.
WHERE DOES EVERYTHING START? Everything start in plasma cells which are mainly found in bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside some hollow bones.
WHAT HAPPENS? When plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, they can produce a tumor called a plasmacytoma. These tumors generally develop in a bone, if someone has more than one plasmacytoma, they have multiple myeloma. (Isolated (or solitary) plasmacytoma si es uno solo).
The growth of this tumor, weakens the bones and also makes it harder the formation of healthy blood cells and platelets. According to this…
WHAT CAN WE EXPECT TO FOUND? As we know, the bone marrow produces blood cells, if a tumor in the bone occurs, we see:
• decreases the number of red blood cells: which leads to have an anemia
• Decreases the number of white blood cells: which favors infections cause, plasma cells make the antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help the body attack and kill germs. (leucopenia)
• diminishes the number of platelets: that can be evidenced with unusual bleeding (trombocitopenia)
We can also found b
IPG (Immobilized pH Gradient) based separations are frequently
used as the first step in shotgun proteomics methods; it yields an
increase in both the dynamic range and resolution of peptide
separation prior to the LC-MS analysis. Experimental isoelectric
point (pI) values can improve peptide identifications in conjunction
with MS/MS information. Our group has previously reported the
possibility of identifying theoretically peptides and proteins based
on different experimental properties. Thus, accurate estimation
of the pI value based on the amino acid sequence becomes critical
to perform these kinds of experiments. Nowadays, pI is commonly
predicted using the charge-state model [3], and/or the co-factor
algorithm. However, none of these methods is capable of
calculating the pI value for basic peptides accurately. In this
manuscript, we present an new approach that can significant
improve the pI estimation, by using Support Vector Machines
(SVM), an experimental amino acid descriptor taken from the
AAIndex database and the isoelectric point predicted by the
charge-state model.
Noncleavable linker is considered noncleavable-meaning linker cleavage, and payload release does not depend on the differential properties between the plasma and some cytoplasmic compartments. Instead, the release of the cytotoxic drug is postulated to occur after internalization of the ADC via antigen-mediated endocytosis and delivery to lysosomal compartment, where the antibody is degraded to the level of amino acids through intracellular proteolytic degradation.
tratamientos para el mieloma multiple WHAT IS MM? Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common cancer of the blood formed by malignant plasma cells. Normal plasma cells are found in the bone marrow and are an important part of the immune system. Despite recent advances, remains incurable in the vast majority of patients.
In the United States, there will be an estimated 24,050 new cases of MM in 2014 and >60,000 individuals living with the disease. Worldwide, ~86,000 patients are diagnosed each year with myeloma, while ~63,000 patients die every year from disease-related complications.
WHERE DOES EVERYTHING START? Everything start in plasma cells which are mainly found in bone marrow. Bone marrow is the soft tissue inside some hollow bones.
WHAT HAPPENS? When plasma cells become cancerous and grow out of control, they can produce a tumor called a plasmacytoma. These tumors generally develop in a bone, if someone has more than one plasmacytoma, they have multiple myeloma. (Isolated (or solitary) plasmacytoma si es uno solo).
The growth of this tumor, weakens the bones and also makes it harder the formation of healthy blood cells and platelets. According to this…
WHAT CAN WE EXPECT TO FOUND? As we know, the bone marrow produces blood cells, if a tumor in the bone occurs, we see:
• decreases the number of red blood cells: which leads to have an anemia
• Decreases the number of white blood cells: which favors infections cause, plasma cells make the antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) that help the body attack and kill germs. (leucopenia)
• diminishes the number of platelets: that can be evidenced with unusual bleeding (trombocitopenia)
We can also found b
IPG (Immobilized pH Gradient) based separations are frequently
used as the first step in shotgun proteomics methods; it yields an
increase in both the dynamic range and resolution of peptide
separation prior to the LC-MS analysis. Experimental isoelectric
point (pI) values can improve peptide identifications in conjunction
with MS/MS information. Our group has previously reported the
possibility of identifying theoretically peptides and proteins based
on different experimental properties. Thus, accurate estimation
of the pI value based on the amino acid sequence becomes critical
to perform these kinds of experiments. Nowadays, pI is commonly
predicted using the charge-state model [3], and/or the co-factor
algorithm. However, none of these methods is capable of
calculating the pI value for basic peptides accurately. In this
manuscript, we present an new approach that can significant
improve the pI estimation, by using Support Vector Machines
(SVM), an experimental amino acid descriptor taken from the
AAIndex database and the isoelectric point predicted by the
charge-state model.
COMPETENCY 3Integrate credible and relevant sources into coursewLynellBull52
COMPETENCY 3
Integrate credible and relevant sources into coursework to enhance clarity and support claims.
CRITERION
Reflect on how credibility and relevance of a chosen resource were determined.
Your result: Non-Performance
Distinguished
Reflects on how credibility and relevance of a chosen resource were determined. Notes how specific aspects of the assessment were used to determine relevance.
Proficient
Reflects on how credibility and relevance of a chosen resource were determined.
Basic
Explains the concepts of credibility and relevance in general terms, but does not specifically address how this was used to determine if the specific resource was credible and relevant.
Non-Performance
Does not explain the concepts of credibility and relevance in general terms.
Faculty Comments:
I did not see a discussion of source credibility/relevance. For this assignment you were are also required to locate an article in the library about time organizing strategies (outlined in Part I). Then, you were asked in Part II to reflect on how you determined the credibility and relevance of your chosen library resource to support your task prioritization.
ONCOLOGY LETTERS 19: 595-605, 2020
Abstract. Numerous types of molecular mechanisms mediate
the development of cancer. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are
being increasingly recognized to play important role in medi-
ating the development of diseases, including cancer. Long
non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are
the two most widely studied ncRNAs. Thus far, lncRNAs are
known to have biological roles through a variety of mecha-
nisms, including genetic imprinting, chromatin remodeling,
cell cycle control, splicing regulation, mRNA decay and
translational regulation, and miRNAs regulate gene expres-
sion through the degradation of mRNAs and lncRNAs.
Although ncRNAs account for a major proportion of the total
RNA, the mechanisms underlying the physiological or patho-
logical processes mediated by various types of ncRNAs, and
the specific interaction mechanisms between miRNAs and
lncRNAs in various physiological and pathological processes,
remain largely unknown. Thus, further research in this field
is required. In general, the interaction mechanisms between
miRNAs and lncRNAs in human cancer have become
important research topics, and the study thereof has led to
the recent development of related technologies. By providing
examples and descriptions, and performing chart analysis, the
present study aimed to review the interaction mechanisms and
research approaches for these two types of ncRNAs, as well
as their roles in the occurrence and development of cancer.
These details have far‑reaching significance for the utilization
of these molecules in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs
3. Methods of research in to lncRNAs and miRNAs
4. lncRNAs and miRNAs in cancer
5. Conclusion
1. Introduction
In 1993, Lee e ...
CELLULAR REPROGRAMMING: Current Technology, Perspectives and Generation of iP...Munna Yadav
Reprogramming refers to erasure and remodelling of epigenetic marks, such as DNA methylation, during mammalian development. Exposure of a differentiated cell nucleus to the cytoplasm of less differentiated cell leads to erasure of the stable epigenetic code that maintains the differentiated cell’s phenotype. Gradually, the nucleus acquires a new epigenetic code that is characteristic of the dedifferentiated cell donating the cytoplasm, a process termed cellular reprogramming.
The Role of MicroRNAs in the Progression, Prognostication, and Treatment of B...CrimsonpublishersCancer
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are conserved, small, non-coding RNA molecules, which recently have attracted enormous attention in numerous physiological and pathological conditions. Several studies have shed light on their biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and role as effective therapies in diseased conditions. Of interest, miRNA deregulation in numerous cancer types has been researched as potential diagnostic and prognostic tool. Breast cancer (BCa) is the most predominant tumor in women and the main cause of death. Despite advances in diagnosis and new treatments, the death toll from this disease is still higher than many other types of cancer in men and women. A major global health issue plaguing the health and clinical research industry is resistance to BCa treatments. A lot of attention is increasingly directed towards miRNAs as a potential predictor’s response to treatments and as an alternative therapy to BCa treatment. Increasing evidence reveals a fundamental role miRNA plays in cancer development, progression, and treatment. Repeated findings have reinforced evidence of miRNA modulations in breast cancer cells by their effects in cell migration and invasion. Recently, miRNAs have been described as a diagnostic and prognostic tool, which offers promises as biomarkers for advancement of non-invasive and precise methods for screening tumor growth and progression. This review summarizes an overview of miRNA in breast cancer growth and progression, recent applications as biomarkers in a clinical setting in this type of cancers.
A Characterization of the Effect of Methyltransferase Knockdown PDF
1. Background: Epigenetic changes like non-
coding RNA-associated gene silencing, histone
modification, and DNA and RNA methylation can
alter patterns of gene expression and ultimately
become a causal force in the development and
progression of human disease. N6-methyl-
Adenosine (m6A) methylation is an epigenetic
modification that occurs both in DNA and RNA
and has recently been discovered to play
important roles in RNA metabolism, mRNA
translation, post-transcriptional protein
expression, miRNA expression, and other
regulatory processes. Specifically, the m6A
methylation sites in genes’ 3’UTRs are speculated
to be involved in functional variability.
M6A mRNA methylation is essentially catalyzed by
the multicomponent METTL3-METTL14 complex.
Previous studies reveal that METTL3 knockdown
influences total m6A levels, and some METTL14
knockdown experiments have been performed in
HeLa and 293FT cells, but their role in breast
cancer development, especially the role of
METTL14, is largely unknown. To examine the
effect, we first performed a METTL14
knockdown on a triple negative breast cancer
cell line and performed differential analysis to
elucidate the effect of this knockdown on gene
expression and m6A levels. A corresponding
genome-wide small RNA expression is planned
for the same study.
Methods: Gene wide gene expression profiling
was completed of the METTL14 knockdown on
cell-line MDA-MB-231 using RNA-seq protocol.
Short sequence reads were aligned to human
genome hg19 build with TopHat aligner, followed
by HTSeq for gene expression quantification and
DESeq for normalization and differential gene
expression analysis. We identified 15 differentially
expressed genes with p-value < 0.01, fold-change
> 2, and minimal expression level > 1 (RPKM
unit). MiRNA expression analysis will be
evaluated using the FLICKER pipeline, followed
by DESeq algorithm.
Results: As expected, METTL14 had been
identified among 9 down-regulated genes, along
with 6 up-regulated genes. In addition,
hierarchical clustering algorithm (heat map)
revealed a distinct pattern of gene expression. We
also examined miRNAs that potentially targeted
these differentially expressed genes, and a list of
miRNAs was obtained.
Conclusion: To obtain the most comprehensive
characterization of the METTL14 knockdown's
impact, additional experiments will be combined
to examine the effect of miRNA expression, with
or without m6A methylation, in relation to miRNA.
Our study is the first step to reveal the complex
relationship between m6A methylation and gene,
miRNA, and post-transcription protein expression.
Abstract
A Characterization of the Effect of Methyltransferase Knockdown on Gene and
microRNA Expression
Janaya Lee Shelly3, Subbarayalu Panneerdoss1,3, Santosh Timilsina1, Harry Chen1, Yufei Huang2, Manjeet K Rao1,3, Yidong Chen4
1Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
2Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA
3Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
4Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
Results
Acknowledgements
Supported by a 2015 Summer
Undergraduate Research Fellowship to
Janaya Shelly from the Cancer Prevention
& Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT)
Training Grant (RP140105)
Janaya Shelly would also like to
acknowledge Dr. Yidong Chen for his
superior mentorship during the completion
of her project..
References
Fu, Ye, et al. "Gene expression regulation
mediated through reversible m6A RNA
methylation." Nature Review Genetics 15:
293-306. Print.
Liu, Jianzhao, et al. "A METTL3-METTl14
complex mediates mammalian nuclear
RNA N6-adenosine methylation." Nature
Chemical Biology 10 (2014): 93-95. Print.
Future Directions
Use FLICKER and DESeq to perform
miRNA expression analysis
Obtain and expand list of miRNAs that
target differentially expressed genes
Study further the relationship between
miRNA expression, m6A methylation
status, and miRNA location in the 3’UTR.
Methods
RNA-seq TopHat HTSeq DESeq
Figure 1: Methods Flowchart | RNA-seq protocol was performed, followed by TopHat read alignment, HTSeq read/gene counting, and DESeq differential expression analysis
Figure 2: Excel Table | shows top 15 differentially
expressed (p-value < 0.01, 2FC > 2) genes
Figure 3: Volcano Plot | shows differentially expressed
genes, where red is overexpression and green is
underexpression
Figure 4: Scatter Plot | shows variation and expression
levels of genes in the sample
Figure 5: Heat Map | shows distinct pattern of gene
expression