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Applying multiple streams theoretical framework to college matriculation poli...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the application of Kingdon's multiple streams framework to analyze China's college matriculation policy reform for children of migrant workers. It analyzes how the political stream promoted the issue onto the government agenda but failed to enter the decision agenda due to the lack of viable policy alternatives. The article argues that for a proposal to succeed in China it must satisfy necessary criteria and consider institutional obstacles. It concludes that while the multiple streams theory can be applied to China, the absence of strong policy development hindered this reform from being successfully implemented.
Applying multiple streams theoretical framework to college matriculation poli...Alexander Decker
This document applies Kingdon's multiple streams framework to analyze China's college matriculation policy reform for children of migrant workers. It discusses how the problem stream indirectly opened the policy window by raising awareness of the issue, while the political stream directly opened it through organized advocacy efforts. However, the policy stream was absent due to a lack of viable alternatives meeting criteria. As a result, the policy window closed without a policy being adopted, contributing to the reform's perceived failure except in some localities.
This literature review examines public sector governance reforms between 2001-2011. It summarizes the literature on reforms in four areas: the role of the state, central government functions, civil service systems, and accountability mechanisms. The review finds that past reforms have often failed due to poor design that did not consider politics, and weak implementation related to lack of ownership and other challenges. Lessons identified include the need to pay attention to politics, have strong domestic leadership, take incremental approaches, and change donor behaviors to be more long-term and predictable. The review also notes gaps in research on gender, aid modalities, and explaining reform success.
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This document discusses New Public Management (NPM) and its application in Nigeria. It provides background on NPM, noting that it emerged in Europe and America in the 1980s in response to criticisms of traditional public administration models. NPM advocates changing the role of the state to be more indirect through policies, facilitation, and coordination rather than direct service provision. It also emphasizes market discipline, performance measures, and efficiency. The document examines how NPM was adopted in Nigeria in the 1990s through commercialization and privatization. It reviews literature on NPM and compares traditional and NPM approaches. The purpose is to analyze NPM's suitability for Nigeria's public sector and provide recommendations for its implementation. Secondary sources were used in
Public Personnel Administration (PPA) is a traditional subfield of Public Administration that deals with the recruitment, selection, development and management of human resources in government organizations. PPA has evolved over time from a focus on personnel management to human resource management. Developments in PPA, such as reforms to the US civil service system, helped inspire early theories in Public Administration. Effective PPA principles like competence, integrity and transparency are important for good governance and achieving sustainable development goals.
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This document discusses policy inconsistency in Nigeria's privatization policy from 1999-2007. It begins with an introduction to public policy and privatization. The objectives of the study are then outlined as: 1) reviewing privatization policy inconsistencies during this period, 2) examining the consequences of frequent policy changes, 3) evaluating factors causing changes, and 4) making recommendations. Related literature defines key terms like policy, public policy, and privatization. It also outlines the stages of the policy process. The document aims to analyze inconsistencies in Nigeria's privatization policy and suggest improvements.
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Public investment effectiveness in Peru remains low for decades, even with investment growth and technical quality improvement. Management approach is often considered as fixed and is not subject to study or change. This analysis goes deep in understanding how is the current public investment management approach, and compares it with deterministic and systemic approaches, concluding with a precise characterization and generating an improvement agenda in order to suggest changes that increase effectiveness and therefore contribute to a better quality of life of the population in Peru.
The document discusses attempts over the last 14 years to improve policy making in the UK government. It identifies four main areas of focus: process, qualities, structures, and politics. While the goals of these reform efforts are widely agreed upon, the document argues there remains a gap between the theory presented and the realities of policy making practice. The two key qualities that have proven most elusive are evaluation, review and learning, and innovation, due to systemic barriers like misaligned timescales, departmental incentives, and lack of clarity over their practical meaning. Overall, while the desire to improve is clear, current approaches have not adequately addressed the challenges of translating theory into reality.
International Journal of Business and Management .docxmariuse18nolet
International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 5, No. 4; April 2010
3
Impact of Strategic Planning on Financial Performance of
Companies in Turkey
Alev M. Efendioglu (Corresponding author)
School of Business and Professional Studies, University of San Francisco
2130 Fulton Street, Malloy Hall 220 San Francisco, CA 94117-1045, USA
Tel: 1-415-422-6389 E-mail: [email protected]
A. Tuğba Karabulut
Faculty of Commercial Sciences, Istanbul Commerce University
Selman-i Pak Cad. 34672 Uskudar Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: 90-216-5539422/278 ext E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Strategic planning is important for strategic management of companies. The purpose of this study is to explore
the impact of strategic planning on financial performance of Major Industrial Enterprises of Turkey. Our
findings show that many domestic and foreign firms in our sample have a strategic process in place. It is an
annual process and considered a very important organizational activity. This paper is one of the few studies to
examine the strategic planning process in a sample of firms from a transitional economy. It can be considered a
longitudinal study because it examines a set of institutions to identify changes in their performance over time, as
they incorporate the use of strategic tools in a dynamic competitive environment. The findings of this study
provide a contribution to our understanding of the nature and practice of strategic planning in Turkish companies
and possibilities of correlations between their efforts and performance.
Keywords: Strategic planning, Financial performance, Turkey
1. Introduction
Even though the concept of strategy may have had its original underpinnings in the military and its war efforts,
over many decades it has become a mainstay and a major process (organizational activity) in for-profit and
not-for-profit organizations. These organizations have refined and used the process to understand issues which
they cannot control but have a significant impact on their survival and success, and use their limited resources
and competencies to improve their competitive positions. It was hypothesized that by consciously using formal
planning, a company could exert some positive control over market forces, create competitive advantages,
improve organizational effectiveness, and improve its performance.
As a result, new concepts and tools were developed and added to company repertoires over time, and they were
used to bring formality and uniformity to strategy development in organizations. Because one of the objectives
of this process is to develop competitive advantages leading to superior organizational performance, the
relationship between the firm’s strategic planning efforts and firm performance received considerable attention
from academics, researchers, and business executives. However, despite the large number of studies examining
this relationship, the findings ha.
This document outlines the rationale for adopting a strategic approach to government management in New Zealand. It discusses how decentralizing decision making and empowering managers improved decisions but did not ensure coordination across government. A strategic approach provides direction, autonomy, and control to help government address complex long term problems. This challenges governments to identify their core competencies of making quality long term decisions, creating and distributing knowledge, implementing decisions, and mediating interests. Political and administrative leadership were vital to developing New Zealand's strategic government reforms.
This paper which I presented at a training program provides invaluable input into the concept, principles, features of Public Sector Reforms. It also explores the role of international organisations in PSR.
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Problems and possibilities of good governance in bangladesh hurdles to achiev...Alexander Decker
This document discusses issues of governance and sustainable development in Bangladesh. It analyzes problems with current governance, including corruption, outdated laws, lack of accountability and transparency. The study is based on a review of literature on governance and secondary sources. It aims to discuss key aspects of good governance and make recommendations to improve governance in Bangladesh in order to ensure sustainable development. Barriers to good governance in Bangladesh include a slow, non-transparent bureaucratic structure and rampant corruption. Strong political will is needed to fight corruption and establish accountability, transparency and the rule of law.
Ethical decision making is a requirement and is a must for leaders in the local authorities to ensure
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or otherwise.Decision making by officers in a local authority is imperative;
Performance Measurement System Effectiveness and PublicPrivate Partnership As...iosrjce
The paper assess whether government participation in public-private partnership has brought
improved service delivery and efficiency in governance. The operations of government like any other private
institutions require continuous evaluation in the form of performance measurement system for improvement,
satisfaction of customers, employees and stakeholders. Data was administered Lagos waste management
authority and public. The extent of efficiency in service delivery and governance; and the effectiveness of
performance measurement usage were measured using an index computed from questionnaire items. The data
was subjected to Mann-Whitney independent sample test. Significant differences were observed in the
assessment of staff and the public on public-private partnership service delivery efficiency. The public
confirmed that waste service delivery is efficient as it had yielded quality service and cleaner environment. The
study recommended therefore that for continued public confidence in governance, efficiency in service delivery
and the use of performance measurement techniques should not be undermined or sacrificed for political gains.
This can be facilitated through conscientious monitoring of the outsourced services.
Overview Of South African Public ManagementJessica Tanner
The document discusses the feasibility of management in the public sector as an organizational paradigm and new model for organizational development. It reviews literature exploring change management strategies from a public sector project management perspective. The literature suggests that employee participation, effective feedback, and empowering subordinate staff are crucial to transforming public organizations. The proposal hypothesizes that establishing long-term productivity advantages throughout the organization is also important.
The document outlines citizen reform agendas proposed for political candidates and parties in the 2010 Philippine elections. It discusses agendas related to anti-corruption, political and electoral reforms, the environment and sustainable development, and local governance. On anti-corruption, it proposes strengthening oversight bodies and ensuring consequences for non-compliance. For political reforms, it advocates empowering citizens and transforming politics to be more inclusive and pro-poor. On the environment, it calls for adopting sustainable development frameworks like the Philippine Agenda 21 and enabling economic policies.
Implementation consists of organized government activities directed at achieving policy goals and objectives. It involves putting authorized policies into effect according to a plan. Implementation inspires little public or political interest, though politics can still influence the process through noncompliance. Effective implementation requires that policies are clear and simple, specify roles and structures, have committed leadership, and maintain priority and support over time despite changing conditions.
Explain the scope of public administration as a discipline
Explain the scope of public administration AS AN ACTIVITY
IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS AREAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
The document discusses different views of public administration as both a field of practice and study. As a field of practice, public administration involves carrying out governmental functions like enacting laws and policies. As a field of study, it uses empirical research and social science methods to advance knowledge. Public administration is considered an applied discipline that prepares individuals for careers in public service. It is viewed as both an art that involves creativity and leadership, and a science with theories to explain phenomena in the field. Several definitions of public administration are provided that emphasize its role in implementing policies and delivering services to the public.
According to the textbook, the Federal Disaster Assistance Act of 19.docxronak56
According to the textbook, the Federal Disaster Assistance Act of 1950 (P.L. 81-875) defined the roles and responsibilities during natural disasters. Once the president issued a disaster declaration, federal relief resources could flow to the affected areas for response and recovery. The president would then delegate administrative control of relief efforts to the Housing and Home Finance Administration. This law also instituted the federal role in natural disasters as a supportive role, while instituting primary responsibility for disaster response and recovery with local and state governments. How had this changed by 1978? Why did it change? Do you agree with the change? Why, or why not?
300 WORDS
APA FORMAT
.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5 Eng.docxronak56
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency.
The Assignment (1-2 pages):
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
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International Journal of Business and Management Vol. 5, No. 4; April 2010
3
Impact of Strategic Planning on Financial Performance of
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Alev M. Efendioglu (Corresponding author)
School of Business and Professional Studies, University of San Francisco
2130 Fulton Street, Malloy Hall 220 San Francisco, CA 94117-1045, USA
Tel: 1-415-422-6389 E-mail: [email protected]
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Faculty of Commercial Sciences, Istanbul Commerce University
Selman-i Pak Cad. 34672 Uskudar Istanbul, Turkey
Tel: 90-216-5539422/278 ext E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Strategic planning is important for strategic management of companies. The purpose of this study is to explore
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findings show that many domestic and foreign firms in our sample have a strategic process in place. It is an
annual process and considered a very important organizational activity. This paper is one of the few studies to
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Even though the concept of strategy may have had its original underpinnings in the military and its war efforts,
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planning, a company could exert some positive control over market forces, create competitive advantages,
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authority and public. The extent of efficiency in service delivery and governance; and the effectiveness of
performance measurement usage were measured using an index computed from questionnaire items. The data
was subjected to Mann-Whitney independent sample test. Significant differences were observed in the
assessment of staff and the public on public-private partnership service delivery efficiency. The public
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According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5 Eng.docxronak56
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency.
The Assignment (1-2 pages):
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
According to the text, economic outcomes measured by economic gr.docxronak56
According to the text, economic outcomes measured by economic growth is affected by a number of factors. Also, hundreds of empirical studies on economic growth across countries have highlighted the correlation between economic growth and a variety of variables.
Claims regarding the determinants of economic growth are conditional, and the findings depend on the variables used. However, the availability of physical capital or infrastructure, government consumption, terms of trade, macroeconomic stability, the rule of law, regulatory quality, government effectiveness, foreign direct investments, population size, and natural resource availability are the most consistent findings of empirical studies on economic growth.
Review the literature on economic growth and provide a summary of how:
Population affects economic growth
Natural Resource Abundance affects economic growth
Note: The answers you provide to each of these sub-questions should not be more than 15 sentences.
Also note that because this is a literature review you must cite credible sources; avoid using news articles.
The examples below should serve as a guide
Example 1: The example below shows how inflation affects investment in a study of the effect of inflation on investment.
The destabilizing effect of inflation on investment has been a major source of debate in economic and business literature. Generally, inflation is often considered a sign of macroeconomic instability and the inability of government to control macroeconomic policy, both of which contribute to an adverse investment climate (Fischer, 2013; Greene & Villanueva, 1991). However, the empirical evidence is still far from convincing. While some authors claim positive effects of inflation on investment, others hold that inflation poses a “stealth” threat to investments. For example, Greene and Villanueva (1991) argue that high rate of inflation adversely affects private investment activity by increasing the riskiness of long-term investment projects. Also, Fischer (2013) observed that inflation uncertainty is associated with substantial reduction in total investment. On the contrary, McClain and Nicholes (1993) found that investment and inflation are positively related to each other.
Example 2: The example below shows how natural resource endowments affects income inequality in a study of the determinants of income inequality.
The nexus between natural resource endowments and income inequality has also been widely debated and has inspired a long history of research in both economics and political science (see, for example, Fum and Hodler, 2010; Goderis and Malone, 2011; Leamer, Maul, Rodriguez, and Schott, 1999; Carmignani, 2013; Parcero and Papyrakis, 2016; Bourguignon and Morrisson, 1998). For example, Anderson et al., (2004) argue that natural resources endowment provide a plausible explanation as to why the observed levels of inequality are significantly higher in both sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5.docxronak56
According to the Council on Social Work Education, Competency 5: Engage in Policy Practice:
Social workers understand that human rights and social justice, as well as social welfare and services, are mediated by policy and its implementation at the federal, state, and local levels. Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. Social workers understand their role in policy development and implementation within their practice settings at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels and they actively engage in policy practice to effect change within those settings. Social workers recognize and understand the historical, social, cultural, economic, organizational, environmental, and global influences that affect social policy. They are also knowledgeable about policy formulation, analysis, implementation, and evaluation. Social workers:
Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services;
Assess how social welfare and economic policies impact the delivery of and access to social services;
Apply critical thinking to analyze, formulate, and advocate for policies that advance human rights and social, economic, and environmental justice.
This assignment is intended to help students demonstrate the behavioral components of this competency in their field education.
To prepare: Working with your field instructor, identify, evaluate, and discuss policies established by the local, state, and federal government (within the last five years) that affect the day to day operations of the field placement agency (
Georgia Department of Family and Children Services
).
The Assignment (1-2 pages):
Describe the policies and their impact on the field agency.
Propose specific recommendations regarding how you, as a social work intern, and the agency can advocate for policies pertaining to advancing social justice for the agency and the clients it serves.
.
According to the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), part of.docxronak56
According to the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), part of being a well-prepared special educator includes “developing relationships with families based on mutual respect and actively involving families and individuals with exceptionalities in educational decision making” (Council for Exceptional Children, 2015, Special Education Professional Ethical Principles, E). This includes advocating for parental involvement by providing information on educational rights and safeguards in a way that creates accessibility and transparent IEP meeting procedures (Council for Exceptional Children, 2015).
Hammond, Ingalls and Trussell (2008) investigated the experiences of those family members who attended an initial IEP meeting and then subsequent meetings over the next four years. Their findings indicated that the overwhelming majority of the 212 family participants agreed that the child needed special education services but had negative emotional responses to the initial team meeting. Some of the most beneficial information collected included acknowledging the emotions tied to having a child initial diagnosed with a disability; stronger communication skills by education professionals during the team meeting; and additional measures to better prepare parents for the team meetings (Hammond, Ingalls, & Trussell, 2008). Similarly, the article,
Building Parent Trust in the Special Education Setting (Links to an external site.)
(Wellner, 2012) was written to emphasize the importance of trust building strategies to avoid costly due process hearings and to maximize relationships with all involved in making decisions on behalf of the student with special needs.
Initial Post:
After reading the article, After reading the article,
The 5-Point Plan
, reviewing the Council for Exceptional Children’s (CEC) , reviewing the Council for Exceptional Children’s (CEC)
Special Education and Professional Ethical Principles and Practice Standards (Links to an external site.)
, and reading
Building Parent Trust in the Special Education Setting (Links to an external site.)
you will create an initial response depending on the first letter of your last name.
If your last name begins with the letters A – M:
You will respond as one of the parent participants in this the Hammond, Ingalls and Trussell study. Begin by explaining how you felt attending your child’s first IEP meeting, using the article and the Instructor Guidance as a foundation for your narrative. Then, describe how future IEP meeting experiences changed (improved or declined) and why. Finally, using the
CEC Professional Practice Standards for Parents and Families (Links to an external site.)
and
Building Parent Trust in the Special Education Setting (Links to an external site.)
, provide at least three suggestions to the special education team leader for how to improve this experience for parents of newly diagnosed children with disabilities.
.
According to the article, Answer these two questions. Why did Ma.docxronak56
According to the article, Answer these two questions.
Why did Marx believe that capitalism would fall on its own? Why did his predictions not come true? (hint: how has the economy changed since Marx’s time?
Describe Robert Owen’s “New Lanark” community? What were his innovations? Did he suspend either private property or market economics? Are there people today who follow a similar business model?
.
According to Neuman’s theory, a human being is a total person as a c.docxronak56
According to Neuman’s theory, a human being is a total person as a client system and the person is a layered, multidimensional being. Each layer consists of a five-person variable or subsystem: (1) physiological, (2) psychological, (3) sociocultural, (4) developmental, and (5) spiritual.
Considering the 'spiritual' variable- Do you feel this variable exists at all? Does it have as wide-ranging results as Neuman claims? Is it appropriate for an APRN to participate in or work with the patient’s spiritual dimension?
.
According to Rolando et al. (2012), alcohol socialization is the pr.docxronak56
According to Rolando et al. (2012), “alcohol socialization is the process by which a person approaches and familiarizes with alcohol learns about the values connected to its use and about how, when and where s/he can or cannot drink.”
Based on the focus group findings, describe what the first drink means in both Italy and Finland, and what types of attitudes are connected with different types of socialization processes.
.
According to your readings, cloud computing represents one of th.docxronak56
According to your readings, cloud computing represents one of the most significant paradigms shifts in information technology (IT) history, due to an extension of sharing an application-hosting provider that has been around for many years, and was common in highly regulated vertical industries like banks and health care institutions. The author’s knowledge from their research continue to assert that, the impetus behind cloud computing lies on the idea that it provides economies of scale by spreading costs across many client organizations and pooling computing resources while matching client computing needs to consumption in a flexible, real-time version.
Identify the issues and risks that pose concern to organizations storing data in the cloud - briefly support your discussion.
.
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer.docxronak56
According to this idea that gender is socially constructed, answer the following questions:
1. What does it mean to be a man in the U.S.? What does it mean to be a woman?
2. From what institutions do we learn these gender roles?
3. How do these clips demonstrate the ways in which gender is socially constructed in the U.S.? Do the concepts discussed in the clips resonate with you? Why or why not?
In Persepolis, the main character Marji struggles to define her identity as an Iranian woman in a changing society.
· What roles are depicted for women in Iranian society in the film? How do they change over time?
· How does Persepolis demonstrate the ways in which gender and identity are influenced in many ways, by different processes across cultures? How are gender roles in Iran similar, or different to gender in the U.S.?
· What are some of the stereotypes that exist about Muslim women and how does Abu-Lughod in “Do Muslim Women Need Saving” and Persepolis complicate these stereotypes?
Answer the following questions 2 full pages
Running head: MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 1
Major Health Care Problems in the U.S.
Jane Doe
ID: 1212121
MAJOR HEALTH CARE PROBLEMS IN THE U.S. 2
Major Health Care Problems in the US
Problem statement: High and continuously rising cost of health care has been and still is one of
the biggest challenges affecting the Health Care system in United States.
Methods of Examining the Problem
Both qualitative and quantitative research methods should be used to fully understand the
issue of high cost of care in the US. Quantitative methods like surveys and experimentations will
aid in estimating the prevalence, magnitude and frequency of the problem in different regions.
On the other hand, qualitative methods like case studies and observation will help describe the
extent and complexity of the issue. The two approaches need to work in complementation to
obtain a clear understanding of this menace.
Surveys, as a quantitative research method, is one of the most effective in the social
research and present a more viable method of examining the cost of health in the country. They
involve asking of questions in the form of questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are
written questions to which the response can be open ended or multiple-choice format. This
would be used to gain information about cost within determinants that are of
disagree/neutral/agree nature. An example is if patients are contented with the cost of services
they get or they deem the cost of cover worthy. Interviews, the researcher discussing issues with
the respondents, are to be used to gain more details on already known aspects of the system. This
may include gathering information to inform policies, administration and use of technology to
minimize the cost of care.
Since health cost in the US is not a new challenge and there have been studies about it,
qualitative methods like .
According to Thiel (2015, p. 40), CSR literature lacks consensus fo.docxronak56
According to Thiel (2015, p. 40), “CSR literature lacks consensus for a standard definition. Typically, many people who are familiar with the concept will initially define CSR within the three domains of the social, economic and natural environments.”
Come up with your own definition of what you believe is a good definition of CSR that you would like your company to follow.
Afterward, explain each part of your definition and why you believe it is best.
.
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are t.docxronak56
According to recent surveys, China, India, and the Philippines are the three most popular countries for IT outsourcing. Write a short paper (2-4 paragraphs) explaining what the appeal would be for US companies to outsource IT functions to these countries. You may discuss cost, labor pool, language, or possibly government support as your reasons. There are many other reasons you may choose to highlight in your paper.
.
According to Rolando et al. (2012), alcohol socialization is th.docxronak56
According to Rolando et al. (2012), “alcohol socialization is the process by which a person approaches and familiarizes with alcohol learns about the values connected to its use and about how, when and where s/he can or cannot drink.”
Based on the focus group findings, describe what the first drink means in both Italy and Finland, and what types of attitudes are connected with different types of socialization processes. Respond to two posts identifying how positive values can be connected to first memories of drinking.
.
According to the author, Social Security is an essential program, .docxronak56
According to the author, Social Security is an essential program, but its future is looking unpromising unless we start by eliminating the payroll tax cap.
In the author’s proposal to keep the funding open, the author proposes the acceptance of Bernie Sanders’ “Keeping Our Social Security Promises Act,” which the author suggests would removes the payroll tax cap. To elaborate further, the author stated that the reason for the cap on the social security is because of the uneven amount of participation during elections which makes the rich influential in governance. The author stated that, research have found that the rich who made over $125,000 contributed 35% in campaigns. According to the author, this act causes a major problem regarding the shaping of the social security because people with lower income would not be able to contribute that amount of money towards campaigns. The author also states that it causes greater income equality, since those who contribute are rich and as a matter of fact get more benefits from political power in the form of payroll tax cap. This in the authors words, compromises the state of social welfare in the United States because those active in politics don’t have the same views as the poor who are focused on housing, poverty, and health. Congressional Research Service was used to predicts that, if tax cap is not removed, there will be a permanent increase of tax rate from 12.4% to 15.1% which would hurt people making less than the current tax cap currently at $132,900 or, cutting benefits by 20% in 2035 and continuously rising every year.
In as much as the author makes a good point on the percentage of rich people that donated to campaign, the author failed to state how much the rich get in payroll tax cap since that is a major part of the authors argument. The authors failed to indicate how an increase in tax rate would affect people making less than the current tax cap which is $132,900. To sum it up, the author failed to expand and give more numeric evidence to support the argument.
In addition, to provide a guideline in eliminating payroll tax cap, the author suggested a bill introduced by Bernie Sanders called, Keeping Our Social Security Promises Act. The bill according to the author seeks to remove the cap placed on payroll taxes. The author further stated the bill will help Solvency to expand for 75 years without increasing taxes for those who earn less than $250,000, the only people who will see a change are those earn more than $250,000. According to the Congressional Research Service as stated by the author, removing the cap would eliminate 84% of the projected shortfall. The author stated that, the top 200 CEOs would have to contributed $341,291,106 towards Social Security when the tax cap is removed. In addition, the author stated that, removing the cap would eliminate 84% of the projected shortfall. The author proposes an increase in the taxable payroll from 12.40% to 12.83% to keep it solvent.
According to Morrish, the blame for the ever-growing problem of disc.docxronak56
According to Morrish, the blame for the ever-growing problem of discipline in schools rests at least in part on popular discipline theories, which he believes have gone to excess in allowing students to make choices concerning how they will conduct themselves in school. What are your thoughts about Morrish’s ideas?
.
According to DuBrin (2015), Cultural intelligence is an outsiders .docxronak56
According to DuBrin (2015), "Cultural intelligence is an outsider's ability to interpret someone's unfamiliar and ambiguous behavior the same way that person's compatriots would" (p. 177). In this case, how would you incorporate cultural intelligence within a team setting? Please explain.
Your journal entry must be at least 200 words
.
According to Edgar Schein, organizational culture are the shared.docxronak56
According to Edgar Schein, organizational culture are the shared beliefs and values among a group of people which influences how they perceive, think, and react in the organization. There are four types of organizational culture:
Clan-Internal focus that values flexibility
Adhocracy-A risk taking culture with an external focus on flexibility
Market-A competitive culture with an external focus on profits over employee satisfaction
Hierarchy-A structured culture valuing stability and effectiveness internally
How would you describe the organizational culture of a pr
evious or current place of employment? And why?
Do you think this type of culture is best suited to help the company achieve its strategic goals? Explain.
.
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics are .docxronak56
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics are identified for enhancing your career:
develop career goals,
capitalize on your strengths and build your personal brand,
be passionate about and proud of your work,
develop a code of professional ethics and prosocial motivation,
develop a proactive personality,
keep growing through continuous learning and self-development,
document your accomplishments,
project a professional image, and
perceive yourself as a provider of services. (p. 430)
Identify and explain three career-enhancing techniques or tactics in advancing your career.
Your essay should be at least two pages and should include an introduction, a body of supported material (paragraphs), and a conclusion. Be sure to include two references (on a reference page), and follow all other APA formatting requirements. The reference page does not count toward the total page requirement.
Be sure to apply the proper APA format for the content and references provided.
.
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics .docxronak56
According to DuBrin (2015), the following strategies or tactics are identified for enhancing your career:
develop career goals,
capitalize on your strengths and build your personal brand,
be passionate about and proud of your work,
develop a code of professional ethics and prosocial motivation,
develop a proactive personality,
keep growing through continuous learning and self-development,
document your accomplishments,
project a professional image, and
perceive yourself as a provider of services. (p. 430)
Identify and explain three career-enhancing techniques or tactics in advancing your career.
Your essay should be at least two pages and should include an introduction, a body of supported material (paragraphs), and a conclusion. Be sure to include two references (on a reference page), and follow all other APA formatting requirements.
.
Access the Mental Measurements Yearbook, located in the Univer.docxronak56
Access
the Mental Measurements Yearbook, located in the University Library.
Select
two assessments of intelligence and two achievement tests.
Prepare
a 13 slide presentation about your selected instruments. In your analysis, address the following:
Critique the major definitions of intelligence. Determine which theory of intelligence best fits your selected instruments. Explain how the definition and the measures are related.
Evaluate the measures of intelligence you selected for reliability, validity, normative procedures, and bias.
Your selected intelligence and achievement assessments. How are the goals of the tests similar and different? How are the tests used? What are the purposes of giving these differing tests?
.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
A C A D E M I C P A P E RReforming policy roles in the Jor.docx
1. A C A D E M I C P A P E R
Reforming policy roles in the Jordanian policy‐making process
Rami Tbaishat1 | Ali Rawabdeh1 | Khaled Qassem Hailat2 |
Shaker A Aladwan1 |
Samir Al Balas1 | Mohammed Iqbal Al Ajlouny3
1 Department of Public Administration, Faculty
of Economics and Administrative Sciences,
Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
2 Department of Marketing, Faculty of
Economics and Administrative Sciences,
Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
3 Department of Business Administration,
Faculty of Business, Al‐zaytoonah University
of Jordan, Irbid, Jordan
Correspondence
Rami Tbaishat, Department of Public
Administration, Faculty of Economics and
2. Administrative Sciences, Yarmouk University,
Irbid 21163, Jordan.
Email: [email protected]
The aim of this diagnostic analysis is to identify the weaknesses
in the process of
reforming policy in Jordan. This study will first present a
diagnostic analysis of the
characteristics of administrative reform in Jordan. Following
this, weaknesses will be
identified with a focus on policy roles in the policy‐making
process. Administrative
reform has long been an area of interest and development in
Jordan since the early
1980s. Conferences were held, political and technical
committees formed, and exper-
tise and resources invested. The outcomes of these programs
have been below
expectations, with inadequate impact. This investigation paid
attention on how
Jordan can best invest its resources to maximize efficiency in
the public sector, spe-
cifically the process of reforming policy. This study concludes
that the primary factor
impacting efficiency, accountability, and responsiveness is the
3. degree of authority at
both national and organizational level. Recent efforts in Jordan
to tackle these issues
could create more conflicts that threaten the Jordanian
government's stability. Other
resources have been dedicated to reviewing the rules and values
that govern the rela-
tionship between state and society.
1 | INTRODUCTION
The bureaucratic ethos that emphasizes the importance
of centrally controlled rationality considers one of the
most important characteristics of the political regime
which Jordan has experienced during the last decades
(UNDP Report, 2015). In this context, economic
performance in most cases proved to be less than
adequate for either ensuring self‐sustained development
or, at a minimum, being able to meet the basic
requirements of the populace. In Jordan, the movement
away from the authoritarian past is characterized by
the efforts to maintain or improve the neoliberal
4. foundations of the economy while opening the political
arena to ensure the participation of a traditionally
marginalized citizenry that demands an equitable and
prompt share of the benefits of economic growth.
Despite the official political structure, it is so clear that the
domination
of the executive branch over the judicial and legislative branch
of
government is eminent. The extreme centralization of
managerial
decision‐making surrounded by the executive branch challenges
the
power of attempts at change and, more notably, to retard efforts
to
tackle the problems of the government bureaucracy, like that of
inef-
ficiency and corruption. Consequently, ministers and Prime
ministers
continue their involvement in routine matters at the expense of
stra-
tegic issues and are reluctant to send meaningful powers
downward.
5. Researchers noticed that a significant number of senior
administrators
have received their jobs through patronage rather than on merit.
Their
longevity has conferred on them too much discretionary power
and
rendered them ill prepared to handle the responsibilities
associated
with decentralization (Amster, 2012).
The shift from government to governance, which involves the
focus of administrative practice, is moving from the
bureaucratic
direct governmental form of services to third‐party government
as it
has been called lately (Duflo, 2012).
Explicitly, the way we govern is shifting outside governmental
boundaries—the long‐established procedures and institutions of
gov-
ernment are developing into less concerned with less centralized
to,
which we administrate ourselves (Jacobsen, 2006).
The irresistible challenges in political environment recently,
yet,
7. dynamic
improvement? Should not more concentration be given to the
dynamic development and innovative portion of governmental
deci-
sion making‐administrations?
2 | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study focused on a diagnosis of reforming the Jordanian
policy‐
making process to recognize the difficulties and weaknesses
that
accompanied it. In this comparative procedure, the study
scrutinize
the individuality of rival's explanation reform of policy‐making.
Pattern‐matching is a famous method that goes with this kind of
stud-
ies, where quite a lot of situations are well known in having
confident
results, and the analysis concentrated on answering the
investigated
issues of how and why, which leads to this conclusion turn out
in
every situation. A regular problem in policy‐making is to be
aware of
8. the surroundings under which research and development can be
formalized in a constructive way to the community.
Hence, this analysis is valuable in elucidation and
understanding
the methods and drivers of modern governmental reforms,
which
has been carried out and modernized. Also, this form presents
theoret-
ical frameworks for investigation of organizational of and
public
administration and modernized governance.
To solve the previous matter, this study focused on the situation
under which structural government works efficiently, and how
Jordan
can manage material capital and human in the direction of
efficient
and effective governmental services.
3 | PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to analyze the career public servant
roles in
the policy process and, more generally, how should government
seek
9. to influence the policy‐making process. These questions involve
a vari-
ety of difficult issues about the procedures through which
government
should make its decisions as well as the content of those
decisions
(Kugler & Kugler, 2009). Too often, those two issues are
conflated,
with the assumption that certain actors (civil servants) will
produce
certain types of policies (interventionist). Therefore, more
market‐
based instruments (e.g., vouchers) that keep the bureaucrats out
are
preferable.
In some ways, the questions about the public sector problems
are
basically a reformation of the old questions regarding
“governance.”
How should government administrations function? How should
we
decide what government administrations will and can do? How
should
10. tasks be divided among career civil servants and political
executive's
administrators? To what degree should one branch is to have the
power to check the other?
However, the economic and financial difficulties forced the
gov-
ernment to initiate a reform process. This reform was more
urgent
due to the financial crises in 2008 and globalization. This
study's main
purpose is to scientifically analyze policy roles to recognize its
and
effectiveness and pitfalls. The expectation of this research study
also
is to present to government administrators with the chance to
identify
any variation that could be adjusted within an appropriate
method.
4 | STUDY SIGNIFICANCE
The significance of this study depends on both hypothetical and
prac-
tical forms. On the hypothetical side, investigating the policy
making
11. process development in Jordan and identifies its consequences
and
pitfalls. It is the first study of its kind based on the knowledge
of the
researchers. Hence, this study was projected to develop and
study
prior literatures in the policy‐making field in particular and
public
administration in general.
Alternatively, this study has practical importance and its
outcome
will offer to the policy and decision makers to recognize some
of the
outcomes of the managerial transformation in Jordan and be
attentive
of some of the pitfalls of the transformation process. Moreover,
the
significance of this kind of study is to attain the anticipated
purpose
of the transformation plan.
Understanding policy‐making in Jordan requires an
understanding
of policy roles and the nature of its institutional arrangements.
There-
12. fore, the importance of this study stems from its analytical
framework
to review and assess the policy‐making process in the Jordanian
bureaucracy with special emphasis on policy roles played by
different
participants and command and control mechanisms as
evaluation
criteria.
5 | RESEARCH PROBLEM
Transform programs that have come about at the political and
socio‐eco-
nomical levels in Jordan for the last decade, have focused on
the
question of the legitimacy of traditionally detained visions. It
concerns
the role and function of mutually the state, and those with most
important roles in the policy‐making processes (Blackden &
Hallward‐
Driemeier, 2013).
Efforts to transition toward democracy have focused on either
reform of the constitution at a systematic level or roles played
by or
13. assigned by conventional institutions with influential power
such as
legislatures, executives, political parties, or external
influencers.
Less consideration is given to the potential positive influencers
in
the development of changes processes and improvement in the
pro-
cess of policy making by the public sector.
Good governance should be able to control the incompatible
goals
of economic efficiency in a rational manner. Along this, there
ought to
be a force toward legality based on extensive involvement in the
pro-
cess of public policy‐making and fairness in the sharing of
services
offered by the government to the public (Adrian, 1994).
The difficulty here is in achieving an equilibrium between the
demands for enhancement in the operations of a neoliberal,
capitalist,
free market, and the call to restore and develop conventional
govern-
14. ment and formulate a process forms that connected with a free
bene-
fit state (World Bank Ministerial Seminar, 2001).
The state has been instrumental in addressing a variety of
challenges ranging from regulations and promotion of
economical
2 of 10 TBAISHAT ET AL.
and social activities to ensure equality and integrations among
the
public. These have all been addressed through changes to
economic
policies on a national level, in response to urbanization.
Characteristically, the state develops on an institutional level
with
long‐enduring outcomes for public administration services.
First, on an
organizational level, the state expands its functional scope to
include
commercial, industrial, financial, economic, social security,
public
health, education, and welfare activities.
15. Second, the disorderly development of the governmental public
sectors turns out to be an obstacle in attempting at answering
the
question of how to develop from a practical viewpoint.
Governmental
procedures and programs are built to respond to hesitant
legality, and
considerable differentiation in capital accessibility was
established
without congruence. There was minimal preparation,
synchronization,
and controlling power by policy administrators.
The growth outline in the governmental public sectors is a
cumu-
lative based on a combination of an incremental aggregation. No
incorporated well‐studied master plan was created before the
initiat-
ing of determined improvement of public strategy and agendas.
Neither was expansion in the compass of the government
function,
cost, size, nor relative influences and authorities which is based
on
16. intellectuality planning.
In response to these issues, this analysis focuses on how the
reform model can clarify how legislators, political executives,
and
career civil servants can share responsibility for policy‐making
and
implementation.
6 | LITERATURE REVIEW
Within an article entitled “Globalization and public
administration” by
Karamack (Kamaraack, 2001), it was noted that there are four
key
driving forces behind the waves of reform to public
administration
across the world, that is, democratization, the deficit in
performance,
the revolution in information technology and global economic
compe-
tition. The modern type of administrative state can shape
society and
guide it, through regulations and control of social and economic
devel-
opment. Doubts with regard to the capacity of the state to
17. govern do
not just have a basis in concern over limited capacity in
financial
terms; there are also deep‐rooted disputes over ideology and
percep-
tions of what the nature of a state ought to be and what its
purposes
are, and balances of opinion shift with regard to what people
feel a
state ought and ought not to do. Within his argument related to
strat-
egies for reform, Cheng (2005) explained that many factors in
combi-
nation influence the reform of public administration such as
traditions
of national administrations, political evolution as a result of
decoloni-
zation, nation‐building and democratization and global trends
with
regard to the reinvention of government and administrative
reform.
Angranof and Yildis (2006) articulated a dichotomy between
administration and politics; they sought answers to issues
stemming
18. from politics being related to policies and expressions of the
will of
the state, whereas administration is concerned with how such
policies
are to be executed. Political decisions over public policy are
made by
political leaders, and then it is simply a case of career officials
figuring
out what is the most effective and efficient manner in which
those
policies are to be implemented. It is conceptually appealing to
cleanly
split between labor for administration and labor for politics;
however,
in realty, there is a complete disconnect. The perspective of
gover-
nance offers another kind of solution to the issue. As Wachhaus
(2012) noted, governing structure patterns are experiencing
change
in what is considered a shift from government to forms of
governance.
Such a shift involves the movement of managerial practices
focus
19. beyond government boundaries of bureaucratic states and the
provi-
sion of services directly from government to what is called
“third
party” kinds of government. Expressed another way, the manner
in
which people govern is going beyond the boundaries of
government
and is less involved with traditional institutions and
mechanisms.
The reforms that have been disseminated and inspired by the
‘new public management’ new reforms have been implemented
within many countries and, as Schick (2002) argued, there has
been
an increase in the horizontal specialization witnessed in the
function-
ing of administrations, which has often been coupled with more
clear
separation between administrative and political function. The
aim has
been to have sharper structural task separation in relation to
policy
advice, control, and regulation. Another way of looking at the
shift is
20. to consider that reform rhetoric and theories in relation to
normative
practice thus give the suggestion that actors in administration,
such
as agencies operating at arm's length, ought to focus upon the
implementation of policy instead of being involved with
processes of
decision‐making around policy.
Talbot (2004), meanwhile, pointed out that “Next Steps” has the
aim of a more precise description of the respective roles of civil
servants and ministers, with the former being responsible for
making
policy intentions happen with the autonomy to do so, and the
latter
being responsible for the setting of policy in the first instance.
Reformers within the Netherlands and the United Kingdom have
frequently argued that specialization of functions of public
services
into agencies would lead to better forms of management and
better
delivery of services. Also, the distancing of public services into
agen-
21. cies was thought likely to lead to more professional forms of
manage-
ment with greater levels of transparency through the bringing of
services closer to citizens and through making, and allowing,
managers
to manage (Kettl, 1996). It was emphasized within an appraisal
of gov-
ernment reform (“Inside the Reinvention Machine”) that a need
still
exists for centralized coordination and control; although policy
may
lead to devolved activity, as long as there is an involvement of
public
funds, government still remains responsible for how such
funding is
used. A need to ensure that there is value for money leads to
encour-
agement for early detection and policy conflict resolution and
the
elimination of duplication. There is, therefore, a call for further
informal procedures and suitable communication between them,
in
addition to change in behavior and attitudes on both parts. It
22. was
claimed by Lawson (2006) that there is a need for good
governance
to rest upon the ability of a system to manage conflicting goals
related
to rationality and efficiency in economic terms along with goals
for
legitimacy based upon wide participation in the processes of
public
policy‐making along with equity in access to, and distribution
of, public
services. Stolk and Wergrich (2008) have indicated that reforms
search
continuously for improved linkages that can reconcile the goals
of
budget and policy and serve to ensure that they have a mutually
TBAISHAT ET AL. 3 of 10
reinforcing nature. One development with promise is that with
regard
to evolving roles within budget ministries. There is a move
away from
traditional roles with budget ministers being perceived as
23. “naysayers”
to a culture wherein expertise is developed for identification of
efficiency and cost‐cutting measures; as such, they are better
placed
to offer ministries advice in relation to how administrative costs
can
be cut without there being a need to reduce programs.
7 | FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Politically, Jordan is a constitutional system that differentiates
the
powers of each of the three branches of government. The
Jordanian
governmental system is parliamentary with an inherited
monarchy.
The Mulgi government is the 84th since the founding of the
Jordanian
State some 95 years ago, giving the government an average life
span
of 11 months (www.gov.jo/byFormationdate).
Over the years, the centralization aspect has reinforced and per-
petuated a status quo judged as inappropriate by researchers and
practitioners. The king appoints the Council of Ministers, which
24. is
responsible for the daily operations of the domestic government,
the
president, and the members of the Senate. He approves and
promul-
gates laws. The king has the power to declare war and sign
peace
treaties, although treaties must be signed by the National
Assembly
(Jordan Constitution, article 35).
Policy‐making cannot adequately be studied apart from the
environment or context in which it operates. Therefore, it is
necessary
to review and focus on the important actors in the
policy‐making
process.
7.1 | The Palace and the Cabinet
In the absence of democracy, decisions have been those of the
king,
often in conjunction with several key advisers. On issues of
foreign
policy and military, the king, the Prime Minister, and the Chief
of the
25. Royal Court are the decisions‐making circle. The cabinet, as a
body,
is not involved, although its members may be consulted for their
reac-
tions or comments.
Brand also argued that in foreign policy, the major goal was to
secure aid for the budget and to finance the military. In the case
of
the budget, the king's highest concern has been paying the
salaries
of the army and the security apparatus, whose members have
tradi-
tionally been largely recruited from the kingdom's tribes and
who have
long been regarded as the bedrock of support for the monarchy.
The Prime Minister has generally handled the “how” questions
related to the economy and bureaucracy. The role of the Prime
Minis-
ter was also described as key, but his input varies depending
upon the
political or economic conditions at any given time (Brand,
1994).
26. Beyond these two figures—the king and the Prime Minister—
the
economic decision‐making group differs from the foreign policy
group.
The king has certain advisers and confidants both within and
outside
government whose friendship and proximity give them access
and,
hence, the opportunity to lobby for certain policies. The king is
described as an arbiter by nature, preferring not to interfere in
policy
details. However, if a complaint is voiced frequently enough
either
by officials or by nonofficial confidants, he will likely come to
view it
as a general problem. He may then draw the cabinet's attention
to it
and, if it is not solved, may replace the relevant minister.
However,
for domestic economic matters to have an influence on upper
level
decision‐making, they must be of real consequence—large
loans, the
devaluation of the dinar, and the like (Kernaghan, 2010).
27. 7.2 | The Economic Security Committee
One key factor that affected the development of the economy
and the
process of economic decision‐making in the kingdom was the
pres-
ence of a martial law regime during most of the 1957–1990
periods.
Symptomatic of the conditions that existed under martial law
were
the establishment, development, and activities of what was
called
the Economic Security Committee (ESC; Alfanik, 2016). This
body
was originally founded in 1967 to address the economic
problems cre-
ated by the occupation of the West Bank in 1967. With martial
law
already in place giving the state sweeping powers, adding such
a com-
mittee seemed like a natural step. Composed of the Minister of
Finance, the Minister of Trade and Industry, the Minister of
Transport,
and the Governor of the Central Bank, and standing in effect
28. above or
outside the law, the committee initially served to help solve
problems
faced especially by the government and some of the public
companies
and institutions (UNDP, 2015).
Gradually, however, the committee's “mandate” broadened. It
began to act as a kind of extraordinary legislative council. The
commit-
tee was permitted to make decisions that overturned existing
laws;
even those that had been passed after the occupation and that
had
taken the post‐June 1967 reality into account. In this way, the
com-
mittee came to be used to bypass existing laws when it was
problem-
atic or inconvenient from the point of view of the
decision‐makers or
their confidants (Brand, 1994). For example, if the Prime
Minister
requested something to be done quickly or something done that
was
29. officially against the law, he could refer it to the committee.
The
committee also made decisions about liquidating companies,
borrow-
ing to the ceiling of the Central Bank, and then legalizing more
borrowing, allowing the Central Bank to deposit with other
banks to
support the currency, issuing more currency than had been
allowed,
expelling people from commercial organization, and consenting
to
someone who would or else have been banned, to be part of the
board of directors of a corporation. In the days of escalating
political
repression in 1988, its decisions also dissolved the boards of a
number
of public shareholding companies including those of the major
daily
newspapers.
Many of the rulings the committee made are open to criticism,
not
only on legal grounds but also on economic and financial ones.
Some
30. of its decisions were intended to benefit a particular person,
company,
or bank, to enable them to undertake an activity that was against
the
law or to avoid procedures dictated by the law (Alfanik, 2016).
More-
over, only a few of the ESC's decisions were ever published in
the
Official Gazette, the newspaper in which all legislation is
supposed
to appear. Most were confidential, and for specific purposes,
they
were usually not general edicts.
4 of 10 TBAISHAT ET AL.
http://www.gov.jo/byFormationdate
Comprising only a handful of cabinet members who were chosen
by the Prime Minister in consultation with the king, the ESC
appears
to have been the institutionalized form of an inner circle for
economic
policy. Their power derived from both the cabinet positions
they held
31. and their closeness to the king and the Prime Minister at the
time, to
which they owed their appointment.
7.3 | The role of the ministers
The type of regime that produces and perpetuates an institution
such
as the ESC is clearly one that is uninterested in or incapable of
decentralizing decision‐making. And, indeed, even for what
would
appear to be relatively minor matters, economic
decision‐making is
highly centralized in the kingdom. Most decisions—whether
important
or relatively minor—are made at the cabinet level or even
above, not
even at the level of individual ministers.
Part of the reason for the lack of ministerial involvement is that
ministerial appointments in Jordan generally owe to
considerations
of domestic political balancing along ethnic and regional lines.
All cab-
inet members must meet certain unofficial but well‐known
formulae.
32. As a result, most ministers are appointed because of ethnicity,
tribal/
family background, or regional considerations, not because of
exper-
tise in the field of their appointment, although there are
certainly
numerous notable exceptions. In such a system, where a
minister's
background in his or her field has generally been only a
secondary
consideration, a minister's power derives from a number of
sources.
The first is the degree of support he or she enjoys from the
Prime
Minister. They therefore have no automatic political base in the
Parliament or outside, as would be the case in a normal
parliamentary
system. Beyond his or her ties with the decision‐making group,
a min-
ister's power is often determined by such factors as the degree
to
which he or she has developed ties in the bureaucracy (both
within
33. his or her own ministry and elsewhere) and his or her own
energy
and involvement. Another source of power lies in the ministry
itself.
For example, the Ministry of Finance is potentially very
powerful,
because it includes the customs bureau, the income and sales tax
department, the budget, and the land and surveys bureau—all
the
departments responsible for domestic revenue.
At least part of the problem with ensuring implementation
below
the cabinet level is that many individual ministers prefer not to
take
responsibility, opting to leave certain issues to the cabinet. If
that is
the case at the level of minister, one can imagine what happens
(or does not happen) at lower levels. As is the case for
bureaucrats
everywhere, there is no incentive (and in this case, also no
authority)
to make decisions without prior approval from above, even on
very minor matters. If the relevant minister does not take an
34. interest in solving a problem, no action will be taken. In
general, then,
because of the lack of authority to make decisions, there is little
or no
follow‐up.
In addition to the issue of authority and responsibility is the
problem of the lack of a guiding program or policy. In more
general
terms, however, one reason for the lack of a coherent policy is
that
there have not been political parties steering the government.
The
appointment of the Prime Minister has always been the king's
prerogative, not a response to election results, even since the
political
liberalization of 1989.
Although some studies agreed that ministerial changes are
disrup-
tive, given the lack of a program, it is not necessarily the case
that a
change in minister will mean a complete change in the ministry
(Kernaghan, 2010). After all, the other mid‐level and lower
35. level
bureaucrats remain in place. Instead, the change of ministers
will often
mean that projects in which the former minister was involved
may
simply be set aside as the new minister begins to establish his
own pri-
orities (Brand, 1994).
7.4 | The Parliament
Legislative authority resides with the King and Parliament that
is a
bicameral national assembly consisting of the upper house (the
Sen-
ate) and the lower house (the Chamber of Deputies). The
constitution
provides that the Senate, indulging the Speaker, shall consist of
not
more than one‐half of the number of members of the Chamber of
Deputies (Senate 65 members, Chamber …