9th Chemistry Numericals 1st Chapter

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Sumama Shakir

9th 1st ch numerivals

Education

This document contains questions and answers related to chemical equilibrium. It begins with multiple choice questions and their answers. It then provides short answer questions on topics like the definition of reactants and products, examples of reactants and products in a chemical reaction, characteristics of reversible and irreversible reactions, and the definition of chemical equilibrium. Longer questions cover additional topics such as how dynamic equilibrium is established, what determines the direction of a reaction, and characteristics of reactions that reach equilibrium.

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1. Chemistry is divided into several branches that study different aspects of matter. These include physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, industrial chemistry, nuclear chemistry, environmental chemistry, and analytical chemistry. 2. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It can exist as elements, compounds, or mixtures. Elements are pure substances made of only one type of atom. Compounds are formed by chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio. Mixtures are physical combinations of elements or compounds without a fixed ratio. 3. Key terms in chemistry include the atomic number, which is the number of protons in an atom, and the atomic mass, which is the average mass of atoms of

Nitric acid preparation & uses

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The document discusses the production and properties of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. It describes the main industrial processes for manufacturing each acid, including the Ostwald process for nitric acid production and electrolysis of sodium chloride to produce chlorine for hydrochloric acid synthesis. Key safety considerations for acid storage are outlined, emphasizing the need for corrosion-resistant materials and segregation of different acid types.

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Nitric acid is a strong oxidizing agent that is colorless and highly corrosive. It is produced industrially via the Ostwald process, which involves the oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide using a platinum catalyst and air, followed by the oxidation of nitric oxide to nitrogen dioxide and its absorption in water to form nitric acid. Nitric acid has a variety of uses including as a fertilizer component and nitrating agent for explosives. Hydrochloric acid is also a strong corrosive acid that is produced from chlorination byproducts or by reacting metallic chlorides with sulfuric acid. It is used in a variety of industrial processes.

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This document discusses nitric acid and hydrochloric acid (HCl). It describes the preparation and uses of nitric acid, including in fertilizers, plastics, dyes, and explosives. The disadvantages of nitric acid are that it is highly corrosive and can damage lungs if inhaled or the throat and stomach if swallowed. The document then introduces HCl as a clear, colorless, and corrosive acid found in gastric acid. Methods of producing HCl include burning elements, reactions of organic byproducts and metallic chlorides with sulfuric acid, waste incineration, and decomposition of hydrated heavy metals.

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Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids that are highly soluble in water. Nitric acid is produced commercially via the Ostwald process, which involves catalytic oxidation of ammonia to produce nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed in water to form nitric acid. Hydrochloric acid is produced via electrolysis of sodium chloride to produce chlorine, which is then combined with hydrogen to form hydrochloric acid. Both acids are colorless liquids with pungent odors that are widely used in industry, such as in fertilizer production and cleaning applications. Proper storage of the acids requires acid resistant containers and secondary containment to mitigate hazards.

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Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced through the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation over a platinum catalyst. It is used to make explosives, fertilizers, and other chemicals. Proper storage of nitric and hydrochloric acids is important due to their corrosive nature and potential for dangerous reactions. They should be kept in acid-resistant containers in a well-ventilated chemical storage area.

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Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is strongly acidic and corrosive. It is produced industrially through the Ostwald process, which involves a three-step oxidation of ammonia using air over a platinum catalyst. Nitric acid is used to produce fertilizers, explosives like TNT, and other chemicals. It is also used in metal purification and to make aqua regia for dissolving noble metals. Proper precautions must be taken when handling nitric acid due to its corrosive nature and potential to cause burns or lung damage.

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