Lecture notes for Nursing graduates on Occupational Dermatological issues . Students will able to understand knowledge and skill about Dermatitis .
All healthcare personal can read this for improving knowledge .
It has information and knowledge based .
It has very informative to all health care professionals .
Lecture notes for Nursing graduates on Occupational Dermatological issues . Students will able to understand knowledge and skill about Dermatitis .
All healthcare personal can read this for improving knowledge .
It has information and knowledge based .
It has very informative to all health care professionals .
What is airborne contact dermatitis?
Airborne contact dermatitis refers to acute and chronic dermatitis of exposed parts of the body, especially the face, caused by particles suspended in the air. These particles may include fibres, dust, vapours, sprays, gases, and plant materials.
Contact dermatitis is defined as airborne based on the following factors:
The existence of a volatile or airborne causative agent
The clinical presentation
The history of the patient
Patch testing.How is airborne contact dermatitis classified?
Airborne contact dermatitis includes:
Airborne irritant contact dermatitis
Airborne allergic contact dermatitis
Airborne phototoxic dermatitis (see DermNet's page on Photocontact dermatitis)
Airborne photoallergic dermatitis.
Apart from resulting in dermatitis, airborne skin disease can also present as:
Airborne contact urticaria
An acneiform reaction
A lichenoid eruption
Exfoliative dermatitis
Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis
Purpura
A pustular reaction
Telangiectasia
An erythema multiforme-like reaction.
Who gets airborne contact dermatitis?
Airborne contact dermatitis can affect anyone; it is seen commonly in occupations associated with exposure to known allergens (see DermNet's page on occupational skin disease).
Workers in the following industries are commonly affected:
Painting and paint manufacture
Hairdressing
Beauty industry
Construction and building
The surface coatings industry
Furniture manufacture, the timber industry, and carpentry
Pharmaceuticals, pharmacy, and healthcare
Agriculture.
A personal history of atopy, particularly atopic dermatitis, is also a risk factor for airborne allergic and irritant contact dermatitis.
AD
What causes airborne contact dermatitis?
The sources of airborne contact dermatitis may be occupational or non-occupational. Some common causal agents of airborne contact dermatitis are listed below.
Airborne allergic contact dermatitis
Airborne allergens that can induce allergic contact dermatitis include:
Preservatives — particularly methylisothiazolinone, formaldehyde, and benzalkonium chloride — there has been a recent epidemic of airborne allergic contact dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone in water-based paints on freshly painted walls
Paraphenylenediamine in hair dye and ammonium persulfate (hairdressing bleach)
Plastic, rubber, and glue components — including epoxy resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, acrylate, isocyanate, and thiuram
Plants, natural resins, and wood allergens — including Parthenium hysterophorus, Compositae, rosin from pine, propolis, tropical woods, Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew); Parthenium dermatitis is widespread in India
Drugs — budesonide, omeprazole, olanzapine, tetrazepam, and statins
Metals — particularly gold, mercury, and nickel.
this ppt includes Minor ailments include common conditions such as dry skin, rashes, urticarial, skin trauma (cuts/scratches, scrapes, bruises), skin irritations (red, bumpy, scaly, itchy patches of skin, blisters).
What is eczema?
Eczema (Dermatitis)-
A particular type of inflammatory reaction of the skin in which there is erythema (reddening), edema (swelling), papules (bumps), and crusting of the skin followed, finally, by lichenification (thickening) and scaling of the skin.
Eczema characteristically causes itching and burning of the skin.
What Causes eczema?
Allergy- One of the commonest cause of Eczema. Triggers include Dust, detergents, rubber, nickel plated jewelry etc.
Environment- More likely in urban areas due to high pollution levels. Extremely dry or cold weather tends to make skin scratchy, resulting in eczema.
Obesity- Obese children are 3 times more likely to get eczema. Obesity results in inflammation of fat tissues that spills into other parts of the body. Excess fat also results in poor circulation and skin ailments.
Smoking- One of the leading causes, especially on the fingers that hold the cigarettes, as well as lips.
Stress- Physical or emotional stress has been known to cause enhanced sensitivity and inflammatory skin changes.
Diaper rash- In babies eczema occurs because of chemical effect of urine/faeces on sensitive skin.
Genetic influence- More likely in individuals with a family history of Eczema or other allergic conditions like Asthma, Hay fever, etc.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
What is airborne contact dermatitis?
Airborne contact dermatitis refers to acute and chronic dermatitis of exposed parts of the body, especially the face, caused by particles suspended in the air. These particles may include fibres, dust, vapours, sprays, gases, and plant materials.
Contact dermatitis is defined as airborne based on the following factors:
The existence of a volatile or airborne causative agent
The clinical presentation
The history of the patient
Patch testing.How is airborne contact dermatitis classified?
Airborne contact dermatitis includes:
Airborne irritant contact dermatitis
Airborne allergic contact dermatitis
Airborne phototoxic dermatitis (see DermNet's page on Photocontact dermatitis)
Airborne photoallergic dermatitis.
Apart from resulting in dermatitis, airborne skin disease can also present as:
Airborne contact urticaria
An acneiform reaction
A lichenoid eruption
Exfoliative dermatitis
Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis
Purpura
A pustular reaction
Telangiectasia
An erythema multiforme-like reaction.
Who gets airborne contact dermatitis?
Airborne contact dermatitis can affect anyone; it is seen commonly in occupations associated with exposure to known allergens (see DermNet's page on occupational skin disease).
Workers in the following industries are commonly affected:
Painting and paint manufacture
Hairdressing
Beauty industry
Construction and building
The surface coatings industry
Furniture manufacture, the timber industry, and carpentry
Pharmaceuticals, pharmacy, and healthcare
Agriculture.
A personal history of atopy, particularly atopic dermatitis, is also a risk factor for airborne allergic and irritant contact dermatitis.
AD
What causes airborne contact dermatitis?
The sources of airborne contact dermatitis may be occupational or non-occupational. Some common causal agents of airborne contact dermatitis are listed below.
Airborne allergic contact dermatitis
Airborne allergens that can induce allergic contact dermatitis include:
Preservatives — particularly methylisothiazolinone, formaldehyde, and benzalkonium chloride — there has been a recent epidemic of airborne allergic contact dermatitis from methylisothiazolinone in water-based paints on freshly painted walls
Paraphenylenediamine in hair dye and ammonium persulfate (hairdressing bleach)
Plastic, rubber, and glue components — including epoxy resin, phenol-formaldehyde resin, acrylate, isocyanate, and thiuram
Plants, natural resins, and wood allergens — including Parthenium hysterophorus, Compositae, rosin from pine, propolis, tropical woods, Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew); Parthenium dermatitis is widespread in India
Drugs — budesonide, omeprazole, olanzapine, tetrazepam, and statins
Metals — particularly gold, mercury, and nickel.
this ppt includes Minor ailments include common conditions such as dry skin, rashes, urticarial, skin trauma (cuts/scratches, scrapes, bruises), skin irritations (red, bumpy, scaly, itchy patches of skin, blisters).
What is eczema?
Eczema (Dermatitis)-
A particular type of inflammatory reaction of the skin in which there is erythema (reddening), edema (swelling), papules (bumps), and crusting of the skin followed, finally, by lichenification (thickening) and scaling of the skin.
Eczema characteristically causes itching and burning of the skin.
What Causes eczema?
Allergy- One of the commonest cause of Eczema. Triggers include Dust, detergents, rubber, nickel plated jewelry etc.
Environment- More likely in urban areas due to high pollution levels. Extremely dry or cold weather tends to make skin scratchy, resulting in eczema.
Obesity- Obese children are 3 times more likely to get eczema. Obesity results in inflammation of fat tissues that spills into other parts of the body. Excess fat also results in poor circulation and skin ailments.
Smoking- One of the leading causes, especially on the fingers that hold the cigarettes, as well as lips.
Stress- Physical or emotional stress has been known to cause enhanced sensitivity and inflammatory skin changes.
Diaper rash- In babies eczema occurs because of chemical effect of urine/faeces on sensitive skin.
Genetic influence- More likely in individuals with a family history of Eczema or other allergic conditions like Asthma, Hay fever, etc.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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6. •12
•Examples of common skin irritants and their sources
Irritant Examples of Common Sources
Acids Organic acids(eg,chromic,formic,hydrochloric,hydrofluoric)
Alcohols Antiseptics,waterless and cleansers
Alkalis Organic alkalis(eg,calcium oxide and potassium)
Body fluids Urine, feses,saliva
Concrete Wet cement
Detergents Hand soap,shampoo,dish detergents
Fiberglass Insulation
Food Friut acids,meat enzymes,proteins,vinegar
Metal salts Metal working,pulp,steel and paper manufacturing
Physical agents Temperature extremes,friction,humidity
Plastic resins Unpolymerized monomers in plastic industries
Solvents Turpentine,gasoline,kerosene,benzene
10. Allergic Contact Dermatitis is an
inflammatory response of the skin to
allergenic substances.
These external agents can affect the skin by
direct contact, or by airborne contamination.
12. ACD arises as a result of two essential
stages – a sensitization phase which
primes and sensitizes the immune
system for an allergic response, and
an elicitation phase in which this
response is triggered.
13. Contact allergens are essentially soluble haptens
(low in molecular weight) and, as such, have the
physico-chemical properties that allow them to
cross the stratum corneum of the skin.
The conjugate
formed is
recognized as
a foreign body
by the
Langerhans
cells (LC) in
the epidermis,
then internalize
the protein As the LC are transported to the lymph nodes, they become
differentiated and transform into dentric cells (DC), which act
to present the allergenic epitope to T lymphocytes. As a result,
these T cells divide and differentiate.
When the skin is again exposed to the antigen, the memory t-cells
in the skin recognize the antigen and produce cytokines (chemical
signals), which cause more T-cells to migrate from blood vessels.
This starts a complex immune cascade leading to skin inflammation,
itching, and the typical rash of contact dermatitis.
Type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction involving
a cell-mediated allergic response.
22. •20
Body site Common Sources
All locations Topical preparations, Personal care products
Face
Cosmetics, Personal care products, Hair products, Cell phones
eyeglasses,headsets
Eyelids Cosmetics, Eye drops, Jewelry
Hands Gloves, Hand soap, Tools
Neck,shoulders Jewelry,Hair products
Feet Shoes
Under clothing only
Clothing dye, Clothing finishes
23. In depth questioning is the
first step.
Distribution of the skin
lesions often gives a clue to
the nature of the allergen.
26. Patch test
It is intended to produce a local allergic reaction on a small area of the
patient's back, where the diluted chemicals were planted. The chemicals
in the patch test kit include metals (e.g., nickel), rubber, leather, lanolin,
fragrance, Cosmetics, hair dyes, medicine, and other additives.
27. Application of the patch tests will take about half an hour. Tiny quantities
of materials (allergens) in individual square plastic or round aluminium
chambers are applied to the upper back. kept in place with special
hypoallergenic adhesive tape. They must stay in place undisturbed for at
least 48 hours.
28. 48 hours later, the patches are removed. Use the marker to identify the
test sites, and a preliminary reading is done after 10 min.
Usually 24–48 hours later (72–96 hours after application), in some cases,
a reading at 7 days may be requested, especially if a special metal series is
tested.
29. The readings are scored according
to the reaction seen.
Interpretation of patch tests
Clinical findings Grading
Negative Normal skin 0
Irritant reaction
miliaria (sweat rash), follicular
pustules, and burn-like reactions
IR
Equivocal / uncertain Minimal erythema 1+
Weak positive
slightly elevated pink or red plaques,
usually with mild vesiculation
2+
Strong positive papulovesicles 3+
Extreme reaction
spreading redness, severe itching, and
blistersor ulcers
4+
