- The document discusses polymorphism and pointers in C++. It defines polymorphism as a technique that allows different forms of a single function to be defined and shared among various objects.
- Pointers store memory addresses and can be used to manipulate objects and inherit from base classes. Virtual functions allow functions to be called polymorphically based on the object's type through a base class pointer.
- Examples are provided to demonstrate pointer declaration, manipulation, inheritance, and virtual functions to achieve runtime polymorphism. Abstract base classes with pure virtual functions are also introduced.
This document provides information about different types of tokens in the C programming language. It discusses that tokens are the smallest individual units in C and includes keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. Keywords are reserved words that cannot be used as identifiers, while identifiers name variables, functions, and arrays. Constants represent fixed values and include numeric, character, integer, and real values. Strings are arrays of characters ended by a null character. Special symbols represent operations like brackets, braces, and parentheses. Operators perform logical and mathematical functions.
- A structure is a user-defined data type that groups logically related data items of different data types into a single unit. Structures allow related data to be accessed and managed together.
- Structures can contain nested structures as members. Nested structure members are accessed using two period operators (e.g. e1.doj.day).
- Structures can be passed to functions as parameters and returned from functions. Pointers to structures are declared and accessed using arrow (->) operator instead of period operator.
- A union shares the same memory space for multiple data types, allocating only enough space for its largest member. Unions allow different types to share the same memory location.
oops concept in java | object oriented programming in javaCPD INDIA
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming in Java including classes, objects, inheritance, packages, interfaces, encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism. It provides examples to illustrate each concept. Classes define the structure and behavior of objects. Objects are instances of classes. Inheritance allows classes to extend existing classes. Packages organize related classes. Interfaces define behaviors without implementation. Encapsulation hides implementation details. Abstraction models essential features without specifics. Polymorphism allows the same method name with different signatures or overriding.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
Operator overloading allows operators like + and - to be used with custom class and struct types by defining them as methods. It overloads their original meaning for built-in types while retaining that functionality. Binary operators take two parameters while unary operators take one. Overloading improves code readability and makes operations on custom types look more natural. However, overloading is limited to certain predefined operators and cannot change properties like precedence.
This document provides information about different types of tokens in the C programming language. It discusses that tokens are the smallest individual units in C and includes keywords, identifiers, constants, strings, special symbols, and operators. Keywords are reserved words that cannot be used as identifiers, while identifiers name variables, functions, and arrays. Constants represent fixed values and include numeric, character, integer, and real values. Strings are arrays of characters ended by a null character. Special symbols represent operations like brackets, braces, and parentheses. Operators perform logical and mathematical functions.
- A structure is a user-defined data type that groups logically related data items of different data types into a single unit. Structures allow related data to be accessed and managed together.
- Structures can contain nested structures as members. Nested structure members are accessed using two period operators (e.g. e1.doj.day).
- Structures can be passed to functions as parameters and returned from functions. Pointers to structures are declared and accessed using arrow (->) operator instead of period operator.
- A union shares the same memory space for multiple data types, allocating only enough space for its largest member. Unions allow different types to share the same memory location.
oops concept in java | object oriented programming in javaCPD INDIA
The document discusses key concepts in object-oriented programming in Java including classes, objects, inheritance, packages, interfaces, encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism. It provides examples to illustrate each concept. Classes define the structure and behavior of objects. Objects are instances of classes. Inheritance allows classes to extend existing classes. Packages organize related classes. Interfaces define behaviors without implementation. Encapsulation hides implementation details. Abstraction models essential features without specifics. Polymorphism allows the same method name with different signatures or overriding.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines a class as a blueprint for objects that bind data and functions together. A class defines data members and member functions. Objects are instances of a class that can access class data and functions. The document provides examples of defining a class called "test" with private and public members, and creating objects of the class to demonstrate accessing members.
Operator overloading allows operators like + and - to be used with custom class and struct types by defining them as methods. It overloads their original meaning for built-in types while retaining that functionality. Binary operators take two parameters while unary operators take one. Overloading improves code readability and makes operations on custom types look more natural. However, overloading is limited to certain predefined operators and cannot change properties like precedence.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
The document discusses various data structures and their classification. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding how data structures can be classified, basic data types and arrays, and problem-oriented data structures used to solve specific problems. It then defines key terms like data, information, and data structures. It describes primitive and non-primitive, linear and non-linear data structures. It also discusses basic and problem-oriented data structures like lists, stacks, queues, and trees. It provides examples and applications of different data structures.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in Python including objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It defines key terms like objects, classes, and methods. It explains how to create classes and objects in Python. It also discusses special methods, modules, and the __name__ variable.
The document discusses file handling in C++. It defines a file as a collection of information stored on a computer's disk. There are three main steps to processing a file in C++: opening the file, reading/writing information to the file, and closing the file. It also describes different file stream classes like ifstream for input and ofstream for output that are used to read from and write to files. Functions like seekg() and seekp() allow manipulating the file pointer position.
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
The document discusses arrays in Java, including how to declare and initialize one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays, access array elements, pass arrays as parameters, and sort and search arrays. It also covers arrays of objects and examples of using arrays to store student data and daily temperature readings from multiple cities over multiple days.
Our trainer’s having vast experience in real time environment. If anyone has a dream for their career in software programming, then go for java because it is a popular route to establish and fulfill your dreams.
We offer the best quality and affordable training, so you get trained from where you are, from our experienced instructors, remotely using Webex / Gotomeeting.
The document provides an introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) in C++. It discusses that STL introduces templates, containers and algorithms that help develop complex programs. The key STL components include containers to store data, iterators to access data, and algorithms to manipulate data. It describes common STL containers like vectors, lists, maps that allow storing and organizing data. It also explains common container functions and algorithms like sort, find and merge that can be used to process container data.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
The document discusses various aspects of structures in C programming language. It defines a structure as a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. Structures allow grouping of related data and can be very useful for representing records. The key points discussed include:
- Defining structures using struct keyword and accessing members using dot operator.
- Declaring structure variables and initializing structure members.
- Using arrays of structures to store multiple records.
- Nested structures to group related members together.
- Pointers to structures for dynamic memory allocation.
- Passing structures, structure pointers and arrays of structures to functions.
Inheritance allows new classes called derived classes to be created from existing classes called base classes. Derived classes inherit all features of the base class and can add new features. There are different types of inheritance including single, multilevel, multiple, hierarchical, and hybrid. A derived class can access public and protected members of the base class but not private members. Constructors and destructors of the base class are executed before and after those of the derived class respectively.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is a superset of C and was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the early 1980s. C++ supports features like classes, inheritance, and object-oriented design while also being compatible with C. Some key characteristics of C++ include its support for object-oriented programming, portability, modular programming, and C compatibility. C++ programs are made up of tokens like identifiers, keywords, literals, punctuators, and operators.
The document discusses inheritance in C++. It defines inheritance as deriving a class from another class, allowing code reuse and fast development. There are different types of inheritance in C++: single inheritance where a class inherits from one base class; multiple inheritance where a class inherits from more than one base class; multilevel inheritance where a derived class inherits from another derived class; hierarchical inheritance where multiple subclasses inherit from a single base class; and hybrid inheritance which combines different inheritance types. Examples of each inheritance type are provided in C++ code snippets.
Super keyword is a reference variable that is used for refer parent class object. Super keyword is used in java at three level, at variable level, at method level and at constructor level.
Programs transform input data into output data using programming languages that support different data types and operations on those types. A data type specifies a set of values and operations on those values and is used to declare variables, return values, and function parameters. Identifiers refer to data types, variables, and functions and have specific naming rules. Common built-in data types include integers, characters, floating points, pointers, arrays, strings, and structures.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines what a class is, how classes are declared with public and private members, and how objects are instantiated from classes. It also describes defining member functions inside and outside of classes, and the use of static class members and friend functions.
This document discusses functions in C++. It defines functions as modules that divide programs into smaller, more manageable pieces. It covers function prototypes, call by reference, return by reference, inline functions, default arguments, constant arguments, recursion, function overloading, friend and virtual functions, and math library functions. The main points are that every C++ program must have a main function, functions can pass arguments by reference to modify the original variables, and functions allow breaking programs into reusable and modular components.
OOPS concepts are one of the most important concepts in high level languages. Here in this PPT we will learn more about Object oriented approach in python programming which includes details related to classes and objects, inheritance, dat abstraction, polymorphism and many more with examples and code.
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
The document discusses linked lists, which are a linear collection of data nodes linked together by pointers. Each node contains a data field and a pointer to the next node. Linked lists allow for efficient insertion and removal of nodes while using less memory than arrays. Common linked list operations like traversing, searching, and inserting/deleting nodes at different positions are demonstrated through pseudocode algorithms. Applications mentioned include representing polynomials with linked lists.
This Powerpoint presentation covers following topics of C Plus Plus:
Features of OOP
Classes in C++
Objects & Creating the Objects
Constructors & Destructors
Friend Functions & Classes
Static data members & functions
The document discusses various data structures and their classification. It begins by stating the objectives of understanding how data structures can be classified, basic data types and arrays, and problem-oriented data structures used to solve specific problems. It then defines key terms like data, information, and data structures. It describes primitive and non-primitive, linear and non-linear data structures. It also discusses basic and problem-oriented data structures like lists, stacks, queues, and trees. It provides examples and applications of different data structures.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in Python including objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation. It defines key terms like objects, classes, and methods. It explains how to create classes and objects in Python. It also discusses special methods, modules, and the __name__ variable.
The document discusses file handling in C++. It defines a file as a collection of information stored on a computer's disk. There are three main steps to processing a file in C++: opening the file, reading/writing information to the file, and closing the file. It also describes different file stream classes like ifstream for input and ofstream for output that are used to read from and write to files. Functions like seekg() and seekp() allow manipulating the file pointer position.
Constructors, Destructors, call in parameterized Constructor, Multiple constructor in a class, Explicit/implicit call, Copy constructor, Dynamic Constructors and call in parameterized Constructor
The document discusses arrays in Java, including how to declare and initialize one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays, access array elements, pass arrays as parameters, and sort and search arrays. It also covers arrays of objects and examples of using arrays to store student data and daily temperature readings from multiple cities over multiple days.
Our trainer’s having vast experience in real time environment. If anyone has a dream for their career in software programming, then go for java because it is a popular route to establish and fulfill your dreams.
We offer the best quality and affordable training, so you get trained from where you are, from our experienced instructors, remotely using Webex / Gotomeeting.
The document provides an introduction to the Standard Template Library (STL) in C++. It discusses that STL introduces templates, containers and algorithms that help develop complex programs. The key STL components include containers to store data, iterators to access data, and algorithms to manipulate data. It describes common STL containers like vectors, lists, maps that allow storing and organizing data. It also explains common container functions and algorithms like sort, find and merge that can be used to process container data.
View study notes of Function overloading .you can also visit Tutorialfocus.net to get complete description step wise of the concerned topic.Other topics and notes of C++ are also explained.
The document discusses various aspects of structures in C programming language. It defines a structure as a collection of variables of different data types grouped together under a single name. Structures allow grouping of related data and can be very useful for representing records. The key points discussed include:
- Defining structures using struct keyword and accessing members using dot operator.
- Declaring structure variables and initializing structure members.
- Using arrays of structures to store multiple records.
- Nested structures to group related members together.
- Pointers to structures for dynamic memory allocation.
- Passing structures, structure pointers and arrays of structures to functions.
Inheritance allows new classes called derived classes to be created from existing classes called base classes. Derived classes inherit all features of the base class and can add new features. There are different types of inheritance including single, multilevel, multiple, hierarchical, and hybrid. A derived class can access public and protected members of the base class but not private members. Constructors and destructors of the base class are executed before and after those of the derived class respectively.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language that is a superset of C and was created by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs in the early 1980s. C++ supports features like classes, inheritance, and object-oriented design while also being compatible with C. Some key characteristics of C++ include its support for object-oriented programming, portability, modular programming, and C compatibility. C++ programs are made up of tokens like identifiers, keywords, literals, punctuators, and operators.
The document discusses inheritance in C++. It defines inheritance as deriving a class from another class, allowing code reuse and fast development. There are different types of inheritance in C++: single inheritance where a class inherits from one base class; multiple inheritance where a class inherits from more than one base class; multilevel inheritance where a derived class inherits from another derived class; hierarchical inheritance where multiple subclasses inherit from a single base class; and hybrid inheritance which combines different inheritance types. Examples of each inheritance type are provided in C++ code snippets.
Super keyword is a reference variable that is used for refer parent class object. Super keyword is used in java at three level, at variable level, at method level and at constructor level.
Programs transform input data into output data using programming languages that support different data types and operations on those types. A data type specifies a set of values and operations on those values and is used to declare variables, return values, and function parameters. Identifiers refer to data types, variables, and functions and have specific naming rules. Common built-in data types include integers, characters, floating points, pointers, arrays, strings, and structures.
The document discusses classes and objects in object-oriented programming. It defines what a class is, how classes are declared with public and private members, and how objects are instantiated from classes. It also describes defining member functions inside and outside of classes, and the use of static class members and friend functions.
This document discusses functions in C++. It defines functions as modules that divide programs into smaller, more manageable pieces. It covers function prototypes, call by reference, return by reference, inline functions, default arguments, constant arguments, recursion, function overloading, friend and virtual functions, and math library functions. The main points are that every C++ program must have a main function, functions can pass arguments by reference to modify the original variables, and functions allow breaking programs into reusable and modular components.
OOPS concepts are one of the most important concepts in high level languages. Here in this PPT we will learn more about Object oriented approach in python programming which includes details related to classes and objects, inheritance, dat abstraction, polymorphism and many more with examples and code.
Selection Statements
Using if and if...else
Nested if Statements
Using switch Statements
Conditional Operator
Repetition Statements
Looping: while, do, and for
Nested loops
Using break and continue
The document discusses linked lists, which are a linear collection of data nodes linked together by pointers. Each node contains a data field and a pointer to the next node. Linked lists allow for efficient insertion and removal of nodes while using less memory than arrays. Common linked list operations like traversing, searching, and inserting/deleting nodes at different positions are demonstrated through pseudocode algorithms. Applications mentioned include representing polynomials with linked lists.
This document discusses input and output in C++. It explains that C++ uses stream classes to implement input/output operations with the console and disk files. It describes the different stream classes like istream, ostream, and iostream. It discusses unformatted I/O functions like cin, cout, get(), put(), getline(), and write() for console input/output. It also covers formatted I/O functions like width(), precision(), fill(), and setf() to control formatting of output.
The document discusses multithreading in Java. It defines a thread as the smallest unit of processing and describes how Java allows executing multiple threads simultaneously. It outlines the five states in a thread's lifecycle and how threads transition between these states. It also discusses how to create threads by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface. Additionally, it covers common thread methods like sleep(), join(), getName(), currentThread(), and setting priority. The document concludes with a brief overview of synchronization in Java.
This document provides an introduction to C++ and covers 10 topics: 1) Object-oriented programming principles, 2) Classes and objects, 3) Functions, 4) Constructors and destructors, 5) Operator overloading and type conversion, 6) Inheritance, 7) Pointers, virtual functions and polymorphism, 8) Working with files, 9) Templates, and 10) Exception handling. Each topic is briefly described in 1-2 paragraphs with examples provided for some concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and exception handling. The document serves as a high-level overview of key C++ concepts and features.
The document discusses arrays and various operations that can be performed on arrays including traversing, searching, insertion, deletion, and sorting. It defines linear arrays as lists of homogeneous data elements of a finite number and describes different ways of representing arrays using subscripts, Fortran notation, and Pascal notation. The document also provides algorithms for traversing, inserting, deleting, linear searching, binary searching, and different sorting methods like bubble sort, insertion sort, and selection sort.
The document introduces algorithms and data structures. It defines an algorithm as a collection of unambiguous instructions to solve a problem in a finite number of steps. Examples of algorithms provided include ones to calculate the sum of numbers, determine if a number is even or odd, sort elements, and calculate factorials. The document then discusses analyzing the efficiency of algorithms using time and space complexity. Common data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, graphs, trees, tables and sets are described along with their basic operations. Asymptotic notations to describe an algorithm's time complexity such as Big O, Omega and Theta notation are also introduced.
A queue is a linear data structure that follows a first-in first-out (FIFO) principle. Elements are inserted at the rear end and deleted from the front end. There are two main operations for a queue - enqueue, which inserts an element at the rear, and dequeue, which removes an element from the front. A queue can be implemented using an array, with front and rear pointers indicating the first and last elements. Circular queues improve on this by allowing the queue to loop from the end to the beginning of the array when the rear reaches the end. The document provides algorithms for enqueue, dequeue, and their circular variants. It also lists job scheduling as an application of queues.
The document discusses stacks and their implementation and applications. It defines a stack as a list of elements where elements can only be inserted or removed from one end, called the top. Stacks can be implemented using arrays, with a pointer tracking the top element. The key operations on a stack are push to add an element, pop to remove an element, and peek to access the top element. The document provides algorithms for these operations and discusses applications of stacks like recursion, infix to postfix conversion, and postfix to infix conversion. It includes an example of converting an infix expression to postfix using a stack.
This document provides an overview of string manipulation in C++. It discusses C-style strings and introduces C++ strings as objects of the string class. It describes various string constructors, functions for comparison, concatenation, insertion, extraction and other operations. Examples are given to demonstrate the use of functions like length(), capacity(), empty(), at(), find(), assign(), begin() and end(). The document is intended as a lecture on object-oriented string handling in C++.
The document discusses constructors and destructors in C++. It defines constructors as special member functions that are used to construct an object's memory and provide initialization. Destructors are special member functions used to destroy an object's memory. The document provides details on the syntax, usage, and types of constructors and destructors. It includes examples to illustrate default constructors, parameterized constructors, copy constructors, and the use of constructors and destructors.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts using C++. It discusses key OOP concepts like objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and dynamic binding. It also covers C++ specific topics like functions, arrays, strings, modular programming, and classes and objects in C++. The document is intended to introduce the reader to the fundamentals of OOP using C++.
The document discusses polymorphism in object-oriented programming. It defines polymorphism as the ability for objects of different classes related by inheritance to respond differently to the same function call. Polymorphism can be achieved through virtual functions and allows late/dynamic binding at runtime based on the actual object type. The document also discusses early/static binding at compile time, pure virtual functions that define abstract base classes, and concrete derived classes that implement pure virtual functions from the base class.
This document discusses constructors and destructors in C++. It explains that constructors are special functions called when an object is created that have the same name as the class, cannot return a value, and are used to initialize objects. Destructors are also special functions with the same name as the class but with a ~ sign that cannot return a value and are called when an object is destroyed to cleanup resources. The document aims to help readers understand when and how constructors and destructors are used.
This document discusses Java data types and variables. It begins by defining data types as sets of values with predefined characteristics. It then lists the default Java primitive data types (boolean, char, byte, short, int, long, float, double) along with their default sizes and values. Examples are provided to demonstrate the double and char data types. The document then discusses variables, describing how to declare them and the three types: local, instance, and static variables. It also covers dynamic initialization, default values, and visibility/scope. Finally, the document discusses type conversion and casting between incompatible types in Java.
Operator overloading allows user-defined types in C++ to behave similarly to built-in types when operators are used on them. It allows operators to have special meanings depending on the context. Some key points made in the document include:
- Operator overloading enhances the extensibility of C++ by allowing user-defined types to work with operators like addition, subtraction, etc.
- Common operators that can be overloaded include arithmetic operators, increment/decrement, input/output, function call, and subscript operators.
- To overload an operator, a member or friend function is declared with the same name as the operator being overloaded. This function performs the desired operation on the class type.
-
This document is a project report on Java programming submitted by Daksh Sharma towards the partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Computer Application degree. It discusses wrapper classes in Java, which allow primitive data types to be handled as objects. It covers converting between primitive and wrapper types, as well as between numeric types and strings. The document also discusses autoboxing and unboxing in Java 5, which automatically converts between primitive and wrapper types. Finally, it explains nesting of methods in Java, where one class method can call another method of the same class.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, abstraction, and information hiding. It provides examples of procedural programming versus object-oriented programming. Key topics from the document include defining a C++ class, creating objects from classes, accessing data members of objects, defining member functions within and outside of classes, and the principles of data encapsulation, abstraction, and information hiding in OOP. The document also contrasts procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming techniques.
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like classes, objects, encapsulation, abstraction, and information hiding. It provides examples of procedural programming versus object-oriented programming. Key topics from the document include defining a C++ class, creating objects from classes, accessing data members of objects, defining member functions, and encapsulating data and functions into classes.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in C++ including polymorphism, virtual functions, pure virtual functions, abstract classes, and pointers to objects. It defines each concept, provides syntax examples, and short programs to demonstrate how each concept works in practice. The document is submitted as part of a programming fundamentals course by Sidra Tahir to her instructor at COVT Post Graduate College for Women in Lahore, Pakistan.
OOPS in java | Super and this Keyword | Memory Management in java | pacakages...Sagar Verma
OOPS and its application in Java, Super class AND This Keyword,Java Bean, POJO ,Memory management in Java ,Packages ,Miscellaneous (Var-Args, toString(), Double equals operator(==))
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts like class, object, encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism. It provides examples of defining a class with data members and member functions in C++. It also explains constructors, destructors, different types of constructors like default, parameterized and copy constructor. Examples are given to illustrate how objects are created from a class and how member functions can be defined internally or externally.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the C# programming language. It begins with setting up the environment needed to code in C#, which includes Visual Studio and a Windows PC. The document then discusses basic C# syntax like data types, variables, operators, and conditional statements. It also covers arrays, strings, and encapsulation. The goal is to provide beginners with an understanding of fundamental C# concepts to get started with the language.
The document provides information about classes and objects in C++. Some key points:
- A class defines a user-defined data type by binding data and functions together. It contains data members and member functions.
- Classes have access specifiers like private, public, and protected that control access to members.
- Objects are instances of a class that allocate memory dynamically. They are used to access class members by using dot operator.
- Member functions can access private data members while non-member functions cannot. Memory is separately allocated for each object's data members.
- Static members have single copy shared among all objects rather than each object having its own copy. They are initialized only once.
The document discusses classes and methods in Java. It defines that a class is a user-defined data type that serves as a template to define properties. A class contains fields to store data and methods to perform actions. Methods are declared inside the class and can access and modify the class fields. The document also discusses creating objects from classes using the new keyword, using constructors to initialize objects, using this keyword to refer to class fields from methods, method overloading and static methods.
- Object-oriented programming (OOP) refers to the creation of reusable software objects/classes that can be efficiently developed and incorporated into multiple programs. An OOP program consists of interacting objects that solve a task.
- Classes define objects of the same type through data members (properties) and methods. Objects are instances of classes that can inherit properties and behaviors from parent classes.
- OOP principles like encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism help manage complexity through modularization and reuse when building large PHP programs.
The document outlines a lecture plan for object oriented programming. It covers topics like structures and classes, function overloading, constructors and destructors, operator overloading, inheritance, polymorphism, and file streams. It provides examples to explain concepts like structures, classes, access specifiers, friend functions, and operator overloading. The document also includes questions for students to practice these concepts.
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts in Dart including classes and objects, constructors, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, asynchronous programming using futures and async/await, and exception handling using try/catch. It defines key OOP terms, shows code examples for defining classes and objects, using constructors to initialize objects, encapsulating data with private properties and public getters/setters, inheriting properties from a parent class, allowing objects to take different forms with polymorphism, performing asynchronous tasks with futures, and handling errors with try/catch blocks.
This document summarizes a mentee's progress in their typing skills and learning of object-oriented programming concepts over 10 weeks. It shows that the mentee's typing speed improved from 18WPM to 23WPM but did not reach the weekly target of 25WPM. It then explains key OOP concepts like classes, objects, constructors, abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts. The document was prepared by trainees of Baabtra as part of their mentoring program.
Structured Languages- Need and Characteristics of OOP, Data Types and Modifiers, Arrays, Classes, Objects, Pointers, References, Difference between Pointers and References, Inheritance, Constructors, Destructors, and Polymorphism.
The document provides an introduction to object oriented programming (OOP) by comparing it to procedural programming. It discusses that OOP treats data as a critical element and ties data more closely to functions that operate on it. It allows decomposition of problems into objects that contain both data and functions. The four main pillars of OOP are discussed as objects, classes, encapsulation, and inheritance. Classes are defined as collections of similar objects that define attributes and behaviors of objects. Constructors and different types of constructors like parameterized and copy constructors are also introduced.
- Java uses streams to perform input and output operations which allow for fast processing. Streams are sequences of data composed of bytes.
- The main stream classes in Java are InputStream for reading data and OutputStream for writing data. These classes handle byte-oriented input/output.
- FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes allow reading and writing of data to files by extending InputStream and OutputStream respectively. They are used for file handling operations in Java.
This document discusses Java strings and string-related concepts in Java. It covers:
- How strings are implemented as objects in Java
- Creating strings using literals vs. the new keyword
- Common string methods like length(), charAt(), equals(), etc.
- Immutability of strings in Java
- Comparing strings using equals(), ==, and compareTo()
- String concatenation and splitting
- The StringBuffer class for mutable strings
- The StringTokenizer class for breaking strings into tokens
The document provides examples and explanations of key string-related topics in Java like object creation, comparison, mutability, and common methods. It aims to give an overview of working with strings as a
Exception handling in Java allows programs to gracefully deal with errors and unexpected conditions. There are two types of exceptions: checked exceptions which must be explicitly caught, and unchecked exceptions which do not need to be caught. The try-catch block is used to catch exceptions, where code that might throw an exception is placed in the try block and catch blocks handle specific exceptions. Finally blocks are always executed and can be used to perform cleanup tasks. Exceptions can also be explicitly thrown using the throw keyword or declared as thrown from methods using the throws clause.
5. Inheritances, Packages and IntefacesNilesh Dalvi
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts in Java such as inheritance, polymorphism, abstraction, and encapsulation. It defines inheritance as extending existing classes and reusing their properties to create new classes. There are different types of inheritance like single, multilevel, hierarchical, and multiple inheritance using interfaces. The document also discusses access modifiers, abstract classes and methods, interfaces, packages, and other OOP concepts in Java.
This document provides an overview of the basics of Java. It discusses that Java is an object-oriented programming language derived from C and C++. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems in 1991 under the name Oak but was renamed to Java in 1995. The document outlines the history and development of Java, and describes how Java programs can create both applications and applets. It also summarizes some of the key differences between Java and C++. Finally, it provides a high-level overview of the main features of Java including being simple, object-oriented, platform independent, secure, robust, architecture neutral, portable, dynamic, interpreted, high performance, multi-threaded, and distributed.
The document provides an overview of a course on Java and data structures. It discusses Java's history and origins as an object-oriented language influenced by C and C++. It then outlines the course syllabus which covers core Java concepts, object-oriented principles, exceptions, I/O streams, and various data structures like arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, graphs and their algorithms. The document concludes with discussing tools like JDK needed for the course and recommended textbooks.
The document discusses templates in C++. It explains that templates allow functions and classes to work with different data types using a single code definition. Template functions are called function templates, and template classes are called class templates. The document provides examples of defining class and function templates, and overloading template functions. It demonstrates how templates can be used to create generic functions that operate on multiple types of data.
The document discusses file handling in C++ using object oriented programming. It covers key concepts like opening and closing files, reading and writing to files, file pointers, error handling and random access operations. Classes like ifstream, ofstream and fstream are used for input, output and input/output file operations. Functions like open(), close(), get(), put(), read(), write(), seekg(), seekp() etc. are used to perform various file operations.
C++ is an object-oriented programming language developed by Bjarne Stroustrup at Bell Labs as an extension of C with the addition of classes. A simple C++ program consists of including header files, defining classes and their functions, and a main function that uses the classes. The program demonstrates input using cin and output using cout to display the sum and average of two numbers entered by the user.
An overview of object oriented programming including the differences between OOP and the traditional structural approach, definitions of class and objects, and an easy coding example in C++. This presentation includes visual aids to make the concepts easier to understand.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
2. Polymorphism
• Polymorphism is the technique in which
various forms of a single function can be
defined and shared by various objects to
perform the operation.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
4. Pointer
• A pointer is a memory variable that stores a
memory address. Pointers can have any
name that is legal for other variables and it
is declared in the same fashion like other
variables but it is always denoted by ‘*’
operator.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
5. Pointer declaration
• Syntax:
data-type * pointer-mane;
• For example:
• int *x; //integer pointer, holds
//address of any integer variable.
• float *f; //float pointer, stores
//address of any float variable.
• char *y; //character pointer, stores
//address of any character variable.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
6. Pointer declaration & initialization
int *ptr; //declaration.
int a;
ptr = &a; //initialization.
• ptr contains the address of a.
• We can also declare pointer variable to point
to another pointer,
int a, *ptr1, *ptr2;
ptr1 = &a;
ptr2 = &ptr1;
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
7. • We can manipulate the pointer with
indirection operator i.e. ‘*’ is also known as
deference operator.
• Dereferencing a pointer allows us to get the
content of the memory location.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Manipulation of Pointer
8. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Manipulation of Pointer
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int a = 10;
int *ptr;
ptr = &a;
cout <<"nDereferencing :: "<< *ptr <<endl;
*ptr = *ptr + a;
cout << a;
return 0;
}
9. • A pointer can be incremented(++) or
decremented(--).
• Any integer can be added to or subtracted
from a pointer.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer Expressions and Arithmetic:
11. • Pointer objects are useful in creating objects
at run-time.
• We can also use an object pointer to access
the public members of an object.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to objects
12. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to objects
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class item
{
int code;
float price;
public:
void getdata(int a, float b)
{
code = a;
price = b;
}
void show (void)
{
cout << code <<endl;
cout << price <<endl;
}
};
13. Pointer to objects
• We can also write ,
int main()
{
item x;
x.getdata(100, 75.6);
x.show();
item *ptr = &x;
ptr -> getdata(100, 75.6);
ptr ->show();
return 0;
}
(*ptr).show();//*ptr is an alias of x
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
14. • We can also create objects using pointers
and new operator as follows:
• Statements allocates enough memory for
data members in the objects structure.
• We can create array of objects using
pointers,
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to objects
Item *ptr = new item;
Item *ptr = new item[10];
15. • Pointers can be declared to point base or
derived classes.
• Pointers to object of base class are type-
compatible with pointers to object of
derived class.
• Base class pointer can point to objects of
base and derived class.
• Pointer to base class object can point to
objects of derived classes whereas a pointer
to derived class object cannot point to
objects of base class.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to derived classes
16. Fig: Type-compatibility of base and derived class
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to derived classes
17. • If B is a base class and D is a derived class from B,
then a pointer declared as a pointer to B can also
be pointer to D.
B *ptr;
B b;
D d;
ptr = &b;
• We can also write,
ptr = &d;
• Here, we can access only those members which are
inherited from B and not the member that
originally belonging to D.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to derived classes
18. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to derived classes
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class B
{
public:
int b;
void show()
{
cout << "b = " << b <<endl;
}
};
class D : public B
{
public:
int d;
void show()
{
cout << "d = " << d <<endl;
}
};
19. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to derived classes
int main()
{
B *bptr;
B bobj;
bptr = &bobj;
bptr -> b = 100;
bptr ->show ();
D dobj;
bptr = &dobj;
bptr -> b = 200;
bptr ->show ();
D *dptr;
dptr = &dobj;
dptr -> d = 300;
dptr ->show ();
return 0;
}
Output:
b = 100
b = 200
d = 300
20. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Pointer to derived classes
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Polygon
{
protected:
int width, height;
public:
void set_values (int a, int b)
{ width=a; height=b; }
};
class Rectangle: public Polygon
{
public:
int area()
{ return width*height; }
};
class Triangle: public Polygon
{
public:
int area()
{ return width*height/2; }
};
22. • If there are member functions with same
name in base class and derived class, virtual
functions gives programmer capability to
call member function of different class by a
same function call depending upon different
context.
• This feature in C++ programming is known
as polymorphism which is one of the
important feature of OOP.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Virtual functions
23. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Virtual functions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class B
{
public:
void display()
{ cout<<"Content of base class.n"; }
};
class D : public B
{
public:
void display()
{ cout<<"Content of derived class.n"; }
};
24. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Virtual functions
int main()
{
B *b = new B;
D d;
b->display();
b = &d; /* Address of object d in pointer variable */
b->display();
return 0;
}
Output:
Content of base class.
Content of base class.
25. • If you want to execute the member function
of derived class then, you can declare
display() in the base class virtual which
makes that function existing in appearance
only but, you can't call that function.
• In order to make a function virtual, you have
to add keyword virtual in front of a function.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Virtual functions
26. • The virtual functions should not be static
and must be member of a class.
• A virtual function may be declared as friend
for another class. Object pointer can access
virtual functions.
• Constructors cannot be declared as a virtual,
but destructor can be declared as virtual.
• The virtual function must be defined in
public section of the class. It is also possible
to define the virtual function outside the
class.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Rules for virtual functions
27. • It is also possible to return a value from
virtual function like other functions.
• The prototype of virtual functions in base
and derived classes should be exactly the
same.
– In case of mismatch, the compiler neglects the
virtual function mechanism and treats them as
overloaded functions.
• Arithmetic operation cannot be used with
base class pointer.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Rules for virtual functions
28. • If base class contains virtual function and if
the same function is not redefined in the
derived classes in that base class function is
invoked.
• The operator keyword used for operator
overloading also supports virtual
mechanism.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Rules for virtual functions
29. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Virtual functions
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class B
{
public:
virtual void display() /* Virtual function */
{ cout<<"Content of base class.n"; }
};
class D1 : public B
{
public:
void display()
{ cout<<"Content of first derived class.n"; }
};
class D2 : public B
{
public:
void display()
{ cout<<"Content of second derived class.n"; }
};
30. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Virtual functions
int main()
{
B *b = new B;
D1 d1;
D2 d2;
/* b->display(); // You cannot use this code here
because the function of base class is virtual. */
b = &d1;
b->display(); /* calls display() of class derived D1 */
b = &d2;
b->display(); /* calls display() of class derived D2 */
return 0;
}
Output:
Content of first derived class.
Content of second derived class.
31. • In above program, display( ) function of two
different classes are called with same code
which is one of the example of
polymorphism in C++ programming using
virtual functions.
• Remember, run-time polymorphism is
achieved only when a virtual function is
accessed through a pointer to the base class.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Virtual functions
32. • If expression =0 is added to a virtual
function then, that function is becomes pure
virtual function.
• Note that, adding =0 to virtual function does
not assign value, it simply indicates the
virtual function is a pure function.
• If a base class contains at least one virtual
function then, that class is known as
abstract class.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Declaration of a Abstract Class
33. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Abstract Class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Shape /* Abstract class */
{
protected:
float l;
public:
void get_data() /* Note: this function is not virtual. */
{
cin>>l;
}
virtual float area() = 0; /* Pure virtual function */
};
34. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Abstract Class
class Square : public Shape
{
public:
float area()
{ return l*l; }
};
class Circle : public Shape
{
public:
float area()
{ return 3.14*l*l; }
};
35. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Abstract Class
Output :
Enter length to calculate area of a square: 2
Area of square: 4
Enter radius to calcuate area of a circle:3
Area of circle: 28.26
int main()
{
Shape *ptr;
Square s;
Circle c;
ptr = &s;
cout<<"Enter length to calculate area of a square: ";
ptr -> get_data();
cout<<"Area of square: "<<ptr ->area();
ptr = &c;
cout<<"nEnter radius to calcuate area of a circle:";
ptr -> get_data();
cout<<"Area of circle: "<<ptr ->area();
return 0;
}
36. • Consider a book-shop which sells both
books and videos-tapes.
• We can create media that stores the title
and price of a publication.
• We can then create two derived classes, one
for storing the number of pages in a book
and another for storing playing time of a
tape.
Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Implementation in practice
37. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Implementation in practice
Fig: class hierarchy for book shop
mediamedia
tapetapebookbook
38. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Abstract Class
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class media /* Abstract class */
{
protected:
char *title;
double price;
public:
media(char *s, double p)
{
title = new char [strlen(s)+1];
strcpy (title, s);
price = p;
}
virtual void display() = 0; /* Pure virtual function */
};
39. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Abstract Class
class book : public media
{
int pages;
public:
book(char *s, double p, int pg):media(s,p)
{
pages = pg;
}
void display()
{
cout << "Book details :" << endl;
cout << "Title : "<< title << endl;
cout << "Price : "<< price << endl;
cout << "No of pages: "<< pages << endl;
}
};
40. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Abstract Class
class tape : public media
{
int duration;
public:
tape(char *s, double p, int dr):media(s,p)
{
duration = dr;
}
void display()
{
cout << "Tape details :" << endl;
cout << "Title : "<< title << endl;
cout << "Price : "<< price << endl;
cout << "Duration: "<< duration << endl;
}
};
41. Nilesh Dalvi, Lecturer@Patkar-Varde College, Goregaon(W).
Abstract Class
int main()
{
media *ptr;
book b("My Life....",12.22,200);
tape t("Tech Talks..",56.23,80);
ptr = &b;
ptr -> display ();
ptr = &t;
ptr -> display ();
return 0;
}
Output :
Book details :
Title : My Life....
Price : 12.22
No of pages: 200
Tape details :
Title : Tech Talks..
Price : 56.23
Duration: 80