The document discusses the international regime of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament. It defines proliferation, horizontal and vertical proliferation, and disarmament. It outlines the key components of the non-proliferation regime including the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), United Nations Security Council, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, and bilateral US-Soviet/Russian arms control treaties. Over 24,000 nuclear weapons currently exist worldwide among nine nuclear states. The goal of the non-proliferation regime is to prevent the further spread of nuclear weapons and ultimately achieve their total elimination.

1. Nuclear Non-Proliferation &
Disarmament Regime
“International initiatives to prevent the
spread of nuclear weapons leading to their
total elimination.”
A regime of United Nations Security Council
& Disarmament Machinery.

2. What is Proliferation?
– Horizontal Nuclear proliferation
– Vertical Nuclear proliferation

3. – Horizontal nuclear proliferation
Spread of weapons to states not currently possessing
nuclear weapons
– Vertical nuclear proliferation
Increase in number and destructiveness of nuclear
weapons within a state already possessing them
What is Proliferation?
Mostly applicable to nuclear weapons as biological and chemical
weapons are banned.

4. WHAT IS DISARMAMENT ?
“It is the total elimination of weapons of
mass destruction, including nuclear
weapons, through the prohibition on
development, production and use and
destruction of all such weapons.”

5. Why is Nuclear Disarmament &
Non-proliferation a Priority?

7. 24,000 NUCLEAR WEAPONS
 Any single bomb can destroy any major city
 Estimated 24,000 nuclear warheads worldwide
 5 NPT nuclear weapons states (China, France,
Russia, UK, USA)
 4 states outside the NPT (India, Israel,
Pakistan, North Korea)

8. Estimated Nuclear Weapons Location 2009

9. Components of The Nuclear Non
-Proliferation regime
United Nations Security Council &
Disarmament Machinery

10. Non-Proliferation Treaty
The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT or NNPT) :
Is a treaty to limit the spread (proliferation) of
Nuclear Weapons.

11. How it started?
 Until the early 1960s, four nations (the United States,
the Soviet Union, Britain and France) had acquired
nuclear weapons.
 In 1964, after China detonated a nuclear weapon.
 In June 1968, the U.N. General Assembly endorsed the
NPT with General Assembly Resolution 2373 (XXII), and
in July 1968, the NPT opened for signature in
Washington, DC, London and Moscow.
 The NPT entered into force in March 1970.
 The IAEA now safeguards Nuclear Non-Proliferation
Treaty (NPT).

12. Non-Proliferation Treaty
 Embodies the international community's efforts to prevent
the further spread of nuclear weapons.
 Fulfill the aspirations for global disarmament.
 To also facilitate the cooperation in the peaceful uses of
nuclear energy under safeguards.
 Entails commitments by both nuclear-weapon and non-
nuclear-weapon states.
 Verification of compliance with nonproliferation
undertakings through the application of safeguards that
was conferred on the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA).

13.  Encourages & assists research, development and practical
application of atomic energy for peaceful uses throughout
the world
 Establishes & administers safeguards designed to ensure
that the use of nuclear energy is not used for military
purposes
 Applies safeguards to relevant activities at the request of
Member States
 Applies mandatory
comprehensive safeguards in
NNWS to the NPT & other
international treaties
INTERNATIONALATOMIC
ENERGYAGENCY (IAEA)

14. Why are safeguards important?
 Prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
 Foster the beneficial uses of atomic energy.
 Provide confidence and build trust.

15. Bilateral treaties and agreements
between Soviet Union and US
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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 1) – 1969
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty) - 1972
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT 2) – 1979
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 1) – 1991
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START 2) – 1993
Intermediate-Rang Nuclear Force Treaty (INF Treaty)
– 1987

16. SALT I
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks I
 SALT I, the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks, started in November 1969.
 Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems (ABMS) and
Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms.
 Creation of more favourable conditions and relaxation of
international tension and the strengthening of trust
between States.
 SALT I was brought to conclusion on May 26, 1972 and
ABM treaty was signed by President Nixon and General
Secretary Brezhnev

17. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty)
Background
 An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a missile
designed to counter ballistic missiles.
 Soviet union introduced ABM systems which was
followed by US.
 Due to economic, political and technological
reasons Uncle got afraid and went for the treaty.

18. Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty)
Clauses
– Deployed ABM systems were limited to
two sites:
-One around the national capital with no
more than 100 ABM launchers and no more
than 100 ABM interceptor missiles
- The other, around ICBM launchers with no
more than 100 ABM launchers, no more than
100 ABM interceptor missiles, two sites must
be separated by no less than thirteen hundred
kilometers

19. SALT II
 Capped the number of strategic offensive nuclear missiles,
limited the number of multiple-warhead missiles, froze the
number of permitted delivery systems.
 Signed in 1979 , it was adhered to by both parties
throughout the 1980s.
 Six months after Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, the
treaty was never formally ratified by the United States.
 In 1986 US withdrew from SALT II after accusing the
Soviets of violating the pact. Subsequent discussions took
place START and CTBT.

20. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
START I
 The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991
and entered into force on 5 December
1994 due to dissolution of Russia.
 Bans and limits the testing and
development of ballistic missiles.

21. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
START I
 The START I treaty expired 5 December
2009. On 8 April 2010, the replacement
New START treaty was signed in Prague
by U.S. President Obama and Russian
President Medvedev.
 Following ratification it went into force on
26 January 2011.

22. Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
START II
 Signed January 3, 1993 by U.S. and Russia.
 Banned the use of multiple independently
targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs) on
intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs).
 On 14 June 2002, Russia withdrew from the
treaty in response to U.S. withdrawal from ABM
Treaty.

23. Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force
Treaty (INF Treaty)
 Agreement between the United States and the
Soviet Union in 1987.
 Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range
(between 500 and 5,500 km) and Shorter-Range
Missiles.
 A total of 2,692 missiles (846 by U.S. and 1,846
by Soviet Union) were eliminated by mid-1991.
In 2007, Russia withdrew from the treaty.

24. COMPREHENSIVE NUCLEAR TEST
BAN TREATY (CTBT)
 Bans any nuclear weapon test explosion or any other
nuclear explosion in all environments for military and
civilian purposes.
 Adopted by the UN General Assembly on 10 September
1996 but not yet entered into force.
 As of May 2010, 153 states have ratified the CTBT and
another 29 states have signed but not yet ratified it.
 China, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Israel and the United
States have signed but not yet ratified; India, North
Korea and Pakistan have not signed. Indonesia has
initiated the ratification process.

25. Nuclear Weapons Free Zone
116 states covered
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Antarctic
Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco)
South Pacific (Rarotonga)
South Asia (Bangkok)
Africa (Pelindaba)
Mongolia
Central Asia
Middle East
South East Asia

26. Nuclear Weapons Free Zone
States
106 km²
land
Pop
NWFZ 116 84 33%
NWS 9 41.4 48%
NPT
only
68 24 19%
Blue – Nuclear Weapon-
Free Zones
Red - NW states
Yellow - NPT only
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189 states are members of NPT
except India, Pakistan, Israel and
North Korea.
NWFZ bans whereas NPT limits the
use, development and deployment
of nuclear weapons in a given
area.

27. Are Nuclear weapons still in
production & being tested ?

28.  The 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty bans
all explosive nuclear tests, but has not yet
entered into force.
 In May 1998, India and Pakistan each
conducted a series of underground nuclear
tests, but all of the NPT nuclear weapon states
have refrained from conducting explosive
nuclear tests pending entry into force of the
CTBT.
Are Nuclear weapons still in
production & being tested ?

29. Thank You

30. Thank You