1. Computer simulation using DEFORM-3D software was used to model a virtual complete factor experiment of the drawing with shear process to assess the influence of independent parameters like drawing speed, die rotation speed, die angle, and friction factor on strain intensity.
2. A regression equation was derived from the experiment results to determine the most significant factors and their combinations that influence strain intensity. Comparative results also showed shear drawing to be more efficient than conventional drawing in terms of strain intensity.
3. The simulation aimed to determine the most efficient drawing regime for producing long-length bulk metallic glass semi-products through severe plastic deformation.
A STUDY ON MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF PLUNGE CENTERLESS GRINDING PROCESS IAEME Publication
Round component with the minimum value of surface roughness and roundness error is the goal of most of the fine machine processes. This paper presents the research on optimization of plunge centerless grinding process when grinding the 20X-carbon infiltration steel (ГOCT standard -
Russia) to achieve the minimum value of surface roughness and roundness errors. The input parameters are center height angle of the workpiece ( β ), longitudinal dressing feed-rate ( sd S ),plunge feed-rate ( k S ) and control wheel velocity ( dd v ) using the result of 29 sets in central composite design matrix to show the two second orders of surface rounghness and roundness error models.
Optimization of the Superfinishing Process Using Different Types of StonesIDES Editor
Super finishing is a micro-finishing process that
produces a controlled surface condition on circular parts. It is
not primarily a sizing operation and its major purpose is to
produce a surface on a work piece capable of sustaining uneven
distribution of a load by improving the geometrical accuracy.
The wear life of the parts micro finished to maximum
smoothness is extended considerably. Super finishing is a
slow speed, low temperature, high precision abrasive
machining operation for removing minute amounts of surface
material In this paper critical parameters which affects surface
roughness are determined. According to the design of
experimentation, mathematical model for four different types
of abrasive stones used is proposed. In order to get minimum
values of the surface roughness, optimization of the
mathematical model is done and optimal values of the
examined factors are determined. The obtained results are,
according to the experiment plan, valid for the testing of
material MS12.
Simulation of Deep-Drawing Process of Large Panelstheijes
The article deals with the analysis of formability of deep-drawing DC06 steel sheets. The aim of the investigations is to verify possibilities of formability of sheet metal with thickness of 0.85 mm. The mechanical parameters of the sheets have been determined in uniaxial tensile and bulge tests. The numerical simulations using AUTOFORM has been carried out for two drawpiece models. Obtained results can be used during the simulation of real forming process.
Based on The Robust Design of Gear Die OptimizationIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRUCT: The article is based on the optimization of bevel gear (the modulus is 5.2 and the max diameter is 157mm) preforming Die, then optimizing the final Die. Due to the finished forging is cold sizing, so the load is higher than preforming, and lead to a higher wear depth. This article will through design the final Die to reduce the wear depth and load. Based on the simulation technology and Taguchi to optimize and analysis the Die scheme. At last, get the best optimization final Die, and instruct the reality production.
A STUDY ON MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF PLUNGE CENTERLESS GRINDING PROCESS IAEME Publication
Round component with the minimum value of surface roughness and roundness error is the goal of most of the fine machine processes. This paper presents the research on optimization of plunge centerless grinding process when grinding the 20X-carbon infiltration steel (ГOCT standard -
Russia) to achieve the minimum value of surface roughness and roundness errors. The input parameters are center height angle of the workpiece ( β ), longitudinal dressing feed-rate ( sd S ),plunge feed-rate ( k S ) and control wheel velocity ( dd v ) using the result of 29 sets in central composite design matrix to show the two second orders of surface rounghness and roundness error models.
Optimization of the Superfinishing Process Using Different Types of StonesIDES Editor
Super finishing is a micro-finishing process that
produces a controlled surface condition on circular parts. It is
not primarily a sizing operation and its major purpose is to
produce a surface on a work piece capable of sustaining uneven
distribution of a load by improving the geometrical accuracy.
The wear life of the parts micro finished to maximum
smoothness is extended considerably. Super finishing is a
slow speed, low temperature, high precision abrasive
machining operation for removing minute amounts of surface
material In this paper critical parameters which affects surface
roughness are determined. According to the design of
experimentation, mathematical model for four different types
of abrasive stones used is proposed. In order to get minimum
values of the surface roughness, optimization of the
mathematical model is done and optimal values of the
examined factors are determined. The obtained results are,
according to the experiment plan, valid for the testing of
material MS12.
Simulation of Deep-Drawing Process of Large Panelstheijes
The article deals with the analysis of formability of deep-drawing DC06 steel sheets. The aim of the investigations is to verify possibilities of formability of sheet metal with thickness of 0.85 mm. The mechanical parameters of the sheets have been determined in uniaxial tensile and bulge tests. The numerical simulations using AUTOFORM has been carried out for two drawpiece models. Obtained results can be used during the simulation of real forming process.
Based on The Robust Design of Gear Die OptimizationIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRUCT: The article is based on the optimization of bevel gear (the modulus is 5.2 and the max diameter is 157mm) preforming Die, then optimizing the final Die. Due to the finished forging is cold sizing, so the load is higher than preforming, and lead to a higher wear depth. This article will through design the final Die to reduce the wear depth and load. Based on the simulation technology and Taguchi to optimize and analysis the Die scheme. At last, get the best optimization final Die, and instruct the reality production.
Topology optimisation of hydraulic press structureeSAT Journals
Abstract Topology optimisation is carried out to find the zones of material removal on final size optimised structure. The results are represented and density plots are presented. The zones represented by blue can be removed for better material saving. The density plots are represented showing convergence of solution rapidly in the beginning and slowly in the later iterations. Finally wolf’s law is applied for material removal and addition for better strength. After iterations, the results are presented for vonmises and displacements. The results shows a vonmises stress of around 105 N/mm2 and a displacement value of 1.457mm. The final weight is observed to be around 15501kgs. The results shows efficiency of combination of three techniques in reducing the weigh of machine structures efficiently and useful for industrial applications as a combination. All the results are represented with necessary graphical pictures. The geometry is removed based on topology optimization and results are obtained based on wolff’s law. The structural results are presented. Keywords: Topoloyg1, optimisation2, vonmises stress3, Hydraulic press4 etc…
Development of Regression Model Using Lasso And Optimisation of Process Param...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Metal Spinning is a concept of describing the forming of metal into seamless, axisymmetric shapes by a combination of rotational motion and force. Sheet metal spinning is one of the metal forming processes, which a flat metal blank is rotated at a high speed and formed into an axisymmetric part by a roller which gradually forces the blank on to a mandrel, bearing the final shape of the spun part. Over the last few decades, sheet metal spinning has developed significantly and spun products have been used in various industries. Nowadays the process has been expanded to new horizons in industries, since tendency to use minimum tool and equipment costs and also using lower forces with the output of excellent surface quality and good mechanical properties. The automation of the process is of greater importance, due to its wider applications like decorative household‟s goods, rocket nose cones, gas cylinders etc. The objective of the current work is to develop the mathematical model for the spinning process with surface roughness as response and the input parameters as Mandrel speed (rpm), geometry of the Roller and Thickness of sheet (mm). Type of mandrel (EN8 Material) considered in the spinning process has the geometrical profile of parabola and single roller and double roller tools (EN8 Material) are used to deform the Al2024-T3 sheet metal paper aims to understand the process parameters that affect the surface finish of the spun component. Full factorial Design of Experiments technique is used to find the minimum number of experimental trials that are required to develop the regression model. A regression model using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) is developed to further deepen the understanding between the input parameters and the surface roughness. The model was optimised using Sequential Quadratic Programming.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EShape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element MethodsIJERA Editor
The paper represents an application of an optimization procedure for a mass and stress optimization of the bellcrank of a double wishbone suspension system of SRM University’s FormulaSAE vehicle. The used optimization procedure, so-called Fully Stressed Design, is based on an indirect approach utilizing optimum criteria. The aim of the optimization was to achieve the lowest possible mass of the construction taking into consideration the allowed resistance and also to investigate and analyze the structural stress distribution of bellcrank at the real time condition during damping process and the spring actuation.
Topology optimisation of hydraulic press structureeSAT Journals
Abstract Topology optimisation is carried out to find the zones of material removal on final size optimised structure. The results are represented and density plots are presented. The zones represented by blue can be removed for better material saving. The density plots are represented showing convergence of solution rapidly in the beginning and slowly in the later iterations. Finally wolf’s law is applied for material removal and addition for better strength. After iterations, the results are presented for vonmises and displacements. The results shows a vonmises stress of around 105 N/mm2 and a displacement value of 1.457mm. The final weight is observed to be around 15501kgs. The results shows efficiency of combination of three techniques in reducing the weigh of machine structures efficiently and useful for industrial applications as a combination. All the results are represented with necessary graphical pictures. The geometry is removed based on topology optimization and results are obtained based on wolff’s law. The structural results are presented. Keywords: Topoloyg1, optimisation2, vonmises stress3, Hydraulic press4 etc…
Development of Regression Model Using Lasso And Optimisation of Process Param...IJERDJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- Metal Spinning is a concept of describing the forming of metal into seamless, axisymmetric shapes by a combination of rotational motion and force. Sheet metal spinning is one of the metal forming processes, which a flat metal blank is rotated at a high speed and formed into an axisymmetric part by a roller which gradually forces the blank on to a mandrel, bearing the final shape of the spun part. Over the last few decades, sheet metal spinning has developed significantly and spun products have been used in various industries. Nowadays the process has been expanded to new horizons in industries, since tendency to use minimum tool and equipment costs and also using lower forces with the output of excellent surface quality and good mechanical properties. The automation of the process is of greater importance, due to its wider applications like decorative household‟s goods, rocket nose cones, gas cylinders etc. The objective of the current work is to develop the mathematical model for the spinning process with surface roughness as response and the input parameters as Mandrel speed (rpm), geometry of the Roller and Thickness of sheet (mm). Type of mandrel (EN8 Material) considered in the spinning process has the geometrical profile of parabola and single roller and double roller tools (EN8 Material) are used to deform the Al2024-T3 sheet metal paper aims to understand the process parameters that affect the surface finish of the spun component. Full factorial Design of Experiments technique is used to find the minimum number of experimental trials that are required to develop the regression model. A regression model using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (Lasso) is developed to further deepen the understanding between the input parameters and the surface roughness. The model was optimised using Sequential Quadratic Programming.
ER Publication,
IJETR, IJMCTR,
Journals,
International Journals,
High Impact Journals,
Monthly Journal,
Good quality Journals,
Research,
Research Papers,
Research Article,
Free Journals, Open access Journals,
erpublication.org,
Engineering Journal,
Science Journals,
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
EShape Optimization Of A Suspension Bellcrank Using 3d Finite Element MethodsIJERA Editor
The paper represents an application of an optimization procedure for a mass and stress optimization of the bellcrank of a double wishbone suspension system of SRM University’s FormulaSAE vehicle. The used optimization procedure, so-called Fully Stressed Design, is based on an indirect approach utilizing optimum criteria. The aim of the optimization was to achieve the lowest possible mass of the construction taking into consideration the allowed resistance and also to investigate and analyze the structural stress distribution of bellcrank at the real time condition during damping process and the spring actuation.
L'esperienza Erasmus Plus di Arianna a ValenciaLuisella Mori
La tesina dell'esame di stato di una studentessa che ha avuto l'opportunità di trascorrere un mese a Valencia per fare un tirocinio nel settore turistico
Effect and optimization of machining parameters on cutting force and surface ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Productivity and the quality of the machined parts are the main challenges of metal cutting industry during turning process. Therefore cutting parameters must be chosen and optimize in such a way that the required surface quality can be controlled. Hence statistical design of experiments (DOE) and statistical/mathematical model are used extensively for optimize. The present investigation was carried out for effect of cutting parameters (cutting speed, depth of cut and feed) In turning off mild steel and aluminum to achieve better surface finish and to reduce power requirement by reducing the cutting forces involved in machining. The experimental layout was designed based on the 2^k factorial techniques and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to identify the effect of cutting parameters on surface finish and cutting forces are developed by using multiple regression analysis. The coefficients were calculated by using regression analysis and the model is constructed. The model is tested for its adequacy by using 95% confidence level. By using the mathematical model the main and interaction effects of various process parameters on turning was studied. Keywords: Universal Lathe, Surface Finish, Cutting Force, High Speed Steel Tool, Factorial Technique.
Application and development of numerical simulation technology in CastingIJRES Journal
The basic theory of the numerical simulation of casting and casting process, also the development and application of numerical calculations in the foundry engineering. Outlined the main feature of the softwares of numerical simulation of casting both here and abroad , analyzes the softwares played a significant role in actual casting and research, meanwhile pointed out the problems and development direction of the casting simulation softwares. Description reasonable use of simulation software can improve the quality of castings, Optimize the casting process, shorten the duration of the casting design and reduce costs.
Experimental Investigation and Parametric Analysis of Surface Roughness in C...IJMER
The manufacturing industries are very much concerned about the quality of their products.
They are focused on producing high quality products in time at minimum cost. Surface finish is one of the
crucial performance parameters that have to be controlled within suitable limits for a particular process.
Surface roughness of machined components has received serious attention of Researchers for many years.
It has been an important design feature and quality measure in machining process. There are a large
number of parameters which affect the surface roughness. These include cutting tool variables, work
piece material variables, cutting conditions etc. Therefore, prediction or monitoring of the surface
roughness of machined components has been challenging and unexplored area of research
The present work is therefore in a direction to integrate effect of various parameters which effect the
surface roughness. Experiments were carried out with the help of factorial method of design of
experiment (DOE) approach to study the impact of turning parameters on the roughness of turned
surfaces. A mathematical model was formulated to predict the effect of machining parameters on surface
roughness of a machined work piece. Model was validated with the experimental data and the reported
data of other researchers. Further parametric investigations were carried out to predict the effect of
various parameters on the surface research
On the power of virtual experimentation in MT2.0:a VFORM-xSteels outlookvformxsteels
Sam Coppieters, A. Gil Andrade-Campos et al.
MatchID Global User Meeting
On the power of virtual experimentation in MT2.0 : a VFORM outlook
22 February2023 | Southampton, UK
Role of Simulation in Deep Drawn Cylindrical PartIJSRD
Simulation is widely used in forming industry due to its speed and lower cost and it has been proven to be effective in prediction of formability and spring back behavior. The purpose of finite element simulation in the sheet metal forming process is to minimize the time and cost in the design phase by predicting key outcomes such as the final shape of the part, the possibility of various defects and the flow of material. Such simulation is most useful and efficient when it is performed in the early stage of design by designers, rather than by analysis specialists after the detailed design is complete. The accuracy of such simulation depends on knowledge of material properties, boundary conditions and processing parameters. In the industry today, numerical sheet metal forming simulation is very important tool for reducing load time and improving part quality. In this paper finite element model for the deep-drawing of cylindrical cups is constructed and the simulation results are obtained by using different simulation parameters, i.e. punch velocity, coefficient of friction and blank holder force of the FE mesh-elements and these results are compared with experimental work.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Modeling of wedm process for complex shape using multilayer perceptron and re...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Wire cut electric discharge machining is the present days requirement in manufacturing the intricate and complex shape parts as required in the modern industrial products. The process being complex in nature for control over the machining process parameters. In the present study Multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is developed to predict the Material removal rate. The mathematical regression model is also developed by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to establish the relationshIp between the MRR and input process parameters like pulse on time (Ton), Pulse off time (Toff), Peak current (IP) and Servo voltage (SV). The predicted value by using MLP and RSM were compared with the experimental values. The average percentage errors are found to be 1.29 and -0.36527 for MLP and RSM respectively. It is observed that the predicted values with RSM are closer to experimental values as compared to MLP model. Key Words: WEDM, Response Surface Methodology, Neural Network, Multi Layer Perception, Material Removal Rate, Surface Roughness
Evaluation of compressive strength of cement using rayleigh’s dimensional ana...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
PARAMETRIC DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FEA SIMULATION OF A CHISEL PLOW FOR AN AGRICUL...ijmech
CAD Software for the structural analysis is basically used for the application of CAD/CAM in design optimization of tillage tools, which is based on the simulation method and Finite Element Method. The various components of the tillage tools are simulated with help of actual field performance rating parameters which are prepared by solid models along with actual boundary conditions. The planned work outcomes of sufficient tolerance in varying the working parameters of Chisel Plow sections for ejecting the extra weight in a solid section and also to increase the weight of plow for a consistent potency. In this paper parametric study of two different kinds of Chisel Plow for an agriculture use in designing from stress, strain, deformation and fatigue analysis has done. One is Old Chisel Plow & another is New Generation Chisel Plow. The old working model of Chisel Plow is compared with new design parameters with change of its geometry for the maximum weed exclusion efficiency by showing its realistic results from the actual field performance.
PARAMETRIC DESIGN ANALYSIS AND FEA SIMULATION OF A CHISEL PLOW FOR AN AGRICUL...ijmech
CAD Software for the structural analysis is basically used for the application of CAD/CAM in design
optimization of tillage tools, which is based on the simulation method and Finite Element Method. The
various components of the tillage tools are simulated with help of actual field performance rating
parameters which are prepared by solid models along with actual boundary conditions. The planned work
outcomes of sufficient tolerance in varying the working parameters of Chisel Plow sections for ejecting the
extra weight in a solid section and also to increase the weight of plow for a consistent potency.
In this paper parametric study of two different kinds of Chisel Plow for an agriculture use in designing
from stress, strain, deformation and fatigue analysis has done. One is Old Chisel Plow & another is New
Generation Chisel Plow. The old working model of Chisel Plow is compared with new design parameters
with change of its geometry for the maximum weed exclusion efficiency by showing its realistic results from
the actual field performance.
Artificial Intelligence based optimization of weld bead geometry in laser wel...IJMER
This paper reports on a modeling and optimization of laser welding of aluminum-magnesium alloy thickness of 1.7mm. Regression analysis is used for modeling and Genetic algorithm is used for optimize the process parameters.The input values for the regression methods is taken according the Taguchi based orthogonal array. A software named Computer aided Robust Parameter Genetic Algorithm CARPGA has been developed in MATLAB 2013 which combine all of these methodologies. This software has been validated with some published paper.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
1. COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DRAWING PROCESS WITH SHEAR
Chief researcher, Candidate of Science (Engineering) Semenov V.I., junior researcher Raab A.G.
Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials – Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia
Abstract: With the help of computer simulation in the software “DEFORM-3D” there was performed virtual complete factor experiment of
the drawing with shear process, in its course there was performed assessment of influence of independent parameters (drawing speed, die
rotation speed, die angle and friction factor) on the strain intensity. As a result of the experiment there was derived a regression equation
and were determined the most significant individual factors and their combination, which influence the response parameters. Also, there
were represented the comparative results of processes of conventional drawing and shear drawing. There was demonstrated a higher
efficiency of shear drawing process from the point of view of strain intensity.
KEYWORDS: COMPUTER SIMULATION, SHEAR DRAWING, VIRTUAL COMPLETE FACTOR EXPERIMENT, PLANNING MATRIX,
DEFORMATION INTENSITY.
1. Introduction
At present time there is observed a considerable interest to studies
in the sphere of strength increase of metals by means of structure
refinement to submicrocrystalline (SMC) dimensions via
processing under conditions of severe plastic deformation (SPD)
[1]. One of the most advanced techniques of SPD is multicycle
equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) [2, 3] and its further
development - ECAP-Conform [4], designed for production of
long-length billets with a bulk SMC structure and allowing creating
background for practical realization of the SPD process.
Technological process, based on structure refinement by the SPD
technique and realized on the ECAP-conform die-set is a highly
efficient technique of strength increase of metals and alloys.
However this technique has a number of drawbacks:
1) multicycle processing for achievement of high values of
accumulated strain, which is the basis for strength increase of the
processed material;
2) production of long-length rods with a square cross section;
3) introduction of additional post-processing treatment, for example
drawing (calibration), for getting rods with a round cross section.
2. Background for solution of the problem
For elimination of the mentioned drawbacks there is suggested the
method of drawing with shear. The invention is designed for
formation of a SMC structure and increase of a complex of
mechanical properties in long-length metallic materials with the
length to diameter ratio of over 100 by means of deformation
processing. The method comprises drawing with shear and
deformation of the metal by means of application of the tractive
force via two successive conical drawing dies with simultaneous
rotation of one of the drawing dies. Performance of the low-cost
production deformation process, accompanied by change of
physical-mechanical properties of metal is achieved by means of
providing of additional shear strain by the set eccentricity in
relation to the axis of rotation, formed by the conical channel of the
rotating drawing die [5].
The behavior description and forecasting of the process of drawing
with shear is complicated due to the lack of full-scale experiments,
as work on physical experiments is both time and money-
consuming.
In the scientific and practical activity a significant place is occupied
by numerical methods of complex processes study, including
computer simulation with application of the up-to-date software.
However efficiency of application of simulation techniques and
solution of engineering tasks considerably increases if on the stage,
preceding to the design of the real technological process, there are
created conditions for assessment of value of the most important
parameters.
Application of mathematical methods for simulation of labor-
intensive and high-cost experiments is one of the most rational
approaches to solution of tasks on assessment of efficiency of non-
standard forming processes. Therefore it appears reasonable to
perform numerical simulation with planning of virtual complete
factor experiment by the “path-of-steepest-ascent” method [6].
The advantage of the factor experiment is the possibility to describe
the process with complete compliance with the algorithm of the
physical experiment taking into account the set assumptions. The
complete factor experiment is the most easily realizable one among
numerous methods of physical experiment. The aim of application
of the complete factor experiment is getting the linear mathematic
model of the process, which allows determining the further strategy
for performance of the real experiment.
Thus, the aim of the simulation is performance of the virtual process
of drawing with shear with the help of the complete factor
experiment, and determination of the most efficient drawing regime
for production of long-length SMC semi-products.
3. Investigation technique
For obtaining the possibly most complete information about the
investigated dependencies the complete factor experiment was used
in performance of simulation. Planning of the experiment is a
procedure of choice of the number and conditions of experiments,
necessary and sufficient for getting the mathematic model of the
process [7]. However it is important to take into account the
following: tendency to minimize the number of experiments;
simultaneous varying of all variables, determining the process;
choice of a distinct strategy, allowing making justified decisions
after every set of experiments. Prior to performance of planning a
full-scale experiment it is necessary to collect additional
information on the investigated issue; all experience and
knowledge, obtained in the earlier investigations or described in
literature, are used for getting this information [8].
Planning of the experiment was performed on the method of
production of long-length steel rods with a round cross-section by
drawing with shear, performed on a drawing die-set with a drawing
device consisting of two rotating dies [5] fig.1.
Fig. 1. Dies for drawing with shear.
The subject of the research is a low-carbon steel with the content of
carbon of 0.1 %, its rheological properties were set for development
of the numerical model [9].
For realization of the numerical simulation procedure the standard
software application package (SAP) «DEFORM-3D» was used.
With the view of performance of simulation and factor experiment
in the SAP «DEFORM-3D» there were preliminary created bulk
models of dies with various approach angles in the software product
“Compas-3D”.
2. 3.1. Taken assumptions
1) billet material in the initial condition (prior to deformation)
is isotropic, there are no initial stresses and strains in it;
2) deformation environment temperature is 20ºС;
3) the tool is absolutely rigid, automated consideration of the
tool geometry;
4) initial billet material is plastic;
5) prior to start of simulation, the die, which is a movable tool,
was set with the rotating speed of 1.5 mm/sec along the drawing
axis, and also the rotation frequency of 10 rad. There were chosen
100 steps for simulation, reflecting complete passing of the billet
through the dies and getting of a stable result;
6) The billet was divided into 43553 elements in the form of
trapezoids.
On the stage of preparation of the simulation task we consider that
the most significant factors, influencing the strain intensity during
drawing with shear at room temperature are: wire drawing speed V
(Х1), die rotation speed ω (Х2), die approach angle α (Х3), and
friction factor ffr. (Х4). These factors were taken as independent
variables. The response parameter (the dependent variable) was
used for determining the material strain intensity (Y). Therefore it
was decided to perform a virtual complete factor experiment with
application of a two-level model with four unknowns, in accordance
with the number of variable factors, with subsequent formalization
of the obtained results in the form of regression equation and
optimization of the chosen factors.
Every factor was varied on two levels. The variability intervals of
the variable factors and their full-scale values are represented in
table 1.
Table 1
Levels of factors
Factors X1 (V, m/min) X2 (ω, min-1
) X3 (α, deg) X4 (ffr.)
Main level (Xi) 20 350 15 0.50
Variability interval (Xi) 10 50 5 0.25
Upper level (xi = 1) 30 600 20 1
Lower level (xi = – 1) 10 100 10 0
The coded values of the numerical factors (xi) are connected with
the full-scale ones (Xi) by the ratios:
10
20
x 1
1
X ;
50
350
x 2
2
X ;
5
15
3
3
x
X
;
25.0
5.0
4
4
X
x (1)
It is necessary to define such values of V, ω, α, ffr., which provide
getting the strain intensity ε within the range of values from 1 to 3,
(1 ≤ ε ≤ 3).
The number of experiments N was determined by the number of
factors k in accordance with the expression:
1622 4
k
N (2)
4. Experiment results and discussion
The mathematic model after realization of the experiments of the
complete factor experiment has the view:
y = b0 + b1x1 + b2x2 +…+ b12x1x2 + b13x1x3 +…
+ b123x1x2x3 + b124x1x2x4 + …+ b1234x1x2x3x4, (3)
where bi – regression coefficients.
For calculation of this model coefficients an augmented matrix of
planning and of experiment results was plotted (table 2).
Table 2
Augmented matrix of plan 24
and experiment results
№
experi
ment
х0 х1 х2 х3 х4 х1х2 х1х3 х1х4 х2х3 х2х4 х3х4 х1х2х3 х1х2х4 х1х3х4 х2х3х4 х1х2х3х4 у
1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0.30
2 + - + + + - - - + + + - - - + - 0.70
3 + + - + + - + + - - + - - + - - 0.90
4 + - - + + + - - - - + + + - - + 0.50
5 + + + - + + - + - + - - + - - - 0.50
6 + - + - + - + - - + - + - + - + 0.90
7 + + - - + - - + + - - + - - + + 0.60
8 + - - - + + + - + - - - + + + - 0.70
9 + + + + - + + - + - - + - - - - 0.40
10 + - + + - - - + + - - - + + - + 1.50
11 + + - + - - + - - + - - + - + + 1.10
12 + - - + - + - + - + - + - + + - 1.20
13 + + + - - + - - - - + - - + + + 0.70
14 + - + - - - + + - - + + + - + - 0.90
15 + + - - - - - - + + + + + + - - 1.30
16 + - - - - + + + + + + - - - - + 1.00
The regression coefficients were calculated by the formula:
N
yx
N
ii
1i
ib , (4)
where i = 0, 1, 2, …, 16.
As a result of the performed calculations there was obtained the
general view of the linear equation of regression:
y = 0.825X0 + 0.0125X1 + 0.2X2 – 0.1125X3 – 0.075X4 –
0.1625X1X2 – 0.05X1X3 +0.175X1X4 – 0.0125X2X3 + 0.05X2X4 –
0.0375X3X4 +0.05X1X2X3 – 0.0875X1X2X4 + 0.0X1X3X4 +
0.0625X2X3X4 + 0.0X1X2X3X4 (5)
By analysis of the equation (5) there was determined the statistical
significance of every one of the 16 regression coefficients.
As in this case there was used a uniform duplication of experiments,
the dispersion of coefficient estimates was calculated by the
formula:
N
Sy
2
2
bi
S , (6)
3. where
2
yS = 0.0137 – experiment dispersion, calculated by the
known techniques [10]. Therefrom
2
bi
S = 0.00086, and the root-
mean-square error
ibS = 0.0293.
In case of significance level = 0.05 and the number of degrees of
freedom f1 = N = 16 the table value of the t-Student criterion t0.05; 16
= 2.12 [10]. Then the confidence interval of the regression
coefficients
ib equals:
0621.01i ;b ibf St . (7)
Coefficients, the absolute value of which is equal or higher than the
confidence interval bi
ib , are accepted as statistically
significant [10]. In this case bi 0.0621, i.e. these are b2, b3, b4, b12,
b14, b124, b234.
Statistically insignificant coefficients b1, b13, b23, b24, b34, b123, b134,
b1234 were removed from the equation (5), and after realization of
the complete factor experiment 24
the regression equation got the
view:
y = 0.825X0 + 0.2X2 – 0.1125X3 – 0.075X4 + 0.1025X1X2
+0.175X1X4 – 0.0875X1X2X4 + 0.0625X2X3X4 (8)
Hypothesis of adequacy of the model was checked with the help of
F-ratio test. With the help of the equation (8), there were
determined the calculated values уcalc and then they were compared
with the experimental values уexp (table 3).
Table 3
Comparison of the experimental and calculated data
№
experiment
Уexp Уcalc /у/ у2
1 0.30 0.425 0.125 0.015625
2 0.70 0.575 0.125 0.015625
3 0.90 0.715 0.175 0.030625
4 0.50 0.355 0.145 0.021025
5 0.50 0.475 0.025 0.000625
6 0.90 0.825 0.075 0.005625
7 0.60 0.575 0.025 0.000625
8 0.70 0.685 0.015 0.000225
9 0.40 0.375 0.025 0.000625
10 1.50 1.550 0.050 0.002500
11 1.10 1.175 0.075 0.005625
12 1.20 1.150 0.050 0.002500
13 0.70 0.675 0.025 0.000625
14 0.90 1.075 0.175 0.030625
15 1.30 1.150 0.150 0.022500
16 1.00 1.150 0.150 0.022500
As duplication of the experiments was uniform, the dispersion of
inadequacy was determined by the formula:
2
2N
1u
uu
2
inad
f
)y(y
S
expcalc
, (9)
where f2 = N – k’ – number of degrees of freedom, k’ – number of
remained equation coefficients (including b0). The obtained model
(8) comprised 8 coefficients, thus the number of freedom degrees f2
= 8, and dispersion of inadequacy
2
inadS = 0.0222.
The calculated value of the F-ratio was determined by the formula:
2
y
2
inad
;
S
S
F 12
calc
ff
. (10)
F-ratio value represents the ratio of the dispersion of inadequacy to
dispersion of the experiment and answers the question, by how
many times the model forecasts worse than the experiment.
The hypothesis of adequacy of the equation is accepted in case
when the calculated value of the F-ratio does not exceed the table
value for the selected level of significance, i.e. when Fcalc
Ftable
.
The calculated value of the F-ratio
calc
16;8F = 1.62, in case of the
level of significance = 0.05 the table value of the F-ratio
table
16;8;05.0F = 2.64.
As Fcalc
< Ftable
the hypothesis of adequacy of the mathematic
model (8) with the 5 % level of significance is not rejected.
From the equation (8) it is seen that the most significant influence
on the value of strain intensity is made by the die rotation speed, die
approach angle and friction factor, and also joint interaction of the
drawing speed and die rotation speed, drawing speed and friction
factor, drawing speed, die rotation speed and friction factor, die
rotation speed, die approach angle and friction factor. The joint
interaction of other factors has insignificant influence on the value
of strain intensity. With that it is established that with the increase
of the die rotation speed and reduction of the die approach angle
and friction factor the strain intensity increases. Also the response
parameter increases in case of simultaneous increase of drawing
speed and die rotation speed. A more significant influence on strain
intensity is made by joint increase of the drawing speed and the
friction factor. To a lesser degree there is expected influence of
simultaneously three independent variables considered here:
drawing speed, die rotation speed and friction factor, and also die
rotation speed, die approach angle and friction factor. With that
their total action is differently directed. In any case complex
interactions should be analyzed on a case-by-case basis and with
reference to the specific conditions of operation of the multi-
component system.
From the equation (8) it is seen that the drawing speed per se has a
slight influence on strain intensity, but in combination with the die
rotation speed, die approach angle and contact conditions in the
plastic triboconjunction can efficiently increase the strain intensity.
Therefore, the maximum value of strain intensity can be obtained in
case of optimum combination of drawing speed with other
independent parameters, considered in this investigation.
For analysis of the obtained mathematic model there was plotted the
diagram of influence of the investigated factors on strain intensity
(fig. 2).
In fig. 2 it is observed that the biggest influence on strain intensity
is made by the die rotation speed. The strain intensity increases with
the growth of rotation speed. The drawing speed has a very small
influence on the value of strain intensity, however the combination
of the processing speed with the die rotation speed has a significant
influence on the response parameter.
Fig. 2. Influence of significant factors and their interrelations:
negative values – in case of factor decrease the response parameter
increases; positive values – in case of factor increase the response
parameter increases.
From this it can be concluded that the efficiency of the process of
drawing with shear depends on synchronization of these two
parameters, which should be considered jointly for design planning
of the technological process. In fig. 2 it is also seen that the die
approach angle and the friction factor, as individual parameters,
should decrease for increase of the strain intensity. From the
analysis of the couple and triple effects of interaction (Х1Х4, Х1Х2Х4,
Х2Х3Х4), it is seen that the friction factor and the die approach angle
in combination with the die rotation speed have significant and
complex influence on strain intensity, which should be taken into
4. account for design planning of the technological process of drawing
with shear.
Of practical interest is the solution of the optimization task on
determination of actual values of independent parameters,
considered in the virtual experiment of numerical simulation,
providing maximum value of strain intensity in case of drawing
with shear. This task was solved by the “path-of-steepest ascent”
method.
In accordance with this method the movement from a certain point
inside the investigated area in direction of the gradient i.e. in
direction of the biggest derivative of the response function – is the
shortest way to extreme point. In case of presence of the linear
model for performance of movement by the gradient it is necessary
to vary factor values proportionally to the coefficient values b1, b2,
b3, b4 taking into account their modifying sign.
Steps in variation of factors were calculated in full-scale. Firstly
there were determined the multiplications of coefficients to the
corresponding intervals of variation of the factors, (biXi), then in
proportion to these products there were set steps. The orders of
realization of the stages of the path-of-steepest-ascent are
represented in table 4.
As the characteristics of the stress-strain condition, having a
significant influence on strain intensity, are die rotation speed, die
approach angle and friction factor (the drawing speed influence in
the investigated range was considered as statistically insignificant),
the three factors mentioned above were taken as main factors,
subject to variation.
The values biXi, were used for determining the steps of factor
variation in the following way:
2
1
22
11
b
b
X
X ;
3
1
33
11
b
b
X
X ;
4
1
44
11
b
b
X
X (11)
As the response function is the value of strain intensity, the steps in
direction opposite to their modifying signs will decrease the value
of function y.
Table 4
Path-of-steepest-ascent
Factors
Х1 (drawing
speed, m/min)
X2 (die rotation
speed, min-1
)
X3 (die
approach angle,
deg)
X4 (friction
factor)
y (strain
intensity)
bi
biXi
Step
Step after rounding-off
0.0125
5*
10
10
0.20
10.00
20
50
- 0.1125
- 0.5625
- 1.125
- 2.0
- 0.075
- 0.019
- 0.038
- 0.05
Main level (Xi) 20 350 15 0.50
Thought experiment
Realized experiment
Thought experiment
15
15
15
100
150
200
20
18
16
0.45
0.40
0.35
0.90
Thought experiment
Realized experiment
Thought experiment
15
15
15
250
300
350
14
12
10
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.70
Thought experiment
Realized experiment
Realized experiment
15
15
15
400
300
500
20
18
16
0.15
0.10
0.12
1.20
1.60
Thought experiment
Realized experiment
Thought experiment
15
15
15
550
600
600
14
12
10
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.70
*
value biXi for Х1 (drawing speed) was set a priori due to the necessity to synchronize this factor with other independent variable
parameters, taken for consideration. The step was chosen at random due to technological reasons
Some of the thought experiments were realized in the computer
model (table 4). The experiment planning with application of the
path-of-steepest-ascent method demonstrated that under the
investigated conditions the highest strain intensity will be at high
speed of die rotation (ω ≈ 600 min-1
), low die approach angle (α ≈
10o
) and the decreasing friction factor (ffr. → min). With that the
axial drawing speed (V), due to the low influence on the strain
intensity as an individual parameter was taken as constant and equal
to 15 m/min.
Within the frames of the set investigation task there were obtained
optimized values of the variable parameters, corresponding to the
required value of strain intensity (ε ≥ 1.5): V = 15 m/min; V1 = 500
rot/min; α = 16°.
By insertion of the obtained values into the new model, with other
conditions being equal, we get the distribution fields of stresses and
strains, and also the corrected value of strain intensity. Simulation
of the process of drawing with shear in the «DEFORM 3D» was
performed with the following adjusted parameters:
Friction factor (Siebel) 0.12
Die approach angle, deg 16
Drawing speed, m/min 15
Die rotation speed, min-1
500
Below there are represented results of numerical simulation by the
optimized values, obtained in the course of performance of virtual
complete factor experiment.
Investigation of the deformed condition of the billet after drawing
with shear demonstrates that the level of strain intensity after
passing of the billet through the die has a nonhomogeneous state.
This strain makes ε = 0.5 – 1.6, which testifies to the severe
character of impact on the material of the initial billet after one pass
through the dies (fig. 3, 4а, 5а,).
The highest value is achieved on the billet surface, as the highest
strain of metal related to the die geometry and their rotation method
in relation to the drawing axis takes place there.
a b
Fig. 3 Image of distribution of strain intensity of the process of
drawing with shear: а – in the longitudinal section on the billet
axis; b – in the longitudinal section on the surface of the billet.
5. For estimation of values of strain intensity per one processing cycle
there was performed control comparative analysis of the two
processes – drawing with shear and conventional drawing
In the images of distribution of strain intensity (fig. 4) and normal
forces on the deforming tool (fig. 5) it is observed that the process
of drawing with shear is a more preferable one from the point of
view of strain intensity per one drawing cycle.
а b
Fig. 4 Image of strain intensity in the cross section: а – process of
drawing with shear; b – conventional drawing.
а b
Fig. 5 Distribution of normal forces on the deforming tool. а –
drawing with shear; b – conventional drawing.
Investigation of normal forces on the tool demonstrate that during
rotation of the die, the forces on the tool decrease by almost 2
times, which gives the most wide range of choice of steel for
fabrication of the tool and may contribute to cheapening of the
process (fig. 5).
The graphs represented in fig. 6 demonstrate the results of
comparative analysis of the two processes. It is seen that per one
cycle of processing by drawing with shear it is possible to get
significantly higher values of strain intensity and by means of it to
increase the efficiency of the process of fabrication of high-strength
products due to efficient formation of the SMC structure.
Fig. 6 Comparative graphs of values of strain intensity, obtained in
the course of drawing with shear and in the course of conventional
drawing.
5. Conclusions
1. Virtual complete factor experiment by the path-of-steepest-
ascent method allowed determining the optimum numerical values
of independent parameters, providing maximum value of strain
intensity at room temperature. Thus, for getting ε ≈ 1.6 it is
necessary to provide the die rotation speed of ω ≈ 500 min-1
, die
approach angle α ≈ 16 о
and friction factor ffr. ≈ 0.12 with the
drawing speed of V = 15 m/min.
2. The comparative analysis of the processes of drawing with
shear and conventional drawing of steel 10 at room temperature
allows decreasing the drawing forces by almost 2 times, increasing
nonhomogeneity of deformation and maximum values of
accumulated strain intensities from 0.5 to 1.6 and moreover, to
decrease normal forces on the tool by 1.8 times.
_________________________________
The work was done within the frames of the project № 11-08-
97038-р_povoljie_а, supported by RFBR and AS RB.
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