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- 1. Operational Level Lesson 5Presentation Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3rd Ed.
- 2. Operational Level 5–2 Types ofPPE Used at Haz Mat Incidents • Structural fire-fighting protective clothing • High-temperature protective clothing • Chemical-protective clothing – Liquid-splash protective clothing – Vapor-protective clothing
- 3. Operational Level 5–3 Hazards EncounteredDue to Skin Contact with Hazardous Materials • Chemical burns • Allergic reactions • Rashes • Absorption of toxic materials into the body
- 4. Operational Level 5–4 Structural Fire-Fighting ProtectiveClothing • Gives a person protection from heat, moisture, and the ordinary hazards associated with structural fire fighting • Includes a helmet, coat, pants, boots, gloves, a personal alert safety system (PASS) device, and a hood to cover parts of the head not protected by the helmet and facepiece (1 of 3)
- 5. Operational Level 5–5 Structural Fire-Fighting ProtectiveClothing • Provides limited protection against hazardous materials, but may be used at haz mat incidents when the following conditions are met: – Contact with splashes of extremely hazardous materials is unlikely – Total atmospheric concentrations do not contain high levels of chemicals that are toxic by way of skin contact – There is a chance of fire or there is a fire, and this type of protection is appropriate (2 of 3)
- 6. Operational Level 5–6 Structural Fire-Fighting ProtectiveClothing • Advantage – Multiple layers of coat and pants may provide short-term exposure protection • Limitations – Is neither corrosive-resistant nor vapor-tight – Gaps occur at the neck, wrists, waist, and the point where the pants and boots overlap – Chemicals absorbed into the equipment can subject the wearer to repeated exposure or to a later reaction with another chemical (3 of 3)
- 7. Operational Level 5–7 High-Temperature Protective Clothing •Protects the wearer from short-term high- temperature exposures in situations where heat levels exceed the capabilities of standard fire- fighting protective clothing • Types – Proximity suits – Fire-entry suits (1 of 4)
- 8. Operational Level 5–8 High-Temperature Protective Clothing •Proximity suit advantages – Permits close approach to fires for rescue, fire- suppression, and property-conservation activities such as in aircraft rescue and fire fighting or other fire-fighting operations involving flammable liquids – Provides greater heat protection than standard fire-fighting protective clothing (2 of 4)
- 9. Operational Level 5–9 High-Temperature Protective Clothing •Fire-entry suit advantages – Allows a person to work in total flame environments for short periods of time – Provides short-duration and close-proximity protection at radiant heat temperatures as high as 2,000ºF (1 093ºC) (3 of 4)
- 10. Operational Level 5–10 High-Temperature Protective Clothing •Limitations – Contributes to heat stress by not allowing the body to release excess heat – Is bulky – Limits wearer’s vision – Limits wearer’s mobility – Limits communication – Requires frequent and extensive training for efficient and safe use (4 of 4)
- 11. Operational Level 5–11 Chemical-Protective Clothing (CPC) •Shields or isolates individuals from the chemical, physical, and biological hazards that may be encountered during hazardous materials operations • Is made from a variety of different materials, each of which provides protection against certain chemicals or products, but only limited or no protection against others • May be encapsulating (covering responder including respiratory equipment completely) or nonencapsulating (1 of 2)
- 12. Operational Level 5–12 Chemical-Protective Clothing (CPC) •Advantage – Affords the wearer a known degree of protection from a known type, a known concentration, and a known length of exposure to a hazardous material • Limitation – Improperly worn equipment can expose and endanger the wearer (2 of 2)
- 13. Operational Level 5–13 Liquid-Splash Protective Clothing •Protects users from chemical liquid splashes but not against chemical vapors or gases • Types – Encapsulating – Nonencapsulating (1 of 3)
- 14. Operational Level 5–14 Liquid-Splash Protective Clothing •Encapsulating suit – A single, one-piece unit that protects against splashes – Boots and gloves are sometimes separate, or attached and replaceable – Limitations – Impairs worker mobility, vision, and communication – Traps body heat, necessitating a cooling vest, particularly when self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is also worn (2 of 3)
- 15. Operational Level 5–15 Liquid-Splash Protective Clothing •Nonencapsulating suit – A one-piece coverall or individual pieces such as a jacket, hood, pants, or bib overalls – Limitations – Protects against splashes and dusts but not against gases and vapors – Does not provide full body coverage; parts of head and neck are often exposed – Traps body heat, so may contribute to heat stress (3 of 3)
- 16. Operational Level 5–16 Vapor-Protective Clothing •Protects the wearer against chemical vapors or gases • Must be worn with positive-pressure SCBA or combination SCBA/supplied-air breathing apparatus • Limitations – Does not protect the user against all chemical hazards – Impairs mobility, vision, and communication – Does not allow body heat to escape, so can contribute to heat stress, which may require the use of a cooling vest
- 17. Operational Level 5–17 Choosing andUsing Chemical- Protective Clothing (CPC) • CPC can be reduced by three actions, all of which should be considered when choosing and using protective ensembles – Permeation – Chemical degradation – Penetration • Service life – Reusable (multiuse) – Limited use – Disposable (one-time use)
- 18. Operational Level 5–18 Permeation • Occurswhen a chemical passes through the CPC fabric on a molecular level • The rate at which a compound permeates CPC depends on various factors; most manufacturers provide charts on the breakthrough time for a wide range of chemical compounds • Permeation data will include the permeation rate, or the speed at which the chemical moves through the CPC material after it breaks through (1 of 2)
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- 20. Operational Level 5–20 Chemical Degradation •Occurs when the characteristics of a material in use are altered through contact with chemical substances (cracking, brittleness, and other changes in the structural characteristics) • The most common observations are discoloration, swelling, loss of physical strength, or deterioration
- 21. Operational Level 5–21 Penetration • Occurswhen there is an opening or a puncture in the protective material – Examples: Rips, tears, and cuts in protective materials; unsealed seams, buttonholes, and zippers
- 22. Operational Level 5–22 Types ofRespiratory Protection • Atmosphere-supplying respirators – Closed-circuit SCBA – Open-circuit SCBA – Supplied-air respirators (SARs) • Air-purifying respirators (APRs) – Particulate removing – Vapor and gas removing – Combination particulate and vapor-and-gas removing
- 23. Operational Level 5–23 Positive PressureSCBA • Advantages – Independence – Maneuverability • Limitations – Heavy weight of the units – Limited air supply duration – Change in profile that may hinder mobility because of the configuration of the harness assembly and the location of the air cylinder – Limited vision caused by facepiece fogging – Limited communications if the facepiece is not equipped with a microphone or speaking diaphragm
- 24. Operational Level 5–24 Supplied-Air Respirators •Advantage – Reduces physical stress to the wearer by removing the weight of the SCBA • Limitations – Restricted mobility – Restricted vision – Restricted communications
- 25. Operational Level 5–25 Air-Purifying Respirators •Limitations – The limited life of filters and canisters – The need for constant monitoring of the contaminated atmosphere – The need for a normal oxygen content of the atmosphere before use
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- 27. Operational Level 5–27 Limitations ofProtective Breathing Equipment • Wearer limitations • Equipment limitations • Air-supply limitations
- 28. Operational Level 5–28 Wearer Limitations •Physical condition — The wearer must be in good physical condition in order to maximize the work that can be performed and to stretch the air supply as far as possible • Agility — Wearing a protective breathing apparatus with an air cylinder or backpack restricts wearers’ movements and affects their balance (1 of 4)
- 29. Operational Level 5–29 Wearer Limitations •Facial features — The shape and contour of the face affect the wearer’s ability to get a good facepiece-to-face seal • Neurological functioning — Good motor coordination is necessary for operating effectively in protective breathing equipment • Mental soundness — First responders must be of sound mind to handle emergency situations that may arise (2 of 4)
- 30. Operational Level 5–30 Wearer Limitations •Muscular/skeletal condition — First responders must have the physical strength and size required to perform necessary tasks while wearing the protective equipment • Cardiovascular conditioning — Poor cardiovascular conditioning can result in heart attacks, strokes, or other related problems during strenuous activity • Respiratory functioning — Proper respiratory functioning maximizes the wearer’s operations time while wearing respiratory protection (3 of 4)
- 31. Operational Level 5–31 Wearer Limitations •Training in equipment use — First responders must be knowledgeable in every aspect of protective breathing apparatus use. • Self-confidence — First responders’ belief in their abilities has an extremely positive overall effect on the actions that are performed. • Emotional stability — The ability to maintain control in an excited or high-stress environment reduces the chances of making a serious mistake. (4 of 4)
- 32. Operational Level 5–32 Equipment Limitations •Limited visibility — A facepiece reduces peripheral vision, and facepiece fogging can reduce overall vision • Decreased ability to communicate — A facepiece hinders voice communication • Increased weight — Depending on the model, the protective breathing equipment can add 25 to 35 pounds (11 kg to 16 kg) of weight to the emergency responder (1 of 2)
- 33. Operational Level 5–33 Equipment Limitations •Decreased mobility — The increase in weight and the splinting effect of the harness straps reduce the wearer’s mobility • Inadequate oxygen levels — Air-purifying respirators cannot be worn in immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) or oxygen- deficient atmospheres • Chemical specific — Air-purifying respirators can only be used to protect against certain chemicals (2 of 2)
- 34. Operational Level 5–34 Air-Supply Limitations •Physical condition of user — if the wearer is in poor physical condition, the air supply is depleted faster. • Degree of physical exertion — The harder that wearers exert themselves, the faster the air supply is depleted. • Emotional stability — Persons who become excited increase their respirations and use air faster. (1 of 2)
- 35. Operational Level 5–35 Air-Supply Limitations •Condition of equipment — Minor leaks and poor adjustment of regulators can result in excessive air loss. • Cylinder pressure before use — If the cylinder is not filled to capacity, the amount of working time is reduced proportionately. • Training and experience — Poorly trained and inexperienced personnel use air at a fast rate. (2 of 2)
- 36. Operational Level 5–36 Components ofthe Chemical-Protective Ensemble • Protective clothing (suits, coveralls, hoods, gloves, and boots) • Respiratory equipment • Cooling system • Communications device • Head protection • Eye protection • Ear protection • Inner garment • Outer protection (overgloves, overboots, and flashcover)
- 37. Operational Level 5–37 EPA Levelsof Protection • Note: The following information is taken from the OSHA requirements for EPA levels of protective equipment. The NFPA requirements (listed in Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3rd ed.) may differ slightly.
- 38. Operational Level 5–38 EPA LevelA Ensemble • Components – Vapor protective suit – Pressure-demand, full-face SCBA – Inner chemical-resistant gloves – Chemical-resistant safety boots – Two-way radio communication – Cooling system (optional) – Outer gloves (optional) – Hard hat (optional) (1 of 3)
- 39. Operational Level 5–39 EPA LevelA Ensemble • Protection provided — Highest available level of respiratory, skin, and eye protection from solid, liquid, and gaseous chemicals • Used in the following situations: – The chemical(s) have been identified and have high level of hazards to respiratory system, skin, and eyes – Substances are present with known or suspected skin toxicity or carcinogenity – Operations must be conducted in confined or poorly ventilated areas (2 of 3)
- 40. Operational Level 5–40 EPA LevelA Ensemble • Limitations – Protective clothing must resist permeation by the chemical or mixtures present – Ensemble items must allow integration without loss of performance (3 of 3)
- 41. Operational Level 5–41 EPA LevelB Ensemble • Components – Liquid splash-protective suit – Pressure-demand, full-facepiece SCBA – Inner chemical-resistant gloves – Chemical-resistant safety boots – Two-way radio communications – Hard hat – Cooling system (optional) – Outer gloves (optional) (1 of 3)
- 42. Operational Level 5–42 EPA LevelB Ensemble • Protection provided — Provides same level of respiratory protection as Level A, but less skin protection; provides liquid splash protection, but no protection against chemical vapors or gases. • Limitations – Protective clothing items must resist penetration by the chemicals or mixtures present – Ensemble items must allow integration without loss of performance (2 of 3)
- 43. Operational Level 5–43 EPA LevelB Ensemble • Used in the following situations: – The chemical(s) have been identified but do not require a high level of skin protection – Initial site surveys are required until higher levels of hazards are identified – The primary hazards associated with site entry are from liquid and not vapor contact (3 of 3)
- 44. Operational Level 5–44 EPA LevelC Ensemble • Components – Support Function Protective Garment – Full-facepiece, air-purifying, canister-equipped respirator – Chemical-resistant gloves and safety boots – Two-way communications system – Hard hat – Faceshield (optional) – Escape SCBA (optional) (1 of 3)
- 45. Operational Level 5–45 EPA LevelC Ensemble • Protection provided — The same level of skin protection as Level B, but a lower level of respiratory protection; provides liquid splash protection but no protection from chemical vapors or gases • Limitations – Protective clothing items must resist penetration by the chemical or mixtures present – Chemical airborne concentration must be less than IDLH levels – The atmosphere must contain at least 19.5% oxygen (2 of 3)
- 46. Operational Level 5–46 EPA LevelC Ensemble • Used in the following situations: – Contact with site chemical(s) will not affect the skin – Air contaminants have been identified and concentrations measured – A canister is available which can remove the contaminant – The site and its hazards have been completely characterized (3 of 3)
- 47. Operational Level 5–47 EPA LevelD Ensemble • Components – Coveralls – Safety boots/shoes – Safety glasses or chemical splash goggles – Gloves (optional) – Escape SCBA (optional) – Faceshield (optional) • Protection provided — No respiratory protection; minimal skin protection (1 of 2)
- 48. Operational Level 5–48 EPA LevelD Ensemble • Used in the following situations: – The atmosphere contains no known hazard – Work functions preclude splashes, immersion, potential for inhalation, or direct contact with hazard chemicals • Limitations – This level should not be worn in the Hot Zone – The atmosphere must contain at least 19.5% oxygen (2 of 2)
- 49. Operational Level 5–49 Types ofChemical-Protective Clothing Inspections • Inspection and operational testing of equipment received new from the factory of distributor • Inspection of equipment when it is selected for a particular chemical operation • Inspection of equipment after use or training and before maintenance • Periodic inspection of stored equipment • Periodic inspection when a question arises concerning the appropriateness of selected equipment or when problems with similar equipment are discovered
- 50. Operational Level 5–50 Information tobe Recorded at Each Clothing Inspection • Clothing/equipment item identification number • Date of the inspection • Person making the inspection • Results of the inspection • Any unusual conditions noted