The document outlines the use and limitations of personal protective equipment (PPE) in hazardous environments, detailing various levels of chemical protective equipment (CPE) and respirators, alongside the stresses associated with their use. It also covers the management of emergencies, including incident command systems (ICS), training needs, and incident management concepts essential for protecting personnel. Furthermore, the document highlights issues faced in agricultural settings regarding PPE use, safety training, spill procedures, and the implications of both natural and man-made disasters.

1. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE)

2. Personal Protective Equipment
• Provide a barrier between you and the
chemical
• Chemical Protective Equipment (CPE)
– Level A - vapor w/SCBA (encapsulating suits)
– Level B - splash w/SCBA (cover skin)
– Level C - splash w/APR (MMRS Program)
– Level D - “normal” work clothes

3. Supplied Air Systems
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus

4. Positive Pressure Self Contained
Breathing Apparatus
Advantages:
Provides highest level of protection
against airborne contaminates and
oxygen deficiency
Limitations: Bulky and heavy
Limited air supply limits work duration
May impair movement in confined spaces
Unknown resistance to chemicals

5. Positive Pressure Supplied Air
Respirator
Connected to a manifold which is supplied by two or more tanks
Possibility of unlimited air supply
Less bulky with a longer work time
Protects against airborne contaminates to the same level as PP SCBA

6. Positive Pressure Supplied Air
Respirator
Air line impairs mobility and limited to 300 feet (OSHA/NIOSH)
Air line is vulnerable to damage, degradation, or mechanical
decontamination where decontamination might prove difficult.
Exit as you entered. Requires supervision / monitoring of air
supply and lines.
Not approved for IDLH atmospheres unless equipped with an
emergency egress unit such as an escape only SCBA with a
minimum of five minutes.

7. Air Purifying Respirators
Enhanced mobility, less physical stress, lighter weight
Negative pressure operations – can be full face or half face
Normally used in controlled, well characterized areas not for
emergency response
Cartridge respirators-Must select proper cartridge
Does not supply fresh air - oxygen levels must be greater than
19.5%

9. Chemical Protective Clothing
Level A (Vapor Protection)
Provides responder with highest level of protection
Level B (Splash Protection)
Provides the responder with the highest level of
respiratory protection and protection against contact with
product from spills and splashes
Level C (Splash Protection)
Reduction in the respiratory protection but hazards shall
be well characterized (known and measured) to provide
use of APR’s.

10. Level A CPE

11. Level B CPE

12. Level C CPE

13. Chemical Protective Clothing
Level D (normal workplace protections)
Used much more commonly in routine industrial operations.
No NFPA standard garment.
May include items such as:
Eye Protection
Coveralls
Boots that are chemically resistant
Hard hat
Gloves

14. Stresses of Wearing CPC’s
Heat related stresses:
Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke
Cold related stresses:
Frostbite, Hypothermia
Psychological stress:
Hazardous area, “Body bag with Windows”

15. Stresses of Wearing CPC’s
NFPA 471 (10.3) (2002 edition) exclusion criteria includes:
BP - diastolic pressure greater than 105 mm Hg
Pulse - greater than 70% of max (220-age)
Respirations - greater than 24
Temp – greater than 99.5 (oral) or 100.5 core
EKG – dysrhythmia not previously detected
Mental Status – altered, slurred speech clumsiness, weakness
Recent Medical History:
Presence of nausea vomiting, diarrhea, fever, URI, heat
illness, or heavy alcohol within the past 72 hours.
Any alcohol within the past 6 hours
New medications within the past 72 hours.
Pregnancy

16. Chemical Resistance/Compatibility
Three principle manners by which chemical
protective clothing materials can be compromised:
1. Penetration
2. Degradation
3. Permeation

20. Bio Isolation PPEs
• Cover all skin
• Use with respirator
and eye protection
• Should be rated for
biological (blood-
borne pathogen)
protection by
manufacture

21. Problems in the Agricultural
Setting
• Improper Use
– Using inappropriate concentration (more is better)
– Mixing compounds together
• Improper Storage
– Next flammables
– No ventilation
– Stored next to incompatibles
– Compressed Gasses indoors

22. Problems in the Agricultural
Setting
• Limited or no PPEs
– Eye & Face Protection
– Apron
– Gloves
– Respiratory Protection
• Poor or no Signage/Markings
– Hazard areas
– Safe areas

23. Problems in the Agricultural
Setting
• Limited or no Training
– PPEs
– Proper use
• HAZCOM standard (29 CFR 1910.120)
– No MSDS
– Don’t know standard
• No Emergency or Spill Plan
• Poor Housekeeping
• Safety equipment not maintained

24. Problems in the Agricultural
Setting
• Usually a failure of multiple safety
processes
• Complacency
• Performance before safety
• Profit before safety (safety to expensive)

25. Example of Spill Procedures
When Spill Occurs
• Stop operations and equipment
• Isolate or evacuate area affected
• Emergency Notification
• If trained, contain and control spill
• Provide first aid and assistance to injured
• Clean up, decontamination

26. Natural Disasters
• Hurricane/Typhoon
• Earthquake
• Tsunami
• Fire
• Flood
• Disease Outbreak
– Agriculture
– Wildlife
– Human

27. Man Made Disasters
• Transportation
• Unintentional Releases
• Civil Unrest
• Terrorism
• Technological
– Electrical
– Communications
– Water (Fresh and Waste)

28. What is an emergency?
• An Event that is--
– Unplanned
– Uncontrolled
– Chaotic
– Life, Property or Environmental Threat
– Requires a rapid response to bring the event
under control

29. What is an emergency response?
• Rapid or timely mitigation of events
• Best use of resources
• Trained personnel
• Favorably changes the outcome

30. Planned Response
• Control
– Isolation and Quarantine
• Notification
– Local, Law Enforcement, National and
International Aid
• Have a written plan
• Test and Periodically Practice

31. Incident Command System
• Management System
– Who’s in charge?
– What’s our goals?
– What’s my tasks?
– Where do I fit in the organization?
– Whom do I report?

32. Incident Management
• Places one person in charge
• Clarifies objectives
• Guides deployment of personnel &
resources
• Organizes personnel & tasks so that IC is
not overwhelmed
• Eases communications & identifies chain of
command

33. Incident Management
• Limits high risk activities & establishes
resources to provide immediate assistance
• Allows for growth and reduction of
organizational structure
• For some emergencies, it is a requirement
of law, 29 & 40 CFR
• Used by the Federal Government (NIMS)

34. Management Concepts
• Division of Labor
– Work is assigned based on functions, equipment
available and training/capabilities of personnel
– Qualified individuals are assigned the proper tasks
• Lines of Authority
– Personnel and functional groups know their roles
within the organization and their relationship with other
personnel participating in the emergency

35. Management Concepts
• Delegation
– Higher level of authority gives personnel or
unit an assignment or tasks
– Authority is delegated but responsibility is still
with the IC
• Unity of Command
– One immediate supervisor
– Prevents multiple and conflicting directives

36. Management Concepts
• Span of Control
– Number of personnel or units supervised at one
time
– Emergency operations, 4-7 personnel or units
– Factors include, degree of difficulty, level of
danger, amount of authority given
• Line Functions - functions directly associated with
actual implementation of tasks
• Staff Functions - functions associated with the
support of incident operations or IC

37. Features of ICS
• Common Terminology
– uses common language “clear text”
– pre-designated language from standard operating
procedures
• Integrated Communications
– Common communications plan “trunking system”
• Modular Organization
– Organizational structure develops as-needed
– Increases and reduces in size as needed

38. Features of ICS
• Comprehensive Resource Management
– Knows the status of available units
– Analyses incident requirements and deploys available
resources in a well-coordinated effort
– “Tools in a tool box”, only take out the tools you need
to get the job done - need to know what tools are
needed and when to use them, in correct combination
– Single Command Structure (single jurisdiction)
– Unified Command Structure (multi-jurisdiction or
responsibility)

39. Features of ICS
– Consolidated Action Plans - Unified Command
• A single plan of objectives
• Efforts undertaken are conducted in a coordinated manner
• Prevents duplication of tasks and contradictory work
assignments
– Designated Incident Facilities
• Command Post, Staging Area, Rehab Area
– Transfer of Command
• Proper procedures to transfer to higher authority

40. Incident Command System
• IC & Staff
– PIO, Safety, Liaison
• Operations
• Planning
• Logistics
• Finance
• Division, Group, Branch

41. Incident Command System
Operation
s Section
Planning
Section
Logistics
Section
Finance/
Administration
Section
IC
Public Information
Safety
Liaison
FireFighting HAZMAT Ventilation
Entry DECON Research

42. Scene Management
• HAZMAT Sectors
– Hot Zone - Contaminated area
– Warm Zone - Contamination reduction zone or
decon area
– Cold Zone - Contamination Free Zone
– Safe Zone - to facilitate nuisance free area

44. The Growing Threat of the
Agriculture Workplace
Pacific Avian Influenza Training Workshop
Carter Davis
Pacific EMPRINTS Program
hazmat@hawaii.rr.com