This document summarizes respiratory tract infections, including upper respiratory infections like sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis as well as lower respiratory infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. For upper respiratory infections, common causes are viruses like rhinovirus and influenza virus. For pneumonia, common causes are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and viruses. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and treatment depends on whether the infection is community-acquired or hospital-acquired.
This document summarizes respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory infections. It describes infections that affect the upper respiratory tract like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and otitis media. Common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses. Sinusitis can be caused by viruses or bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. For lower respiratory infections, it discusses community-acquired pneumonia commonly caused by S. pneumoniae, viruses, or atypical bacteria. Hospital-acquired pneumonia requires broad-spectrum antibiotics. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and treatment is based on causative organisms and location of infection.
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, including upper respiratory infections like sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis as well as lower respiratory infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. It describes the typical causative agents of each infection such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It also outlines diagnostic tests including microscopy, culture, and treatment approaches based on the location and severity of the infection.
This document summarizes various respiratory tract infections that can affect the upper and lower respiratory tract. It describes infections such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and others. For each infection, it outlines the typical causative agents such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It also discusses approaches for laboratory diagnosis of respiratory infections and treatment recommendations based on the type and location of infection.
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It defines various upper respiratory infections like rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis. It describes the causative agents, symptoms, and treatment. For lower respiratory infections it discusses community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. It provides details on diagnostic scoring systems like CURB-65 and CPIS. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular or serological tests. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection.
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory infections. It covers common upper respiratory infections like the common cold, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, and epiglottitis. For lower respiratory infections it discusses pneumonia (community-acquired and hospital-acquired), bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. It provides details on causative agents, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis including microscopy and culture, and treatment for these various respiratory infections.
Pneumonia is a common and potentially serious lung infection that can have varying severity and causes. Key steps in managing pneumonia include assessing severity using a scoring system, empirically treating with antibiotics based on local resistance patterns, and determining the specific pathogen causing the infection. Common causes of pneumonia include bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses like influenza, and atypical bacteria like Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Treatment involves antibiotics targeted to likely pathogens, with hospitalization sometimes needed for severe cases.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
This document discusses lower respiratory tract infections, including the types of pneumonia (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated), common causative agents, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on bacterial pathogens that commonly cause pneumonia like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It also discusses atypical pneumonia from Mycoplasma or Legionella, as well as tuberculosis and fungal pneumonia. Sputum analysis, culture and sensitivity are important tools for diagnosis. Risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia include medical interventions like intubation and underlying illness.
This document summarizes respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory infections. It describes infections that affect the upper respiratory tract like tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, and otitis media. Common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses. Sinusitis can be caused by viruses or bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae. For lower respiratory infections, it discusses community-acquired pneumonia commonly caused by S. pneumoniae, viruses, or atypical bacteria. Hospital-acquired pneumonia requires broad-spectrum antibiotics. Diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and treatment is based on causative organisms and location of infection.
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, including upper respiratory infections like sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis as well as lower respiratory infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. It describes the typical causative agents of each infection such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It also outlines diagnostic tests including microscopy, culture, and treatment approaches based on the location and severity of the infection.
This document summarizes various respiratory tract infections that can affect the upper and lower respiratory tract. It describes infections such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, and others. For each infection, it outlines the typical causative agents such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. It also discusses approaches for laboratory diagnosis of respiratory infections and treatment recommendations based on the type and location of infection.
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It defines various upper respiratory infections like rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis. It describes the causative agents, symptoms, and treatment. For lower respiratory infections it discusses community-acquired pneumonia and hospital-acquired pneumonia. It provides details on diagnostic scoring systems like CURB-65 and CPIS. Laboratory diagnosis involves microscopy, culture, and molecular or serological tests. Treatment depends on the type and severity of infection.
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory infections. It covers common upper respiratory infections like the common cold, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, and epiglottitis. For lower respiratory infections it discusses pneumonia (community-acquired and hospital-acquired), bronchitis, and bronchiolitis. It provides details on causative agents, symptoms, laboratory diagnosis including microscopy and culture, and treatment for these various respiratory infections.
Pneumonia is a common and potentially serious lung infection that can have varying severity and causes. Key steps in managing pneumonia include assessing severity using a scoring system, empirically treating with antibiotics based on local resistance patterns, and determining the specific pathogen causing the infection. Common causes of pneumonia include bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses like influenza, and atypical bacteria like Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Treatment involves antibiotics targeted to likely pathogens, with hospitalization sometimes needed for severe cases.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
This document discusses lower respiratory tract infections, including the types of pneumonia (community-acquired, hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated), common causative agents, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. It provides details on bacterial pathogens that commonly cause pneumonia like Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It also discusses atypical pneumonia from Mycoplasma or Legionella, as well as tuberculosis and fungal pneumonia. Sputum analysis, culture and sensitivity are important tools for diagnosis. Risk factors for hospital-acquired pneumonia include medical interventions like intubation and underlying illness.
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs that causes inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli) and fills them with fluid. It can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Chest x-rays are used to confirm pneumonia and determine its severity and location in the lungs. Treatment involves antibiotics, with choices depending on whether it was acquired in the community or hospital. Prevention involves vaccination, hand washing, and isolation of infected patients. Pneumonia has many risk factors and can occasionally be caused by unusual pathogens depending on a person's environment or medical history.
This document discusses pneumonia in ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It begins by defining pneumonia and its classifications. Pneumonia is caused by both predisposing factors like stress and housing conditions as well as exciting factors like bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and aspiration. Clinical signs include rapid breathing, cough, nasal discharge, fever, and abnormal breath sounds. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging, and laboratory tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, bronchodilators, and supportive care like good ventilation, nutrition, and oxygen therapy if needed.
types of Pneumonia ,complications and treatment .pptxLayanSinnawi
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by inflammation of the alveolar space and/or interstitial tissue. It is caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can be acquired in the community, hospitals, or other healthcare settings. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-rays, and microbiological testing of sputum or blood samples. Treatment depends on the causative organism and severity of illness, and may involve antibiotics, oxygen, or ventilator support. Complications can include pleural effusions, abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis.
types of Pneumonia ,complications and treatment .pptxLayanSinnawi
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by inflammation of the alveolar space and/or interstitial tissue. It is caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can be acquired in the community, hospitals, or other healthcare settings. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-rays, and microbiological testing of sputum or blood samples. Treatment depends on the causative organism and severity of illness, and may involve antibiotics, oxygen, or ventilator support. Complications can include pleural effusions, abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis.
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It covers topics such as otitis media (ear infection), pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment goals, and specific treatment options. Risk factors, pathogenesis, and monitoring of treatment response are also covered for some conditions. The document provides an overview of common respiratory infections seen in clinical practice.
Opportunistic infections are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV/AIDS. These infections include fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections that typically do not seriously affect those with healthy immune systems. Common opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, and cytomegalovirus. Antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the rates of opportunistic infections by suppressing HIV and allowing immune recovery. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health challenge.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes it. It discusses the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, how the virus works and the stages of HIV infection. Modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, contaminated blood or needles and mother-to-child transmission. The document also outlines testing and counseling procedures, treatment options including antiretroviral drugs, prevention methods, and ethical and legal considerations surrounding HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses acute upper respiratory infections in children. It defines acute upper respiratory infections and lists common causes like viruses. It describes the symptoms, signs, and typical progression of a common cold. Diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like fever, nasal congestion, and cough through rest, hydration, nasal saline, and over-the-counter medications. Complications can include secondary bacterial infections.
Pneumonia Symposia presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti, 2011.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the lungs. There are two main types: lobar pneumonia, which affects one lung lobe, and bronchopneumonia, which causes patches throughout both lungs. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or viruses and risks factors include age, smoking, and pre-existing medical conditions. Symptoms may include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and cultures. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and symptom relief. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest cavity.
This document summarizes community acquired pneumonia, its types , causes, organisms, CRUB-65 score, difference with atypical pneumonia, investigations, treatment and prevention.
SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2002. It spread to over two dozen countries with over 8,000 cases and had a 9% fatality rate. Symptoms include fever, cough and breathing difficulties. While there is no vaccine, treatment is supportive and focuses on rest, hydration and fever reduction. Ayurveda sees it as a vata-kapha disorder treatable with herbs like balajeeraka, dasamoola and tulsi to reduce symptoms and boost immunity. Strict isolation, hygiene and early medical care are important to control outbreaks.
This document discusses upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It begins by outlining the protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract, such as hair, mucus, cilia, and lymphoid tissues that prevent pathogen attachment. It then describes the main types of URTIs like rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and their typical symptoms. It lists the most common viral and bacterial causes for each. The document concludes with discussing laboratory diagnosis of URTIs through microscopy, culture and serology, and treatment approaches including symptomatic relief and antibiotics when indicated.
Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections 12 march 18Meher Rizvi
This document discusses bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. It begins by listing the major bacteria that can cause infections in different parts of the upper respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It then focuses on streptococcal sore throat and diphtheria, describing the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. Complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis that can arise from untreated streptococcal infections are also outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of diagnosing and treating group A streptococcal pharyngitis.
This document discusses pneumonia, including different types such as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients (ICAP). It covers topics like causes, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prevention of pneumonia. Key points include that Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen in CAP, enteric gram-negative organisms and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes of HAP, and treatment depends on suspected pathogen and includes antibiotics with gram-negative and staphylococcal coverage for HAP.
1. Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection, usually bacterial, that is characterized by consolidation of the lung tissue.
2. Community-acquired pneumonia is defined as pneumonia acquired outside of a hospital setting, within 14 days of symptoms. Healthcare-associated pneumonia refers to pneumonia acquired in other healthcare settings such as nursing homes.
3. Hospital-acquired pneumonia refers to pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital. Risk factors include mechanical ventilation, underlying diseases, and antibiotic resistance of hospital-acquired pathogens.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Pharyngitis, Epiglottitis, Deep Infections in Head and Neck
The document discusses various upper respiratory tract infections including pharyngitis, epiglottitis, and deep neck space infections. It provides guidelines for evaluating and diagnosing pharyngitis using the Centor criteria to determine if testing for Group A streptococcus is needed. It also discusses non-streptococcal causes of pharyngitis and outlines considerations and workup for dangerous deep neck space infections like epiglottitis and peritonsillar abscesses. The goal is to appropriately diagnose and treat conditions like streptococcal pharyngitis while excluding
This document discusses respiratory disorders such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by microbial infection. Factors like smoking, age, and medical conditions can predispose individuals to pneumonia. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, and signs of lung consolidation. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment involves antibiotics and rest. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs or other organs. Symptoms vary depending on whether it is a primary infection or reactivation. Diagnosis involves skin tests, imaging, and sputum/tissue cultures. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs that causes inflammation of the air sacs (alveoli) and fills them with fluid. It can be caused by viruses or bacteria. Symptoms include cough, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. Chest x-rays are used to confirm pneumonia and determine its severity and location in the lungs. Treatment involves antibiotics, with choices depending on whether it was acquired in the community or hospital. Prevention involves vaccination, hand washing, and isolation of infected patients. Pneumonia has many risk factors and can occasionally be caused by unusual pathogens depending on a person's environment or medical history.
This document discusses pneumonia in ruminants such as cattle, sheep, and goats. It begins by defining pneumonia and its classifications. Pneumonia is caused by both predisposing factors like stress and housing conditions as well as exciting factors like bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and aspiration. Clinical signs include rapid breathing, cough, nasal discharge, fever, and abnormal breath sounds. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging, and laboratory tests. Treatment involves antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, bronchodilators, and supportive care like good ventilation, nutrition, and oxygen therapy if needed.
types of Pneumonia ,complications and treatment .pptxLayanSinnawi
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by inflammation of the alveolar space and/or interstitial tissue. It is caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can be acquired in the community, hospitals, or other healthcare settings. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-rays, and microbiological testing of sputum or blood samples. Treatment depends on the causative organism and severity of illness, and may involve antibiotics, oxygen, or ventilator support. Complications can include pleural effusions, abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis.
types of Pneumonia ,complications and treatment .pptxLayanSinnawi
Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs characterized by inflammation of the alveolar space and/or interstitial tissue. It is caused by a variety of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Pneumonia can be acquired in the community, hospitals, or other healthcare settings. Common symptoms include cough, fever, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like chest x-rays, and microbiological testing of sputum or blood samples. Treatment depends on the causative organism and severity of illness, and may involve antibiotics, oxygen, or ventilator support. Complications can include pleural effusions, abscesses, respiratory failure, and sepsis.
This document discusses various respiratory tract infections, including upper and lower respiratory tract infections. It covers topics such as otitis media (ear infection), pharyngitis (sore throat), sinusitis, bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. For each condition, it discusses etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment goals, and specific treatment options. Risk factors, pathogenesis, and monitoring of treatment response are also covered for some conditions. The document provides an overview of common respiratory infections seen in clinical practice.
Opportunistic infections are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in people with weakened immune systems such as those with HIV/AIDS. These infections include fungal, bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections that typically do not seriously affect those with healthy immune systems. Common opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients include Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis, candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptococcus, and cytomegalovirus. Antiretroviral therapy has significantly reduced the rates of opportunistic infections by suppressing HIV and allowing immune recovery. HIV/AIDS remains a major global public health challenge.
This document provides an overview of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes it. It discusses the global prevalence of HIV/AIDS, how the virus works and the stages of HIV infection. Modes of HIV transmission include unprotected sex, contaminated blood or needles and mother-to-child transmission. The document also outlines testing and counseling procedures, treatment options including antiretroviral drugs, prevention methods, and ethical and legal considerations surrounding HIV/AIDS.
The document discusses acute upper respiratory infections in children. It defines acute upper respiratory infections and lists common causes like viruses. It describes the symptoms, signs, and typical progression of a common cold. Diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like fever, nasal congestion, and cough through rest, hydration, nasal saline, and over-the-counter medications. Complications can include secondary bacterial infections.
Pneumonia Symposia presented at Hôpital Sacré Coeur in Milot, Haiti, 2011.
CRUDEM’s Education Committee (a subcommittee of the Board of Directors) sponsors one-week medical symposia on specific medical topics, i.e. diabetes, infectious disease. The classes are held at Hôpital Sacré Coeur and doctors and nurses come from all over Haiti to attend.
Pneumonia is an infection that causes inflammation in the lungs. There are two main types: lobar pneumonia, which affects one lung lobe, and bronchopneumonia, which causes patches throughout both lungs. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria or viruses and risks factors include age, smoking, and pre-existing medical conditions. Symptoms may include fever, cough, and difficulty breathing. Diagnosis involves chest x-rays and cultures. Treatment focuses on antibiotics and symptom relief. Complications can include lung abscesses or fluid in the chest cavity.
This document summarizes community acquired pneumonia, its types , causes, organisms, CRUB-65 score, difference with atypical pneumonia, investigations, treatment and prevention.
SARS is a viral respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2002. It spread to over two dozen countries with over 8,000 cases and had a 9% fatality rate. Symptoms include fever, cough and breathing difficulties. While there is no vaccine, treatment is supportive and focuses on rest, hydration and fever reduction. Ayurveda sees it as a vata-kapha disorder treatable with herbs like balajeeraka, dasamoola and tulsi to reduce symptoms and boost immunity. Strict isolation, hygiene and early medical care are important to control outbreaks.
This document discusses upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). It begins by outlining the protective mechanisms of the respiratory tract, such as hair, mucus, cilia, and lymphoid tissues that prevent pathogen attachment. It then describes the main types of URTIs like rhinitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and their typical symptoms. It lists the most common viral and bacterial causes for each. The document concludes with discussing laboratory diagnosis of URTIs through microscopy, culture and serology, and treatment approaches including symptomatic relief and antibiotics when indicated.
Upper respiratory tract bacterial infections 12 march 18Meher Rizvi
This document discusses bacterial infections of the upper respiratory tract. It begins by listing the major bacteria that can cause infections in different parts of the upper respiratory tract, including Streptococcus pyogenes, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. It then focuses on streptococcal sore throat and diphtheria, describing the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of infections caused by these bacteria. Complications like rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis that can arise from untreated streptococcal infections are also outlined. The document emphasizes the importance of diagnosing and treating group A streptococcal pharyngitis.
This document discusses pneumonia, including different types such as community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP), and pneumonia in immunocompromised patients (ICAP). It covers topics like causes, clinical features, investigations, treatment, and prevention of pneumonia. Key points include that Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common pathogen in CAP, enteric gram-negative organisms and Staphylococcus aureus are common causes of HAP, and treatment depends on suspected pathogen and includes antibiotics with gram-negative and staphylococcal coverage for HAP.
1. Pneumonia is an inflammatory lung condition caused by infection, usually bacterial, that is characterized by consolidation of the lung tissue.
2. Community-acquired pneumonia is defined as pneumonia acquired outside of a hospital setting, within 14 days of symptoms. Healthcare-associated pneumonia refers to pneumonia acquired in other healthcare settings such as nursing homes.
3. Hospital-acquired pneumonia refers to pneumonia that develops 48 hours or more after admission to the hospital. Risk factors include mechanical ventilation, underlying diseases, and antibiotic resistance of hospital-acquired pathogens.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Pharyngitis, Epiglottitis, Deep Infections in Head and Neck
The document discusses various upper respiratory tract infections including pharyngitis, epiglottitis, and deep neck space infections. It provides guidelines for evaluating and diagnosing pharyngitis using the Centor criteria to determine if testing for Group A streptococcus is needed. It also discusses non-streptococcal causes of pharyngitis and outlines considerations and workup for dangerous deep neck space infections like epiglottitis and peritonsillar abscesses. The goal is to appropriately diagnose and treat conditions like streptococcal pharyngitis while excluding
This document discusses respiratory disorders such as pneumonia and tuberculosis. Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by microbial infection. Factors like smoking, age, and medical conditions can predispose individuals to pneumonia. Clinical manifestations include fever, cough, and signs of lung consolidation. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, and sputum tests. Treatment involves antibiotics and rest. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and can affect the lungs or other organs. Symptoms vary depending on whether it is a primary infection or reactivation. Diagnosis involves skin tests, imaging, and sputum/tissue cultures. Treatment involves antibiotic therapy.
Similar to 754_Respiratory_Tract_Infections.ppt (20)
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
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In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
10. Epiglottis
• Edema and inflammation of epiglottis and soft
tissue above vocal cords
• Age: children 2–6 years
• Symptoms: Fever, Difficulty in swallowing,
Inspiratory stridor
• Most common agent: Haemophilus influenzae
type b
13. CURB-65score
- C (Confusion) = 1 point
- U (blood urea nitrogen >19 mg/dL) = 1 point
- R (respiratory rate >30 min) = 1 point
- B (BP <90/60) = 1 point
- 65 (Age ≥65 years) = 1 point
• Higher the score, greater is the mortality
• If the score ≤1, outpatient therapy is indicated
If the score >1, patient should be hospitalized
19. BRONCHITIS
• Inflammation of bronchus, which occurs
either as an extension of upper respiratory
tract infection such as influenza or may be
caused directly by bacterial agents such as
Bordetella.
• Common symptoms - fever, cough, sputum
production, and rarely croup- like features
21. BRONCHIOLITIS
• Inflammation of the smaller airways (bronchioles)
• It presents as an acute viral infection that
primarily occurs in children less than 2 year
• Symptoms: Acute onset of wheeze, dyspnea,
cough, rhinorrhea, and respiratory distress
• Respiratory syncytial viruses account for 40–80%
24. Microscopy
• Albert staining
• Gram staining
• Acid fast staining
• GMS stain
• Immunofluorescence microscopy of
nasopharyngeal aspirate
25.
26. Culture
• For bacteriological culture: Blood agar, chocolate agar and
MacConkey agar
• For isolation of C. diphtheriae: Loeffler’s serum slope and
potassium tellurite agar
• For M. tuberculosis: LJ medium and incubated for up to 6–
8 weeks
• For fungal pathogen isolation: Sabouraud dextrose agar
• Viral - Appropriate cell lines
30. TREATMENT
• Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Empiric regimen is determined by presence of co-
morbidity and prediction of prognosis by CURB-65
scoring system
• CAP, hospitalized (if CURB65 score >1):
- IV ceftriaxone plus azithromycin or
- IV levofloxacin
- Add vancomycin if CA-MRSA suspected
32. Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)
• Empirical therapy: Gram-negative (e.g.
piperacillin-tazobactam or meropenem) +
Gram-positive coverage (e.g. vancomycin)
• Definitive therapy: The empirical treatment
should be tailored based on the organism
isolated and its
Editor's Notes
Symptoms:
Pharynx and/or tonsils become inflamed, red, swollen, and show exudate, and sometimes a membrane is formed
Viruses: (most common cause) Influenza virus, Parainfluenza virus, Coxsackievirus A, Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, Adenoviruses
Bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes (most common bacterial cause), Streptococcus groups C and G, Arcanobacterium species, Corynebacterium diphtheriae and C. ulcerans, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Vincent angina - Treponema vincentii & Leptotrichia buccalis
Fungal: Candida albicans
Non-productive, harsh, barking cough
Agents: followed by Mycoplasma pneumoniae
CURB65 scoring system - To predict prognosis of CAP
Score >1 patient should be hospitalized
Else the treatment can be given on outpatient basis
No co-morbidity:
Streptococcus pneumoniae (most common)
Atypical pathogens:
Chlamydophila pneumoniae and C. psittaci
Legionella and Mycoplasma
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Viral pneumonia (influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza, RSV)
Associated with Co-morbidity:
Alcoholism: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae
COPD: H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, S. pneumoniae
Post-CVA-aspiration: S. pneumoniae
Post-obstruction of bronchi: pneumoniae, anaerobes
Post-influenza: S. pneumoniae, S.aureus
Hospitalized patients have increased risk of developing pneumonia; most of which are ventilator-associated pneumonia
VAP can be clinically diagnosed by Clinical Pulmonary Infection (CPIS)
Likelihood of VAP is higher when total CPIS is >6
SCORE:0 NO CORRELATION BETWEEN MICROSCOPY AND CULTURE
SCORE:2 POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN MICROSCOPY AND CULTURE
Gram-negative bacilli (most common)
MDR non-fermenters (Pseudomonas & Acinetobacter)
MDR Enterobacteriaceae (E. coli, Klebsiella & Enterobacter)
Staphylococcus aureus (both MRSA and MSSA)
S. pneumoniae (rarely, in early stage)
Influenza, adenovirus, parainfluenza, RSV
Fever, chills, chest pain and cough
Based on area of lungs involved, and type of cough produced
Lobar pneumonia infecting lung parenchyma (alveoli)
Consolidation and productive cough with purulent sputum
- Mostly caused by pyogenic organisms :
Pneumococcus
Haemophilus influenzae
Staphylococcus aureus
Gram-negative bacilli.
Infection occurs in interstitial space of lungs
Cough is characteristically non-productive
Caused by :
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Viral pneumonia
Legionella species
Throat swab: Two swabs should be collected, one for direct examination, other one for culture
A part of the membrane, if present
Nasopharyngeal aspirate for viral diagnosis or for B.pertussis
Albert staining - metachromatic granules in the ends of the bacilli of C. diphtheriae
Gram staining
Detect the quality of the sputum
Pus cells >25/low power field and epithelial cells <5/low power field good quality sputum
Acid fast staining - M. tuberculosis
GMS stain - Pneumocystis jirovecii
Immunofluorescence microscopy of nasopharyngeal aspirate
BARTLETT CRITERIA, MURRAY WASHINGTON CRITERIA
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pus cells >25/LPF and epithelial cells <10/LPF gram-positive cocci in pair, lanceolate shaped
Alfa hemolytic, draughtsman-shaped colonies on blood agar Sensitive to optochin
Bile soluble, ferments inulin
Haemophilus influenzae
Pus cells >25/LPF and epithelial cells <10/LPF Pleomorphic gram-negative bacilli
Satellitism on blood agar with S. aureus streak line
Staphylococcus aureus
Pus cells >25/LPF and epithelial cells <10/LPF gram-positive cocci in clusters
BA- golden yellow hemolytic colonies Catalase positive, coagulase positive
Gram-negative bacilli
E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, etc.)
Pus cells >25/LPF and epithelial cells <10/LPF gram-negative bacilli
Identification is based on:
Growth on MacConkey agar (LF or NLF colonies) and
Biochemical reactions (ICUT: indole, citrate, urease, TSI)
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Direct immunofluorescence test
Antigen detection by enzyme immunoassay Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) detecting specific genes
Serology-antibody detection by
- CFT using LPS antigen
- ELISA using recombinant LPS antigen
- Micro-IF test using outer membrane protein antigen
Legionella pneumophila
Pus cells >25/LPF and epithelial cells <10/LPF Detection of specific antigen in sputum, urine
Growth on BCYE medium
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Direct immunofluorescence test
Capture ELISA-detecting antigen (P1 adhesin) PCR targeting P1 adhesin gene
Culture-fried egg colonies on PPLO agar Antibody detection
- Non-specific test (cold agglutination test)
Specific test (e.g. ELISA)
Viral pneumonia
Detection of specific viral antigen in sputum Detection of specific viral genes in sputum (PCR)