This document discusses cellular growth and neoplasms (tumors). It begins by defining a tumor as an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from excessive proliferation of cells not integrated into normal tissue. Cancer affects people of all ages, and most tumors arise from epithelial cells. Common cancers are listed by occurrence and mortality rates in males and females. The document then covers cancer terminology including definitions of tumor, neoplasm, metastasis, and various treatment types. Cancers are classified by the type of cell they resemble and their tissue of origin, stage of spread, and level of differentiation. The key differences between benign and malignant tumors are growth rate, invasion potential, metastasis risk, and cellular features. The sequential steps of tumor invasion and metastasis

1. Cellular Growth & Neoplasms
MS.PRAGATI BAKANE

2. INTRODUCTION
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue resulting from autonomous,
progressive, excessive proliferation of body cells not integrated into
normal tissue. Synonym- Neoplasia

3. Cancer epidemiology
 Cancer affects people at all age group, even Fetuses, but risk for the
more common varieties increases with age.
 Death due to cancer are about 13% of all deaths.
 Most 90% of the Neoplasm arises from the epithelium cells, remaining
10% arise from the other cells.

4. Table
male Female
BY OCCURRENCE BY MORTALITY BY OCCURRENCE LUNG CANCER
Prostate Cancer (33%)
Lung Cancer (13%)
Colorectal Cancer (10%)
Bladder Cancer (7%).
Cutaneous Melanoma (5%)
Prostate Cancer (10%)
Lung Cancer (31%)
Colorectal Cancer (10%)
Pancreatic Cancer (5%).
Leukemia (4%)
Breast Cancer (32%)
Lung Cancer (12%)
Colorectal Cancer (11%)
Endometrial Cancer (6%)
Lymphoma (4%)
Breast Cancer (15%)
Colorectal Cancer (10%)
Pancreatic Cancer (6%).
Ovarian Cancer (6%)

5. NOMENCLATURE RELATED TO CANCERS
 Tumor – Any Abnormal Swelling, Lump Or Mass.
 Neoplasm – Scientific Term To Describe An Abnormal Proliferation Of
Genetically Altered Cells.
 Tumours & Neoplasms Can Be Benign Or Malignant.
 Metastasis – New Tumors That Appear Far From The Orginal Tumor.
 Chemotherapy – Treatment With Drugs.
 Radiation Therapy – Treatment With Radiations.

6.  Adjuvant therapy – treatment, either chemotherapy or radiation
therapy given after surgery to kill the remaining cancer cells.
 Surgical excision the removal of a tumor by a surgeon.
 Surgical margins : the evaluation by a pathologist of the edges of the
tissue removed by the surgeon to determine if the tumor was removed
completely “negative margins” or if tumor was left behind “positive
margins”.
 Pre- malignancy, pre –cancer or non invasive tumor, A neoplasm that is
not invasive but has the potential to progress to cancer if left untreated.

7.  Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and
therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumor. Examples
of general categories include.
 Carcinoma – Malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells.
Carcinoma is the most common term for malignant epithelial tumors.
 E.g. breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer.
 Sarcoma is the common term for malignant non epithelial tumors.
 Lymphoma and leukemia : malignancies derived from blood forming
cells.
 Myoma – a begnin neoplasm of muscular tissue.

8. Types
Tumor like lesions
Benign tumors Tumors of limited malignancy
Malignant tumors (cancer)

9. TUMOR CLASSIFICATION
Type stage Grade
Acc. To its
tissue origin
The extent its
spread
Its level of
differentiation

10. Tumors are classified as follows according to
their tissue of origin
Benign non epithelial
tumors
Benign epithelial
tumors
Malignant epithelial
tumors
Malignant non epithelial
tumors

11. STAGING
The stage of neoplastic disease is defined according
to three criteria. Together, they comprise what is
known internationally as the TNM system.
T- refers to local tumor growth
N- refers to spread to regional lymph nodes.
M -refers to distant Metastasis

12. Several prefixes are used to provide additional
information
 TNM refers to initial clinical and radiologic staging.
 pTNM refers to post-operative or pathologic staging.
 yTNM refers staging following Chemotherapy.
 rTNM refers staging in the presence of recurrent cancer.

13. GRADING
 This involves histologic evaluation of the extent to which a
tumor corresponds to its tissue of origin.
 GI indicates a high degree of differentiation (low malignancy).
 G2 indicates a moderate degree of differentiation (moderate
malignancy).
 G3 indicates a Low degree of differentiation (high malignancy).
 G4 indicates no differentiation (very high malignancy).

14. Differences benign and malignant tumour
1. Rate of growth: slow
2. Encapsulation: it has sharp margin and is
encapsulated.
3. Invasion : it does not invade as it is well
encapsulated.
4. It can be completely removed (shelled out).
5. Metastasis : it does not metastasis.
6. Differentiation : it is well differentiated i.e.
resembles the parent tissue both structurally and
functionally.
7. Gross appearance : well capsulated , no area of
hemorrhage or necrosis.
8. Microscopic appearance:
a. Anaplasia : Absent
b. Nuclear cytoplasmic ratio normal (1:4/1:6)
9. Cellular functions: retain their cellular fuction.
1. Rapid
2. It is not well encapsulated or delineated.
3. Invades into adjacent tissues.
4. It cannot be completely removed.
5. It metastasis.
6. It may or may not resemble the parent tissue
functionally & structurally e.g. well-
differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
7. Not encapsulated, irregular margins of
invasion, area of hemorrhage and necrosis.
8. High anaplstic, high become 1:1
9. Well differentiated tumors retain the functional
capability found in normal counterpart.

15. Following are the characters on which the
tumors categorized into benign and malignant
They include:
1. Differentiation & cellular features.
2. Rate of growth.
3. Local invasion.
4. Metastasis.

16. Sequential steps in mechanisms of tumor invasion &
metastasis
Carcinoma
in situ
Malignant cell surface
receptors bind to
basement membrane
components
Malignant cell disrupts and
invade basement membrane
by releasing collagenase
type IV and other protease
Invasion of the
extracellular
matrix
Detachment
embolization
Survival in the
circulation
Arrest
extravasation
Evasion of host
defense
Progressive
growth
metastasis