This document defines over 100 basic computer terms for home and school use, including definitions for bits, bytes, hardware components, file types, network terms, and more. Key terms defined include bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, RAM, ROM, hard drives, floppy disks, files, folders, icons, windows, ports, buses, chips, boards, software, programs, files, folders, disks, networking, printing, and other common computer terms. Measurement terms like bits, bytes, kilobytes, and megabytes are defined. Common hardware components, file formats, and interface types are also summarized.
This document discusses computer hardware and software basics. It describes the main hardware components of a computer including the CPU, memory, input devices, output devices, and storage. Specific hardware such as monitors, printers, and scanners are explained. Computer software is summarized as operating systems, which interface with the user and computer, and application software programs used for tasks like word processing. Examples of application software include Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and web logging software.
Basics IT Recruiting | Technical Recruiting | US Staffing | Training |Tips |T...Syed Aiyaz
First information based series on Information technology covering topics like IT, Computer Usage, Data Storage, Types of computers, computer hardware, computer software, computer firmware, enterprise storage & more.
The document discusses different types of storage media and devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, compact discs, and Internet hard drives. It explains how each type of storage medium stores and retrieves data using different technologies like magnetic patterns on floppy disks and laser reading of pits and lands on compact discs. The document also covers storage concepts like tracks, sectors, partitions, and RAID configurations for hard disks.
General Information About Information Technologiestechgajanan
The document provides definitions for various information technology terms from A-D, including:
- ADSL, AGP, ATA, attachments, AVI, bandwidth, binary, BIOS, bitmap, blog, Bluetooth, browser, cache, CMOS, codec, cookie, CPU, cursor, data, database, defragmentation, desktop, DDR, DIMM, directory, disk drive, DLL, and DMA. It provides brief explanations of each term.
The document provides information about various computer components. It discusses the CPU as the brain of the computer that issues commands. It also describes different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and flash drives. Expansion cards are discussed as used to expand computer capabilities, such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards. Storage devices include internal hard drives and external drives like external hard drives and flash drives. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens are used to input information. Output devices like printers, monitors, and speakers are used to output information from the computer.
This document provides descriptions of key features and tools in the Windows operating system, including the Control Panel, Desktop, Device Manager, Disk Cleanup, Event Viewer, File Explorer, Internet browsers, Microsoft Paint, Notepad, Notification Area, Power User Tasks Menu, Registry Editor, Settings, Start menu, System Information, Taskbar, Task Manager, Windows search box, and Cortana. It explains what each feature is used for and how to access it in Windows.
OPERATING SYSTEM AND SERVICES
TOPICS
1 Dos – History, Files and Directories
2 Internal and External Commands
3 Batch Files
4 Types of O.S.
Assignment:
• Draw the block diagram for computers and explain the various the components in few words, viz. Input, Storage, Processing, Output and Control
assignment
1.Internal components are the devices that are inside the main computer tower. These devices include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Motherboard and the modem.
Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished from thecomputer softwarethat executes or runs on the hardware. The hardware of a computer isinfrequently changed, while software and data are modified frequently. The term "soft" refers to readily created, modified, or erased. Theseare unlike the physical components within the computer which are "hard".
Inside Computer
Motherboard
The motherboard is the "body" or mainframe of the computer, through which all other componentsinterface. It is thecentral circuit board making up a complex electronic system. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the systemcommunicate. The mother board includes many components such as: centralprocessing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), firmware, and internal and external buses.
Motherboard
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU; sometimes just called processor) is amachine that can executecomputer programs It is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
CPU Diagram
There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation:fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. The firststep, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction from program memory. In thedecode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance toother portions of theCpu. During the execute step various portions of the CPU such as the arithmeticlogic unit (ALU) and thefloating point unit (FPU) are connected so they can perform the desired operation. The final step, writeback, simply "writes back" the results of the execute step to some form of memory.
Random Access Memory
Random access memory (RAM) is fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is power-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running. RAM is a set of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order (why it is called random). There are many different types of RAM. Distinctions between these different types include: writable vs. read-only, static vs. dynamic, volatile vs. non-volatile, etc.
RAM
Firmware
Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory (ROM) run from the BasicInput-Output System (BIOS). It is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. As it name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Like software, it is a computer program which is executed by a microprocessor or a microcontroller. But it is also tightly linked to a piece of hardware, and has little meaning outside of it. Most devices attached to modern systems are special-purpose computers intheir own right, running their own software. Some of these devices store that software ("firmware") in a ROM within the device itself
Power Supply
The power supply as its name might suggest is the device that supplies power to all the components in the computer. Its case holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan. The power supply converts about 100-120 volts of AC power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components to use. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with the form factor. This enables different power supplies to be interchangable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as standby mode.
Removable Media Devices
If your putting something in your computer and taking it out is most likely a form of removable media. There are many different removable media devices. The most popular are probably CD and DVD drives which almost every computer these days has at least one of. There are some new disc drives such as Bl
This document discusses computer hardware and software basics. It describes the main hardware components of a computer including the CPU, memory, input devices, output devices, and storage. Specific hardware such as monitors, printers, and scanners are explained. Computer software is summarized as operating systems, which interface with the user and computer, and application software programs used for tasks like word processing. Examples of application software include Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, and web logging software.
Basics IT Recruiting | Technical Recruiting | US Staffing | Training |Tips |T...Syed Aiyaz
First information based series on Information technology covering topics like IT, Computer Usage, Data Storage, Types of computers, computer hardware, computer software, computer firmware, enterprise storage & more.
The document discusses different types of storage media and devices, including floppy disks, hard disks, compact discs, and Internet hard drives. It explains how each type of storage medium stores and retrieves data using different technologies like magnetic patterns on floppy disks and laser reading of pits and lands on compact discs. The document also covers storage concepts like tracks, sectors, partitions, and RAID configurations for hard disks.
General Information About Information Technologiestechgajanan
The document provides definitions for various information technology terms from A-D, including:
- ADSL, AGP, ATA, attachments, AVI, bandwidth, binary, BIOS, bitmap, blog, Bluetooth, browser, cache, CMOS, codec, cookie, CPU, cursor, data, database, defragmentation, desktop, DDR, DIMM, directory, disk drive, DLL, and DMA. It provides brief explanations of each term.
The document provides information about various computer components. It discusses the CPU as the brain of the computer that issues commands. It also describes different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and flash drives. Expansion cards are discussed as used to expand computer capabilities, such as graphics cards, sound cards, and network cards. Storage devices include internal hard drives and external drives like external hard drives and flash drives. Input devices such as keyboards, mice, and touchscreens are used to input information. Output devices like printers, monitors, and speakers are used to output information from the computer.
This document provides descriptions of key features and tools in the Windows operating system, including the Control Panel, Desktop, Device Manager, Disk Cleanup, Event Viewer, File Explorer, Internet browsers, Microsoft Paint, Notepad, Notification Area, Power User Tasks Menu, Registry Editor, Settings, Start menu, System Information, Taskbar, Task Manager, Windows search box, and Cortana. It explains what each feature is used for and how to access it in Windows.
OPERATING SYSTEM AND SERVICES
TOPICS
1 Dos – History, Files and Directories
2 Internal and External Commands
3 Batch Files
4 Types of O.S.
Assignment:
• Draw the block diagram for computers and explain the various the components in few words, viz. Input, Storage, Processing, Output and Control
assignment
1.Internal components are the devices that are inside the main computer tower. These devices include the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Motherboard and the modem.
Computer Hardware is the physical part of a computer, as distinguished from thecomputer softwarethat executes or runs on the hardware. The hardware of a computer isinfrequently changed, while software and data are modified frequently. The term "soft" refers to readily created, modified, or erased. Theseare unlike the physical components within the computer which are "hard".
Inside Computer
Motherboard
The motherboard is the "body" or mainframe of the computer, through which all other componentsinterface. It is thecentral circuit board making up a complex electronic system. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the systemcommunicate. The mother board includes many components such as: centralprocessing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), firmware, and internal and external buses.
Motherboard
Central Processing Unit
The Central Processing Unit (CPU; sometimes just called processor) is amachine that can executecomputer programs It is sometimes referred to as the "brain" of the computer.
CPU Diagram
There are four steps that nearly all CPUs use in their operation:fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. The firststep, fetch, involves retrieving an instruction from program memory. In thedecode step, the instruction is broken up into parts that have significance toother portions of theCpu. During the execute step various portions of the CPU such as the arithmeticlogic unit (ALU) and thefloating point unit (FPU) are connected so they can perform the desired operation. The final step, writeback, simply "writes back" the results of the execute step to some form of memory.
Random Access Memory
Random access memory (RAM) is fast-access memory that is cleared when the computer is power-down. RAM attaches directly to the motherboard, and is used to store programs that are currently running. RAM is a set of integrated circuits that allow the stored data to be accessed in any order (why it is called random). There are many different types of RAM. Distinctions between these different types include: writable vs. read-only, static vs. dynamic, volatile vs. non-volatile, etc.
RAM
Firmware
Firmware is loaded from the Read only memory (ROM) run from the BasicInput-Output System (BIOS). It is a computer program that is embedded in a hardware device, for example a microcontroller. As it name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Like software, it is a computer program which is executed by a microprocessor or a microcontroller. But it is also tightly linked to a piece of hardware, and has little meaning outside of it. Most devices attached to modern systems are special-purpose computers intheir own right, running their own software. Some of these devices store that software ("firmware") in a ROM within the device itself
Power Supply
The power supply as its name might suggest is the device that supplies power to all the components in the computer. Its case holds a transformer, voltage control, and (usually) a cooling fan. The power supply converts about 100-120 volts of AC power to low-voltage DC power for the internal components to use. The most common computer power supplies are built to conform with the form factor. This enables different power supplies to be interchangable with different components inside the computer. ATX power supplies also are designed to turn on and off using a signal from the motherboard, and provide support for modern functions such as standby mode.
Removable Media Devices
If your putting something in your computer and taking it out is most likely a form of removable media. There are many different removable media devices. The most popular are probably CD and DVD drives which almost every computer these days has at least one of. There are some new disc drives such as Bl
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document aims to explain the essential components and functions that make up basic computer systems.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
ROM is a type of memory that can only be read from and cannot be modified. It is non-volatile, meaning its contents are retained even when power is turned off. PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM are programmable versions of ROM that can be written to a single time (PROM), by exposing it to UV light (EPROM), or electrically (EEPROM). RAM is volatile memory that is used by the CPU for temporary storage and can be written and read many times. Caches like L1, L2, L3 improve memory access speed. Different RAM types include DRAM, SRAM, VRAM, and EDO RAM.
This document provides information about different types of storage devices used in computers. It defines storage devices as any device used to store information that is retained even when the computer is switched off. It describes primary storage as memory directly accessible by the CPU, including RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses data on power off, while ROM is non-volatile but cannot be modified. Secondary storage devices include hard disks, flash drives, optical discs, and tape, which allow large amounts of data to be stored permanently. The document explains technologies like cache memory, floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs and different types of each that can be read-only, write-once or rewritable.
Main memory consists of storage locations that can be uniquely addressed and hold data in the form of words. The two main types of main memory are RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used to store running programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and used for firmware like the bootstrap loader. Cache memory and processor registers provide even faster temporary storage than main memory to improve system performance. Virtual memory uses the hard disk as an extension of main memory when RAM is insufficient. The closer the storage is to the processor, the faster the access speed.
Memory is essential for computers and comes in primary and secondary forms. Primary memory, also called RAM, is volatile and directly used by the CPU. It includes DRAM and SRAM. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks, SSDs, USB drives, and optical discs used for long-term storage. Common memory modules that plug into the motherboard include SIMMs, DIMMs, SO-DIMMs, and RIMMs which vary in size and pin count.
Functions of Operating Systems:
Types of Operating Systems:
Real-Time Operating Systems
Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems
Single-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command-Line Interface
Running Programs
Managing Hardware
Computer storage refers to components and media that retain digital data. There are three main categories of computer storage: primary, secondary, and tertiary (offline). Primary storage includes processor registers, cache, RAM, and ROM. Secondary storage includes hard disks, CDs/DVDs, tapes, and other removable media. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to access removable media. [/SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of hardware components including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, and input/output devices. It discusses how the CPU fetches and executes instructions in four steps and how pipelining can improve processing speed. The document also covers memory types, characteristics of processing and storage devices, and different computer system types.
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is processed and instructions required for processing are stored.CPU is the brain of the computer. CPU needs to have some palce where it can hold instructions and data during processing.
An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It manages computer resources like memory and CPU time. It also provides abstractions for file management, user interfaces, and handles tasks like booting the computer, running programs concurrently, and allocating hardware resources. Key functions include resource allocation, running programs in parallel through concepts like multiprocessing and multitasking, handling input/output through spooling, and providing interfaces for users and applications.
The motherboard is the most important component of a computer and functions as the main circuit board that integrates and coordinates all other computer elements. It contains connectors for the processor, RAM, BIOS, expansion slots, ports, and power supply. The motherboard must perform physical connections, power management and distribution, data communication, timing synchronization, and system monitoring and control. Common motherboard types include AT, ATX, and variants designed for specific AMD or Intel processors.
The document discusses the differences between computer memory and storage. It defines memory as temporary data storage that exists on chips, while storage refers to long-term data storage on tapes or disks. It describes primary memory (RAM) as volatile memory that allows quick access to data but must be constantly powered, while secondary storage (hard disks, optical disks) allows permanent long-term storage but is slower to access. The document provides examples of different types of memory chips (ROM, RAM) and storage devices (hard disks, optical disks).
This document provides an introduction to basic computer terminology, components, and how computers work. It describes the internal components of a computer including the central processing unit, memory, disks, power supply, and expansion cards. It also discusses the differences between hardware and software, with hardware being the physical parts like the case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse, and software being the programs and files. The document provides instructions on starting up and shutting down a computer as well as using basic input devices like the mouse and keyboard.
Computer hardware includes components like the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage devices, keyboard, monitor, and power supply. The power supply converts AC power to DC power needed by computer components. It provides different voltage levels like +5V, +12V, and +3.3V. In ATX power supplies, a 20-pin connector provides power to the motherboard. Optional components include printers, scanners, and modems. System software like the operating system provides an interface between hardware and application software.
This document provides an introduction to different types of computers. It discusses four main types: supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers are the most powerful and used for tasks like space exploration. Mainframe computers are used by large organizations, while minicomputers are for small businesses. Microcomputers include desktops, laptops, and other personal devices. The document also outlines the three main parts of a computer system: the system unit, input devices, and output devices. It provides details on the basic components inside the system unit.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document aims to explain the essential components and functions that make up basic computer systems.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
This document provides an overview of basic computer hardware and software components. It describes input devices like keyboards and mice, output devices like monitors and printers, the central processing unit (CPU) or brain of the computer, data storage devices like hard drives and CD-ROMs, computer memory, graphic user interfaces (GUIs), video cards, ports and peripherals, resolution, local and wide area networks (LANs and WANs), bandwidth, multitasking, multimedia, file management, and importing and exporting files. The document serves as an introductory guide to understanding fundamental computer components, their functions, and basic terminology.
ROM is a type of memory that can only be read from and cannot be modified. It is non-volatile, meaning its contents are retained even when power is turned off. PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM are programmable versions of ROM that can be written to a single time (PROM), by exposing it to UV light (EPROM), or electrically (EEPROM). RAM is volatile memory that is used by the CPU for temporary storage and can be written and read many times. Caches like L1, L2, L3 improve memory access speed. Different RAM types include DRAM, SRAM, VRAM, and EDO RAM.
This document provides information about different types of storage devices used in computers. It defines storage devices as any device used to store information that is retained even when the computer is switched off. It describes primary storage as memory directly accessible by the CPU, including RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and loses data on power off, while ROM is non-volatile but cannot be modified. Secondary storage devices include hard disks, flash drives, optical discs, and tape, which allow large amounts of data to be stored permanently. The document explains technologies like cache memory, floppy disks, hard disks, CDs, DVDs and different types of each that can be read-only, write-once or rewritable.
Main memory consists of storage locations that can be uniquely addressed and hold data in the form of words. The two main types of main memory are RAM and ROM. RAM is volatile and used to store running programs and data, while ROM is non-volatile and used for firmware like the bootstrap loader. Cache memory and processor registers provide even faster temporary storage than main memory to improve system performance. Virtual memory uses the hard disk as an extension of main memory when RAM is insufficient. The closer the storage is to the processor, the faster the access speed.
Memory is essential for computers and comes in primary and secondary forms. Primary memory, also called RAM, is volatile and directly used by the CPU. It includes DRAM and SRAM. Secondary memory is non-volatile storage like hard disks, SSDs, USB drives, and optical discs used for long-term storage. Common memory modules that plug into the motherboard include SIMMs, DIMMs, SO-DIMMs, and RIMMs which vary in size and pin count.
Functions of Operating Systems:
Types of Operating Systems:
Real-Time Operating Systems
Single-User/Single-Tasking Operating Systems
Single-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
Multi-User/Multitasking Operating Systems
User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Command-Line Interface
Running Programs
Managing Hardware
Computer storage refers to components and media that retain digital data. There are three main categories of computer storage: primary, secondary, and tertiary (offline). Primary storage includes processor registers, cache, RAM, and ROM. Secondary storage includes hard disks, CDs/DVDs, tapes, and other removable media. Tertiary storage uses robotic mechanisms to access removable media. [/SUMMARY]
The document provides an overview of hardware components including the central processing unit, primary and secondary storage, and input/output devices. It discusses how the CPU fetches and executes instructions in four steps and how pipelining can improve processing speed. The document also covers memory types, characteristics of processing and storage devices, and different computer system types.
Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is processed and instructions required for processing are stored.CPU is the brain of the computer. CPU needs to have some palce where it can hold instructions and data during processing.
An operating system acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. It manages computer resources like memory and CPU time. It also provides abstractions for file management, user interfaces, and handles tasks like booting the computer, running programs concurrently, and allocating hardware resources. Key functions include resource allocation, running programs in parallel through concepts like multiprocessing and multitasking, handling input/output through spooling, and providing interfaces for users and applications.
The motherboard is the most important component of a computer and functions as the main circuit board that integrates and coordinates all other computer elements. It contains connectors for the processor, RAM, BIOS, expansion slots, ports, and power supply. The motherboard must perform physical connections, power management and distribution, data communication, timing synchronization, and system monitoring and control. Common motherboard types include AT, ATX, and variants designed for specific AMD or Intel processors.
The document discusses the differences between computer memory and storage. It defines memory as temporary data storage that exists on chips, while storage refers to long-term data storage on tapes or disks. It describes primary memory (RAM) as volatile memory that allows quick access to data but must be constantly powered, while secondary storage (hard disks, optical disks) allows permanent long-term storage but is slower to access. The document provides examples of different types of memory chips (ROM, RAM) and storage devices (hard disks, optical disks).
This document provides an introduction to basic computer terminology, components, and how computers work. It describes the internal components of a computer including the central processing unit, memory, disks, power supply, and expansion cards. It also discusses the differences between hardware and software, with hardware being the physical parts like the case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse, and software being the programs and files. The document provides instructions on starting up and shutting down a computer as well as using basic input devices like the mouse and keyboard.
Computer hardware includes components like the motherboard, CPU, memory, storage devices, keyboard, monitor, and power supply. The power supply converts AC power to DC power needed by computer components. It provides different voltage levels like +5V, +12V, and +3.3V. In ATX power supplies, a 20-pin connector provides power to the motherboard. Optional components include printers, scanners, and modems. System software like the operating system provides an interface between hardware and application software.
This document provides an introduction to different types of computers. It discusses four main types: supercomputers, mainframe computers, minicomputers, and microcomputers. Supercomputers are the most powerful and used for tasks like space exploration. Mainframe computers are used by large organizations, while minicomputers are for small businesses. Microcomputers include desktops, laptops, and other personal devices. The document also outlines the three main parts of a computer system: the system unit, input devices, and output devices. It provides details on the basic components inside the system unit.
This chapter teaches the components that make up a personal comput.docxrhetttrevannion
This chapter teaches the components that make up a personal computer. A personal computer comprises many components, most notably the CPU, motherboard, RAM, hard disk, removable media, and input/output devices.
Identify the functions of the hardware in a computer system:
· Motherboard is an important computer component because it's what everything else connects to! The motherboard is a decently sized circuit board that lets other components communicate.
· Central Processing Unit (CPU)
is referred to as a computer's brain and is the machine's workhorse. It performs the calculations needed by a system and can vary in speed.
· Random-access Memory (RAM)
is temporary memory.
· Graphics Card- The major work of the graphics card is to create graphics and images that can be shown on a monitor. If your computer does not have a graphics card, you will not see the data, and the computer would be useless.
· Hard Drive- Hard drive would be another component of a computer. A hard drive is used to store programs and files on your computer.
· Network Card- A network card would be a separate card or integrated into the motherboard. The major work of a network card is to enable your computer to connect to the network and Internet.
· Monitor- It is an important component of the computer. Even though the computer is great, without a monitor, it also would be useless.
· USB Ports- USB port is also one of the most important computer components. The USB port enables you to connect some computer accessories, such as a mouse, keyboard, external hard drive, etc. So, it would be an essential part of the computer.
Computer hardware (usually called
hardware when a computing context is concerned) is the collection of physical elements that constitutes a computer system. Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, computer data storage, hard disk drive (HDD), graphic cards, sound cards, memory, motherboard, etc., which are tangible, physical objects. In contrast, the software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware.
Software is any machine-readable instruction that directs a computer's processor to perform specific operations. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system.
Von Neumann Architecture Scheme
The template for all modern computers is the Von Neumann architecture, detailed in a 1945 paper by Hungarian mathematician John von Neumann. This describes a design architecture for an electronic digital computer with subdivisions of a processing unit consisting of an arithmetic logic unit and processor registers, a control unit containing an instruction register and program counter, a memory to store both data and instructions, external mass storage, and input and output mechanisms.[3] The term's meaning has evolved to mean a stored-program computer where an instruction fetch and a data operation cannot co.
1. The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It describes the basic parts of a computer including the CPU, RAM, hard drive, optical drives, and other components.
2. Input devices are described as any hardware that allows data to enter the computer. Common input devices include keyboards, mice, microphones, and cameras. Output devices display or communicate data from the computer, such as monitors, printers, and speakers.
3. The document outlines system software like operating systems that control the computer hardware and application software that users interact with for specific tasks. Storage and speed measurements used in computing are also defined.
A computer accepts data as input, processes it, produces output, and stores information. It has both hardware and software components. The hardware includes input devices like keyboards and mice, the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the arithmetic logic unit and control unit, primary memory like RAM and ROM, secondary memory like hard drives, and output devices like monitors. The software includes system software that controls the computer and application software that helps users perform tasks. Computer data is measured in bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, and other units, while CPU speed is measured in hertz and megahertz.
This document discusses computational linguistics and internet linguistics. It defines computational linguistics as the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective. Internet linguistics studies new language styles and forms that have emerged due to the influence of the internet. Some examples of changes in language usage on the internet include transliterating between Arabic and English, using acronyms, mixing languages, substituting numbers or symbols for words, and using non-verbal images. The future of language on the internet may include increased machine translation capabilities using translation memory databases.
This document discusses computer hardware, software, and systems. It provides details on:
1) The basic components of a computer including the CPU, memory, motherboard, power supply, hard disk, and peripherals.
2) The two main parts of a computer being hardware (physical components) and software (programs and instructions). It describes different types of software.
3) Types of computers defined by their use including personal, server, and processing computers.
4) Various computer input and output devices like mice, keyboards, displays, scanners, and storage devices. It also discusses computer networks and communication.
1. The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It describes the basic functions and parts of a computer including the CPU, RAM, hard drive, optical drives, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers.
2. It explains that software is divided into system software, which controls the computer hardware, and application software which allows users to perform tasks. Common examples of system and application software are provided.
3. Units of measurement for computer components are defined, including bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes etc. for storage, and hertz and megahertz for CPU speed.
1. The document provides an overview of computer hardware and software components. It describes the basic functions and parts of a computer including the CPU, RAM, hard drive, optical drives, input devices like keyboards and mice, and output devices like monitors and printers.
2. It explains the differences between system software that runs the computer and application software that is used to perform tasks. Common examples of system and application software are provided.
3. Units of measurement for computer components are defined, including bits, bytes, kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes for storage, and hertz and megahertz for CPU speed.
TOPICS
1 Introduction, Characteristics of Computers, Block Diagram of Computer
2 Types of Computers and Features
3 Types of Programming Languages
4 Data Organization, Types of Memory (Primary and Secondary)
5 I/O Devices, Number System
What is Computer, Functionalities of a computer, Computer Components, Hardware, software, Input Devices, Output Devices, CPU (Central Processing Unit), Memory, Unit of Measurements, Classification of Computers, Computer Languages, Generation of Computers, Data, Information and Knowledge, Characteristics of Computer, Computer Viruses,
The document provides an overview of computer basics including hardware and software components. It describes the central processing unit (CPU) as the "brain" of the computer, which contains an arithmetic/logic unit that performs computations and a control unit that coordinates activities. It also discusses memory types like random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM). The document outlines other hardware components like controllers and ports, and describes software including operating systems, applications, and proper care of computer equipment and storage media.
The document provides an overview of computer basics including hardware and software components. It discusses the central processing unit (CPU) which contains the microprocessor and consists of an arithmetic logic unit and control unit. The CPU receives instructions from computer programs (software) and controls data flow and operations. The document also describes memory components like random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM), as well as input/output components, expansion slots, and basic data representation. It provides examples of different types of application, systems, and utility software and discusses proper computer care, maintenance, and ergonomics.
The document discusses computer hardware and software. It describes hardware as the physical components of a computer including the central processing unit, memory, input devices, output devices, and storage. It provides details on common hardware components like monitors, keyboards, and hard drives. The document also discusses operating systems and application software, giving examples like Windows, Word, and PowerPoint. It explains that software programs allow users to perform tasks on the computer.
The document provides information about the basic components of a computer system. It discusses the monitor, keyboard, mouse, floppy disk drive, CD/DVD drive, computer peripherals, and various computer terminology. Specifically, it defines each component, describes its function and how it interacts with the other parts of the computer. It also explains common computer terms like CPU, hard drive, modem, motherboard, and operating systems.
This document defines common computer terminology such as applications, bits, bytes, cache, CD-ROMs, CPUs, cursors, DVDs, files, flash drives, and graphical user interfaces. It explains that applications are programs that perform specific tasks, bits are the smallest unit of stored information, bytes are composed of 8 bits and are used to store data, cache is similar to RAM and moves data between the RAM and CPU, CD-ROMs can only be read and store data, computers accept input, process data, store data and display data, CPUs are the brains of the computer, cursors indicate text insertion points, DVDs store more data than CD-ROMs and can be written to, files are collections of
Learn the computer from scratch
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This is a short presentation about the basic of computer so that students will understand the hardware and software and how computer is used in our daily life.
A computer is an electronic device that can accept data as input, process that data, produce output, and store information for future use. It carries out five basic functions: taking input, storing data and instructions, processing data, generating output, and controlling the other functions. A computer consists of both hardware and software. Hardware refers to the physical components like the CPU, memory, storage devices, and input/output devices. Software includes system software that controls the computer and application software that users interact with to perform tasks. The CPU is the brain of the computer and contains the ALU for operations and control unit for coordination. Memory and storage are used to temporarily and permanently store data respectively.
The document provides the lyrics to 16 classic nursery rhymes, including "Hush Little Baby", "Rock-A-Bye Baby", "You Are My Sunshine", "Yankee Doodle", "Mary Had a Little Lamb", "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star", "Bingo", "Hey Diddle Diddle", "Hickory Dickory Dock", "Old McDonald", "Itsy Bitsy Spider", "Five Little Monkeys Jumping on the Bed", "Three Blind Mice", "Little Miss Muffet", "The Little Teapot", and "The Twelve Days of Christmas". The nursery rhymes share themes of childhood, animals, and playfulness.
The document contains coloring pages and connect the dot worksheets for kids featuring various animals, objects, characters and holidays. There are over 40 individual pages with illustrations of items like parrots, bears, dogs, Christmas trees, pumpkins, Dora and more. Many of the pages also include connect the dot activities for coloring in.
This document defines over 100 terms related to poetry and literary analysis. It provides the definitions of common poetic devices and literary techniques such as metaphor, simile, rhyme, meter, and plot elements. It also defines different forms and styles of poetry like sonnets, epics, ballads, and free verse. The terms cover a wide range of concepts used for analyzing characters, themes, settings, and the structure of poetic works.
This document provides definitions for various math terms starting with letters A through B. Some key terms defined include:
- Absolute Value: Makes a negative number positive. Absolute value uses bars like |-7| = 7.
- Acute Angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees.
- Arithmetic Mean: The simple average, calculated by adding all values and dividing by the total number.
- Binomial: A polynomial with two terms, like x + y.
The document consists of concise 1-2 sentence definitions for over 50 common math terms used in subjects like algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and statistics. The definitions are arranged alphabetically to serve as a quick
The document is a dictionary of geology terms for home use. It defines over 100 geology-related terms beginning with the letters A through F. Each term is defined in 1-2 sentences. The terms cover a wide range of topics in geology including rock types, landforms, geological processes, and more. The definitions are concise yet provide the key information about each term.
The document provides definitions for over 150 medical terms beginning with the letters A through C. Some key terms defined include: abdomen, absorption, acute, AIDS, allergy, antibody, biopsy, cancer, chronic, cirrhosis, comorbidity, and more. Many entries include the term name followed by a brief description.
Building RAG with self-deployed Milvus vector database and Snowpark Container...Zilliz
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In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
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The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
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National Security Agency - NSA mobile device best practices
66628558 computer-terms-guide
1. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
access time - The performance of a hard drive or other storage device - how long it takes to
locate a file.
active program or window - The application or window at the front (foreground) on the
monitor.
alert (alert box) - a message that appears on screen, usually to tell you something went wrong.
alias - an icon that points to a file, folder or application (System 7).
apple menu - on the left side of the screen header. System 6 = desk accessories System 7 = up to
50 items.
application - a program in which you do your work.
application menu - on the right side of the screen header. Lists running applications.
ASCII (pronounced ask-key ) - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. a
commonly used data format for exchanging information between computers or programs.
background - part of the multitasking capability. A program can run and perform tasks in the
background while another program is being used in the foreground.
bit - the smallest piece of information used by the computer. Derived from "binary digit". In
computer language, either a one (1) or a zero (0).
backup - a copy of a file or disk you make for archiving purposes.
boot - to start up a computer.
bug - a programming error that causes a program to behave in an unexpected way.
bus - an electronic pathway through which data is transmitted between components in a
computer.
byte - a piece of computer information made up of eight bits.
card - a printed circuit board that adds some feature to a computer.
cartridge drive - a storage device, like a hard drive, in which the medium is a cartridge that can
be removed.
CD-ROM - an acronym for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory.
Chooser - A desk accessory used to select a printer, or other external device, or to log onto a
network.
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2. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
Clipboard - A portion of memory where the Mac temporarily stores information. Called a Copy
Buffer in many PC applications because it is used to hold information which is to be moved, as
in word processing where text is "cut" and then "pasted".
Clock Rate (MHz) - The instruction processing speed of a computer measured in millions of
cycles per second (i.e., 200 MHz).
command - the act of giving an instruction to your Mac either by menu choice or keystroke.
command (apple) key - a modifier key, the Command key used in conjunction with another
keystroke to active some function on the Mac.
compiler - a program the converts programming code into a form that can be used by a
computer.
compression - a technique that reduces the size of a saved file by elimination or encoding
redundancies (i.e., JPEG, MPEG, LZW, etc.)
control key - seldom used modifier key on the Mac.
control panel - a program that allows you to change settings in a program or change the way a
Mac looks and/or behaves.
CPU - the Central Processing Unit. The processing chip that is the "brains" of a computer.
crash - a system malfunction in which the computer stops working and has to be restarted.
cursor - The pointer, usually arrow or cross shaped, which is controlled by the mouse.
daisy chaining - the act of stringing devices together in a series (such as SCSI).
database - an electronic list of information that can be sorted and/or searched.
data - (the plural of datum) information processed by a computer.
defragment - (also - optimize) to concatenate fragments of data into contiguous blocks in
memory or on a hard drive.
desktop - 1. the finder. 2. the shaded or colored backdrop of the screen.
desktop file - an invisible file in which the Finder stores a database of information about files
and icons.
dialog box - an on-screen message box that appears when the Mac requires additional
information before completing a command.
digitize - to convert linear, or analog, data into digital data which can be used by the computer.
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3. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
disk - a spinning platter made of magnetic or optically etched material on which data can be
stored.
disk drive - the machinery that writes the data from a disk and/or writes data to a disk.
disk window - the window that displays the contents or directory of a disk.
document - a file you create, as opposed to the application which created it.
DOS - acronym for Disk Operating System - used in IBM PCs.
DPI - acronym for Dots Per Inch - a gauge of visual clarity on the printed page or on the
computer screen.
download - to transfer data from one computer to another. (If you are on the receiving end, you
are downloading. If you are on the sending end, you are uploading ).
drag - to move the mouse while its button is being depressed.
drag and drop - a feature on the Mac which allows one to drag the icon for a document on top
of the icon for an application, thereby launching the application and opening the document.
driver - a file on a computer which tells it how to communicate with an add-on piece of
equipment (like a printer).
Ethernet - a protocol for fast communication and file transfer across a network.
expansion slot - a connector inside the computer which allows one to plug in a printed circuit
board that provides new or enhanced features.
extension - a startup program that runs when you start the Mac and then enhances its function.
fibre channel - as applied to data storage and network topology.
file - the generic word for an application, document, control panel or other computer data.
finder - The cornerstone or home-base application in the Mac environment. The finder regulates
the file management functions of the Mac (copying, renaming, deleting...)
floppy - a 3.5 inch square rigid disk which holds data. (so named for the earlier 5.25 and 8 inch
disks that were flexible).
folder - an electronic subdirectory which contains files.
font - a typeface that contains the characters of an alphabet or some other letterforms.
footprint - The surface area of a desk or table which is occupied by a piece of equipment.
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4. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
fragmentation - The breaking up of a file into many separate locations in memory or on a disk.
freeze - a system error which causes the cursor to lock in place.
get info - a Finder File menu command that presents an information window for a selected file
icon.
gig - a gigabyte = 1024 megabytes.
hard drive - a large capacity storage device made of multiple disks housed in a rigid case.
head crash - a hard disk crash caused by the heads coming in contact with the spinning disk(s).
high density disk - a 1.4 MB floppy disk.
highlight - to select by clicking once on an icon or by highlighting text in a document.
icon - a graphic symbol for an application, file or folder.
initialize - to format a disk for use in the computer; creates a new directory and arranges the
tracks for the recording of data.
insertion point - in word processing, the short flashing marker which indicates where your next
typing will begin.
installer - software used to install a program on your hard drive.
interrupt button - a tool used by programmers to enter the debugging mode. The button is
usually next to the reset button.
K - short for kilobyte.
keyboard shortcut - a combination of keystrokes that performs some function otherwise found
in a pulldown menu.
kilobyte - 1024 bytes.
landscape - in printing from a computer, to print sideways on the page.
launch - start an application.
Measurements (summary) -
*a bit = one binary digit (1 or 0) *"bit" is derived from the contraction b'it (binary digit) -> 8 bits
= one byte
*1024 bytes = one kilobyte
*K = kilobyte
*Kb = kilobit
4
5. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
*MB = megabyte
*Mb = megabit
*MB/s = megabytes per second
*Mb/s = megabits per second
*bps = bits per second
i.e., 155 Mb/s = 19.38 MB/s
MB - short for megabyte.
megabyte - 1024 kilobytes.
memory - the temporary holding area where data is stored while it is being used or changed; the
amount of RAM a computer has installed.
menu - a list of program commands listed by topic.
menu bar - the horizontal bar across the top of the Mac¹s screen that lists the menus.
multi finder - a component of System 6 that allows the Mac to multi task.
multi tasking - running more than one application in memory at the same time.
nanosecond - one billionth of a second. ( or, the time between the theatrical release of a Dudley
Moore film and the moment it begins to play on airplanes).
native mode - using the computers original operating system; most commonly used when
talking about the PowerPC can run software written for either the 80x0 systems, or the
PowerPC¹s RISC code.
NuBus - expansion slots on the Mac which accept intelligent, self-configuring boards. NuBus is
a different bus achitecture than the newer PCI bus and the boards are not interchangable.
operating system - the system software that controls the computer.
optical disk - a high-capacity storage medium that is read by a laser light.
palette - a small floating window that contains tools used in a given application.
partition - a subdivision of a hard drives surface that is defined and used as a separate drive.
paste - to insert text, or other material, from the clipboard or copy buffer.
PC - acronym for personal computer, commonly used to refer to an IBM or IBM clone computer
which uses DOS.
PCI - acronym for Peripheral Component Interchange - the newer, faster bus achitecture.
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6. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
peripheral - an add-on component to your computer.
point - (1/72") 12 points = one pica in printing.
pop-up menu - any menu that does not appear at the top of the screen in the menu bar. (may pop
up or down)
port - a connection socket, or jack on the Mac.
Power PC - a processing chip designed by Apple, IBM and Motorola (RISC based).
Power Mac - a family of Macs built around the PowerPC chip.
print spooler - a program that stores documents to be printed on the hard drive, thereby freeing
the memory up and allowing other functions to be performed while printing goes on in the
background.
QuickTime - the Apple system extension that gives one the ability to compress, edit and play
animation, movies and sound on the Mac.
RAM - acronym for Random-Access Memory.
reset switch - a switch on the Mac that restarts the computer in the event of a crash or freeze.
resize box - the small square at the lower right corner of a window which, when dragged, resizes
the window.
RISC - acronym for Reduced Instruction Set Computing; the smaller set of commands used by
the PowerPC and Power Mac.
ROM - acronym for Read Only Memory; memory that can only be read from and not written to.
root directory - the main hard drive window.
save - to write a file onto a disk.
save as - (a File menu item) to save a previously saved file in a new location and/or with a new
name.
scroll - to shift the contents of a window to bring hidden items into view.
scroll bar - a bar at the bottom or right side of a window that contains the scroll box and allows
scrolling.
scroll box - the box in a scroll bar that is used to navigate through a window.
SCSI - acronym for Small Computer System Interface.
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7. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
SCSI address - a number between zero and seven that must be unique to each device in a SCSI
chain. Fast and Wide SCSI devices will allow up to 15 SCSI Ids (hexidecimal); however, the
length restriction (3 meters) is such that it is virtually impossible to link 15 devices together.
SCSI port - a 25 pin connector on the back of a Mac (native SCSI port); used to connect SCSI
devices to the CPU. Some SCSI cards (like the ATTO) have a 68 pin connector.
SCSI terminator - a device placed at the end of a SCSI chain to complete the circuit. (some
SCSI devices are self-terminating, or have active termination and do not require this plug).
serial port - a port that allows data to be transmitted in a series (one after the other), such as the
printer and modem ports on a Mac.
server - a central computer dedicated to sending and receiving data from other computers (on a
network).
shut down - the command from the Special menu that shuts down the Mac safely.
software - files on disk that contain instructions for a computer.
spreadsheet - a program designed to look like an electronic ledger.
start up disk - the disk containing system software and is designated to be used to start the
computer.
surge suppressor - a power strip that has circuits designed to reduce the effects of surge in
electrical power. (not the same as a UPS)
System file - a file in the System folder that allows your Mac to start and run.
System folder - an all-important folder that contains at least the System file and the Finder.
32 bit addressing - a feature that allows the Mac to recognize and use more than 8MB of
memory.
title bar - the horizontal bar at the top of a window which has the name of the file or folder it
represents.
upload - to send a file from one computer to another through a network.
Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS)- a constantly charging battery pack which powers the
computer. A UPS should have enough charge to power your computer for several minutes in the
event of a total power failure, giving you time to save your work and safely shut down.
UPS - acronym for Uninterruptible Power Source.
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8. Basic Computer Terminology Guide - For Home and school Use only
vaporware - "software" advertised, and sometimes sold, that does not yet exist in a releasable
for.
virtual memory - using part of your hard drive as though it were "RAM".
WORM - acronym for Write Once-Read Many; an optical disk that can only be written to once
(like a CD-ROM).
zoom box - a small square in the upper right corner of a window which, when clicked, will
expand the window to fill the whole screen.
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