Quantum mechanical model of atom belongs to XI standard Chemistry which describes the quantum mechanics concept of atom, quantum numbers, shape and energies of atomic orbitals.
Quantum mechanical model of atom belongs to XI standard Chemistry which describes the quantum mechanics concept of atom, quantum numbers, shape and energies of atomic orbitals.
Introduction to the structure of atoms from the view of a chemist - what are neutrons protons and electrons and how are they organized ? How are electrons organized - in 3 quantum numbers. Experimental evidence from the Bohr model.
a detailed description of the structure of atom including all the discoveries and inclusion of those rules in periodic classification from Dr. Raghav Samantaray phd in applied chemistry (KIIT school of Biotechnology)
How the Bohr Model of the Atom Accounts for Limitations with Classical Mechan...Thomas Oulton
This small essay concisely outlines how Classical mechanics was deemed unacceptable when describing the motions of electrons within an atom through the observations made by hydrogen spectra, and how this lead to a revolution in atomic theory. Included is a brief overview of how Bohr arrived at his model through applying quantum mechanics.
Written for; First year Undergraduate study,
Materials Science and Engineering,
The University of Sheffield
Graded at 78%
Introduction to the structure of atoms from the view of a chemist - what are neutrons protons and electrons and how are they organized ? How are electrons organized - in 3 quantum numbers. Experimental evidence from the Bohr model.
a detailed description of the structure of atom including all the discoveries and inclusion of those rules in periodic classification from Dr. Raghav Samantaray phd in applied chemistry (KIIT school of Biotechnology)
How the Bohr Model of the Atom Accounts for Limitations with Classical Mechan...Thomas Oulton
This small essay concisely outlines how Classical mechanics was deemed unacceptable when describing the motions of electrons within an atom through the observations made by hydrogen spectra, and how this lead to a revolution in atomic theory. Included is a brief overview of how Bohr arrived at his model through applying quantum mechanics.
Written for; First year Undergraduate study,
Materials Science and Engineering,
The University of Sheffield
Graded at 78%
Quantum mechanics for Engineering StudentsPraveen Vaidya
The Quantum mechanics study material gives insight into the fundamentals of the modern theory of physics related to Heisenberg uncertainty principle, wavefunction, concepts of potential well etc.
NCERT Chemistry Class 11 - Unit 2 - Louis.de Broglie Relationship.pdfTakshila Learning
NCERT chemistry class 11- CBSE Chemistry notes for class 11 Learn Online NCERT Chemistry Class 11 Unit 2 Louis de Broglie Relationship According to L de Broglie, the wavelength λ of a particle of mass m and velocity u is given by the relation λ= h /mu
hf=mc^2 ? Let's try to discover it (WWW.OLOSCIENCE.COM)Fausto Intilla
Both electromagnetic radiation and fundamental particles when interpreted
as waves fit the Planck-Einstein relation, E = hf. The universality of this
relation as proposed by de Broglie suggests that electromagnetism and
fundamental particles are compositionally and functionally related
elements. In this usage, the interpretation is that frequency is a intrinsic
property of all fundamental wave or particle quanta, regardless of their
inertial or non-inertial motion. By this analysis, intrinsic wave-particle
frequency is a non-dimensional motion, and is independent of other
motion except in the relativistic sense. The relativistic relations, mass =
mo/ (1 - v2/c2), length = lo(1 - v2/c2), time = to/ (1 - v2/c2), and
frequency = fo (1 - v2/c2), can each be derived from the single generalized
relativistic expression, hf/mc2 = 1/(1 - v2/c2). This generalized expression
defines the relativistic wave property common to both electromagnetic
photons and fundamental material particles. The concept of mass-energy is
related to the frequency property of the fundamental wave-particle. The
equivalence of mass-energy suggests that mass and energy can be defined
by the same principle. Therefore, mass or energy of all fundamental
quanta can be defined mathematically using the Planck-Einstein relation
(E = hf) or descriptively as the mass-energy equivalence of wave-particle
frequency.
Classical Mechanics and it’s inadequacies, Planck’s Quantum theory, properties of electromagnetic radiation, dual nature of matter, de-Broglie’s equation, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Photoelectric effect, Blackbody radiation and related laws, Quantum Numbers and its types, Hund’s Rule, Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, AufBau’s Principle or Building up Principle.
Similar to 66 15575 ec210_2014_1__2_1_lecture 6 (20)
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
3. Nature of a particle
A particle is specified by mass m, velocity v,
momentum p, and energy E
A particle occupies a definite position in space.
In order for that it must be small
4. Light
Interference and Diffraction experiments showed the
wave nature of light
Blackbody radiation and Photoelectric effect can be
explained only by considering light as a stream of
particles
6. How are they related?
E = hf
E– energy of the photon
f– frequency of the wave
h– plank's constant
p=h/λ
p – momentum of the particle
- wavelength of the photon
7. 7
DE BROGLIE HYPOTHESIS
LOUIS DE BROGLIE
“ If radiation which is basically a wave can exhibit
particle nature under certain circumstances, and since
nature likes symmetry, then entities which exhibit
particle nature ordinarily, should also exhibit wave
nature under suitable circumstances”
In the Year 1924 Louis de Broglie
made the bold suggestion
The reasoning used might be paraphrased
as follows
1. Nature loves symmetry
2. Therefore the two great entities,
matter and energy, must be mutually
symmetrical
3. If energy (radiant) is undulatory
and/or corpuscular, matter must be
corpuscular and/or undulatory
8. The de Broglie Hypothesis
If light can act like a wave sometimes and like a particle
at other times, then all matter, usually thought of as
particles, should exhibit wave-like behaviour
The relation between the momentum and the
wavelength of a photon can be applied to material
particles also
Prince Louis de Broglie
(1892-1987)
11. E hf
The frequency
De Broglie postulated that all particles satisfy
Einstein’s relation
ƒ
E
h
In other words,
12. Example: de Broglie wavelength of an electron
Mass = 9.11 x 10-31 kg
Speed = 106 m / sec
m
10
28
7
m/sec)
kg)(10
10
(9.11
sec
Joules
10
63
6 10
6
31
34
.
.
This wavelength is in the region of X-rays
13. Example: de Broglie wavelength of a ball
Mass = 1 kg
Speed = 1 m / sec
m
10
63
6
m/sec)
kg)(1
(1
sec
Joules
10
63
6 34
34
.
.
14. Theoretical implication – The Bohr
postulate
Consider standing waves produced in a stretched
string tied at two ends
Condition for these standing waves is that the length
of the string should be integral multiple of /2
15. Bragg Scattering
Bragg scattering is used to determine the structure of the atoms in a crystal
from the spacing between the spots on a diffraction pattern (above)
17. Wave-like Behaviour of Matter
Evidence:
– electron diffraction
– electron interference (double-slit experiment)
Also possible with more massive particles,
such as neutrons and a-particles
Applications:
– Bragg scattering
– Electron microscopes
– Electron- and proton-beam lithography
21. 21
PHASE VELOCITY
Phase velocity: The velocity with which a wave travels is called Phase
velocity or wave velocity. It is denoted by vp. It is given by
v
c
vp
2
Where c = velocity of light and v = is velocity of the particle.
The above equation gives the relationship between the phase velocity and
particle velocity.
It is clear from the above equation that, Phase velocity is not only greater
than the velocity of the particle but also greater than the velocity of light, which
can never happen. Therefore phase velocity has no physical meaning in case of
matter waves. Thus a concept of group velocity was introduced.
22. 22
GROUP VELOCITY
Since phase velocity has no meaning, the concept of group velocity was
introduced as follows.
“ Matter wave is regarded as the resultant of the superposition of large number
of component waves all traveling with different velocities. The resultant is in the
form of a packet called wave packet or wave group. The velocity with which this
wave group travels is called group velocity.” The group velocity is represented by vg.
V
g
Particle
Vp