Trabzon is a city on the Black Sea coast of Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. It has a population of over 230,000. Trabzon has a long history dating back to ancient Greek colonies in the region. It was later the capital of the Empire of Trebizond between 1204-1461 AD. Trabzon was conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1461 and remained part of the Ottoman Empire until the founding of the modern Turkish Republic in 1923. Today, Trabzon is an important port and trade city known for its seafood, especially anchovies, and hazelnuts.
Trabzon is a city located on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey. As a city along the historic Silk Road, Trabzon became a melting pot of religions, languages and cultures over centuries. Some key points about Trabzon include:
- It has a rainy climate even in summer, resulting in green forests and mountains with rivers and highlands.
- Major attractions include the picturesque Sumela Monastery built in the 14th century in a mountain valley, and the 13th century Hagia Sophia church converted to a mosque and now museum.
- Local specialties to try include Akçaabat meatballs, steamed fish with cheese, and Laz pie dessert
Petra is an ancient Nabataean city in western Jordan known for its massive red sandstone facades carved into rock cliffs. It was inhabited around 1200 BCE by the Edomites and later the Nabataeans, whose greatest king was Aretas IV from 9 BCE to 40 CE. There are three ways to enter Petra - by riding a horse, riding a horse-drawn carriage, or walking through the Siq, a 2km narrow gorge with walls up to 80m high. Within Petra are numerous rock-cut tombs showing Egyptian, Greek, and Nabataean influences, as well as structures like an obelisk tomb and the famous Treasury, a royal tomb carved to resemble
Petra, the lost city, as the name suggests was once lost and literally carved from the sandstones of southern Jordan. The place enthralls its visitors with some awe-inspiring agricultural, engineering and architectural stone carving skills of the early nomadic Arab tribe, ‘the Nabataeans’. Located at about 3 hours south of Amman, the capital of Jordan, with amazing tombs, amphitheatre, fountains and sacrifice altar, you find mysticism and history in the same place!
1. The document summarizes information about the ancient city of Petra located in Jordan.
2. Petra was carved out of sandstone cliffs and rocks in the desert and was the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the 1st century AD.
3. The city features structures like temples, tombs, and a theater that were carved out of the pink sandstone cliffs, showcasing the architectural and engineering abilities of the Nabataeans.
The document summarizes the opening of the Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor, Egypt in March 2012. It details the history and restoration of the 2,700 meter avenue lined with sculptures of sphinxes connecting Luxor and Karnak temples. The restoration project took nearly five years and unearthed artifacts along the avenue. The opening will allow visitors to experience the avenue and visit other nearby historical sites like Khonsu Temple and the tomb of King Mereneptah.
Beautiful historic pix for your viewing pleasure
I receive several PowerPoint presentations through e-mail, so I thought I'd share them. I just post them. I didn't creat them :)
www.PowerLegacy.Com
Izmir is one of the oldest cities in the Mediterranean, established over 5,000 years ago. It has been ruled by Greeks, Persians, Alexander the Great's empire, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. Izmir flourished as an important port city between the 17th-19th centuries under Ottoman rule. Today, Izmir is considered Turkey's most westernized city in terms of values and lifestyle. Some of Izmir's most notable historical sites include the Clock Tower in Konak Square, an ancient Greek agora, and the House of the Virgin Mary where Christians believe Mary spent her last days.
The document summarizes Spanish Minister of Industry, Energy and Tourism's visit to Turkey from November 9-17, 2013. It includes visits to a school, work meetings, and a geothermal energy center. It also provides background information on geothermal energy in Turkey and Spain. Additionally, it describes several important historical cities in Turkey including Pamukkale, Sardis, Manisa, Ephesus, and Hierapolis.
Trabzon is a city located on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey. As a city along the historic Silk Road, Trabzon became a melting pot of religions, languages and cultures over centuries. Some key points about Trabzon include:
- It has a rainy climate even in summer, resulting in green forests and mountains with rivers and highlands.
- Major attractions include the picturesque Sumela Monastery built in the 14th century in a mountain valley, and the 13th century Hagia Sophia church converted to a mosque and now museum.
- Local specialties to try include Akçaabat meatballs, steamed fish with cheese, and Laz pie dessert
Petra is an ancient Nabataean city in western Jordan known for its massive red sandstone facades carved into rock cliffs. It was inhabited around 1200 BCE by the Edomites and later the Nabataeans, whose greatest king was Aretas IV from 9 BCE to 40 CE. There are three ways to enter Petra - by riding a horse, riding a horse-drawn carriage, or walking through the Siq, a 2km narrow gorge with walls up to 80m high. Within Petra are numerous rock-cut tombs showing Egyptian, Greek, and Nabataean influences, as well as structures like an obelisk tomb and the famous Treasury, a royal tomb carved to resemble
Petra, the lost city, as the name suggests was once lost and literally carved from the sandstones of southern Jordan. The place enthralls its visitors with some awe-inspiring agricultural, engineering and architectural stone carving skills of the early nomadic Arab tribe, ‘the Nabataeans’. Located at about 3 hours south of Amman, the capital of Jordan, with amazing tombs, amphitheatre, fountains and sacrifice altar, you find mysticism and history in the same place!
1. The document summarizes information about the ancient city of Petra located in Jordan.
2. Petra was carved out of sandstone cliffs and rocks in the desert and was the capital of the Nabataean Kingdom between the 4th century BC and the 1st century AD.
3. The city features structures like temples, tombs, and a theater that were carved out of the pink sandstone cliffs, showcasing the architectural and engineering abilities of the Nabataeans.
The document summarizes the opening of the Avenue of Sphinxes in Luxor, Egypt in March 2012. It details the history and restoration of the 2,700 meter avenue lined with sculptures of sphinxes connecting Luxor and Karnak temples. The restoration project took nearly five years and unearthed artifacts along the avenue. The opening will allow visitors to experience the avenue and visit other nearby historical sites like Khonsu Temple and the tomb of King Mereneptah.
Beautiful historic pix for your viewing pleasure
I receive several PowerPoint presentations through e-mail, so I thought I'd share them. I just post them. I didn't creat them :)
www.PowerLegacy.Com
Izmir is one of the oldest cities in the Mediterranean, established over 5,000 years ago. It has been ruled by Greeks, Persians, Alexander the Great's empire, Romans, Byzantines, and Ottomans. Izmir flourished as an important port city between the 17th-19th centuries under Ottoman rule. Today, Izmir is considered Turkey's most westernized city in terms of values and lifestyle. Some of Izmir's most notable historical sites include the Clock Tower in Konak Square, an ancient Greek agora, and the House of the Virgin Mary where Christians believe Mary spent her last days.
The document summarizes Spanish Minister of Industry, Energy and Tourism's visit to Turkey from November 9-17, 2013. It includes visits to a school, work meetings, and a geothermal energy center. It also provides background information on geothermal energy in Turkey and Spain. Additionally, it describes several important historical cities in Turkey including Pamukkale, Sardis, Manisa, Ephesus, and Hierapolis.
The document discusses the Ishtar Gate in Babylon, which was built in 575 BC and was a major entranceway into the city decorated with enameled bricks depicting dragons and bulls. It provided visitors with their first impression of Babylon's grandeur. Most of the gate remains on display at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin after being excavated in the early 1900s. The dedication plaque left by King Nebuchadnezzar II who rebuilt Babylon describes the gate's purpose as allowing people to gaze upon it in wonder. However, the archaeological site suffered damage when US and Polish troops used it as a base after the 2003 Iraq invasion, though the gate fragments in Berlin allow its magnificence to still be
Petra, located in Jordan, was one of the ancient wonders of the world. For centuries, it was thought to be a mythical lost city like Atlantis until a Swiss explorer rediscovered it in the 19th century. Carved entirely out of rose-colored sandstone cliffs and rocks, Petra was established in the 6th century BC by the Nabataeans and contains structures like temples, tombs, and a theater carved out of the stone cliffs.
The itinerary includes visits to major historical and cultural sites in Cairo, Luxor, and Aswan. In Cairo, travelers will visit the Egyptian Museum to see artifacts from ancient Egyptian history and the Giza Pyramids, one of the seven wonders of the world. In Luxor, highlights include the Karnak Temple complex, the Valley of the Kings burial site, and the Colossi of Memnon statues. The trip concludes in Aswan with a felucca ride on the Nile and visits to the High Dam and Philae Temple.
Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by massive monumental structures like ziggurats and palaces. Ziggurats were large stepped towers built out of mudbricks that served both practical and religious purposes. They dominated cities and symbolized the rule of gods. Some notable ziggurats included those at Uruk, Borsippa, and Ur. Palaces were also grand architectural feats, such as Sargon's palace at Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria and the structures built by Persian kings at Pasargadae and Persepolis, including the Apadana palace and Hall of 100 Columns.
The document provides a timeline of important events and developments in ancient Egypt from 5000 BC to 1900 AD. It describes how settlements first began along the Nile River around 5000 BC, the building of the first stone pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser at Saqqara around 2700 BC, and Ramesses II's long rule from 1279 BC to 1213 BC during which he erected many temples and statues. It also mentions Ptolemy I gaining control of Egypt after Alexander the Great's death in 323 BC, starting the Ptolemaic period, and the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s to control flooding and create Lake Nasser.
The document summarizes the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between 5000 BC and 600 BC. It describes how the Akkadians, led by Sargon, created the world's first empire by conquering the Sumerian city-states in 2300 BC. It then discusses the Old Babylonian Empire established by Hammurabi around 1800 BC, who created one of the earliest known code of laws. Later, the Assyrians rose to power in Mesopotamia between 1100 BC to 612 BC, creating a large empire through aggressive conquest. Finally, the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire was established in Mesopotamia after the fall of Assyria
The northern historical circuit of Ethiopia includes the towns of Aksum, Lalibela, Gondar, and Bahir Dar. Aksum is the oldest and birthplace of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, containing many historical structures from 500 BC to 500 AD. Lalibela is known for its rock-hewn churches carved out of bedrock in the 12th century. Gondar contains Portuguese-influenced castles and colorful churches. Bahir Dar sits on Lake Tana near the Blue Nile Falls and island monasteries. The region has over 3000 years of history preserved in its architectural, religious, and written contributions to Ethiopian civilization.
Sargon II built the Palace of Dur-Sharrukin as the new Assyrian capital between 722-705 BC, importing materials from Phoenicia. The palace complex contained over 210 rooms arranged around three courtyards, decorated with reliefs and ivory, and protected by a surrounding wall. A four-story ziggurat stood nearby. Though nearly complete, Sargon II died in battle in 705 BC before fully finishing the palace, and the city was abandoned as a bad omen.
Look at Egypt tours is an Egyptian travel agency and tour operator
Led by professional travel experts and tur operators who can give you the best advices and information
Not only about how to make a cheap tour to Egypt?
The land of pharaohs, intriguing legends, ancient civilizations and amazing temples, Egypt is one of the world’s greatest and most captivating countries
Mesopotamian irrigation was vital for farming in the region. The Sumerians built an immense network of irrigation canals fed by the Euphrates River to water their crops. They also constructed city walls, temples, and other early engineering works. Later, the Assyrians further developed public works projects and adopted a new tunnel irrigation method called qanats from Armenia that brought underground water to foothills. Irrigation was crucial for Mesopotamian agriculture due to seasonal rainfall patterns that otherwise left the land dry part of the year.
The document discusses the archaeological site of Uruk in Iraq, including the White Temple built on top of the Anu Ziggurat between 3517-3358 BCE. It would have towered over the city and been visible from a great distance. Ziggurats were symbolic and political centers as representations of the gods. The White Temple was rectangular with rooms on either side and three entrances. It was entirely whitewashed inside and out. The document also discusses the later sites of Ur, including the Royal Graves dating between 2600-2000 BCE containing rich burials, artifacts like the Standard of Ur and Queen's Lyre, and the ziggurat of Ur built in 2100 BCE.
- Ur was an important Sumerian city-state located in modern-day Iraq that dates back to 3800 BC. It was a major city and later the capital of the Sumerian Empire, known for its large size and many temples and tombs. The remains of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, a temple complex, can still be seen today.
- Miletus was a major ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. Founded around 1000 BC, it became a prominent trading center and led the Ionian Revolt against Persia in 499 BC. The city was later rebuilt around 450 BC using an innovative grid plan to maximize airflow. It remained an important economic and cultural center into Roman
THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE EXISTENCE OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT.
MODERN BUILDINGS SHOWS THE CLEAR REFLECTION OF ISLAMIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE.
SOME FAMOUS THINGS OR PLACES WAS MENTION IN THIS PPT SUCH AS THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA.
I HOPE YOU SHOULD LIKE THE PPT AND KNOWS MORE ABOUT TECHNICAL AS WELL AS WONDERING INFORMATION ABOUT EGYPT.
THANK YOU
ER.SHAHA ZIM
AMU ALIGARH.
Thomas Waghorn pioneered the overland mail route from Britain to India in the early 19th century. He proposed delivering mail from London to India within 90 days by establishing a regular service through Egypt. Waghorn faced opposition but persevered and eventually established a reliable route using steamships, carriages, and infrastructure like stations along the desert route. While Waghorn's service became successful, others took over the business opportunities. He died broken but was later recognized for his contributions to faster communications between Britain and India.
Henry Poole provides a summary of his journey through Palestine in October 1855. He travels from Jaffa to Jerusalem, visiting sites like Ramleh, Abu Gosh, and Bethlehem along the way. In Jerusalem, he takes measurements of locations like Hezekiah's Pool. Poole then journeys north through Nablus and Samaria, observing the geology of the region. He later travels southeast from Jerusalem down to the Dead Sea, describing the landscape and taking measurements and samples from the sea.
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
This document provides information on ancient Greek architecture and civilization. It discusses the origins of Greek architecture in Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations on Crete and mainland Greece. Key points include:
- Greeks were great sailors who established cities and outposts throughout the Mediterranean. They encountered the advanced Minoan civilization on Crete.
- Mycenaean sites like the palaces of Knossos, Mycenae, Tiryns featured elaborate construction techniques like corbelled vaults and postern gates.
- Hellenic architecture referred to the early style which was columnar and trabeated with limited spans. Stone walls used no mortar.
- Later Hellenistic
The document summarizes a journey to Palestine in 1852 by Robinson and Smith to continue their exploration of the region. They traveled from Beirut to Jerusalem, making observations along the coast and visiting sites like Sidon, Jerjfi'a, and the ancient fortress of Ki~lat esh-Shiikif on the Litany River. The fortress dates back to a much earlier antiquity than the Crusader repairs, shown by its beveled stone construction resembling other ancient sites like the Tower of Hippicus in Jerusalem.
The document discusses a circle of translators in early 19th century Damietta, Egypt who translated Enlightenment works from Greek into Arabic. They worked out of the household of the wealthy Syrian Christian merchant Basili Fakhr. The circle translated scientific, fictional, and historical works. The document examines the translations produced, influences on the project like the Modern Greek Enlightenment, and compares it to similar translation efforts in Constantinople. It analyzes the diffusion of the translations and their influence on readers, assessing the significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history in the Arab world.
Nafpaktos is an ancient city in western Greece with a history spanning 3500 years. Due to its strategic location on the Gulf of Corinth, it has played an important cultural and historical role, and has frequently changed hands between various powers throughout its existence. Most recently, it was ruled by the Venetians, Ottomans, and was finally liberated and incorporated into modern Greece in 1829 after the Greek War of Independence.
Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece and was founded in 315 BC. It has a long history, being conquered by the Romans, Venetians, and Ottomans over the centuries. Today, Thessaloniki is an important center of trade and business in the Balkans with its large port. It is also one of the largest student centers in Southeastern Europe.
The document discusses the Ishtar Gate in Babylon, which was built in 575 BC and was a major entranceway into the city decorated with enameled bricks depicting dragons and bulls. It provided visitors with their first impression of Babylon's grandeur. Most of the gate remains on display at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin after being excavated in the early 1900s. The dedication plaque left by King Nebuchadnezzar II who rebuilt Babylon describes the gate's purpose as allowing people to gaze upon it in wonder. However, the archaeological site suffered damage when US and Polish troops used it as a base after the 2003 Iraq invasion, though the gate fragments in Berlin allow its magnificence to still be
Petra, located in Jordan, was one of the ancient wonders of the world. For centuries, it was thought to be a mythical lost city like Atlantis until a Swiss explorer rediscovered it in the 19th century. Carved entirely out of rose-colored sandstone cliffs and rocks, Petra was established in the 6th century BC by the Nabataeans and contains structures like temples, tombs, and a theater carved out of the stone cliffs.
The itinerary includes visits to major historical and cultural sites in Cairo, Luxor, and Aswan. In Cairo, travelers will visit the Egyptian Museum to see artifacts from ancient Egyptian history and the Giza Pyramids, one of the seven wonders of the world. In Luxor, highlights include the Karnak Temple complex, the Valley of the Kings burial site, and the Colossi of Memnon statues. The trip concludes in Aswan with a felucca ride on the Nile and visits to the High Dam and Philae Temple.
Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by massive monumental structures like ziggurats and palaces. Ziggurats were large stepped towers built out of mudbricks that served both practical and religious purposes. They dominated cities and symbolized the rule of gods. Some notable ziggurats included those at Uruk, Borsippa, and Ur. Palaces were also grand architectural feats, such as Sargon's palace at Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria and the structures built by Persian kings at Pasargadae and Persepolis, including the Apadana palace and Hall of 100 Columns.
The document provides a timeline of important events and developments in ancient Egypt from 5000 BC to 1900 AD. It describes how settlements first began along the Nile River around 5000 BC, the building of the first stone pyramid for Pharaoh Djoser at Saqqara around 2700 BC, and Ramesses II's long rule from 1279 BC to 1213 BC during which he erected many temples and statues. It also mentions Ptolemy I gaining control of Egypt after Alexander the Great's death in 323 BC, starting the Ptolemaic period, and the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s to control flooding and create Lake Nasser.
The document summarizes the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between 5000 BC and 600 BC. It describes how the Akkadians, led by Sargon, created the world's first empire by conquering the Sumerian city-states in 2300 BC. It then discusses the Old Babylonian Empire established by Hammurabi around 1800 BC, who created one of the earliest known code of laws. Later, the Assyrians rose to power in Mesopotamia between 1100 BC to 612 BC, creating a large empire through aggressive conquest. Finally, the Neo-Babylonian or Chaldean Empire was established in Mesopotamia after the fall of Assyria
The northern historical circuit of Ethiopia includes the towns of Aksum, Lalibela, Gondar, and Bahir Dar. Aksum is the oldest and birthplace of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, containing many historical structures from 500 BC to 500 AD. Lalibela is known for its rock-hewn churches carved out of bedrock in the 12th century. Gondar contains Portuguese-influenced castles and colorful churches. Bahir Dar sits on Lake Tana near the Blue Nile Falls and island monasteries. The region has over 3000 years of history preserved in its architectural, religious, and written contributions to Ethiopian civilization.
Sargon II built the Palace of Dur-Sharrukin as the new Assyrian capital between 722-705 BC, importing materials from Phoenicia. The palace complex contained over 210 rooms arranged around three courtyards, decorated with reliefs and ivory, and protected by a surrounding wall. A four-story ziggurat stood nearby. Though nearly complete, Sargon II died in battle in 705 BC before fully finishing the palace, and the city was abandoned as a bad omen.
Look at Egypt tours is an Egyptian travel agency and tour operator
Led by professional travel experts and tur operators who can give you the best advices and information
Not only about how to make a cheap tour to Egypt?
The land of pharaohs, intriguing legends, ancient civilizations and amazing temples, Egypt is one of the world’s greatest and most captivating countries
Mesopotamian irrigation was vital for farming in the region. The Sumerians built an immense network of irrigation canals fed by the Euphrates River to water their crops. They also constructed city walls, temples, and other early engineering works. Later, the Assyrians further developed public works projects and adopted a new tunnel irrigation method called qanats from Armenia that brought underground water to foothills. Irrigation was crucial for Mesopotamian agriculture due to seasonal rainfall patterns that otherwise left the land dry part of the year.
The document discusses the archaeological site of Uruk in Iraq, including the White Temple built on top of the Anu Ziggurat between 3517-3358 BCE. It would have towered over the city and been visible from a great distance. Ziggurats were symbolic and political centers as representations of the gods. The White Temple was rectangular with rooms on either side and three entrances. It was entirely whitewashed inside and out. The document also discusses the later sites of Ur, including the Royal Graves dating between 2600-2000 BCE containing rich burials, artifacts like the Standard of Ur and Queen's Lyre, and the ziggurat of Ur built in 2100 BCE.
- Ur was an important Sumerian city-state located in modern-day Iraq that dates back to 3800 BC. It was a major city and later the capital of the Sumerian Empire, known for its large size and many temples and tombs. The remains of the Great Ziggurat of Ur, a temple complex, can still be seen today.
- Miletus was a major ancient Greek city located in what is now Turkey. Founded around 1000 BC, it became a prominent trading center and led the Ionian Revolt against Persia in 499 BC. The city was later rebuilt around 450 BC using an innovative grid plan to maximize airflow. It remained an important economic and cultural center into Roman
THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE EXISTENCE OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT.
MODERN BUILDINGS SHOWS THE CLEAR REFLECTION OF ISLAMIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE.
SOME FAMOUS THINGS OR PLACES WAS MENTION IN THIS PPT SUCH AS THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA.
I HOPE YOU SHOULD LIKE THE PPT AND KNOWS MORE ABOUT TECHNICAL AS WELL AS WONDERING INFORMATION ABOUT EGYPT.
THANK YOU
ER.SHAHA ZIM
AMU ALIGARH.
Thomas Waghorn pioneered the overland mail route from Britain to India in the early 19th century. He proposed delivering mail from London to India within 90 days by establishing a regular service through Egypt. Waghorn faced opposition but persevered and eventually established a reliable route using steamships, carriages, and infrastructure like stations along the desert route. While Waghorn's service became successful, others took over the business opportunities. He died broken but was later recognized for his contributions to faster communications between Britain and India.
Henry Poole provides a summary of his journey through Palestine in October 1855. He travels from Jaffa to Jerusalem, visiting sites like Ramleh, Abu Gosh, and Bethlehem along the way. In Jerusalem, he takes measurements of locations like Hezekiah's Pool. Poole then journeys north through Nablus and Samaria, observing the geology of the region. He later travels southeast from Jerusalem down to the Dead Sea, describing the landscape and taking measurements and samples from the sea.
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
This document provides information on ancient Greek architecture and civilization. It discusses the origins of Greek architecture in Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations on Crete and mainland Greece. Key points include:
- Greeks were great sailors who established cities and outposts throughout the Mediterranean. They encountered the advanced Minoan civilization on Crete.
- Mycenaean sites like the palaces of Knossos, Mycenae, Tiryns featured elaborate construction techniques like corbelled vaults and postern gates.
- Hellenic architecture referred to the early style which was columnar and trabeated with limited spans. Stone walls used no mortar.
- Later Hellenistic
The document summarizes a journey to Palestine in 1852 by Robinson and Smith to continue their exploration of the region. They traveled from Beirut to Jerusalem, making observations along the coast and visiting sites like Sidon, Jerjfi'a, and the ancient fortress of Ki~lat esh-Shiikif on the Litany River. The fortress dates back to a much earlier antiquity than the Crusader repairs, shown by its beveled stone construction resembling other ancient sites like the Tower of Hippicus in Jerusalem.
The document discusses a circle of translators in early 19th century Damietta, Egypt who translated Enlightenment works from Greek into Arabic. They worked out of the household of the wealthy Syrian Christian merchant Basili Fakhr. The circle translated scientific, fictional, and historical works. The document examines the translations produced, influences on the project like the Modern Greek Enlightenment, and compares it to similar translation efforts in Constantinople. It analyzes the diffusion of the translations and their influence on readers, assessing the significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history in the Arab world.
Nafpaktos is an ancient city in western Greece with a history spanning 3500 years. Due to its strategic location on the Gulf of Corinth, it has played an important cultural and historical role, and has frequently changed hands between various powers throughout its existence. Most recently, it was ruled by the Venetians, Ottomans, and was finally liberated and incorporated into modern Greece in 1829 after the Greek War of Independence.
Thessaloniki is the second largest city in Greece and was founded in 315 BC. It has a long history, being conquered by the Romans, Venetians, and Ottomans over the centuries. Today, Thessaloniki is an important center of trade and business in the Balkans with its large port. It is also one of the largest student centers in Southeastern Europe.
Tarsus is an ancient city located in south-central Turkey along the Berdan River near the Mediterranean coast. With over 6,000 years of history, Tarsus was an important stop for traders and was influenced by many civilizations, including serving as the capital of the Roman province of Cilicia. Today, Tarsus remains an important commercial center and industrial hub. Notable sites include Cleopatra's Gate, the Roman bridge of Justinian, and the church marking the birthplace of Paul the Apostle. Tarsus is also known for being the place where Mark Antony first met Cleopatra.
This document provides an overview of 8 important ancient trade routes:
1. The Silk Road linked China and the Roman Empire, facilitating trade of silk for gold and silver. It also spread technology, religion, and culture.
2. Spice Routes connected East and West via sea routes, fueling European exploration and colonization in pursuit of valuable spices.
3. The Incense Route transported frankincense and myrrh from Arabia to Mediterranean markets via camel caravans.
Since ancient times, people have been exploring unknown lands and foreign countries with customs and traditions different from their own. This eagerness for something new made people travel, discover new territories, create routes and build roads connecting distant parts of the globe. Merchants’ caravans carrying commodities, ambassadors, explorers and travelers walked along these routes.
Trade, being one of the most significant factors of the historical process, encouraged the interaction of different cultures. At the same time, the representatives of different regions exchanged information from different fields of knowledge: inventions, technologies and crops were borrowed and assimilated. Although separated by long distances, civilizations established a dialogue, enriching each other and giving impulse to further development.
The earliest information about trade relations between different countries dates back to the 2nd millennium bc. At that period there were already trade routes which spanned the Ancient East including Bactria, Media, Persia, Armenia, India, Arabia and Western Asia. In antiquity trade was a risky business, but, on the other hand, it guaranteed a considerable profit in case of success. International trade flourished in peacetime and diminished in wartime, but never ceased.
In the Middle Ages a stable and developed system of international trade routes functioned, connecting almost all the civilizations of the Old World: the Silk Road, the Saharan Trade Routes, the Trade Route from the Varangians to the Greeks, etc. New merchants’ commercial confederations like the Hanseatic League and such city-states as medieval Venice and Genoa came into existence, specializing in international trade. Beginning with the Age of Discovery (since 1475), an opportunity to deliver Indian goods to European ports only by sea has become available. The Manila Galleons, which sailed over the Pacific Ocean from Manila (the Philippines) to Acapulco (Mexico) embodied Christopher Columbus’s dream about trading with the East.
Most of those ancient routes are nowadays not more than objects of historical research, however, some of them — for example, the Saharan Trade Routes or the Great Trunk Road — are still in use, keeping up with the modern pace of life. Trade routes continue their everlasting journey through space and time, connecting countries and being the media of the dialogue of civilizations.
Serres is an important commercial center in Macedonia with a population of around 80,000. It was first mentioned in the 5th century BC and was one of the most important Byzantine cities in the 6th century. Over subsequent centuries, Serres was conquered by various powers including the Crusaders, Bulgarians, Byzantines, Serbians, and Ottomans. Under Ottoman rule in the late Middle Ages, Serres prospered as a major commercial hub due to its fertile plains. However, in 1913 retreating Bulgarian forces burned the city down, requiring it to be entirely rebuilt.
Serres is an important commercial center in Macedonia with a population of around 80,000. It was first mentioned in the 5th century BC and was one of the most important Byzantine cities in the 6th century. Over subsequent centuries, Serres was conquered by various powers including the Crusaders, Bulgarians, Byzantines, Serbians, and Ottomans. Under Ottoman rule in the late Middle Ages, Serres prospered as a major commercial hub due to its fertile plains. However, in 1913 retreating Bulgarian forces burned the city down, requiring it to be entirely rebuilt.
Constanta is the oldest city in Romania, located on the western coast of the Black Sea. Originally called Tomis, it has a long history dating back over 7,000 years. Tomis was an important Greek colony and trade hub from the 7th century BC. It later came under Roman rule and was renamed Constantiana in the 4th century AD. Constanta saw significant development in the late 19th century as Romania's main port on the Black Sea, driving economic growth through maritime trade. Today, Constanta remains an important cultural and economic center as well as Romania's largest port.
Procedures involved in succession process among asian and african owned businessJohn Johari
The document provides a history of trade from ancient to modern times. It describes how early trade developed along rivers and coastlines, facilitated by advances in transportation like domesticated camels and ships. Key trading civilizations and empires like Phoenicia, Greece, Rome, West Africa, and China established trade routes and hubs that exchanged precious goods and spread religions and ideas over vast regions. The Silk Road opened direct trade between East Asia and Europe. Later, groups like the Vikings, Mongols, and Hanseatic League expanded and protected trade networks across Eurasia and northern Europe.
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1. P a g e | 1
Trabzon
Trabzon
1. Uzun Street; 2. Trabzon at night; 3. Zagnos valley;
4. Faroz port; 5. Walls of Trabzon; 6. Hagia Sophia;
7. Sümela Monastery; 8. Uzungöl; 9. Atatürk pavilion
Country Turkey
Province Trabzon
Government
• Mayor Orhan Fevzi Gümrükçüoğlu (AKP)
Area[1]
• District 188.85 km2
(72.92 sq mi)
Elevation 0 m (0 ft)
Population (2012)[2]
• Urban 243,735
• District 312,060
• District density 1,700/km2
(4,300/sq mi)
Time zone EET (UTC+2)
• Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)
Postal code 61xxx
Area code(s) (+90) 462
Licence plate 61
Trabzon (see other names, Turkish pronunciation: [ˈtrabzon]) is a city on the Black Sea coast of north-eastern
Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon, located on the historical Silk Road, became a melting pot of
religions, languages and culture for centuries and a trade gateway to Iran in the southeast and the Caucasus to the
northeast.[3]
The Venetian and Genoese merchants paid visits to Trebizond during the medieval period and sold
silk, linen and woolen fabric; with the Republic of Genoa having an important merchant colony within the city
called Leonkastron that was similar to Galata near Constantinople (north across the Golden Horn) in present-day
Istanbul.[4]
Trabzon formed the basis of several states in its long history and was the capital city of the Empire of
Trebizond between 1204 and 1461. During the Ottoman period, Trabzon, because of the importance of its port,
became a focal point of trade to Iran and the Caucasus. The population of the center urban is 230,399 (2009
census).
Name
The Turkish name of the city is Trabzon. It is historically known as Trebizond, Trapezund, Tribisonde and
Trapezus. In Latin, Trabzon was called Trapezus, which is the latinization of the Ancient Greek Τραπεζοῦς
(Trapezous), the first name of the city. (τράπεζα meant "table" in Ancient Greek; note the table on the coin in the
figure.) Both in Pontic Greek and Modern Greek, it is called Τραπεζούντα (Trapezounda). In Ottoman Turkish and
Persian, it is written as ربزون .ط During Ottoman times, Tara Bozan was also used.[5][6][7][8]
Some western
geographers used this name instead of the Latin Trebizond. In Laz it is known as ტამტრა (T'amt'ra) or
T'rap'uzani.,[9]
in Georgian it is ტრაპიზონი(T'rap'izoni) and in Armenian it is Տրապիզոն Trapizon. The 19th-
century Armenian travelling priest Byjiskian called the city by other, native names, including Hurşidabat and
Ozinis.[10]
History
Ancient and medieval
The oldest area associated with the Kartvelians was northeastern Anatolia, including the ancient ancient monarchy
of early-Georgians of Diauehi, later known as the culturally important region of T’ao-Klarjeti (part of Turkey since
1921), where they pre-dated the Hittites.[11][12][13]
2. A silver Greek drachma Trapezus coin from the 4th century BC
The city was founded as Τραπεζοῦς (Trapezous
of Milesian emporia or trading colonies
Cyzicus (in the Dardanelles). Like most
empire unto its own, in the later European sense of the word. Early banking (money
occurring in the city according to a silver
Trebizond's trade partners included the
fighting their way out of Persia, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond (Xenophon,
city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital, to the point of civil war.
Xenophon's force resolved this in the rebels' favor, and so in
The city was added to the kingdom of Pontus
fleet.
Walls of Trabzon
When the kingdom was annexed to the Roman province of
becoming the Classis Pontica. Trebizond gained importance under
roads leading over the Zigana Pass to the
constructed from Persia and Mesopotamia
to give the city a more structured harbor. A
Theoskepastos in nearby Kizlara, east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. The city was pillaged by the
Goths in 258, and, although it was afterwards re
importance in the 8th to 10th centuries; 10th
Muslim merchants, as the main source transshipping
times, the city was the capital of the theme
A fourteenth-century miniature Greek manuscript depicting
Trapezus coin from the 4th century BC
Trapezous) by Milesian traders (756 BC). It was one of a number (about ten)
trading colonies along the shores of the Black Sea. Others include
ke most Greek colonies, the city was a small enclave of Greek life, and not an
empire unto its own, in the later European sense of the word. Early banking (money-changing) activity is suggested
occurring in the city according to a silver drachma coin from Trapezus in the British Museum
Trebizond's trade partners included the Mossynoeci. When Xenophon and the Ten Thousand
, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond (Xenophon,
city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital, to the point of civil war.
Xenophon's force resolved this in the rebels' favor, and so in Trebizond's interest.
Pontus by Mithridates VI Eupator and it became home port for the Pontic
When the kingdom was annexed to the Roman province of Galatia in 64–65, the fleet passed to new commanders,
. Trebizond gained importance under Roman rule in the 1st century for its acce
to the Armenian frontier or the upper Euphrates valley. New roads were
Mesopotamia under the rule of Vespasian, and Hadrian commissioned improvements
to give the city a more structured harbor. A mithraeum now serves as a crypt for the church of Panaghia
Theoskepastos in nearby Kizlara, east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. The city was pillaged by the
in 258, and, although it was afterwards re-built, Trebizond did not recover until the trade route regained
importance in the 8th to 10th centuries; 10th-century Muslim authors note that Trebizond was frequented by
rchants, as the main source transshipping Byzantine silks into eastern Muslim countries.
theme of Chaldia. It was also ruled by Danishmendids
manuscript depicting Byzantine Greek soldiers from the Empire of Trebizond.
P a g e | 2
traders (756 BC). It was one of a number (about ten)
along the shores of the Black Sea. Others include Sinope, Abydos and
colonies, the city was a small enclave of Greek life, and not an
anging) activity is suggested
h Museum, London.
Ten Thousand mercenaries were
, the first Greek city they reached was Trebizond (Xenophon, Anabasis, 5.5.10). The
city and the local Mossynoeci had become estranged from the Mossynoecian capital, to the point of civil war.
ecame home port for the Pontic
65, the fleet passed to new commanders,
rule in the 1st century for its access to
valley. New roads were
commissioned improvements
now serves as a crypt for the church of Panaghia
Theoskepastos in nearby Kizlara, east of the citadel and south of the modern harbor. The city was pillaged by the
built, Trebizond did not recover until the trade route regained
century Muslim authors note that Trebizond was frequented by
into eastern Muslim countries.[14]
In Byzantine
Danishmendids between 1080 and 1098.
3. P a g e | 3
After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, a Byzantine successor state was founded there with support of Queen Tamar of
Georgia, the Empire of Trebizond, which ruled part of the Black Sea coast from Trebizond until 1461, when its
ruler, David, surrendered to Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Empire. Following this takeover, Mehmed sent many
Turkish settlers into the area, but the old ethnic Laz, Armenian, and Greek communities remained. During the late
Ottoman period, the city had a great Christian influence in terms of culture, and a wealthy merchant class who
created several Western consulates.
Ottoman era
The city became part of the Ottoman Empire after 1461.[15]
During Bayezid II's reign, his son, Prince Selim was the
sancakbeyi of Trabzon, and his son Suleiman I of the Ottoman Empire was born in Trabzon in 1495. Trabzon
became the capital of the Vilayet of Trebizond, that was a vilayet of the north-eastern part of the Ottoman Empire.
According to the Ottoman defter, the population of the city in 1523 was a total of 1,473 adult males.[16]
Of the total
population, 85% was Christian, 1,252 adult males, 13% of the total population was Armenian, 197 adult males and
15% of the total population was Muslim, 221 adult males.[16]
During Ottoman era, Local Chepni and Laz beys were appointed as beylerbey. It is recorded that even some
Bosniak beys appointed by Sublime Porte ruled Trabzon as beylerbey. During Ottoman campaign in Europe (16th-
17th century), "beylerbeylik" of Trabzon had always sent troops.
Modern era
Port of Trabzon in the 1920s. Uzun Sokak, one of the busiest pedestrian shopping streets in Trabzon.
In 1901 the harbour was equipped with cranes by Stothert and Pitt of Bath in England. The city was the site of one
of the key battles between the Ottoman and Russian armies during the Caucasus Campaign of World War I which
resulted in the capture of Trabzon by the Russian Caucasus Army under command of Grand Duke Nicholas and
Nikolai Yudenich in April 1916. Russian general Shvartz's army caused a massive destruction in Trabzon.[17]
Russians banned[17]
Muslim mosques, and forced Turks, who were the main ethnic group of the city, to leave
Trabzon.[18]
At last, the Russian Army retreated from the city and the rest of eastern and northeastern Anatolia with
the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Trabzon was a major Armenian extermination centre during the Armenian Genocide, as well as a location of
subsequent trials (see Trabzon during the Armenian Genocide). Many of the victims were taken out to sea in boats
that were then capsized.[19]
The Trabzon trials reported Armenians having been drowned in the Black Sea.[20]
Following the Turkish War of Independence and the annulment of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) which was replaced
by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), Trabzon again became a part of Turkey. In the early 1920s there was a mass
exodus of Greeks from Trabzon and the vicinity, to the relatively new Greek state.[21]
During World War II shipping activity was limited because the Black Sea had again become a war zone. Hence the
most important export products, tobacco and hazelnut, could not be sold and living standards degraded.
As a result of the general development of the country, Trabzon has developed its economic and commercial life.
The coastal highway and a new harbour have increased commercial relations with Central Anatolia, which has led
to some growth. However, progress has been slow in comparison with the western and the southwestern parts of
Turkey.
4. P a g e | 4
Trabzon is famous throughout Turkey for its anchovies called hamsi, which are the main meal in many restaurants
in the city. Major exports from Trabzon are hazelnuts and tea.
The city may still have a small community of Greek-speaking Muslims, most of whom are originally from the
vicinities of Tonya and Of. However, the Pontic Greek language (known as Romeiaka or Ποντιακά, Pontiaka) is
spoken mostly by the older generations.[22]
Geography and climate
Trabzon Province has a total area of 4,685 square kilometres (1,809 sq mi) and is bordered by the provinces of
Rize, Giresun and Gümüşhane. The total area is 22.4% plateau and 77.6% hills. The Pontic Mountains pass through
the Trabzon Province.
Trabzon used to be an important reference point for navigators in the Black Sea during harsh weather conditions.
The popular expression "perdere la Trebisonda" (losing Trebizond) is still commonly used in the Italian language to
describe situations in which the sense of direction is lost.[4]
The Italian maritime republics such as Venice and in
particular Genoa were active in the Black Sea trade for centuries, using Trabzon as an important seaport for trading
goods between Europe and the Middle East.[4]
Sümela Monastery in the Maçka district of Trabzon, on the
Pontic Mountains.
A traditional rural Pontic house in Livera village, Maçka
district, Trabzon.
Lake Uzungöl in Çaykara district, Trabzon.
A village in Çaykara district, Trabzon.
Rivers
Değirmendere (ancient Piksidis), Yanbolu, Fol, Karadere, Koha, Sürmene (ancient Manahos) ve súrmene (küçük
dere), Solaklı, Baltacı and Đyidere (ancient Kalopotamos.)
Lakes
Uzungöl, Çakırgöl, Sera Gölü.
Climate
Trabzon has a climate typical of the Black Sea region with plentiful precipitation. Under the Köppen climate
classification, it has a borderline oceanic/humid subtropical climate (Cfb/Cfa)[24]
Summers are warm and humid,
and the average maximum temperature is around 26.7 °C (80 °F) in August. Winters are cool and damp, and the
lowest average minimum temperature is around 5 °C (41 °F) in January.
Precipitation is heaviest in autumn and winter, with a marked reduction in the summer months. Snowfall is quite
common between the months of December and March, snowing for a week or two, and it can be heavy once it
snows.
5. The water temperature, like in the rest of the Black Sea coast of Turkey, is always cool and fluctuates between 8
(46 °F) and 20 °C (68 °F) throughout the year.
Economy
As of 1920, the port at Trabzon, was considered "the most important of the Turkish Black Sea ports," by the
British. It traded as far as Tabriz and Mosul
agreement to develop a harbor at the port. When the Russians occupied Trabzon, a
breakwater and were responsible for creating an extended pier, making loading and unloading easier. In 1920,
Trabzon produced linen cloth, silver filagree
hazelnuts were exported.[28]
The tobacco produced in Trabzon was called
having "large leaves and a bright colour."
were grown for local use.[30]
Trabzon produced a white green bean, which was sold in Europe. It was, as of 1920, the only vegetable exported
out of the province.[29]
Poultry farming
1914.[31]
The area produced copper, silver
coppersmiths. During the Balkan Wars
People
Basilios Bessarion was born in Trabzon on January 2, 1403.
The current ethnic background of the people of Trabzon is mostly
language of these ethnic groups is Turkish
ethnic groups; mostly Chepni Turkmens
speakers) and Armenians (Hemshin).[34]
a significant number of Russians, Ukrainians and people from the Caucasus (mostly Georgia) into the city. Russ
language shops and facilities can be found in the town.
Pontic Greek has been spoken in the region since early antiquity. The local dialect developed along its own lines
and is today partly intelligible to speakers of Standard Greek. It was spoken mainly by a
ethnic population up to the population exchange
Muslims.[citation needed]
A very similar dialect is spoken by a community of about 400 speakers, descendants of
Christians from the Of valley now living in Greece in the
of Katerini, Central Macedonia.[39]
Laz people, who are aboriginal to this area, also live in Trabzon. Numerous villages inside and out of Trabzon of
the Laz date back as early as the period of
Thamar; c. 1160 – 18 January 1213) in the newly unified
groups of immigrating Georgians moved to Trabzon where they continue to preserve their native tongue. There was
an Armenian community in Trebizond as early as the 7th century.
emperature, like in the rest of the Black Sea coast of Turkey, is always cool and fluctuates between 8
°F) throughout the year.
was considered "the most important of the Turkish Black Sea ports," by the
Mosul. As of 1911, Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
at the port. When the Russians occupied Trabzon, a mole
and were responsible for creating an extended pier, making loading and unloading easier. In 1920,
filagree, tanning and small amounts of cotton, silk and
The tobacco produced in Trabzon was called Trebizond-Platana
having "large leaves and a bright colour."[29]
Trabzon was known for producing poor quality
, which was sold in Europe. It was, as of 1920, the only vegetable exported
was also popular in Trabzon. Sericulture was seen in the area before
silver, zinc, iron and manganese. Copper was kept for local use by
production ceased due to poor exportation and fuel supplies.
was born in Trabzon on January 2, 1403. Suleiman the Magnificent was born in Trabzon on November 6, 1494
The current ethnic background of the people of Trabzon is mostly Circassian[33]
and Turkish
Turkish.[36]
Locals self-identifying as Turks consists of a variety of different
ethnic groups; mostly Chepni Turkmens[37]
and Laz people but also smaller groups of Muslim Greeks
[34][38]
Modern migration since the dissolution of the
a significant number of Russians, Ukrainians and people from the Caucasus (mostly Georgia) into the city. Russ
language shops and facilities can be found in the town.
has been spoken in the region since early antiquity. The local dialect developed along its own lines
oday partly intelligible to speakers of Standard Greek. It was spoken mainly by a
population exchange; nearly all speakers of this local variant of Pontic Greek are now
A very similar dialect is spoken by a community of about 400 speakers, descendants of
Christians from the Of valley now living in Greece in the village of Nea Trapezounta (New Trebizond), today part
, who are aboriginal to this area, also live in Trabzon. Numerous villages inside and out of Trabzon of
the Laz date back as early as the period of Queen Tamar's rule (Georgian: თამარი, also transliterated as T'amar or
18 January 1213) in the newly unified Kingdom of Georgia. During the Queen's rul
groups of immigrating Georgians moved to Trabzon where they continue to preserve their native tongue. There was
an Armenian community in Trebizond as early as the 7th century.[40]
P a g e | 5
emperature, like in the rest of the Black Sea coast of Turkey, is always cool and fluctuates between 8 °C
was considered "the most important of the Turkish Black Sea ports," by the
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey signed an
was built.[27]
They built a
and were responsible for creating an extended pier, making loading and unloading easier. In 1920,
and wool. Tobacco and
Platana. It was described as
Trabzon was known for producing poor quality cereals, most which
, which was sold in Europe. It was, as of 1920, the only vegetable exported
was seen in the area before
. Copper was kept for local use by
production ceased due to poor exportation and fuel supplies.[32]
was born in Trabzon on November 6, 1494.
Turkish.[34][35]
The main
identifying as Turks consists of a variety of different
Muslim Greeks (Romeyka-
Modern migration since the dissolution of the Soviet Union has brought
a significant number of Russians, Ukrainians and people from the Caucasus (mostly Georgia) into the city. Russian
has been spoken in the region since early antiquity. The local dialect developed along its own lines
oday partly intelligible to speakers of Standard Greek. It was spoken mainly by a Greek Orthodox multi-
; nearly all speakers of this local variant of Pontic Greek are now
A very similar dialect is spoken by a community of about 400 speakers, descendants of
(New Trebizond), today part
, who are aboriginal to this area, also live in Trabzon. Numerous villages inside and out of Trabzon of
, also transliterated as T'amar or
. During the Queen's rule, sizeable
groups of immigrating Georgians moved to Trabzon where they continue to preserve their native tongue. There was
6. P a g e | 6
During the 13th and 14th centuries, numerous Armenian families migrated here from Ani.[40]
According to Ronald
C. Jennings, in the early 16th century, Armenians made up approximately 13 percent[41]
of the city's population.[42]
At present, Trabzon does not have an Armenian-speaking community.
The Chepni people, a tribe of Oghuz Turks who played an important role in the history of the eastern Black Sea
area in the 13th and 14th centuries, live in the Şalpazarı (Ağasar valley) region of the Trabzon Province.[43]
Very
little has been written on the Turkification of the area. There are no historical records of any considerable Turkish-
speaking groups in the Trabzon area until the late 15th century, with the exception of the Chepnis. The original
Greek (and in some regions Armenian) speakers imposed features from their mother language into the Turkish
spoken in the region. Heath W. Lowry's[44]
work with Halil Đnalcık on Ottoman tax books (Tahrir Defteri)[45]
provides detailed demographic statistics for the city of Trabzon and its surrounding areas during the Ottoman
period.
It is possible that the majority of the population of Trabzon and Rize (and other ancient Greek colonies in the
Pontus region) — except up to the time of the Chepni Turk immigration waves — consisted of indigenous
Caucasian tribes (the Colchians and the Laz) who had been partly Hellenized religiously and linguistically.[46]
Michael Meeker stresses the cultural resemblances (e.g. in village structure, house types, and pastoral techniques)
between the Eastern Black Sea coast and the areas in the Caucasus proper.[47]
Main sights
Hagia Sophia
Atatürk Köşkü
Atatürk Square in Trabzon
Trabzon has a number of tourist attractions, some of them dating back to the times of the ancient empires that once
existed in the region. In the city itself, one can find a hub of shops, stalls and restaurants surrounding the Meydan, a
square in the center of the city, which includes a tea garden.
• The Hagia Sophia (Turkish: Ayasofya Müzesi), a stunning Byzantine church, is probably the town's most
important tourist attraction.
• Trabzon Castle ruins are visible in the town but cannot be visited as they fall in a military zone. The outside
wall of the castle now serves as the back wall of a military building.
• The "Atatürk Köşkü" is a villa built in 1890 by a local Greek merchant. In 1924 Mustafa Kemal Atatürk stayed
in the villa during his visit to Trabzon. He stayed there again in 1937. It houses period rooms and serves as a
monument to the memory of the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey.
• Boztepe Park is a small park and tea garden on the hills above Trabzon that has a panoramic view of nearly the
entire city. The terrain in Trabzon is ascending in such a way that although the view is far above that of the
buildings below, it is still close enough to be able to observe the flow of traffic and the people moving about in
the city.
• Uzun Sokak is one of the most crowded streets of Trabzon.
7. P a g e | 7
• Trabzon Museum is located in the town centre and offers interesting exhibits on the history of the region,
including an impressive collection of Byzantine artifacts.
• Trabzon's Bazaar District offers interesting shopping opportunities on ancient narrow streets, continuing from
Kunduracılar Street from the Meydan (town square).
• Kostaki Mansion is located to the north of Zeytinlik near Uzun Sokak.
Other sites of the city include: Fatih Mosque (originally the Panagia Khrysokephalos Church), Yeni Cuma Mosque
(originally the Agios Eugenios Church), Nakip Mosque (originally the Agios Andreas Church), Hüsnü Köktuğ
Mosque (originally the Agios Elevtherios Church), Đskender Pasha Mosque, Semerciler Mosque, Çarşı Mosque,
Gülbahar Hatun Mosque and Türbe (commissioned by Sultan Selim I), Kalepark (originally Leonkastron).
Within Trabzon Province, the main attractions are the Sümela Monastery (i. e. the Monastery of the Panagia
Soumelá) and the Uzungöl lake. The monastery is built on the side of a very steep mountain overlooking the green
forests below and is about 50 kilometres (31 miles) south of the city. Uzungöl is famous for the natural beauty of
the area and the amazing scenery. Other important sites of interest in the broader region include:
• Kaymaklı Monastery, a formerly Armenian Monastery of the All-Saviour (arm. Ամենափրկիչ Վանք,
Amenaprgič Vank),
• Kızlar Monastery of Panagia Theoskepastos (the God-veiled Virgin),
• Kuştul Monastery of Gregorios Peristereotas (gr. Ιερά Μονή του Αγίου Γεωργίου Περιστερεώτα, Ierá Moní tou
Agíou Georgíou Peristereóta),
• Vazelon Monastery of Agios Savvas (Maşatlık),
• Cave churches of Agia Anna (Little Ayvasıl), Sotha (St. John), Agios Theodoros, Agios Konstantinos, Agios
Christophoros, Agia Kyriakí, Agios Michail and Panagia Tzita churches.[48]
8. P a g e | 8
Culture
The 10th century Trebizond Gospel is a testimony to the artistic traditions of the city.
Folk dancing is still very much in evidence in the Black Sea region. The "Horon" is a famous dance which is
indigenous to the city and its surrounding area. It is performed by men, women, the young and elderly alike; in
festivities, local weddings and harvest times.[49]
While similar to Russian Cossack dances in terms of vividness, the
Trabzon folk dance is probably indigenous to the eastern Black Sea region, which has an impressive variety of folk
music .
The people of Trabzon have a reputation for being religiously conservative and nationalist. Many Trabzonites
generally show a strong sense of loyalty to their family, friends, religion and country. Atatürk selected his
presidential guards from Trabzon and the neighbouring city of Giresun because of their fierce fighting ability and
their loyalty.
Outside of the relatively urban space of Trabzon proper, and within parts of it as well, rural traditions from the
Black Sea village life are still thriving. These include traditional gender roles, social conservatism, hospitality and a
willingness to help strangers; and all aspects, both positive and negative, of an agrarian lifestyle, such as hard work,
poverty, strong family ties, and a closeness to nature.
The people of the eastern Black Sea region are also known for their wit and sense of humour; in fact many jokes in
Turkey are told about the natives of the Black Sea region Karadeniz fıkraları (Black Sea jokes). The character
Temel, a universal buffon figure found in many cultures, forms an important part of the Turkish oral tradition.
The city's profile was raised somewhat in the English-speaking world by Dame Rose Macaulay's last novel, The
Towers of Trebizond (1956), which is still in print.[50]
Education
A view from the Black Sea Technical University campus.
Black Sea Technical University in Trabzon hosts students from all over Turkey, especially from the Black Sea and
East Anatolian regions, as well as students from the Turkic states in Central Asia.
Historically the city was a center of Greek culture and education and from 1683 to 1921, a teachers' college
operated known as Phrontisterion of Trapezous, which provided a major impetus for the rapid expansion of Greek
education throughout the region.[51]
The building of this institution still remains the most impressive Pontic Greek
monument in the city and today hosts the Turkish school Anadolu Lisesi.[52]
9. P a g e | 9
Cuisine
Trabzon's regional cuisine is traditionally reliant on fish, especially hamsi (fresh European Anchovy similar to the
British Sprat or American Smelt). Trabzon meets 20% of the total fish production in Turkey. Regional dishes
include the Akçaabat köfte (spicy lamb meatball from the Akçaabat district), Karadeniz pidesi (canoe shaped pita
bread, often filled with ground beef, cheese and eggs), kuymak (a Turkish fondue made with cornmeal, fresh butter
and cheese), Vakfıkebir ekmeği (large country-style bread), Tonya tereyağı (Tonya butter), tava mısır ekmeği (deep-
dish corn bread) and kara lahana çorbası (bean and cabbage soup). Taflan kavurması is a cherry laurel dish served
with onions and olive oil. Trabzon is also famous for its hazelnuts. The Black Sea region of Turkey is the world's
largest producer of cherry and hazelnut; and a large production area of tea; all of which play an important role in
the local cuisine.
Sports
Trophies won by Trabzonspor at the club's museum.
Football is by far the most popular sport in Trabzon, as Trabzonspor was until 2010 the only Turkish club in
Anatolia to win the Turkish Super League (six times), as the "Big Three" of Istanbul (Fenerbahçe, Galatasaray, and
Beşiktaş) had previously dominated and continue to do so. Due to Trabzonspor's success, the decades-old term
"Big Three" which defined the largest clubs of Turkey had to be modified into the "Big Four".
Trabzonspor is also one of the most successful Turkish clubs in the European Cups, managing to beat numerous
prominent teams such as Barcelona, Inter, Liverpool, Aston Villa and Olympique Lyonnais. Renowned former
players of Trabzonspor include Şenol Güneş, Lars Olsen and Shota Arveladze.
Trabzon hosted the First Edition of the Black Sea Games in July 2007 and the 2011 European Youth Summer
Olympic Festival.
European Olympic Committees President Patrick Hickey told Olympic news source Around the Rings[53]
that the
European Youth Olympic Festival in Trabzon would be the perfect platform for a 2020 Olympic bid from Istanbul.
"If Istanbul is going to make a bid, certainly the Trabzon Games will be a great platform, if they show they can run
a very good event at that level. It is then a great indicator of bigger things to come," he said.
Notable residents
• Sunay Akın, poet and writer
• Engin Ardıç, writer and TV commentator
• Athanasios of Athos (10th century AD), Orthodox
saint
• Adem Ayral, actor
• Cemal Azmi (1868–1922), governor
• Basilios Bessarion, bishop, scholar and writer who
influenced the Renaissance
• Gregory Choniades, Greek astronomer
• Ertem Eğilmez, film director
• Eugenius of Trebizond, Christian saint and martyr
• Mualla Eyüboğlu, one of Turkey's first female
architects[54]
• Bedri Rahmi Eyüboğlu, painter and poet
• George of Trebizond, philosopher, scholar and writer
who influenced the Renaissance
• Erol Günaydın, actor
• Şenol Güneş, football player and manager
• Hayati Hamzaoğlu, actor
• Periklis Hristoforidis, Greek actor
• John VIII, Greek Orthodox Patriarch
• Adnan Kahveci, politician
• Tugay Kerimoğlu, football player
• Volkan Konak musician
• Hami Mandıralı, football player
10. P a g e | 10
• Altan Öymen, journalist, writer and politician
• Michael Panaretos, Greek historian and statesman
• Ioannis Passalidis, Greek politician
• Dimitris Psathas (1907–1979), Greek playwright
• Hasan Saka, politician, minister of foreign affairs and
prime minister
• Osman Şirin, president of the High Court of Appeals
of Turkey
• Suleiman the Magnificent, Ottoman sultan
• Cevdet Sunay, General and fifth president of Turkey
• Leon Zaven Surmelian (1907–1995), Armenian-
American writer
• Fatih Tekke, football player
• Bahriye Üçok, theologist, politician, writer, columnist
and women's rights activist