This document is a 1668 account by a Turkish traveler named Evliya Qelebi describing the fortifications of Acrocorinth in Greece. It provides details on the history and construction of the castle, noting it was originally built by Christians but fell under Turkish control in 1457. The account describes the layout of the castle's walls, gates, buildings, water sources, and population, which included both Christian and Muslim residents living in separate areas. Evliya aims to document everything he sees in vivid detail but is not always historically accurate.
This document provides an introduction to Islam by summarizing its origins and key aspects. It begins with Arabia before Islam, noting the religious practices and highly developed Arabic language. It then discusses Muhammad, describing his early life and role as prophet of Islam. The summary concludes by mentioning the expansion of Islam after Muhammad and an overview of the Koran and its teachings.
'Alexander the Great - buried three times in Egypt' - an online lecture by Dr...Christopher Naunton
Alexander the Great conquered vast amounts of territory and came to rule a greater empire than had ever existed up that time. Along the way he chased the reviled Persians out of Egypt and was welcomed as pharaoh. He stayed in the country for just a few months and never returned, dying a few years later in Babylon. But his body was brought to Egypt for burial by his eventual successor, the general Ptolemy, no doubt in a suitably grand monument. Classical authors tell of visits by Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar, Hadrian and others, but the tomb (or tombs…) has never been located. Where was it, and could it yet be found?
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
The Victory of Samothrace statue dates to around the end of the 4th century BC. It was found in fragments in 1863 on the island of Samothrace and has since been carefully reconstructed, with only the wings being modern additions. The statue originally stood on a ship's prow pedestal and depicts the goddess of victory celebrating a naval victory. Coins from the same time period featuring similar depictions help date the statue and inform its restoration.
Royal Mummies, Robbers & Caches - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
1) Two caches of royal mummies and funerary equipment were discovered in Egypt in 1881 - one at Deir el-Bahri known as the Royal Cache, and one in KV35.
2) Gaston Maspero, the director of the antiquities service, had been investigating the trade of illegal antiquities which led him to two brothers who were tomb robbers. After questioning, one of the brothers revealed the location of the Royal Cache.
3) The cache contained over 40 coffins and mummies belonging mainly to the family of pharaoh Pinudjem II from the 21st dynasty. Most of the mummies and coffins showed signs of damage from ancient tomb robber
'Cleopatra: Tomb, Baths and Birth-house' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
Cleopatra is perhaps one of most famous figures in the ancient world and yet little of what we know about her comes from archaeological evidence in Egypt. The story of her final days is well know and classical accounts tell us a little of her tomb and where it was, but it has never been found. She created a myth that she was Isis and her son, Horus – to help establish their legitimacy – and yet these crucially important scenes were lost over a century ago. Famously she bathed in milk and yet the ‘baths of Cleopatra’ which were a must-see for 19th Century travellers have now disappeared. What happened, and how can Egyptologists’ records help us to retrieve what has been lost?
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
Esfahan: the Imperial Capital of Safavid dynasty (: the Sufi Shahs) which is already "Half the World"
ΑΝΑΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΑΝΕΝΕΡΓΟ ΜΠΛΟΓΚ “ΟΙ ΡΩΜΙΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗΣ”
Το κείμενο του κ. Νίκου Μπαϋρακτάρη είχε αρχικά δημοσιευθεί την 22α Ιουνίου 2019.
Στο κείμενό του αυτό, ο κ. Μπαϋρακτάρης παρουσιάζει τμήμα ομιλίας μου στην Νουρ-σουλτάν (πρώην Αστανά) του Καζακστάν τον Δεκέμβριο του 2018 με θέμα τις μεγάλες αυτοκρατορικές πρωτεύουσες της Ασίας και της Αφρικής, καθώς και την εμφανή κατωτερότητα και αθλιότητα των δυτικο-ευρωπαϊκών πρωτευουσών αποικιοκρατικών χωρών.
'The Coming of the Kushites: Egypt’s Twenty-fifth Dynasty' - an online lectu...Christopher Naunton
The document provides an overview of Egypt's Twenty-fifth Dynasty, which consisted of Kushite kings from Nubia who conquered and ruled Egypt. It discusses the kings Piye, Shabaqo, Shebitqo, Taharqo, and Tantamani based on historical sources and archaeological evidence. It also describes the Kushite kings' conflicts with neighboring Assyria over influence in the Levant during this period when the Kushite dynasty controlled all of Egypt.
'The Missing Tomb of Amenhotep I' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
The document discusses the missing tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep I. Several potential burial sites are mentioned, including Tomb KV39 in the Valley of the Kings, two tombs at Dra Abu el-Naga (Carter's Tomb ANB and Tomb K93 11/12), and a possible site discovered by the Polish cliff-top mission at Deir el-Bahri. No definitive evidence has been found for Amenhotep I's burial, but these sites provide some of the best leads for where his tomb may be located.
This document provides an introduction to Islam by summarizing its origins and key aspects. It begins with Arabia before Islam, noting the religious practices and highly developed Arabic language. It then discusses Muhammad, describing his early life and role as prophet of Islam. The summary concludes by mentioning the expansion of Islam after Muhammad and an overview of the Koran and its teachings.
'Alexander the Great - buried three times in Egypt' - an online lecture by Dr...Christopher Naunton
Alexander the Great conquered vast amounts of territory and came to rule a greater empire than had ever existed up that time. Along the way he chased the reviled Persians out of Egypt and was welcomed as pharaoh. He stayed in the country for just a few months and never returned, dying a few years later in Babylon. But his body was brought to Egypt for burial by his eventual successor, the general Ptolemy, no doubt in a suitably grand monument. Classical authors tell of visits by Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar, Hadrian and others, but the tomb (or tombs…) has never been located. Where was it, and could it yet be found?
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
The Victory of Samothrace statue dates to around the end of the 4th century BC. It was found in fragments in 1863 on the island of Samothrace and has since been carefully reconstructed, with only the wings being modern additions. The statue originally stood on a ship's prow pedestal and depicts the goddess of victory celebrating a naval victory. Coins from the same time period featuring similar depictions help date the statue and inform its restoration.
Royal Mummies, Robbers & Caches - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
1) Two caches of royal mummies and funerary equipment were discovered in Egypt in 1881 - one at Deir el-Bahri known as the Royal Cache, and one in KV35.
2) Gaston Maspero, the director of the antiquities service, had been investigating the trade of illegal antiquities which led him to two brothers who were tomb robbers. After questioning, one of the brothers revealed the location of the Royal Cache.
3) The cache contained over 40 coffins and mummies belonging mainly to the family of pharaoh Pinudjem II from the 21st dynasty. Most of the mummies and coffins showed signs of damage from ancient tomb robber
'Cleopatra: Tomb, Baths and Birth-house' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
Cleopatra is perhaps one of most famous figures in the ancient world and yet little of what we know about her comes from archaeological evidence in Egypt. The story of her final days is well know and classical accounts tell us a little of her tomb and where it was, but it has never been found. She created a myth that she was Isis and her son, Horus – to help establish their legitimacy – and yet these crucially important scenes were lost over a century ago. Famously she bathed in milk and yet the ‘baths of Cleopatra’ which were a must-see for 19th Century travellers have now disappeared. What happened, and how can Egyptologists’ records help us to retrieve what has been lost?
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
Esfahan: the Imperial Capital of Safavid dynasty (: the Sufi Shahs) which is already "Half the World"
ΑΝΑΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΑΝΕΝΕΡΓΟ ΜΠΛΟΓΚ “ΟΙ ΡΩΜΙΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗΣ”
Το κείμενο του κ. Νίκου Μπαϋρακτάρη είχε αρχικά δημοσιευθεί την 22α Ιουνίου 2019.
Στο κείμενό του αυτό, ο κ. Μπαϋρακτάρης παρουσιάζει τμήμα ομιλίας μου στην Νουρ-σουλτάν (πρώην Αστανά) του Καζακστάν τον Δεκέμβριο του 2018 με θέμα τις μεγάλες αυτοκρατορικές πρωτεύουσες της Ασίας και της Αφρικής, καθώς και την εμφανή κατωτερότητα και αθλιότητα των δυτικο-ευρωπαϊκών πρωτευουσών αποικιοκρατικών χωρών.
'The Coming of the Kushites: Egypt’s Twenty-fifth Dynasty' - an online lectu...Christopher Naunton
The document provides an overview of Egypt's Twenty-fifth Dynasty, which consisted of Kushite kings from Nubia who conquered and ruled Egypt. It discusses the kings Piye, Shabaqo, Shebitqo, Taharqo, and Tantamani based on historical sources and archaeological evidence. It also describes the Kushite kings' conflicts with neighboring Assyria over influence in the Levant during this period when the Kushite dynasty controlled all of Egypt.
'The Missing Tomb of Amenhotep I' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
The document discusses the missing tomb of Pharaoh Amenhotep I. Several potential burial sites are mentioned, including Tomb KV39 in the Valley of the Kings, two tombs at Dra Abu el-Naga (Carter's Tomb ANB and Tomb K93 11/12), and a possible site discovered by the Polish cliff-top mission at Deir el-Bahri. No definitive evidence has been found for Amenhotep I's burial, but these sites provide some of the best leads for where his tomb may be located.
The document provides a summary of the author's trip to Cairo, Egypt. Some key points:
- The author visits various historic sites in Cairo like El Fishawy's cafe in the Khan el-Khalili bazaar and the Mu'izz Street marketplace.
- Since the 2011 revolution, Cairo has seen fewer tourists but the author experiences the city without mass tourism.
- The author stays at the former Al Gezira Palace hotel, now the Cairo Marriott, which blends European and Moorish architecture.
- Important sights visited include the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, housing over 100,000 artifacts, and the Pyramids of Giza.
- The author experiences
The socio political dialog in the poetry of muhammad fuzūlī (d.9631556)31556)Maryam Musharraf
Muhammad Fuzūlī was a 16th century poet who wrote in Persian, Turkish, and Arabic. He lived during a time of conflict between the Shi'a Safavid dynasty of Iran and the Sunni Ottoman Empire, who frequently battled over control of Iraq where Fuzūlī resided. As a Shi'a supporter living in a contested region, Fuzūlī had to carefully navigate praising both rulers to avoid persecution. In some poems he apologized to Shah Ismail I of Iran for unknown "sins", possibly related to supporting the Ottomans earlier. However, despite his accomplishments, Fuzūlī was never fully accepted by either rival court due to the complex political situation
'The Twenty-first Dynasty' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
Part one of a four-part series on the Third Intermediate Period (TIP) for the Kemet Klub.
The TIP has been much misunderstood. Spanning roughly four centuries it is a period characterised by cycles of division and reunification within the country, and also the influence of foreigners, particularly various groups of ‘Libyan’ settlers, and the emerging new power in the south, the kingdom of Kush. Individuals from both groups came to rule Egypt as pharaoh at various times. Archaeological and textual evidence for the period is fragmentary and has proven difficult to reconcile with other sources, particularly the king list provided by the historian Manetho. We now have a much improved understanding of how Egypt changed during the TIP, of what was distinctive about it, and in particular how Egypt was influenced by the foreign groups. Also vice versa, much more so perhaps, to the extent that even though we refer to parts of the period as the ‘Libyan’ or Kushite’ periods, Egypt was still very much Egypt.
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
The document presents several Croatian legends:
1) The legend of the "Little Moors" explains the origin of a piece of valuable jewelry found in the area depicting a black man in a turban.
2) The legend of Karolina of Rijeka, who saved her city from destruction during the Napoleonic Wars by convincing a British admiral to cease shelling through her beauty and charm.
3) The myth of Cres explains the origin of the name based on a Greek story about the Argonauts taking the Golden Fleece and the dismembered body parts of their pursuer forming the islands.
'After Akhenaten' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
What happened after Akhenaten’s death? Where was he buried? Who succeeded him? Could it have been Nefertiti? And who was Smenkhkare? Tantalising clues have been found at Amarna and in the Valley of Kings. But how to make sense of them?
For more information about this and other online lectures please visit https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/
'The Royal Tombs of Tanis and The Missing Third Intermediate Period Tombs' ...Christopher Naunton
Part three of a four-part series on the Third Intermediate Period (TIP) in Egypt for the Kemet Klub.
The TIP has been much misunderstood. Spanning roughly four centuries it is a period characterised by cycles of division and reunification within the country, and also the influence of foreigners, particularly various groups of ‘Libyan’ settlers, and the emerging new power in the south, the kingdom of Kush. Individuals from both groups came to rule Egypt as pharaoh at various times. Archaeological and textual evidence for the period is fragmentary and has proven difficult to reconcile with other sources, particularly the king list provided by the historian Manetho. We now have a much improved understanding of how Egypt changed during the TIP, of what was distinctive about it, and in particular how Egypt was influenced by the foreign groups. Also vice versa, much more so perhaps, to the extent that even though we refer to parts of the period as the ‘Libyan’ or Kushite’ periods, Egypt was still very much Egypt.
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
Ferdowsi, the Paradisiacal: National Poet of all Iranians and Turanians, Founder of Modern Eurasiatic Civilization
ΑΝΑΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΑΝΕΝΕΡΓΟ ΜΠΛΟΓΚ “ΟΙ ΡΩΜΙΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗΣ”
Το κείμενο του κ. Νίκου Μπαϋρακτάρη είχε αρχικά δημοσιευθεί την 28η Αυγούστου 2019.
Στο κείμενό του αυτό ο κ. Μπαϋρακτάρης παραθέτει στοιχεία από ημερήσιο σεμινάριο στο οποίο παρουσίασα (Πεκίνο, Ιανουάριος 2018) τα θεμέλια της ισλαμικής και νεώτερης παιδείας και πολιτισμού όλων των Τουρανών, Ιρανών και πολλών άλλων μουσουλμάνων και μη Ασιατών.
This document provides background information on Emile Prisse d'Avennes, the author of the Atlas of Egyptian Art. It summarizes that Prisse was a French scholar and draftsman who spent two expeditions in Egypt between 1827-1860 meticulously documenting Egyptian monuments and art. The document discusses Prisse's personality and relationship with his traveling companions, providing new insights into his work and the creation of the Atlas from primary sources that have been discovered.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Egyptian art across different historical periods and dynasties. It discusses Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife and how this was reflected in funerary art and architecture. Specific artworks and structures are described, such as pyramids, temples, and sculptures, along with the symbolism and artistic styles of each period. Chronological information is also provided to give historical context to the artistic developments.
This document provides an overview and summary of key events and characters from the biblical book of Esther. It notes that Esther is one of two books where God is not mentioned. It describes the famous battle that occurred during Esther's time and notes that Esther authorized the Jewish holiday of Purim. The document then provides details of conversations and events between Esther, Mordecai, and the king involving a plot by Haman to kill all Jews in the kingdom.
Tutankhamun: in Life, Death & Eternal Afterlife' - an online lecture by Dr Ch...Christopher Naunton
The discovery of the intact tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun by Howard Carter in 1922 was the greatest moment in the history of archaeology. It brought to light more than 5,000 of the most exquisite objects to have survived from the ancient world, masterpieces which speak to the vision and imagination of the Egyptian artists and craftsmen, and their ability to work with a wide range of materials – wood, stone, ceramic and precious metals especially, of course, gold. Such beautiful objects need no more explanation – they can simply be enjoyed as exquisite works of art – but in fact every item was present in the tomb for a reason: they were the equipment the king would need for his journey to an eternal afterlife. This is the story of how he got there – of an eventful life, an early death, what came next, and how the treasures in his tomb have helped us to tell that story.
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
1. King Xerxes ruled over 127 provinces from India to Ethiopia and held lavish banquets for officials and servants.
2. At one banquet, the king demanded his wife Queen Vashti appear before his guests but she refused, angering the king. His advisers suggested permanently banishing Vashti and choosing a new queen.
3. The king agreed and had beautiful young women from across his empire brought to the palace harem to be considered for the new queen. One of these women was Esther, who was adopted by her cousin Mordecai.
This chapter discusses the virtue of wisdom and defines it as knowledge of the sublime reasons for why beings exist and the obvious reasons for things that have reasons for their existence. It explains that all beings ultimately ascend to one supreme being, who caused other beings to exist. This one being is the first in reality, self-sufficient, and fundamentally different from all other beings. He is the one who assigned identities to others and is the original truth from which others derive their essence.
The project gutenberg e book of the book of the thousand nightsAndrei Hortúa
This document provides an introduction and summary for the translated work "The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night" by Richard F. Burton. The introduction describes Burton's history translating the work while exiled in Africa and South America, finding it a source of escape. It summarizes the contents of Volume 1 including stories, tales, and sections on characters like Shahryar and Shahzaman. The introduction aims to transport readers to Arabia through vivid descriptions and explains the work's popularity among Arab audiences.
The poem Beowulf tells the story of a Geatish hero named Beowulf who helps the Danish king Hrothgar. Hrothgar had built a great hall called Heorot, but it was being attacked by the monster Grendel, who would come at night and kill Hrothgar's warriors. Beowulf hears of this and comes with his men to help. Beowulf fights Grendel barehanded and kills him, saving the kingdom. However, Grendel's mother seeks revenge, so Beowulf later tracks her down and slays her as well, completing his task of ridding the land of threats.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Egyptian art, including their fascination with the afterlife and the artistic revolution during the Amarna period. It discusses the importance of patronage and symbolism in Egyptian art and compares it to Near Eastern examples. Several works of art are described in brief, including the Palette of King Narmer, the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, the Great Pyramids at Giza, and sculptures from the Old Kingdom including the Great Sphinx and statues of Khafre, Menkaure and Khamerernebty, and a Seated Scribe. A chronology of major periods of Egyptian history is also included.
This document provides a detailed analysis of the historical figure Hiram Abif and the development of his legend within Freemasonry. It discusses the various biblical references to Hiram Abif and analyzes the earliest Masonic manuscripts that mention him. While the legend of Hiram Abif cannot be proven historically, the document argues he was likely a highly skilled architect and builder given the context of the time period and the scale of the project he oversaw. It concludes by stating that while details of Hiram Abif are uncertain, envisioning him as a great and virtuous figure can still be inspiring to Freemasons.
Khan Tervel was a Bulgarian ruler in the early 8th century who helped the Byzantine Empire on two occasions. According to local legend, his daughter fell from the Madara cliffs because of her forbidden love for an ordinary stonemason who carved the famous Madara Horseman relief. The horseman carving is believed to date back to Khan Tervel's time in the early 700s to commemorate one of his victories that saved the Byzantines.
World Habitat Day will be observed on October 3rd by Habitat for Humanity of Utah County through a sale at its ReStores in Orem and Spanish Fork on October 6th where selected items will be 50% off. Habitat will also offer a new leadership training series called Voice of Women for female Habitat homeowners starting on October 5th to provide leadership skills. Lastly, Habitat asks the community to join in recognizing the basic right of everyone to adequate shelter.
Marketing y redes sociales ¿al rescate de nuestra empresa?***
Presentación para concienciar sobre la aplicación del marketing y las redes sociales como herramienta de ayuda para las empresas 3.0 ante el panorama actual
The document provides a summary of the author's trip to Cairo, Egypt. Some key points:
- The author visits various historic sites in Cairo like El Fishawy's cafe in the Khan el-Khalili bazaar and the Mu'izz Street marketplace.
- Since the 2011 revolution, Cairo has seen fewer tourists but the author experiences the city without mass tourism.
- The author stays at the former Al Gezira Palace hotel, now the Cairo Marriott, which blends European and Moorish architecture.
- Important sights visited include the Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, housing over 100,000 artifacts, and the Pyramids of Giza.
- The author experiences
The socio political dialog in the poetry of muhammad fuzūlī (d.9631556)31556)Maryam Musharraf
Muhammad Fuzūlī was a 16th century poet who wrote in Persian, Turkish, and Arabic. He lived during a time of conflict between the Shi'a Safavid dynasty of Iran and the Sunni Ottoman Empire, who frequently battled over control of Iraq where Fuzūlī resided. As a Shi'a supporter living in a contested region, Fuzūlī had to carefully navigate praising both rulers to avoid persecution. In some poems he apologized to Shah Ismail I of Iran for unknown "sins", possibly related to supporting the Ottomans earlier. However, despite his accomplishments, Fuzūlī was never fully accepted by either rival court due to the complex political situation
'The Twenty-first Dynasty' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
Part one of a four-part series on the Third Intermediate Period (TIP) for the Kemet Klub.
The TIP has been much misunderstood. Spanning roughly four centuries it is a period characterised by cycles of division and reunification within the country, and also the influence of foreigners, particularly various groups of ‘Libyan’ settlers, and the emerging new power in the south, the kingdom of Kush. Individuals from both groups came to rule Egypt as pharaoh at various times. Archaeological and textual evidence for the period is fragmentary and has proven difficult to reconcile with other sources, particularly the king list provided by the historian Manetho. We now have a much improved understanding of how Egypt changed during the TIP, of what was distinctive about it, and in particular how Egypt was influenced by the foreign groups. Also vice versa, much more so perhaps, to the extent that even though we refer to parts of the period as the ‘Libyan’ or Kushite’ periods, Egypt was still very much Egypt.
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
The document presents several Croatian legends:
1) The legend of the "Little Moors" explains the origin of a piece of valuable jewelry found in the area depicting a black man in a turban.
2) The legend of Karolina of Rijeka, who saved her city from destruction during the Napoleonic Wars by convincing a British admiral to cease shelling through her beauty and charm.
3) The myth of Cres explains the origin of the name based on a Greek story about the Argonauts taking the Golden Fleece and the dismembered body parts of their pursuer forming the islands.
'After Akhenaten' - an online lecture by Dr Chris NauntonChristopher Naunton
What happened after Akhenaten’s death? Where was he buried? Who succeeded him? Could it have been Nefertiti? And who was Smenkhkare? Tantalising clues have been found at Amarna and in the Valley of Kings. But how to make sense of them?
For more information about this and other online lectures please visit https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/
'The Royal Tombs of Tanis and The Missing Third Intermediate Period Tombs' ...Christopher Naunton
Part three of a four-part series on the Third Intermediate Period (TIP) in Egypt for the Kemet Klub.
The TIP has been much misunderstood. Spanning roughly four centuries it is a period characterised by cycles of division and reunification within the country, and also the influence of foreigners, particularly various groups of ‘Libyan’ settlers, and the emerging new power in the south, the kingdom of Kush. Individuals from both groups came to rule Egypt as pharaoh at various times. Archaeological and textual evidence for the period is fragmentary and has proven difficult to reconcile with other sources, particularly the king list provided by the historian Manetho. We now have a much improved understanding of how Egypt changed during the TIP, of what was distinctive about it, and in particular how Egypt was influenced by the foreign groups. Also vice versa, much more so perhaps, to the extent that even though we refer to parts of the period as the ‘Libyan’ or Kushite’ periods, Egypt was still very much Egypt.
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
Ferdowsi, the Paradisiacal: National Poet of all Iranians and Turanians, Founder of Modern Eurasiatic Civilization
ΑΝΑΔΗΜΟΣΙΕΥΣΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΟ ΣΗΜΕΡΑ ΑΝΕΝΕΡΓΟ ΜΠΛΟΓΚ “ΟΙ ΡΩΜΙΟΙ ΤΗΣ ΑΝΑΤΟΛΗΣ”
Το κείμενο του κ. Νίκου Μπαϋρακτάρη είχε αρχικά δημοσιευθεί την 28η Αυγούστου 2019.
Στο κείμενό του αυτό ο κ. Μπαϋρακτάρης παραθέτει στοιχεία από ημερήσιο σεμινάριο στο οποίο παρουσίασα (Πεκίνο, Ιανουάριος 2018) τα θεμέλια της ισλαμικής και νεώτερης παιδείας και πολιτισμού όλων των Τουρανών, Ιρανών και πολλών άλλων μουσουλμάνων και μη Ασιατών.
This document provides background information on Emile Prisse d'Avennes, the author of the Atlas of Egyptian Art. It summarizes that Prisse was a French scholar and draftsman who spent two expeditions in Egypt between 1827-1860 meticulously documenting Egyptian monuments and art. The document discusses Prisse's personality and relationship with his traveling companions, providing new insights into his work and the creation of the Atlas from primary sources that have been discovered.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Egyptian art across different historical periods and dynasties. It discusses Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife and how this was reflected in funerary art and architecture. Specific artworks and structures are described, such as pyramids, temples, and sculptures, along with the symbolism and artistic styles of each period. Chronological information is also provided to give historical context to the artistic developments.
This document provides an overview and summary of key events and characters from the biblical book of Esther. It notes that Esther is one of two books where God is not mentioned. It describes the famous battle that occurred during Esther's time and notes that Esther authorized the Jewish holiday of Purim. The document then provides details of conversations and events between Esther, Mordecai, and the king involving a plot by Haman to kill all Jews in the kingdom.
Tutankhamun: in Life, Death & Eternal Afterlife' - an online lecture by Dr Ch...Christopher Naunton
The discovery of the intact tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamun by Howard Carter in 1922 was the greatest moment in the history of archaeology. It brought to light more than 5,000 of the most exquisite objects to have survived from the ancient world, masterpieces which speak to the vision and imagination of the Egyptian artists and craftsmen, and their ability to work with a wide range of materials – wood, stone, ceramic and precious metals especially, of course, gold. Such beautiful objects need no more explanation – they can simply be enjoyed as exquisite works of art – but in fact every item was present in the tomb for a reason: they were the equipment the king would need for his journey to an eternal afterlife. This is the story of how he got there – of an eventful life, an early death, what came next, and how the treasures in his tomb have helped us to tell that story.
I regularly give lectures online like this one, on a variety of themes connected with Egypt and the ancient world. For more info or to register for the next one please go to https://chrisnaunton.com/online-lectures/ Hope to see you at the next talk!
1. King Xerxes ruled over 127 provinces from India to Ethiopia and held lavish banquets for officials and servants.
2. At one banquet, the king demanded his wife Queen Vashti appear before his guests but she refused, angering the king. His advisers suggested permanently banishing Vashti and choosing a new queen.
3. The king agreed and had beautiful young women from across his empire brought to the palace harem to be considered for the new queen. One of these women was Esther, who was adopted by her cousin Mordecai.
This chapter discusses the virtue of wisdom and defines it as knowledge of the sublime reasons for why beings exist and the obvious reasons for things that have reasons for their existence. It explains that all beings ultimately ascend to one supreme being, who caused other beings to exist. This one being is the first in reality, self-sufficient, and fundamentally different from all other beings. He is the one who assigned identities to others and is the original truth from which others derive their essence.
The project gutenberg e book of the book of the thousand nightsAndrei Hortúa
This document provides an introduction and summary for the translated work "The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night" by Richard F. Burton. The introduction describes Burton's history translating the work while exiled in Africa and South America, finding it a source of escape. It summarizes the contents of Volume 1 including stories, tales, and sections on characters like Shahryar and Shahzaman. The introduction aims to transport readers to Arabia through vivid descriptions and explains the work's popularity among Arab audiences.
The poem Beowulf tells the story of a Geatish hero named Beowulf who helps the Danish king Hrothgar. Hrothgar had built a great hall called Heorot, but it was being attacked by the monster Grendel, who would come at night and kill Hrothgar's warriors. Beowulf hears of this and comes with his men to help. Beowulf fights Grendel barehanded and kills him, saving the kingdom. However, Grendel's mother seeks revenge, so Beowulf later tracks her down and slays her as well, completing his task of ridding the land of threats.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Egyptian art, including their fascination with the afterlife and the artistic revolution during the Amarna period. It discusses the importance of patronage and symbolism in Egyptian art and compares it to Near Eastern examples. Several works of art are described in brief, including the Palette of King Narmer, the Stepped Pyramid of Djoser, the Great Pyramids at Giza, and sculptures from the Old Kingdom including the Great Sphinx and statues of Khafre, Menkaure and Khamerernebty, and a Seated Scribe. A chronology of major periods of Egyptian history is also included.
This document provides a detailed analysis of the historical figure Hiram Abif and the development of his legend within Freemasonry. It discusses the various biblical references to Hiram Abif and analyzes the earliest Masonic manuscripts that mention him. While the legend of Hiram Abif cannot be proven historically, the document argues he was likely a highly skilled architect and builder given the context of the time period and the scale of the project he oversaw. It concludes by stating that while details of Hiram Abif are uncertain, envisioning him as a great and virtuous figure can still be inspiring to Freemasons.
Khan Tervel was a Bulgarian ruler in the early 8th century who helped the Byzantine Empire on two occasions. According to local legend, his daughter fell from the Madara cliffs because of her forbidden love for an ordinary stonemason who carved the famous Madara Horseman relief. The horseman carving is believed to date back to Khan Tervel's time in the early 700s to commemorate one of his victories that saved the Byzantines.
World Habitat Day will be observed on October 3rd by Habitat for Humanity of Utah County through a sale at its ReStores in Orem and Spanish Fork on October 6th where selected items will be 50% off. Habitat will also offer a new leadership training series called Voice of Women for female Habitat homeowners starting on October 5th to provide leadership skills. Lastly, Habitat asks the community to join in recognizing the basic right of everyone to adequate shelter.
Marketing y redes sociales ¿al rescate de nuestra empresa?***
Presentación para concienciar sobre la aplicación del marketing y las redes sociales como herramienta de ayuda para las empresas 3.0 ante el panorama actual
El documento analiza los informes PISA sobre el fracaso escolar en España. Señala que Andalucía, la Comunidad Valenciana y Melilla tienen altas tasas de fracaso escolar, mientras que Asturias, Murcia y el País Vasco tienen las más bajas. Explica que las comunidades del norte de España suelen tener mejores resultados académicos y menores tasas de abandono escolar que las del sur. Además, indica que el fracaso escolar en España ha estado por encima del promedio de la Unión Europea.
Habitat for Humanity of Utah County celebrated its 25th anniversary with a sale and giveaways. The local affiliate was founded in 1991 and has since built homes for hundreds of families in need. Volunteers are needed to help with the annual gift-wrapping fundraiser between December 17-24 to benefit a home being built for a single mother and her children. The document also provides information on various other Habitat events and volunteer opportunities.
Por qué las burbujas de jabón son de coloresdaniglesias
Las burbujas de jabón son de colores debido a un fenómeno de interferencia de la luz causado por la reflexión de la luz en las delgadas capas de agua jabonosa que forman las paredes de la burbuja. Cuando la luz se refleja en estas capas muy cercanas, los reflejos se mezclan ligeramente desplazados, anulando o potenciando ciertas longitudes de onda y produciendo los distintos colores visibles. A medida que la burbuja se evapora, el espesor de sus paredes
Este documento describe los siete niveles de organización de la materia viva: 1) nivel subatómico, 2) nivel atómico, 3) nivel molecular, 4) nivel celular, 5) nivel pluricelular, 6) nivel de población, y 7) nivel de ecosistema. Cada nivel presenta una mayor complejidad estructural y funcional que el anterior, desde las partículas subatómicas hasta las interrelaciones entre poblaciones y su medio no orgánico en el ecosistema.
Istanbul has been the capital of three great empires over 1600 years. It was officially conquered by the Ottomans in 1453 and became their capital, renamed from Constantinople to Istanbul. As the largest city in Turkey, Istanbul straddles Europe and Asia with a strategic location and varied climate. It has a long history and is renowned for its palaces, mosques, bazaars and museums, making it a popular tourist destination with much to see and experience.
Freemasonry 257 freemasonry in 18th century izmir - boogertColinJxxx
This document provides background information on Alexander Drummond and examines his claim to have established the first Freemason lodge in Izmir, Turkey in the 18th century. It outlines Drummond's career, including his time as British Consul in Aleppo, Syria, and discusses his only published work from 1754 which described a trip through Europe and Asia and mentioned founding a Freemason lodge in Izmir. However, other accounts from the time period do not corroborate the existence of this lodge. The document aims to determine if Drummond did indeed establish the lodge and provide more details about its members and duration.
Freemasonry 257 freemasonry in 18th century izmir - boogertColinJxxx
This document provides context and analysis regarding a passage from Alexander Drummond's 1754 travelogue that mentions the founding of a Freemason lodge in Izmir in the 18th century. It summarizes Drummond's background and career, finding inconsistencies and a cloud over his early career in customs that raise doubts about the reliability of his account. It also examines other sources that fail to corroborate or mention the lodge in Izmir, leaving open questions about whether and when such a lodge was actually established there.
This document provides an overview of the history of English literature from the 9th century to the late 19th century. It summarizes key writers and literary periods, including Old English works, Geoffrey Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales, William Shakespeare and his plays, the Romantic period writers like William Wordsworth, and the development of novels by authors such as Daniel Defoe. The document aims to give students insight into the major influences and developments in English literature over this long time period.
Tricentenaire des Lettres persanes de MontesquieuKevin Lognoné
2021 est l'année du Tricentenaire des Lettres persanes de Montesquieu.
En 1721, Montesquieu fait publier les Lettres persanes anonymement et à Amsterdam.
Il s'agissait à l'époque de contourner la censure. Jusqu’à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, tout ouvrage devait obtenir le privilège royal pour être publié.
Cette présentation est l'occasion de débattre, 300 ans après sa publication, de la diplomatie des cultures et ce jeu subtil de miroir déformé.
The document provides an overview of European literature from ancient Greece to the 20th century, covering major works, authors, and periods. It discusses Greek authors like Homer, Sophocles, and Euripides. For Rome, it mentions Virgil's Aeneid. The Middle Ages produced epics like the Nibelungenlied. The Renaissance saw the rediscovery of classical works. Countries covered include France, Germany, Italy, Russia, and Scandinavia. It provides biographical details and summaries of works by authors like Dante, Goethe, Pushkin, and Tolstoy.
This is depicting a feudal society. The drawing shows different aspects of daily life within a castle and its surrounding lands during the Middle Ages.
CO M P E T E N C E S
A N D S U B CO M P E T E N C E S
1. Linguistic competence
1.1. Understand oral and written texts in different subject areas.
1.2. Express oneself orally and in writing in a clear, organised manner.
Ẉ Read the text and complete the sentences with the correct option.
A castle was the fortified private residence of a lord. The castle was a home as well as a stronghold. A
castle was also a community,
Freemasonry 196 the history of freemasonry in turkeyColinJxxx
The document provides a detailed history of Freemasonry in Turkey from its origins in the early 18th century through the early 20th century. Key points include:
- The first known Masonic lodge in Turkey was established in Istanbul around 1721 by Genoese residents.
- Freemasonry grew with the influence of European powers but was periodically banned by the Ottoman Empire.
- The late 19th century saw a proliferation of lodges from different countries established across Turkey.
- Many reformist Young Turks who established the constitutional monarchy and later deposed the Sultan were Freemasons.
- The period from 1908 to 1918 after the Young Turks' revolution is described as the "Mason
The document discusses early Christian missions along the Silk Road from the 7th to 10th centuries. It describes how in 635, the first Christian missionary named Alopen arrived in China from Syria and translated the Bible into Chinese. It discusses the discovery of the Nestorian Stele in 1625 that described over 150 years of Christianity in China since Alopen. The stele provides details on some of the early Syrian and Persian missionaries who spread Nestorian Christianity across Asia during this time period. It examines what can be learned about early Christian missions along the Silk Road from these accounts.
Emperor Claudius I and the Etruscans by Keith ArmstrongKeith Armstrong
Emperor Claudius I who was born with cerebral palsy. Apart from being an emperor he was also a major Roman historian who was tutored by Livy (one of most significant Roman historians of all time). Claudius wrote a number of history books and he was one of the last major figures to be fluent in Etruscan. Emperor Claudius I first wife was Etruscan. He also wrote a history of the Etruscans which has since disappeared.
The document discusses a circle of translators in early 19th century Damietta, Egypt who translated Enlightenment works from Greek into Arabic. They worked out of the household of the wealthy Syrian Christian merchant Basili Fakhr. The circle translated scientific, fictional, and historical works. The document examines the translations produced, influences on the project like the Modern Greek Enlightenment, and compares it to similar translation efforts in Constantinople. It analyzes the diffusion of the translations and their influence on readers, assessing the significance of the Damietta Circle for literary and cultural history in the Arab world.
1) The document describes the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 AD with the Ottoman siege and capture of Constantinople.
2) It discusses the intellectual revival in the Peloponnese during the last years of the empire under the philosopher Plethon.
3) Plethon hoped his reforms could strengthen the empire against the Ottomans but they were not adopted in time to make a difference as the Ottomans tightened their control.
4) The document culminates with the Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II launching a massive assault on Constantinople in 1453, breaching the walls and ending the Byzantine Empire after Constantine XI died defending the city.
This document provides background information on Constantinople and the Ottoman Empire leading up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. It summarizes the political instability in Constantinople under the new emperor Constantine XI, including his rivalry with his brother Demetrios. It also describes the rise of Mehmet II as the new leader of the Ottoman Empire who was destined to lead the attack on Constantinople. The document outlines plans for a TV series telling the story from both the Byzantine and Ottoman perspectives leading up to and including the final battle in 1453.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE’S INFLUENCE ON THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (English Version)Dunia_Ciebeck
Shakespeare’s Career
¢Wrote 37 plays
¢Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories, and romances (not what you think)
¢Also wrote 154 sonnets and several narrative poems all dedicated to Sir Henry Wriothesley
¢He was an actor, writer, director, and business man
¢Became known for his imaginative use of language and timelessness.
Brief Biography of William Shakespeare
•He was baptized on April 26, 1564
–There were no such things as birth certificates at this time. However, babies were usually baptized three days after their birth—hence Shakespeare’s birth date of April 23, 1564
•He was married at the age of 18 to 26 year old Anne Hathaway
•He fathered three children (two girls, one boy)
–His son died young
•He was part owner of the Globe Theater
•He died on April 23, 1616
AL4ED - Pro Art and Co - The Road Silk Landscapes and TraditionSimone Petrucci
This document provides biographical information about artist Lilya Pavlovic-Dear and summarizes her education and career highlights. It notes that she was born in Serbia in 1947 and received degrees from art academies in Belgrade and London. Her work, which includes oil paintings inspired by Marco Polo's travels, has been exhibited widely in Europe and the US and is in the collections of several prominent museums. Pavlovic-Dear's work focuses on themes from Byzantine civilization and the Silk Road.
This document provides a summary of Thomas More's book "Utopia". It describes how More was sent as an ambassador to Flanders and became acquainted with Raphael Hythloday, a well-travelled Portuguese man. Hythloday tells More about the island of Utopia, which has an ideal society with unusual social and political institutions. The summary outlines some of Utopia's unconventional customs, such as common ownership of property and a lack of money. It also notes Utopia was intended by More as a critique of issues in his own society.
This document provides a summary of Thomas More's book "Utopia". It describes how More was sent as an ambassador to Flanders and became acquainted with Raphael Hythloday, a well-travelled Portuguese man. Hythloday tells More about the island of Utopia, which has an ideal society with unusual social and political institutions. The summary outlines some of Utopia's unconventional customs, such as common ownership of property and a lack of money. It also notes Utopia was intended by More as a critique of issues in his own society.
The document provides historical context on the Elizabethan period from 1558-1603 in England. It discusses the Tudor dynasty beginning with Henry VII, the rise of the middle class, developments in religion and commerce, and influential figures like William Shakespeare. Specifically regarding literature in the Elizabethan era, it notes the flourishing of drama and poetry including sonnets and works by Edmund Spenser. Major playwrights of the time included Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and the "University Wits". Theatres grew more popular as tragedy and comedy developed from classical influences.
This document provides a book review and commentary on the book "Trojan Horse of Western History" by Anatoly V. Belyakov and Oleg A. Matveyshev. The reviewer critiques the authors' lack of consideration of important historical sources from Egypt, Ugarit, Assyria, and Babylon that are relevant to understanding the late 2nd millennium BCE Near East. The reviewer argues these sources could have provided crucial context for the authors' alternative interpretation of the Trojan War presented in their book. Additionally, the reviewer notes the authors did not conduct an extensive study of Hittite sources, which limits their analysis of developments in western Anatolia and beyond during this time period.
First published on 10th May 2021 here:
https://megalommatis.wordpress.com/2021/05/10/ethiopian-ocean-a-16th-c-colonial-term-the-treaties-of-alcacovas-1479-tordesillas-1494-and-zaragoza-1529-and-the-ottoman-stiffness-and-incompetence/
Contents
I. Misinterpretation of a 15th c. Unhistorical Term by 21st c. Crooks
II. No 'Ethiopian Ocean' (or Sea) in 'Classical Geographical Works'
III. Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Iranians, the Circumnavigation of Africa, and the Geographical Terms Used
IV. Libya (: 'Africa'), the Periplus of Hanno, and the Early Use of the Term 'Atlantic Sea'
V. The Terms 'Ocean' and 'Sea', and the leading Ancient Egyptian Scholar Ptolemy the Geographer
VI. The Treaties of Alcáçovas (1479), Tordesillas (1494) and Zaragoza (1529), and the Use of the Terms 'Sea of Ethiopia' and 'Sea of India'
VII. The Treaties of Alcáçovas, Tordesillas and Zaragoza, Portuguese-Spanish Colonial Conquests, Ottoman Ignorance and Stiffness, and the Collapse of the Islamic World
'Ethiopian Ocean': a 16th c. Colonial Term, the Treaties of Alcáçovas (1479),...
147608
1. Acrocorinth in 1668, a Turkish Account
Author(s): Pierre MacKay
Source: Hesperia, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1968), pp. 386-397
Published by: American School of Classical Studies at Athens
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/147608
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2. ACROCORINTH IN 1668, A TURKISH ACCOUNT
(PLATES 114-115)
FORhis pages on the history of the fortifications of Acrocorinth in the period
between the Turkish conquest in 1458 and the Venetian conquest in 1687,
Antoine Bon had available as sources only the published observations of Jacob Spon
and George Wheler, from their journey in 1676. Valuable as they are, these accounts
are not systematic, and they present a picture sufficiently disordered that Bon was
led to conclude that the descriptions of the two travellers confuse as much as they
enlighten.' In fact, their remarks are reasonably sound as far as they go, but need
comparison with an independent source before they can be thoroughly disentangled.
Such a source exists, not in western European literatures, but in Ottoman Turkish.
In the year 1668, a Turkish writer named Evliya Qelebi (Evliy'a Tchelebi) came to
Corinth, and his description of the fortifications in the eighth volume of his Seyahat-
name, " Travel-book," is by far the best account of Turkish Acrocorinth before the
Venetian occupation.2
Evliya was a traveller by vocation. He tells us that at the age of about 19 he
saw the prophet Mohammed in a dream, and was invited to ask a favor. In his
agitation, he stanmmered, and asked for travels (seyahat) rather than the conven-
tional intercession with God (sefaat). Mohammed answered smiling, " God grant
you intercession, and also travels and pilgrimages, in health and safety." 3 Partly in
deference to his family, Evliya restrained himself for ten years thereafter, but at the
age of 29, in the year 1640, he slipped off from Istanbul to Bursa to try out
Mohammed's gift. From then on he never looked back. He was almost steadily on
the move, sometimes on official, sometimes on private, business till at least 1672. He
went throughout the Ottoman Empire, and as far as Abyssinia in the south. In the
north, he claims to have visited the Rhineland and Dunkirk, but there is considerable
doubt that he ever got past Vienna. The writing of his vast ten-volume Seyahatname
occupied the years around 1680, which is the last recorded date.4 The Seyahatname
'R. Carpenter and A. Bon, Corinth, III, ii, The Defenses of Acrocorinth and the Lower
Town, Cambridge, 1936, pp. 146-149.
2 The text of the Seyahatname exists in only one full edition, with a long and varied history
of publication: Volumes I-VI, poorly edited, censored and largely abridged, Istanbul, 1314-1318
(ca. A.D. 1896-1900); VII-VIII, Istanbul, 1928; and in Latin letter transcription only, IX, Istanbul,
1935 and X, Istanbul, 1938.
-3Seyahatname I, p. 30. For the transcription of words from Ottoman script, I have used the
simplest form of the Modern Turkish alphabet. The sounds represented in this alphabet are largely
self-explanatory, except that c dj, q = tch, and s = sh; h after s and t is pronounced inde-
=
pendently, and does not produce the English sounds sh or th.
4 See the Encyclopaedia of IslaM2, s. v., Ewliya Delebi, 717-720, for further details, and an
extensive bibliography.
3. ACROCORINTH 1668,A TURKISH ACCOUNT
IN 387
was conceived on a generous plan. The overall theme was the author's personal travels
and observations, but this material was to be filled out with copious documentation
from archival sources, histories, and books of legend and tradition. The secondary
matter is of no great value, since it is usually preserved in fuller form elsewhere, but
Evliya's personal observations are priceless. His standing in the court of Sultan
Mehmed IV was high enough that doors were open to him everywhere, and he could
safely inspect and describe castles and military points where the interest of a Christian
traveller would be extremely suspect. On the other hand, he sees with the eyes of a
devout Moslem, to whom the infidel world is basically repugnant. He is not only
ignorant of most Christian, and almost all pagan, tradition about the monuments he
visits; his whole upbringing disinclines him to investigate it. His language bristles
with the conventional pejorative terms for everything infidel, but his curiosity is
usually too strong even for his religious scruples, and he errs more often by uncritical
acceptanceof absurdities than by rejection of anything. He is an incurable romancer,
and rarely hesitates to indulge his taste for rhetorical exaggeration. His style ranges
from an almost graceful simplicity to the worst baroque extremes of labored meta-
phor. He coins words shamelessly, often borrowing from half-understood languages
he has heard on his travels. He has a passion for numbers, but they seem to have no
concrete meaning for him. He can be reasonable with amounts from 1 to 10, is
usually implausible from 10 to 40, and is totally erratic with any larger numbers.
Attempts have been made to reduce his figures to reality on a consistent scale, but he
seems rather to pluck them from his imagination for their sound alone. Therefore,
when he speaks of 200 houses each in the Christian and Moslem sections of the citadel
of Acrocorinth, the figure must be taken to mean anything between 50 and 250.
Evliya's trip to Greece began in 1668, when he set off to watch the final assault
against the Venetian garrison in Candia. He travelled slowly down through Mace-
donia and Thessaly, making many side trips, went on through Boeotia, Euboea and
Attica, and came to Corinth some time in the middle of 1668. The translation of his
description of Corinth, which follows, is made from the text of the only printed
edition of the Seyahcattame,but with constant reference to facsimiles of the surviving
manuscripts, which were made available to me through the great courtesy of the
Turkish Ministry of Education, the Library of the Topkapi Saray Museum, and the
SiuleymaniyeLibraries. I have included the administrative details at the beginning of
the account of Corinth since they give such a clear impression of the sort of thing
that interested Evliya. The wealthy Zakariya Efendi named here will also be found
in the pages of Wheler and Spon.
4. 388 PIERRE MAcKAY
OF THE PROVINCE OF CORINTH
DESCRIPTION
or
THE BUILDING OF THE ROCK-FAST CASTLE OF CORINTH
The castle was founded initially in the time of John the Baptist, by a misguided
king of the Christian faith named Koritoz, but the name is erroneously pronounced
Gorid6s. Later on it fell into Spanish hands, and thence it passed into the hands of
the Venetian Bundukani,5 a Frank, and prospered. During the reign of Sultan
Mehmed Khan, the Conqueror, in the year 862 (A.D. 1457), when so many castles
along the coast of the province of Morea were captured by the Ottoman Navy, this
castle of Corinth did not submit. But Mehmed the Conqueror himself led a limitless
army, great as the sea, against Mistra, the rampart and citadel of the province of
Morea, and when he came to this region, the infidels in Corinth were overcome by
the knowledge of their inability to withstand the majesty, splendor and ferocity of
the Ottoman house. A dispute broke out, therefore, among the infidels within the
castle, and the Franks of the Bundukani fled. The Greek infidels delivered the keys
to the Sultan, and by the terms of an eloquent royal edict, remained in the castle
as subjects of the Ottoman house, with a full pardon.
According to the cadaster of Sultan Mehmed Khan, Corinth, which is in the
province of the Archipelago, under the authority of the Admiral of the Fleet, includes
the appanage of the Commander of the Standard (sancak beyi), subject to direct
grant from the Sultan (has), with a revenue of 219,000 aspers. There are 16 fiefs of
the Ziamet class, and 911 of the Timariot class. Officers are the Commander of the
Levy (Alay beyi) and a Captain of Troops ((eri basi), and in times of campaign the
total muster of the region, under the commander,comes to 3000 troops.
Now, however, it is set off as a separate province along with Morea, which has
an assessment of 7,000,000 aspers, and together they form a Governorate. Corinth
is the Pasha's reserve, and forms a grant to the Voivode, consisting of a fine castle
with a 300 asper revenue. The Kaza of Megara is attached, and there are 306 district
villages.
Among those resident at Corinth are its chief Kadi (Seyh iul-Islam), its Marshal
of the Descendants of Mohammed (Nakib iul-Esraf), the local commander of troops
(Sipah Kahya Yeri), the commander of Jannisaries, the Castle Commandant, 200
garrison personnel, the Inspector of Commerce, the Collector of Transit Dues and
Head-tax, the City Intendant, the Chief Architect and several hundred magnates,
Beys, and sons of Beys, Pashas, and sons of Pashas, to the number of . . . and the
Commander of the Levy . . . and Zakariya Efendi, and Aziz Efendi, and Ca'fer
Efendi, and Yoksun Ibrahim Beyzade, and Ali Ketkhuda, and Aziz Efendi-zade
6 This curious title may have been invented by Evliya. It seems to be a strong adjectival form
of Biunduik, which is eventually derived from an Arabic interpretation of the name of Venice.
5. ACROCORINTH 1668,A TURKISH ACCOUNT
IN 389
Ahmed Aga, and Mustafa Efendi, and his son, the Commander of the Levy, and in
addition to the above mentioned, several hundred magnates, munificent landed gentry.
CONCERNING THE APPEARANCE OF THE SITE OF ACROCORINTH
A steep reddish rock, octagonal in form, whose eight corners face the eight
winds, rises skywards in the middle of a six-mile wide isthmus between the Gulf of
Corinth and the Gulf of Athens. On this is situated a castle without equal. A lofty
platform, in ancient times built strong from top to bottom of cut stone, it is a mighty
fortress standing ever-prepared, a sturdy defense on an embattled summit, and an
immense rampart. From the castle, the whole of the Gulf of Athens and the
Gulf of Corinth is laid out before you, for it is unequalled in its elevation toward
the sky. Surrounded by a wall, mighty as Alexander's dike, 14,000 paces in circuit,
it is a castle abundant in wealth. The master architect crowned the parapet with 7777
merlons, and battlements such as he built here are not to be found on any other
fortress wall. There are altogether four distinct walls, situated on high steep cliffs,
and there are five strong gates, but four of these are permanently shut, though there
are posterns which open in time of siege.
The great gate, which faces west, leads out and down to the lower suburbs. But
this is really three gateways, each with a strong iron gate, and there are division
walls which set off the territory between each pair of gates. In the lowest division,
just inside the first great gate, there are no houses except the little loggia just inside
the gate for the guard to sit in, and three small vaulted rooms. The journey up the
steep road from the lower town to this gate takes an hour and a half. There is a fine
view from the gateway, so that night and day, the sentry-watch, and the armed gate-
guards are sure to be prepared. Once inside the gate, one goes 200 paces up a steep,
rock-hewn path to the middle gate, which also leads out westward. This too is a
mighty gate with strong iron leaves.
A small subdivision of the castle stretches 500 paces up the steep slope from this
middle gate, and here the infidel Greeks have their ill-starred houses, having been
granted pardon and peace when they gave over the keys of the castle to Sultan
Mehmed. There is not a single Muslim house here, but there are altogether 200 Greek
houses, some churches and 10 shops. There are no gardens or orchards, since it is
on a rock.
One goes up steeply from here to the third gate, which has two flanking towers.
One of these is filled to the brim with millet, barley, wheat and bearded rice, while the
other is filled with clean firewood, so that all requirements and necessities are provi-
dentially kept in store, for in times of siege provisions are essential. In one tower
there are also horse-driven mills, and wheel mills driven by man-power and thousands
of hand-mills. Inside this third gate, in the settled quarter within the castle, there are
altogether 200 Muslim houses, built below of masonry, and roofed all over with
6. 390 PIERRE MAcKAY
tiles. There are no infidel houses, and if it were not that some Muslims have infidel
wives, no infidels at all could enter here. There are altogether four important places
of prayer. One of these is the mosque of Mehmed the Conqueror,an abbreviated but
serviceable place of worship of the old sort. There is also the Beyzade mosque, anld
the Ahmed Pasha mosque. The Fethiye mosque was originally a Christian church,
but was later converted to a mosque. In addition to these there are 2 neighborhood
mosques, a coffee house, and a small shop, but in all this great fortified settlement
there are no other public buildings, because the castle is so high that everyone would
be worn out with going up and down. Therefore, public buildings in the castle are
few, but all the principal personages have their houses and cellars in the lower town,
and indeed, the interior of the castle is such a field of rocks and ruins that one cannot
wralksafely there.
There are, by the will of God, 366 sources of water on top of this steep high rock,
of which the western ones all yield bitter water, but those on the east yield water as
sweet as the water of life itself. Under the mosque of Sultan Mehmed irnthe castle
there are two vaulted cisterns, sources of delicious life-giving water, cold as ice even
in the month of July. And this is a miracle of God the creator, that there are no
mountains near by higher than Acrocorinth from which you might say that the water
flows to this castle. But we believe and declare it for truth that God is all-powerful,
for the elevation of the mountain of well-watered Acrocorinth above the surrounding
mountains is an impediment,and it is beyond the wit of man to comprehendhow there
may be so many wells and fountains, but the works of the Artificer are without limit.
The date of one fountain is as follows:
e. g. | 0Jollg, ;eIAlL Wl E* s
r
Ju bLz gs L. ID
9e I"), i t3g
"Hasan Aga son of Mustafa son of Hasan Aga ordered the buildinlgof this for
God the Creator, dedicating his wealth to God, and beseeching him for water, on a
date in the middle of Rabi' I, in the thousand and first year [of the Hegira (A.D.
1592) 3,"and the date of one close by is:
e.g.
"Haci Aga ordered this for flowing water, for the love of God, on a date in the
middle of Rabi' II, in the nine hundred and forty sixth year [of the Hegira (A.D.
7. ACROCORINTH 1668,A TURKISH ACCOUNT
IN 391
1539) ]," 6 and these fountains are noted for their abundant flow of water. There are
other fountains to the west, but their water is bitter, and yet it is good as a digestive,
and for other purposes, as well as for watering animals.
Along the wall in the south corner of the main circuit that is presently being
described, on a high steep peak, there is a rectangular inner redoubt. Here the Castle
Commandanthas his residence, and the Intendant, and there is a weapons store and a
few cannon, but nothing else. From the towers and ramparts of the redoubt one can
see the castle of Santa Maura at the edge of the Adriatic Sea, and the city of Arta,
and the mountains over Yanina. Looking to the east, one can make out altogether
23 islands in the Aegean Sea. For this is a soaring rampart, crowned by a platform
that touches the very sky.
Eastward from this inner redoubt there is a secondary fortress wall, called the
new castle, which was built later than the main circuit. This stretch of wall was added
here because the infidels once captured the castle from this side. Taken altogether
then, the entire castle has five subdivisions.
At the peak of the castle, Gazi Ibrahim Baba is buried, may his tomb be sanctified,
and this is a place of pilgrimage. This region of the castle is deserted, and foxes,
jackals and hares live here, since the castle is so immense. There are also in the castle,
placed there by Mehmed the Conqueror,cannon of such immensity as to strike terror
into the hearts of puny men, and it is wonderful how such huge cannon barrels were
brought to the very summit of this high castle. They too are a remarkable sight.
There is not a trace of any lead roofed buildings in the castle.
VIII, pp. 275-279.
Seyahcatname,
At this point Evliya starts back down the hill to visit and describe the lower
town, but the ancient remains there are at best unimportant to him, and except for
his notice of the fountain at Hadji Mustapha, his observations are almost exclusively
social and linguistic. He ends with an extraordinary tale of an attempt made by the
Pope to dig a canal across the isthmus, and then begins his description of Morea.
The first paragraph in the description of the site of Acrocorinth is pure bombast,
and is best omitted entirely from consideration. The only plausible remark is the
statement that the citadel has five gates, but there is no convincing way of counting
five gates in the existing circuit wall, whether the main gate is taken as one or as
three. What follows, however, is specific and relatively clear. It indicates, first of all,
that the three gateways of the western entrance were all in reasonable repair, and
6 Cf. P. MacKay, " The Fountain at Hadji Mustapha," Ilesperia, XXXVI, 1967, pp. 193-195.
Since none of the manuscripts accurately transmits the inscription there, I have little hope of
accuracy here either. I have preserved the forms that seem to me most likely to reflect the text
of the inscription.
8. 392 PIERRE MAcKAY
g3 Tt/6^~~~~~LST
Hat
N ORTN
GUJLLEY ~
01 ~ 1~
4,0 ~ ~ 4-
ACROCORINTH
FIG. 1. PLAN OF TURKISHi
1, 2, 3. Three gates of western entrance.
4. Christian residential quarter.
5. Mosque, unidentified.
6. Mosque of Sultan Mehmed II the Conqueror.
7. Possilble -site of Fethiye mosque.
8. Southwest redoubt, the Commandant's residence.
9. The new castle (' eOvraiocastro
10. Tomb of Gazi lbrah'imBaba.
Spon's "deux portes " is simply an error.' The lowest gate and courtyard might have
left little impression, since Evliya notices only a single detached building in this space.
There are still some walls standing here but they are not likely to be survivals from
the 17th century. None of the present remains seems to correspond with the "loggia
just inside the gate," but since Evliya'n language suggests that ilt was right against
s
7 Texts of the relevant parts of Wheler and Spon are published side by side in Corinth,III, ii,
pp. 146-148.
8 These may be seen in the right half of the photograph in K. Andrews, Castlesof the Morea,
Princeton, 1953, p. 142, fig. 158.
9. ACROCORINTH 1668,A TURKISH ACCOUNT
IN 393
the innier face of the gate (kapinin ic yiiziinde), he may simply mean the vaulted
passageway in the wall itself.
As he moves through the second gateway into the residential quarters, Evliya
makes the extremely important observation that the Christians and Moslems lived in
separate divisions of the castle. It is odd that neither Spon nor Wheler recorded this,
but it was presumably a matter of less concern to them than to Evliya, for whom, in
his more pious moments, the density of the Christian population in Greece was quite
distasteful. Perhaps the exclusion of Christians from the inner circuit was not quite
so absolute as Evliya delights to claim, but some sort of separation of creeds was a
common enough feature of towns in the Ottoman Empire. The Christian quarter
must have been extremely crowded, however much we reduce Evliya's improbable
figure of 200 houses. All the actively Christian churches must also be fit into this
small area. The only building of any consequence that can presently be seen is the
church discussed by Bon.9 It is probably Venetian as he argues, but it may mark the
site of the " Catholicon" in Wheler's account. The list of provisions stored in the
two towers flanking the third gate is characteristically exaggerated, but probably
indicates their intended use. There is no obvious explanation for the extraordinary
number of grinding mills kept here.
Evliya gives names to four mosques in the Moslem quarter, but only the mosque
of Mehmed lI the Conqueror can be securely identified. There are some ambiguities
in the Turkish, but the several indications of its location and appearance, taken to-
gether, are sufficient to fix its site near the lone, free-standing minaret base on the
right of the main street which runs up from the gate.10 The text states that there are
two sources of fresh water (iki aded ab-i ziul'alqesme-i can perverleri) which are
either below the mosque in a general sense, or directly underneath it. The key word,
which follows at some distance in the sentence, is revak (Arabic, riwak), which is
used of structures such as the long vaulted porticos around the three sides of a mosque
courtyard away from the sacred area. The only structure that fits this description
is the Byzantine cistern running along under the terrace in front of the free-standing
minaret." The two vaults of this cistern account for Evliya's " two sources " and
the word used for the location (dibinde) may be interpreted in its strictest sense,
to mean directly underneaththe mosque. It is not explained how this water was made
available to the believers, but it was probably brought up in buckets to a tank with
faucets standing outside the entrance to the mosque.
The mosque's location, directly over a cistern, explains some curious features
of the minaret, which is crowded in against the slope rising to the south, away from
the cistern terrace (P1. 114, a, b). The south wall of the cistern runs along fairly
9 Corinth, III, ii, p. 261.
'0Ibid., p. 262.
"Ibid., pp. 257-259.
10. 394 PIERRE MAcKAY
close under the north face of the minaret, where the doorway gives entrance to the
minaret stairs, and the builder was obviously concerned that none of the concentrated
weight of the minaret should bear on the walls or roof of the cistern. This made
necessary a rather curious relationship of the minaret to its mosque. The base of the
minaret, below the conical transition to a cylindrical tower, is not so much a square
~~~--~~~~ V
of Mehmled ;X Stac iitrn
V mosque
mirnaret
FIG.2. MOSQUEOF SULTAN MEHMED II
as an irregular octagon. The north and east faces of the octagon have been brought
out into the one rectangular corner of the structure, and the north face is continued
out eastward, evidently to meet the wall of the mosque, and provide a visual link
between it and the minaret, which would otherw'ise stand completely free (Fig. 2;
P1. 115, a).
There does not seem to be a trace left of the walls of the mosque. In Pouquev'ille's
time it was already a heap of rubbish, and there is nothing convincing visible now on
11. ACROCORINTH 1668,A TURKISH ACCOUNT
IN 395
the surface of the ground. It may nevertheless be possible to indicate its general
appearance. On the Venetian maps of Corinth,"2 there is the outline of a single large,
curiously shaped building in the appropriate location, and if this outline is roughly
drawn in over the outline of the great cistern, it illustrates persuasively the curious
remark of Evliya that it is " an abbreviated but serviceable place of worship of the
old sort (tarz-1 kadim muifid muhtasar ma'bedgah)." A mosque " of the old sort "
should be of the Ulu Cami plan, in which the floor area is broken up by numerous
supports for the ceiling, and the roof is commonly made up of many small masonry
caps rather than the single large dome over an integral floor area seen in later styles.13
The curious outline of the building on the Venetian plans would correspond better to
the Ulu Cami type of mosque than to any other, and its irregular shape would also
justify Evliya's description of it as " abbreviated."
The well preserved building to the north of Mehmed II's mosque is either the
Beyzade mosque or the Ahmed Pasha mosque (P1. 115, b). The founder's inscrip-
tion, which is missing from its space over the door, may perhaps be lying in the rubble
near by. Since Evliya did not quote it, it is possible, but by no means certain, that it
was missing even in his day. The Fethiye mosque might be located in the jumble of
columns and architectural fragments to the left of the main street, just inside the
third gate.1"There are traces here of both Christian and Moslem grafitti. Two essen-
tial subjects of wonder for the traveller to Corinth are the water supply in the citadel
and the view. Evliya's enthusiasm about the water is impressive, though the profusion
of wells and cisterns made it as dangerous then as it is now to walk among the house
ruins. His description of the view from the southwest redoubt is absolutely spec-
tacular. It is strongly reminiscent of the modern claim that the lights of Constanti-
nople can be seen from the peak of Mt. Parnassus.
In the eastern half of the citadel, on the true summit of Acrocorinth, what
Wheler calls the " little mosque " at the site of the temple of Aphrodite is not strictly
speaking a mosque at all. The mosque in Islam is a place of community worship, and
will rarely if ever be located at any distance from a residential area. Outlying shrines
such as this " tomb of Gazi Ibrahim Baba " are connected with the cult of saints-
always a somewhat suspect accretion to orthodox Islamic doctrine. The sanctity of
the place may be underlined by the building of a sort of miniature mosque, but it
will not be called by the commonly used terms for a place of community worship
(mescid, cami). Evliya uses the term ziyaretgach, " a place to visit."
12
Castles of the Morea, pl. XXXI, XXXII; cf. Corinth, III, ii, p. 156, fig. 99, " M. moschea,
hora chiesa di S. Paolo."
1I Cf. B. Unsal, Turkish Islanic Architecture, London, 1959, p. 15. " Ulu Cami " is not a
descriptive term, but it is useful to suggest a type of structure related in plan to mosques called
Ulu Cami in Bursa and elsewhere.
14
Corinth, III, ii, pp. 262-263.
15Ibid., p. 262.
12. 3% PIERRE MAcKAY
It is unfortunate that Evliya's language does not entirely removeconfusions about
the eastern subdivision of the castle. It seems fairly clear that he has the stretch of
wall at Fig. 1, 9 chiefly in mind, and that he knew of only a single subordinate
command for this region. Despite the tradition that the castle was once captured
from this side (perhaps a reminiscence of Matthew Asen's relief of the garrison in
1458), the command of this division must have been pretty much a sinecure for
the Aga.16 Bon has been curiously misled by the conventional name " Ovraiocastro "
given to this deserted region. In the Christian and Moslem traditions of the period
the oldest builders were necessarily the Jews, and often Solomon himself is given
credit for the most spectacular remains. Evliya assigns to Solomon the founding of
Athens, Thessalonica and Kavalla. In any case, Ovraiocastro, and its twin, Oraio-
castro, are two of the commonest conventional names given to deserted fortress walls
anywhere in Greece. If a local informan-tis pressed for an explanation of these names
he will certainly oblige with a plausible story. In the case of an " Oraiocastro," it
will be a version of the Sleeping Beauty tale, and in the case of an " Ovraiocastro "
a tale such as Spon and Wheler heard. There is no more reason to think that the
Ovraiocastro on Acrocorinth was ever a ghetto than there is in the case of the fortress
at Rhamnous in Attica, which also bears the name.'7
The comparison between the accounts of Evliya and those of Spon and Wheler
reveals one clear error in each of the European accounts. Spon was wrong in counting
only two gates at the west, and Wheler reversed his directions in putting Ovraiocastro
under the western top of the hill. Otherwise the descriptions seem remarkably good,
especially when we remember that it may not have been possible for Europeans to
take any sort of notes on the spot, for fear of an accusation of spying. Moreover,
Wheler's expansion of Spon's account, despite the caution voiced by Bon, seems
essentially sound. His language, however, and perhaps his proofreading, are clumsy.
I doubt that he intended to suggest, for instance, that all the residential area was
between the second and third gates. He does not explicitly say so, he is simply
unclear."8The number of mnosques given by the Europeans is probably a hasty guess.
Here we must accept Evliya's precise identification of four community mosques
(cami) and two neighborhoodmosques (mescid) in addition to the shrine at the peak.
p. 143, and cf. pp. 135-136.
16 Ibid.,
17 There is one other curious misconception in Bon's text on page 150, where he criticizes the
account of Giacomo Corner for its statement that Corinth is on a mountain rising to three peaks.
It is true that the eastern and highest peak together with the peak of the southwest redoubt are
the only two of any real significance, but the third peak, north of the gates, is quite evident to an
observer standing just inside the third gate, and it is well de-fined by the contour lines on the
Survey Map published with Corinth, III, ii. An observation from just inside the gate would
also explain Corner's statement that the inner keep was on the highest peak. In true elevation, the
southwest redoubt at 544 m. is appreciably lower than the eastern summit at 575 m., but from
near the gate, the redoubt, especially on account of its steepness, would look higher.
18 Corinth, 1lI, ii, p. 148.
13. ACROCORINTH 1668,A TURKISH ACCOUNT
IN 397
The five or six churches of the Greeks must indeed have been small, since they had
all to be crowded into the space between the second and third gates.
Both the European and the Turkish accounts indicate the desertion of the castle
for the lower town. Despite the persistent threat of Venetian raids (Megara had been
sacked in the winter of 1655, and Spon reports that even after the fall of Candia
the Turks were still reluctant to return), Corinthians, Greek and Turk alike felt some
safety in their relative distance from the dangerous Saronic gulf.'9 A refuge was
there if they needed it, but they no longer felt it essential to keep up their residences
there.
PIERRE MACKAY
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON.
19J. Spon et G. Wheler, Voyage d'Italie, de Dalmatie,de Grkceet du Levant, Lyon, 1678,
vol. II, p. 287, " Les Turcs n'osent plus demeurer a Megare depuis qu'un de leurs Vayvodes y fut
enleve'par des Corsairs Chretiens." Cf. Zinkeisen, Das Osmanische Reich, Gotha, 1856, IV, p. 851.