This document summarizes a study that developed a model to assess the combined impacts of road traffic on noise and air pollution. The model combines microscopic traffic simulation with emission models for noise and air pollutants. The model was applied to a case study area in Belgium. Three scenarios were examined: the current situation with synchronized traffic lights, an unsynchronized light scenario, and a reduced speed limit scenario with synchronized lights. The results allow investigation of how traffic management measures influence emissions and provide guidance for urban planning.
6. Assessment of impact of speed limit reduction and traffic signalDr, Madhava Madireddy
Reducing speed limits from 50 km/h to 30 km/h in a residential area of Antwerp and coordinating traffic lights along a major road were found to reduce vehicle emissions:
- Speed limit reduction led to around 25% lower CO2 and NOX emissions from smoother traffic flow.
- Coordinating traffic lights to create a "green wave" reduced emissions by about 10% along the arterial road.
- An integrated traffic simulation and emission model was used to assess the environmental impacts of these traffic management measures on a neighborhood in Antwerp, Belgium.
This study used micro-simulation traffic modeling (Paramics) coupled with an emissions prediction model (Versit+) to examine the impact of two traffic management schemes on vehicle emissions in Antwerp, Belgium. Reducing the network speed limit was found to decrease CO2 emissions by 23-41% and NOx and PM by 27-45%, while removing green wave traffic signal coordination increased emissions by around 10%. The models provided an effective way to evaluate potential traffic and air quality impacts of management strategies at a network level.
Quantitative Analysis of Pollutant Emissions in the Context of Demand Respons...Beniamino Murgante
Quantitative Analysis of Pollutant Emissions in the Context of Demand Responsive Transport
Julie Prud'homme, Didier Josselin, Jagannath Aryal - University of Avignon
The report summarizes a literature study conducted to identify suitable emission and noise models to estimate the impact of traffic management strategies. It evaluates several American and European models and determines that the Versit+ model is best suited as it can predict emissions for different pollutants, is based on a large validated database, and is commercially available and easy to use. Initial tests coupling Versit+ with a micro-traffic simulation model showed promising results in accurately estimating emissions under different traffic conditions.
Exhaust System Muffler Volume Optimization of Light Commercial passenger Car ...Barhm Mohamad
Nowadays, the automotive industry is focused on weight and size reduction. Main advantage of this weight and size reduction are improving the fuel economy. The specific fuel consumption of a vehicle can be improved through e.g. downsizing area of heat loss, if we focus on vehicle with weight reduction. Weight reduction can be done by replacing material or by changing the size (dimensions) of components. In the present work we have focused on Audi A6 muffler, troubleshooting and optimizing the muffler by changing pipe length of inlet and outlet, also by replacing the original mesh plate to porous pipe. Based on optimization, prototype has been built with the help of 3D design tool CATIA V5 and the calculations of transmission loss (TL) have been performed by MATLAB. Plane wave-based models such as the transfer matrix method (TMM) can offer fast initial prototype solutions for muffler designers. The principles of TMM for predicting the transmission loss of a muffler was used. Result of this present study of an existing muffler has been analysed and then compared with vehicle level test observation data. Noise level have been optimized for new muffler design. Other literatures were played significant rule for validate our results.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker James Tate spoke the topic: 'Making better use of microsimulation models for estimating vehicle emissions'
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Sean Beevers spoke on the topic: 'Update on progress with the development of a hybrid personal exposure model'
A Comparison Between Hybrid Method Technique and Transfer Matrix Method for D...Barhm Mohamad
Hybrid mufflers are now commonly equipped to decrease vehicle noise and are a crucial tool for regulation of the acoustic system. In order to ensure optimum engine efficiency, the system is intended to dump the strength of the acoustic pulses generated from the engine, and the back pressure created by these systems must be held to a minimum. Typically, modern mufflers have a complex structure of chambers and flow paths. There are a number of mechanisms for sound dampening that operate to silence the sound flowing through a muffler and piping device. This research introduces an important approach to optimize the transmission loss of hybrid muffler Formula student race car (FS) by using both experimental and analytical methods. For this analysis, two methods of calculation were chosen. The muffler has a complex partition located within the muffler chamber, which is a perforated pipe. For the creation of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model in AVL BOOST solver and another commercial advanced design software, the muffler CAD file was developed. Experi-mental measurements using a two-load method validated the FEA model. Reliable tests were conducted to verify the design parameters and optimize the muffler's transmission loss (TL) after the model was checked. The findings of experimental and machine analysis are included in the paper. For different measurement methods, recommendations are made for achieving optimum transmission loss curves.
6. Assessment of impact of speed limit reduction and traffic signalDr, Madhava Madireddy
Reducing speed limits from 50 km/h to 30 km/h in a residential area of Antwerp and coordinating traffic lights along a major road were found to reduce vehicle emissions:
- Speed limit reduction led to around 25% lower CO2 and NOX emissions from smoother traffic flow.
- Coordinating traffic lights to create a "green wave" reduced emissions by about 10% along the arterial road.
- An integrated traffic simulation and emission model was used to assess the environmental impacts of these traffic management measures on a neighborhood in Antwerp, Belgium.
This study used micro-simulation traffic modeling (Paramics) coupled with an emissions prediction model (Versit+) to examine the impact of two traffic management schemes on vehicle emissions in Antwerp, Belgium. Reducing the network speed limit was found to decrease CO2 emissions by 23-41% and NOx and PM by 27-45%, while removing green wave traffic signal coordination increased emissions by around 10%. The models provided an effective way to evaluate potential traffic and air quality impacts of management strategies at a network level.
Quantitative Analysis of Pollutant Emissions in the Context of Demand Respons...Beniamino Murgante
Quantitative Analysis of Pollutant Emissions in the Context of Demand Responsive Transport
Julie Prud'homme, Didier Josselin, Jagannath Aryal - University of Avignon
The report summarizes a literature study conducted to identify suitable emission and noise models to estimate the impact of traffic management strategies. It evaluates several American and European models and determines that the Versit+ model is best suited as it can predict emissions for different pollutants, is based on a large validated database, and is commercially available and easy to use. Initial tests coupling Versit+ with a micro-traffic simulation model showed promising results in accurately estimating emissions under different traffic conditions.
Exhaust System Muffler Volume Optimization of Light Commercial passenger Car ...Barhm Mohamad
Nowadays, the automotive industry is focused on weight and size reduction. Main advantage of this weight and size reduction are improving the fuel economy. The specific fuel consumption of a vehicle can be improved through e.g. downsizing area of heat loss, if we focus on vehicle with weight reduction. Weight reduction can be done by replacing material or by changing the size (dimensions) of components. In the present work we have focused on Audi A6 muffler, troubleshooting and optimizing the muffler by changing pipe length of inlet and outlet, also by replacing the original mesh plate to porous pipe. Based on optimization, prototype has been built with the help of 3D design tool CATIA V5 and the calculations of transmission loss (TL) have been performed by MATLAB. Plane wave-based models such as the transfer matrix method (TMM) can offer fast initial prototype solutions for muffler designers. The principles of TMM for predicting the transmission loss of a muffler was used. Result of this present study of an existing muffler has been analysed and then compared with vehicle level test observation data. Noise level have been optimized for new muffler design. Other literatures were played significant rule for validate our results.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker James Tate spoke the topic: 'Making better use of microsimulation models for estimating vehicle emissions'
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Sean Beevers spoke on the topic: 'Update on progress with the development of a hybrid personal exposure model'
A Comparison Between Hybrid Method Technique and Transfer Matrix Method for D...Barhm Mohamad
Hybrid mufflers are now commonly equipped to decrease vehicle noise and are a crucial tool for regulation of the acoustic system. In order to ensure optimum engine efficiency, the system is intended to dump the strength of the acoustic pulses generated from the engine, and the back pressure created by these systems must be held to a minimum. Typically, modern mufflers have a complex structure of chambers and flow paths. There are a number of mechanisms for sound dampening that operate to silence the sound flowing through a muffler and piping device. This research introduces an important approach to optimize the transmission loss of hybrid muffler Formula student race car (FS) by using both experimental and analytical methods. For this analysis, two methods of calculation were chosen. The muffler has a complex partition located within the muffler chamber, which is a perforated pipe. For the creation of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) model in AVL BOOST solver and another commercial advanced design software, the muffler CAD file was developed. Experi-mental measurements using a two-load method validated the FEA model. Reliable tests were conducted to verify the design parameters and optimize the muffler's transmission loss (TL) after the model was checked. The findings of experimental and machine analysis are included in the paper. For different measurement methods, recommendations are made for achieving optimum transmission loss curves.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Christine McHugh spoke on the topic: 'Comparison of Air Quality in World Cities'
Investigation of Perforated Tube Configuration Effect on the Performance of E...Barhm Mohamad
Using perforated tube in exhaust mufflers is known to improve transmission loss (TL) by improving their sound pressure level (SPL) at the orifice. The perforated tube should affect the muffler performance analogous to a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. To the authors’ knowledge, there are few previous assessments reported in literature of the effects that the perforated tube configuration has on acoustic response and pressure drop predicted. The effects of (i) the perforated tube length, (ii) the diameter of tube holes, and (iii) flow through perforated tube were investigated. To assess the perforated tube effect on flow, the SOLIDWORKS 2017 based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool was utilized using real walls approach model with a surface roughness of 0.5 micrometres (AISI 316 cold rolled stainless steel sheet (ss) Ra = 0:5 μm). Perforated tube was found to cause back pressure which may increase SPL about 10%.
The study found that tramway systems have a lower carbon footprint over their 30-year lifetimes compared to all types of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. While BRTs have some initial construction and manufacturing advantages, tramways produce significantly less greenhouse gas emissions during the operation and maintenance phase due to their improved energy efficiency. Even when accounting for variations in electricity sources, the tramway systems studied still emitted less carbon over their lifecycles. An optimized tramway system called Attractis developed by Alstom performed best of all, cutting construction phase emissions by over 20% compared to standard tramway systems.
Spatiotemporal modeling of personal exposure to particulate matterLuc Dekoninck
This is the PhD defense presentation of Luc Dekoninck. It presents an innovative methodology to extend land-use regression into personal exposure modeling. In the presented cases, noise exposure is used as a proxy for exposure to traffic. The increased resolution of the models enables the disentanglement of local and background contributions in the personal exposure to Black Carbon.
Luc.
The Effects of Countdown Signals on Intersection Capacity drboon
This study presents the effects of countdown signals on the total start-up lost time of automobiles at signalized intersections based on the data collected at intersections in Bangkok, Thailand. This countdown signal is used to warn motorists in queue at the stop line during any red phase on when the green phase will be started. The data indicated that the countdown signals did not have any effects on the saturation headway of automobiles, but on the total start-up lost time. With the use of the countdown signals, the total start-up lost time was decreased from 4.3 seconds to 2.9 seconds, or was reduced by thirty-three percent. Therefore, the countdown signals may be used to increase the capacity of signalized intersections.
Seig seminar 2014 - A Smarter Way to Lower Emissions - Kenny BissettSTEP_scotland
Fife Council's air quality strategy involves managing local traffic to improve air quality in two areas. Monitoring found exceedances of NO2 and PM10 standards in Cupar's Bonnygate and Dunfermline's Appin Crescent due to traffic. Action plans for these areas focus on traffic management measures like queue relocation in Bonnygate and lane markings in Appin Crescent, which modeling shows can reduce pollutant levels. The council also partners with organizations and engages communities to integrate air quality into policies and strategies.
Presentation by Dr James Tate at Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM) Dispersion Modellers User Group December 2014.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.tate
http://iaqm.co.uk/event/dmug-2014/
This document presents a study applying a General Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM) to predict hydrocarbon concentrations on the M50 motorway in Ireland. The study compares monitored hydrocarbon data to concentrations modeled by GFLSM and the CALINE4 model at receptor points along the motorway. Results show that at distances of 25 meters and 120 meters from the road, GFLSM predictions matched monitored data better than CALINE4. At 240 meters, both models showed similar accuracy compared to monitored data. Overall, the study found GFLSM to be a satisfactory model for predicting vehicular air pollution along the M50 motorway.
This document summarizes 13 proposed public transport measures in Lviv, Ukraine. It provides details on the type of transport (tramway or trolleybus), length, expected traffic volumes, estimated costs and benefits for each measure. Key information included are traffic performance increases expected to range from 1 to 33 million passenger-km per year, cost estimates ranging from 4.5 to 261 million UAH, and estimated CO2 emission reductions. The proposed measures aim to expand and improve the tramway and trolleybus networks in Lviv according to an optimistic development scenario for 2030.
This document contains chapter summaries for mathematical modeling, approximations and round-off errors, Gauss elimination, and LU decomposition & matrix inversion. The chapter on Gauss elimination describes a technique for solving simultaneous linear algebraic equations by combining equations to eliminate unknowns. It remains an important algorithm today and is the basis for linear equation solving in popular software packages.
This document outlines lecture notes on engineering materials covering topics like atomic structure, crystalline structure, defects in crystals, deformation in solids, failure and fracture mechanisms, mechanical properties including tensile, compressive, and torsional strength, and phase transformations. Key chapters discuss valency, defects in crystals, deformation through slip, failure causes, stress-strain curves, fatigue strength, and phase diagrams of alloy systems.
El documento describe los recursos disponibles para la consulta de información académica a través del sistema de bibliotecas de la Universidad Minuto de Dios (Uniminuto), incluyendo bases de datos, catálogo en línea, libros electrónicos, revistas académicas, y herramientas de apoyo como Scopus y SciVerse. Estos recursos cubren áreas como derecho, ciencias de la vida, agricultura, ingeniería, y ofrecen acceso a textos completos, publicaciones periódicas, eBooks y más de 300 libros electrónicos
El documento presenta una guía de comprensión lectora para estudiantes de primer grado sobre el cuidado del agua. Incluye preguntas sobre un video sobre el agua, así como actividades para identificar acciones correctas e incorrectas de uso del agua y escribir consejos para cuidar el agua.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, subtypes, causes, affected brain areas, treatment options, and epidemiology. It discusses how schizophrenia is diagnosed according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV, outlining the key diagnostic criteria. It also summarizes the suspected genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors associated with schizophrenia development.
The document provides instructions for a final paper assignment requiring students to write a psychological report evaluating a character from an approved movie or historical case study. The report must follow specific sections in this order: identifying information, chief complaint, symptoms, personal history, family history, therapy history, medical conditions, substance use, collateral, results of evaluation, diagnostic impression with differential justification, and recommendations. The paper must be in APA format, include references, and integrate knowledge of the character's cultural background throughout the analysis.
Análisis de producciones de texto elaborada por los alumnos.Alfredo Banda Jr.
Este documento presenta un análisis de las producciones escritas de 30 alumnos de diferentes grados escolares. Se identifican deficiencias como falta de ortografía y coherencia. También se propone mejorar la escritura de los alumnos despertando su interés y placer por la lectura y escritura a través de estrategias lúdicas que los involucren activamente.
Buku Paket Materi PAUD TK RA Kurikulum 2013 Saintifik Tahun 2017/2018 _ pener...Asaka Cv
Paket Buku Pintar PAUD & TK Kelompok A & B ~ Penerbit Asaka tahun 2017/2018
JUAL Buku Paud PG TK RA Paket A dan B,buku paud,buku tk ,paket buku paud ... download buku paud, buku paud pdf, buku paud kurikulum 2013, buku paud.
Este documento lista los materiales necesarios por unidad de medida para varios tipos de construcción. Proporciona las cantidades de cemento, hormigón, arena y piedra necesarias por metro cúbico o metro cuadrado para cimientos, zapatas, solados, ladrillos, cielorrasos, pisos y más. También incluye el peso por metro de diferentes diámetros de acero de construcción.
Unit-12 Saukaryam- ICT Project in Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, Andhra...vjkolaventy
The document discusses Project Saukaryam, an ICT project initiated by the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in Andhra Pradesh, India. The project aims to provide online civic services to improve governance and citizen satisfaction. It established a website and city civic centers connected by a broadband network. Citizens can access services like certificates, utility connections, complaints, and payments online or at civic centers. The project was developed using a public-private partnership model to overcome funding constraints. While innovative, the project also faced some limitations.
At the 2014 annual Dispersion Modellers user group meeting guest speaker Christine McHugh spoke on the topic: 'Comparison of Air Quality in World Cities'
Investigation of Perforated Tube Configuration Effect on the Performance of E...Barhm Mohamad
Using perforated tube in exhaust mufflers is known to improve transmission loss (TL) by improving their sound pressure level (SPL) at the orifice. The perforated tube should affect the muffler performance analogous to a shell-and-tube heat exchanger. To the authors’ knowledge, there are few previous assessments reported in literature of the effects that the perforated tube configuration has on acoustic response and pressure drop predicted. The effects of (i) the perforated tube length, (ii) the diameter of tube holes, and (iii) flow through perforated tube were investigated. To assess the perforated tube effect on flow, the SOLIDWORKS 2017 based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tool was utilized using real walls approach model with a surface roughness of 0.5 micrometres (AISI 316 cold rolled stainless steel sheet (ss) Ra = 0:5 μm). Perforated tube was found to cause back pressure which may increase SPL about 10%.
The study found that tramway systems have a lower carbon footprint over their 30-year lifetimes compared to all types of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems. While BRTs have some initial construction and manufacturing advantages, tramways produce significantly less greenhouse gas emissions during the operation and maintenance phase due to their improved energy efficiency. Even when accounting for variations in electricity sources, the tramway systems studied still emitted less carbon over their lifecycles. An optimized tramway system called Attractis developed by Alstom performed best of all, cutting construction phase emissions by over 20% compared to standard tramway systems.
Spatiotemporal modeling of personal exposure to particulate matterLuc Dekoninck
This is the PhD defense presentation of Luc Dekoninck. It presents an innovative methodology to extend land-use regression into personal exposure modeling. In the presented cases, noise exposure is used as a proxy for exposure to traffic. The increased resolution of the models enables the disentanglement of local and background contributions in the personal exposure to Black Carbon.
Luc.
The Effects of Countdown Signals on Intersection Capacity drboon
This study presents the effects of countdown signals on the total start-up lost time of automobiles at signalized intersections based on the data collected at intersections in Bangkok, Thailand. This countdown signal is used to warn motorists in queue at the stop line during any red phase on when the green phase will be started. The data indicated that the countdown signals did not have any effects on the saturation headway of automobiles, but on the total start-up lost time. With the use of the countdown signals, the total start-up lost time was decreased from 4.3 seconds to 2.9 seconds, or was reduced by thirty-three percent. Therefore, the countdown signals may be used to increase the capacity of signalized intersections.
Seig seminar 2014 - A Smarter Way to Lower Emissions - Kenny BissettSTEP_scotland
Fife Council's air quality strategy involves managing local traffic to improve air quality in two areas. Monitoring found exceedances of NO2 and PM10 standards in Cupar's Bonnygate and Dunfermline's Appin Crescent due to traffic. Action plans for these areas focus on traffic management measures like queue relocation in Bonnygate and lane markings in Appin Crescent, which modeling shows can reduce pollutant levels. The council also partners with organizations and engages communities to integrate air quality into policies and strategies.
Presentation by Dr James Tate at Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM) Dispersion Modellers User Group December 2014.
www.its.leeds.ac.uk/people/j.tate
http://iaqm.co.uk/event/dmug-2014/
This document presents a study applying a General Finite Line Source Model (GFLSM) to predict hydrocarbon concentrations on the M50 motorway in Ireland. The study compares monitored hydrocarbon data to concentrations modeled by GFLSM and the CALINE4 model at receptor points along the motorway. Results show that at distances of 25 meters and 120 meters from the road, GFLSM predictions matched monitored data better than CALINE4. At 240 meters, both models showed similar accuracy compared to monitored data. Overall, the study found GFLSM to be a satisfactory model for predicting vehicular air pollution along the M50 motorway.
This document summarizes 13 proposed public transport measures in Lviv, Ukraine. It provides details on the type of transport (tramway or trolleybus), length, expected traffic volumes, estimated costs and benefits for each measure. Key information included are traffic performance increases expected to range from 1 to 33 million passenger-km per year, cost estimates ranging from 4.5 to 261 million UAH, and estimated CO2 emission reductions. The proposed measures aim to expand and improve the tramway and trolleybus networks in Lviv according to an optimistic development scenario for 2030.
This document contains chapter summaries for mathematical modeling, approximations and round-off errors, Gauss elimination, and LU decomposition & matrix inversion. The chapter on Gauss elimination describes a technique for solving simultaneous linear algebraic equations by combining equations to eliminate unknowns. It remains an important algorithm today and is the basis for linear equation solving in popular software packages.
This document outlines lecture notes on engineering materials covering topics like atomic structure, crystalline structure, defects in crystals, deformation in solids, failure and fracture mechanisms, mechanical properties including tensile, compressive, and torsional strength, and phase transformations. Key chapters discuss valency, defects in crystals, deformation through slip, failure causes, stress-strain curves, fatigue strength, and phase diagrams of alloy systems.
El documento describe los recursos disponibles para la consulta de información académica a través del sistema de bibliotecas de la Universidad Minuto de Dios (Uniminuto), incluyendo bases de datos, catálogo en línea, libros electrónicos, revistas académicas, y herramientas de apoyo como Scopus y SciVerse. Estos recursos cubren áreas como derecho, ciencias de la vida, agricultura, ingeniería, y ofrecen acceso a textos completos, publicaciones periódicas, eBooks y más de 300 libros electrónicos
El documento presenta una guía de comprensión lectora para estudiantes de primer grado sobre el cuidado del agua. Incluye preguntas sobre un video sobre el agua, así como actividades para identificar acciones correctas e incorrectas de uso del agua y escribir consejos para cuidar el agua.
This document provides an overview of schizophrenia, including its diagnostic criteria, symptoms, subtypes, causes, affected brain areas, treatment options, and epidemiology. It discusses how schizophrenia is diagnosed according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV, outlining the key diagnostic criteria. It also summarizes the suspected genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors associated with schizophrenia development.
The document provides instructions for a final paper assignment requiring students to write a psychological report evaluating a character from an approved movie or historical case study. The report must follow specific sections in this order: identifying information, chief complaint, symptoms, personal history, family history, therapy history, medical conditions, substance use, collateral, results of evaluation, diagnostic impression with differential justification, and recommendations. The paper must be in APA format, include references, and integrate knowledge of the character's cultural background throughout the analysis.
Análisis de producciones de texto elaborada por los alumnos.Alfredo Banda Jr.
Este documento presenta un análisis de las producciones escritas de 30 alumnos de diferentes grados escolares. Se identifican deficiencias como falta de ortografía y coherencia. También se propone mejorar la escritura de los alumnos despertando su interés y placer por la lectura y escritura a través de estrategias lúdicas que los involucren activamente.
Buku Paket Materi PAUD TK RA Kurikulum 2013 Saintifik Tahun 2017/2018 _ pener...Asaka Cv
Paket Buku Pintar PAUD & TK Kelompok A & B ~ Penerbit Asaka tahun 2017/2018
JUAL Buku Paud PG TK RA Paket A dan B,buku paud,buku tk ,paket buku paud ... download buku paud, buku paud pdf, buku paud kurikulum 2013, buku paud.
Este documento lista los materiales necesarios por unidad de medida para varios tipos de construcción. Proporciona las cantidades de cemento, hormigón, arena y piedra necesarias por metro cúbico o metro cuadrado para cimientos, zapatas, solados, ladrillos, cielorrasos, pisos y más. También incluye el peso por metro de diferentes diámetros de acero de construcción.
Unit-12 Saukaryam- ICT Project in Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, Andhra...vjkolaventy
The document discusses Project Saukaryam, an ICT project initiated by the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation in Andhra Pradesh, India. The project aims to provide online civic services to improve governance and citizen satisfaction. It established a website and city civic centers connected by a broadband network. Citizens can access services like certificates, utility connections, complaints, and payments online or at civic centers. The project was developed using a public-private partnership model to overcome funding constraints. While innovative, the project also faced some limitations.
La administración de operaciones se refiere al área de la administración de empresas dedicada a planificar, organizar, dirigir y controlar las actividades de producción y distribución de bienes y servicios. Incluye funciones como procesos, capacidad, inventario, fuerza de trabajo y calidad. Las tendencias actuales incluyen la manufactura esbelta y verde, que buscan eliminar desperdicios y reducir el impacto ambiental respectivamente. Los tipos de inventarios son inicial, periódico, final, perpetuo e intermitente, entre otros, que varían según
O documento discute a metodologia do ensino de ciências. Ele enfatiza a importância de (1) romper com visões simplistas sobre o ensino de ciências e (2) os professores precisam ter um bom conhecimento da matéria a ser ensinada, indo além de apenas transmitir conteúdos de livros didáticos. Também discute a necessidade de (3) os professores conhecerem a história, métodos e desenvolvimentos das ciências, assim como suas interações com a tecnologia e sociedade.
El documento presenta un resumen de los primeros 10 capítulos de la novela "Cien Años de Soledad" de Gabriel García Márquez. En el capítulo 1, José Arcadio Buendía acepta un invento de Melquiades que resulta ser un fracaso. En el capítulo 2, José Arcadio y Úrsula fundan el pueblo de Macondo luego de huir de su pueblo natal. En el capítulo 3, llega una epidemia de insomnio a Macondo. En el capítulo 4, se inaugura un instrumento musical llam
Diapositivas que describen la seguridad con respecto al software libre, describe los conceptos básicos del software libre como su definición, ventajas y desventajas, su relación con la seguridad y mención de algunos software de seguridad de código abierto.
The document provides an analysis of Ebix Inc. by three students. It recommends buying the stock with a price target of $68.85, compared to the current price of $62.75. It highlights several positives for Ebix including its leadership position in the insurance software industry, recurring revenue model, and potential for cloud M&A. However, it also notes risks such as the strong US dollar impacting international revenues and potential disruption from artificial intelligence. Overall the analysis provides a bullish outlook for Ebix based on its industry position, growth opportunities, and financial metrics.
This document provides a summary of Armando Contreras-Alvarado's work experience and qualifications. It includes his contact information, objective, education, accomplishments, and descriptions of his roles and responsibilities in various quality assurance and production management positions held between 2010 and present. His experience includes implementing quality systems, conducting audits, training personnel, and leading continuous improvement efforts at several manufacturing companies.
The document discusses different types of movies, including action films about battles and stunts, adventure films set in exotic locations about pirates or exploration, animated films and cartoons like Disney movies, documentaries that investigate real life stories, horror films about monsters meant to scare audiences, romantic films about love, science fiction films set in the future about other planets or Earth, and various comedy films aimed at making viewers laugh. It asks questions about favorite movies, movie watching habits, and experiences being scared or crying during movies.
6. Assessment of impact of speed limit reduction and traffic signalDr, Madhava Madireddy
1. The study examines the effects of reducing speed limits from 50 km/h to 30 km/h in a residential area of Antwerp, Belgium and implementing coordinated traffic signals along a major road using microscopic traffic simulation and an emissions model.
2. Reducing speed limits in the residential area was found to reduce CO2 and NOx emissions by about 25%. Implementing coordinated traffic signals was found to reduce emissions by about 10%.
3. The integrated model combines microscopic traffic simulation to model vehicle behavior with an emissions model to estimate pollutants based on vehicle speeds and accelerations from the simulation. This allows assessment of traffic management measures on local air pollution.
The document discusses two traffic management schemes investigated using Paramics, a traffic simulation model, and VERSIT+, an emissions model. The first scheme reduced speed limits throughout the network, which decreased emissions, especially on freeways where emissions are lower at 70 km/h than 100 km/h. The second scheme examined the impact of a "green wave" traffic light synchronization along a major road, finding it reduced emissions by about 10% by limiting unnecessary acceleration at intersections.
DYNAMIC TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SCHEME FOR REDUCING CO2EMISSIONS EMPLOYING ETC ...ijmpict
With the increasing growth of vehicle numbers in the world, Global warming is becoming a serious issue. Vehicle CO2 emissions are considered to be one of the main sources of global warming. In order to reduce vehicles CO2 emissions, a dynamic traffic light control scheme is proposed. In the proposed scheme, we are the first to use Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) devices to obtain real time traffic flow information for a traffic control centre. By the proposed scheme, vehicles can pass through intersections with less waiting time and fewer numbers of stops. By smoothing vehicle travel, CO2 emissions can be reduced. Compared with fixed time control, the simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme has much better performance: vehicle average waiting time is greatly reduced and CO2 emissions can also be
reduced.
ETC ASSISTED TRAFFIC LIGHT CONTROL SCHEME FOR REDUCING VEHICLES’ CO2 EMISSIONSIJMIT JOURNAL
This paper presents a vehicle’s CO2 emission reduction scheme by an ETC-assisted real-time traffic light
control scheme in vehicular networks. Using Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) devices, real-time road
conditions can be obtained by wireless communication between the ETC devices and the traffic lights. A
decision tree classification algorithm is used to assign the changing policy for the traffic lights, and then
the optimal average waiting time can be calculated. Less waiting time will result in less fuel consumption
and fewer CO2 emissions. Compared with the most widely used fixed time control, the ETC-assisted real-
time traffic light control scheme has much better performances in reducing the average waiting time,
improving non-stop passing rate, and reducing CO2 emission.
Etc assisted traffic light control scheme for reducing vehicles co2 emissionsIJMIT JOURNAL
This paper presents a vehicle’s CO2 emission reduction scheme by an ETC-assisted real-time traffic light control scheme in vehicular networks. Using Electronic Toll Collection (ETC) devices, real-time road conditions can be obtained by wireless communication between the ETC devices and the traffic lights. A decision tree classification algorithm is used to assign the changing policy for the traffic lights, and then the optimal average waiting time can be calculated. Less waiting time will result in less fuel consumption and fewer CO2 emissions. Compared with the most widely used fixed time control, the ETC-assisted realtime traffic light control scheme has much better performances in reducing the average waiting time, improving non-stop passing rate, and reducing CO2 emission.
Cooperative Traffic Control based on the Artificial Bee Colony IJERA Editor
This paper studies the traffic control problem in an isolated intersection without traffic lights and phase, because the right-of-way is distributed to each vehicle individually based on connection of the Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I), and the compatible streams are dynamically combined according to the arrival vehicles in each traffic flows. The control objective in the proposed algorithm is to minimize the time delay, which is defined as the difference between the travel time in real state and that in free flow state. In order to realize this target, a cooperative control structure with a two-way communications is proposed. First of all, once the vehicle enters the communication zone, it sends its information to the intersection. Then the passing sequence is optimized in the intersection with the heuristic algorithm of the Artificial Bee Colony, based on the arrival interval of the vehicles. At last, each vehicle plans its speed profile to meet the received passing sequence by V2I. The simulation results show that each vehicle can finish the entire travel trip with a near free flow speed in the proposed method.
This document provides a review and analysis of the optimal speed model. It discusses:
1) The theoretical models that support the optimal speed model including microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic traffic flow models.
2) Problems with the original optimal speed model including unrealistic behavior, instability, and stop-and-go waves.
3) A proposed double boundary optimal velocity function model that allows vehicles to operate within a range of speeds and spacings rather than at a single optimal point. This addresses issues with the original model.
An IoT based Dynamic Traffic Signal ControlGauthamSK4
Used Kerner three-phase traffic theory to establishing an Intelligent Traffic System that will provide automatic management of traffic lights based on the concept of the Internet of Things which will resolve the traffic jam issues which will in turn reduce CO2 emissions and also the mobility metrics like the travel time.
The document describes a proposed smart traffic management system that uses sensors and analytics to optimize traffic flow. It discusses three key aspects:
1. Sensors like ultrasonic transceivers would detect vehicle density on roads and lanes and feed this data to a controller. The controller would dynamically adjust traffic light timings based on real-time traffic conditions to reduce congestion.
2. A simulation model represents the physical traffic system mathematically to test conditions virtually before implementation.
3. Future enhancements could include diverting motorists to less crowded routes based on traffic analytics, changing all traffic lights on emergency routes to green to help ambulances reach hospitals faster, and using video and other sensor data to help prevent and solve
APPLYING FIXED BOX MODEL TO PREDICT THE CONCENTRATIONS OF (PM10) IN A PART OF...IAEME Publication
This document describes applying a fixed box model to predict concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) in part of Al-Kut City, Iraq. The model divides the area into a rectangular box and estimates pollutant concentration based on emission sources, wind speed, and mixing height. Input parameters were calculated based on road, vehicle, construction, and domestic emission inventories. Calculated emission capacities were adjusted based on field surveys. The model was run under two mixing height scenarios and results were similar to portable equipment measurements, indicating the fixed box model is easy to use for evaluating air pollution in Al-Kut City.
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The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This document analyzes factors that affect traffic, including population increase, peak hours of traffic, construction zones, and border crossings. It summarizes various traffic models, including the Lighthill-Whitham and Payne-Whitham models. While traffic will likely always exist due to urban development and safety needs, understanding the causes of traffic through analysis can help drivers accommodate better and improve safety. The conclusion emphasizes that preparation and patience are key for dealing with inevitable traffic issues rather than attempts to fully eliminate traffic.
Traffic flow measurement for smart traffic light system designTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Determining congestions on intersection roads can significantly improve the performance of a traffic light system. One of the everyday problems on our roads nowadays is the unbalanced traffic on different roads. The blind view of roads and the dependency on the conventional timer-based traffic light systems can cause unnecessary delays on some arterial roads on expense of offering a needless extra pass time on some other secondary minor roads. In this paper, a foreground extraction model has been built in MATLAB platform to measure the congestions on the different roads constructing an intersection. Results show a satisfactory performance in terms of accuracy in counting cars and in consequence reducing the wait time on some major roads. System was tested under different weather and lighting conditions, and results were adequately promising.
Numerical tools dedicated to wind engineering MeteodynStephane Meteodyn
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Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Based On Arduino-GSM for Environmental Moni...IJERA Editor
In recent years with tremendous progress in technology and growth in demand for vehicles, an individual fizzle to look after awful factors that occur due to improper maintenance of vehicles results in increase in air pollution and which results in disturbing environmental condition all over the world, that tends to raise global warming. In this paper “Carbon Monoxide Monitoring System Based on Arduino-GSM for Environmental Monitoring Application” is a system which detects the Carbon Monoxide (CO) gas coming out of a vehicle which is displayed on vehicle itself, so when the level of CO increases alerts will be sent to the owner of vehicle regarding maintenance of vehicle and if action is not taken regarding CO the vehicle is made to stop and later allowed to start the vehicle after given period. This cycle is continued to keep the CO free environment and also reduce human efforts to monitor each and every vehicle. The repetitively breaking down of a vehicle causes the owner to take serious action for reducing the CO of his vehicle.
A Dynamic Vehicular Traffic Control Using Ant Colony And Traffic Light Optimi...Kristen Carter
This document proposes a dynamic vehicular traffic control system using ant colony optimization and optimized traffic lights. It aims to reduce traffic congestion in urban areas. The system divides the road network into cells and uses artificial ants to guide vehicles along the least congested paths within each cell. It also proposes a new method for optimizing traffic light timing at intersections based on real-time vehicle count data collected from vehicles and traffic lights using VANET technology. Simulation results using the DIVERT simulator show that the proposed traffic light optimization method improves average vehicle speed and reduces waiting times and stopped vehicles at intersections compared to a system with usual fixed-duration traffic lights.
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- Speed humps can reduce noise by 1-2 dB(A) but also increase it by 2-3 dB(A) near the humps due to braking and acceleration.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document presents a new technique called the Modified Deconvolution Technique (MDT) to reconstruct instantaneous heavy duty vehicle emissions from measured data. MDT models the emissions analyzer system using a gamma probability density function to account for time dispersion effects. It uses fast Fourier transforms to divide the analyzer output signal by the impulse response function to estimate the original instantaneous emissions signal. The technique was tested on emissions data from a transit bus and showed improved correlation between reconstructed emissions and engine power compared to an earlier Differential Coefficients Method. The new technique provides a more accurate way to relate emissions to operating conditions like vehicle speed and acceleration.
The document discusses methods to improve the accuracy of reconstructing transient emissions measurements from heavy-duty vehicles. It examines using higher order derivatives and different numerical differentiation methods in the differential coefficients method. Using backward differences for numerical differentiation and including higher order derivatives improved the reconstruction accuracy by about 10% compared to just the first two derivatives. This margin of improved accuracy may be important for model accuracy or assessing emissions criteria compliance.
The sequential inversion technique (SIT) and differential coefficients method (DCM) are two methods discussed to reconstruct true transient emission signals from measurements taken by analyzers, which introduce delays and dispersion. The SIT reconstructs the input second by second based on the measured response and dispersion characteristics. Testing with real data showed it can accurately reconstruct signals without noise. However, reconstruction fails if the dispersion characteristics change or there is signal noise. The DCM defines the real input as a linear combination of the output and its derivatives. It was more accurate than SIT when noise was present. Both methods aim to compensate for measurement delays and dispersion to obtain instantaneous emissions from analyzer readings.
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This document summarizes Thomas Friedman's book "Hot, Flat, and Crowded" which addresses the major energy, climate, and environmental challenges facing the world. It diagnoses trends of increasing energy demand, climate change impacts, and a growing global population that is putting pressure on natural resources. The document outlines five key problems, and discusses how transitioning to renewable energy and reducing fossil fuel dependence can help address these issues and lift people out of energy poverty.
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Dr. Madhava runs Logic Academy, an educational institution located in Hyderabad, India. The academy offers intensive SAT, PSAT, and SAT Subject test preparation courses that are 3 months long and involve lectures, practice tests, and individual feedback sessions. Dr. Madhava employs effective learning tools like visual cues and simulation software to help students understand concepts and retain information. He has a PhD in Engineering from the USA and experience teaching Mathematics, Physics, and English.
1. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics & Belgium Acoustical Society
Noise in the Built Environment, Ghent, 29-30 April 2010
Vol. 32. Pt 3. 2010
COMBINED ASSESSMENT OF NOISE AND
AIR POLLUTION CAUSED BY ROAD TRAFFIC
B De Coensel Ghent University, Department of Information Technology, Ghent, Belgium
A Can Ghent University, Department of Information Technology, Ghent, Belgium
M Madireddy VITO, Transport and Mobility, Mol, Belgium, and Ghent University
I De Vlieger VITO, Transport and Mobility, Mol, Belgium
D Botteldooren Ghent University, Department of Information Technology, Ghent, Belgium
Abstract
Road traffic is a major source of noise and air pollution in the urban environment. Hence, traffic
management solutions are increasingly called for to address problems of noise and atmospheric
pollution. Because changes in traffic flow do not necessarily influence transport mobility, noise and
air quality in the same way, there is a clear need for a combined approach. This paper reports on
the construction of a model which combines microscopic traffic simulation with emission submodels
for noise and air pollutants, and its application to a case study area. The approach presented could
be of inspiration for the construction of guidance tools for urban planning practice.
1 INTRODUCTION
Traffic congestion causes travel delays, and thus imposes a substantial cost on society. Urban
traffic management solutions, such as introducing variable speed limits, installing express lanes or
optimizing traffic signal timing, are commonly used to moderate congestion in urban areas, where
expanding the road network is not feasible. Although the potential of traffic management to reduce
travel delays is widely accepted, the side-effects on noise and air quality are much less clear.
Improving traffic conditions does not necessarily mean that there is less noise or air pollutant
emission. Most studies on the influence of traffic management measures on emission consider air
pollution and noise emissions at a single intersection at most1,2
. On the one hand, field experiments
during which emissions are measured are quite complex to carry out. On the other hand,
computational models for estimating emissions that return realistic results for the stop-and-go
behavior of vehicles in urban environment have not been available until recently.
Small-scale changes in infrastructure can have a large influence on traffic flows; an example is the
installment of green waves, i.e. synchronization of traffic lights at several consecutive signalized
intersections. In order to study the impact of such measures on traffic flow, researchers are more
and more considering the use of microscopic traffic simulation models. Coupled with models for
instantaneous vehicle emissions, this approach offers great potential to study the influence of traffic
management measures on traffic flow, noise and air pollutant emission simultaneously. In this
paper, such a combined model is presented, and results for a case study are discussed.
2 GENERAL METHODOLOGY
2.1 Microscopic traffic simulation
Microscopic traffic simulation models consider the behavior of individual vehicles, as compared to
macroscopic models that only consider the traffic flow as a whole. Behavioral rules, such as when
to change lanes, when to overtake or how much distance to keep to the vehicle in front, form the
core of most microsimulation models. They require much more effort to construct, as compared to
2. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics & Belgium Acoustical Society
Noise in the Built Environment, Ghent, 29-30 April 2010
Vol. 32. Part 3. 2010
macroscopic models, because the (urban) environment has to be modelled in great detail (locations
of kerbs and stop lines, exact size of intersections etc.). Therefore, they are only useful to study
small to medium sized areas (e.g. part of a city). As a benefit, they allow to estimate the impact of
detailed infrastructure changes, because the influence of braking and accelerating is taken into
account. In this work, Paramics3
, a commercially available microsimulation tool, is used as the
modelling software. The output of the model consists of the instantaneous position, speed and
acceleration of each vehicle at each timestep of the simulation (usually 0.5s or less).
2.2 Noise and air pollutant emission
The Harmonoise vehicle noise emission model4
is used in this work to calculate instantaneous
noise emissions. It produces point source sound power levels at a specific height above the ground,
on the basis of vehicle type, speed and acceleration. Two sources of noise are considered: rolling
noise generated by tire-road interaction, and powertrain and exhaust noise. Emissions are
calculated on a 1/3-octave band basis; however, in this work we will only consider the total (A-
weighted) source sound power level, noted as LW. When the noise emission of a vehicle trip through
the network is considered, we define LW
avg
as the average source sound power level of the
particular vehicle over the course of its trip (energetically averaged). In a similar way, the total
source sound power level LW
tot
for the trip of a single vehicle can be defined, which also takes into
account the duration of the trip. The Harmonoise model was specifically developed with microscopic
traffic simulation models in mind, and has been validated widely on an European scale, using a
large number of vehicles, driven on a wide scale of road surface types. The vehicle classes defined
in the Harmonoise model represent the average noise emission of the European vehicle fleet.
The VERSIT+ vehicle exhaust emission model5,6
is used in this work to calculate instantaneous
CO2, NOx and PM10 emissions. This model, developed and supported by TNO, is based on more
than 12500 measurements on vehicles of a wide range of categories and makes. It takes into
account detailed effects such as cold started engines or the wearing of tires and brakes. A derived
model (VERSIT+micro) was recently developed by TNO, specifically targeted at a coupling with
microscopic traffic simulation models. For this, emission parameters of different vehicles (with
varying fuel type) were aggregated into a prototypical vehicle emission model representing the
average emission of the Dutch vehicle fleet. Only two main classes of vehicles are considered: light
duty (including passenger cars) and heavy duty vehicles. As with the Harmonoise emission model,
instantaneous emissions are calculated on the basis of vehicle type (light or heavy), speed and
acceleration, extracted from the microscopic traffic simulation model.
It has to be noted that only emissions are considered in this paper; the propagation of sound and
the dispersion of air pollutants are not modelled.
3 CASE STUDY
3.1 Construction of the microsimulation network
To illustrate the above methodology, the case study area “Zurenborg” was selected. The area is
located in the southeastern part of the 19th century city belt of Antwerp, Belgium. Figure 1, left,
shows a map of the region. The area is bounded by a freeway and a major road in the east, a major
arterial road in the north and a railway track along the southwest. The major arterial road (the
“Plantin en Moretuslei”) connects the city of Antwerp (situated at the west side of the area) with
suburban areas in the east. This road has 2 lanes in each direction, and implements traffic signal
synchronization. More in particular, during morning rush hour, all signals along this road operate at
the same cycle time (60s to 90s, depending on the presence of pedestrians or buses), and the
temporal offset of the cylce of each intersection is set up such that vehicles travelling from east to
west encounter only green lights, when driving at the desired speed of 50 km/h. A similar signal
setting is applied in the reverse direction during the evening rush hour.
3. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics & Belgium Acoustical Society
Noise in the Built Environment, Ghent, 29-30 April 2010
Vol. 32. Part 3. 2010
A microsimulation network (Figure 1, right) was constructed on the basis of GIS data (roads,
buildings, and aerial photographs) and traffic light timing data (from the Antwerp police department).
Network wide traffic demands were calibrated for the morning rush-hour, based on traffic counts
made available by the Flemish Dept. of Mobility and Public Works. Two types of vehicles (light and
heavy duty) are considered, which are linked to the respective emission classes of the Harmonoise
and VERSIT+ emission models. A railway track passes through the area, but this is not modelled. In
order to show how this model can be used to investigate the influence of traffic management
measures, three different scenarios are considered. The first scenario represents the current
situation, with a green wave along the arterial road. The second scenario is identical to the first one,
except for the traffic lights along the arterial road, which are not synchronized. This allows us to see
the influence of the installment of the green wave on emissions. In order to desynchronize the
signals, a small but random number of seconds was added to or subtracted from the cycle times.
This way, a wide range of waiting times at each intersection is encountered over the course of the
simulation run. In the third scenario, speed limits have been reduced as compared to the first
scenario, from 50 km/h to 30 km/h along the arterial road. The signalized intersection offsets have
been adjusted to this new desired speed, so there is still a green wave in this scenario.
Figure 1 – (left) Map of the case study area; (right) screenshot of the
microsimulation network, with signalized intersections circled in red.
The microscopic traffic simulation time considered is 1 hour, with a simulation timestep of 0.5s.
Vehicles are loaded onto the network at the edge roads along the sides of the network, according to
the traffic demands (which are the same for all scenarios). The traffic intensity along the major
arterial road during rush hour, from east to west, is between 700 and 1000 vehicles/hour, depending
on the segment that is considered (vehicles also enter along the side streets). During simulation,
locations and kinematic properties of all vehicles are recorded at each time step, for subsequent
calculation of emissions.
3.2 Individual trip emissions
In this section, we will consider the total emission of vehicles during their trip through the network
(simply called the trip emission). Because the northern arterial road is of main focus, only the
emissions of the vehicles driving along this road, from east to west into the city, are considered for
the analysis in this section. Table 1 gives an overview of the average trip emissions. Comparable
trends are found for both light and heavy duty vehicles. It should be mentioned that the optimal
4. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics & Belgium Acoustical Society
Noise in the Built Environment, Ghent, 29-30 April 2010
Vol. 32. Part 3. 2010
conditions could be different when the cross-flow direction is also taken into account, although this
direction carries much less traffic (200 to 300 vehicles/hour).
Considering noise, it can be seen that the average vehicle sound power would decrease by 0.6 (for
heavy duty vehicles) to 0.9 dB(A) (for light duty vehicles) when the green wave is removed.
However, because trips would take longer to complete, the average total emission would still
increase with 0.1 to 0.3 dB(A). The effect of the green wave on total noise emissions thus seems to
be negligible. On the other hand, reducing speeds has a clear beneficial influence on noise, with
reductions in total emission from 1.2 to 1.9 dB(A).
Considering air pollutant emissions, it can be seen that removing the green wave would increase
emissions by 10 to 13%, for all types of pollutants. When speeds are lowered to 30 km/h, the
picture is not that clear anymore: CO2 and NOx emissions would drop, but PM10 emissions would
rise by 11% to 19%. The slower speeds in scenario 3 cause the vehicles to consume less fuel and,
as a consequence, to emit less pollutants per second on average, but vehicles also take more time
to complete their trip. For CO2 and NOx emissions, the longer trip duration is overcompensated by
the reduction in emissions per second, while this is not the case for PM10.
Figure 2 shows the histograms of the trip emissions for light duty vehicles travelling along the main
arterial road. Overall, the most compact distributions are found for scenario 3, which indicates that
the flow is most homogenous with the lower speed limit of 30 km/h.
Table 1 – Average trip durations and total trip emissions for the different scenarios.
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3
Speed limit
Green wave?
Avg. trip duration
50 km/h
Yes
217s
50 km/h
No
274s (+26%)
30 km/h
Yes
311s (+43%)
Light duty vehicles
LW
avg
LW
tot
CO2
NOx
PM10
93.9 dBA
117.2 dBA
1329 g
3.355 g
0.2236 g
93.0 dBA (-0.9)
117.3 dBA (+0.1)
1502 g (+13%)
3.748 g (+12%)
0.2495 g (+12%)
90.4 dBA (-3.5)
115.3 dBA (-1.9)
1081 g (-19%)
2.188 g (-35%)
0.2479 g (+11%)
Heavy duty vehicles
LW
avg
LW
tot
CO2
NOx
PM10
106.8 dBA
130.6 dBA
5804 g
50.94 g
2.0326 g
106.2 dBA (-0.6)
130.9 dBA (+0.3)
6402 g (+10%)
56.15 g (+10%)
2.2846 g (+12%)
104.4 dBA (-2.4)
129.4 dBA (-1.2)
4450 g (-23%)
39.52 g (-22%)
2.4142 g (+19%)
3.3 Spatial distribution of emissions
In this section, we will consider the spatial distribution of noise and air pollutant emission. A
rectangular subregion with a size of 1400m by 350m, surrounding the northern arterial road, was
selected. Note that all vehicles are considered in this section, not only those that drive along the
arterial road from east to west. Figure 3 shows the spatial emission distributions for the first
scenario, and the differences between the other scenarios and the first scenario. For the noise
maps, hourly equivalent source power levels are aggregated to a grid of emission points, with a
spatial resolution of 5m. For the air pollutant emission maps, total emissions are aggregated into
bins with a surface of 25 m2
.
Removal of the green wave, or reduction of the limit speed, causes changes in noise emission that
are more or less evenly distributed along the arterial road. In contrast, changes in air pollutant
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Noise in the Built Environment, Ghent, 29-30 April 2010
Vol. 32. Part 3. 2010
emission are more concentrated, because of the greater influence of acceleration on air pollutant
emission. Removal of the green wave would result in much higher emissions (up to 50% locally)
near the downstream arms of the intersections, where vehicles accelerate. In contrast, a speed
reduction would have the highest impact in the stretches of road in between intersections.
Figure 2 – Histograms of trip emissions for the three scenarios.
Figure 3 – Spatial ditributions of emissions along the arterial road (bins of 25m2
).
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Vol. 32. Part 3. 2010
4 CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a computational approach for assessing the environmental impact of traffic
management measures was described, which combines microscopic traffic simulation with emission
models for noise and air pollutants. Simulation results for a case study area were presented,
including scenarios with a green wave and a speed reduction. It was found that changes in traffic
flow do not always influence travel times, noise and air pollutant emission (CO2, NOx and PM10) in
the same way. The results indicate the importance of a combined approach, when considering the
environmental impact of urban traffic management decisions.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was partly funded by the Flemish Policy Research Centre for Mobility & Public Works
(Steunpunt Mobiliteit en Openbare Werken, spoor Verkeersveiligheid). Bert De Coensel is a
postdoctoral fellow, and Arnaud Can is a visiting postdoctoral fellow of the Research Foundation–
Flanders (FWO–Vlaanderen); the support of this organisation is also gratefully acknowledged.
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