5.thermal systems building envelope
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This lesson plan involves two activities for students to experiment with different materials as insulators and design their own experiment to test the effectiveness of insulation installation. The objectives are for students to understand how physical properties influence a material's insulating ability and to identify variables in scientific experiments. Materials listed include containers, water, insulation samples, and thermometers for measuring heat transfer.
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M. Lynch 1.
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T. George 1.
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1. INTRODUCTION
In East Africa, the military personnel were quartered in Containerized Living Units (CLUs).
The increasing population on occasion outnumbers the amount of available CLUs. Due to hot and
humid climate, personal air conditioning unit (ACU) is being used in each CLU. Energy to run
these ACUs are produced from diesel power generators that run 24 hours a day, every day of the
year. The CLU’s estimate current consumption comprise around 40% of the electrical load. This
high electrical load results from poor air distribution, a large difference in the air temperature down
the length of the CLU, and oversized ACU’s cycling on and off every 3-4 minutes, [1]. A much
more energy efficient Containerized Living Unit (termed “SuperCLU”) technology design and
development project is in progress. It consists of two phases that modify existing CLUs and to
design and build SuperCLU prototypes, Figure 1. The SuperCLU program goals were to reduce
the amount of energy consumed by the CLUs and to create an easy and fast set up and tear down
system while the occupants were away from the CLUs, [1]. These include the layout design, air
conditioning unit modifications, using insulation materials for the walls, floors, and ceilings, using
coatings for the exterior and interior and using a shading structure to form a canopy above the
SuperCLU’s. All of these changes were designed to reduce cubic feet of conditioned air needed
while enhancing individual berthing spaces [1,2].
The objective of constructing a shading structure focuses on reducing the SuperCLU’s need
for air conditioning. Constructing shading structures would significantly reduce the heat buildup
on the surface of the SuperCLU thereby reducing the heat transfer through the SuperCLU envelope
and thus reducing the cooling costs. Five experiments were performed to evaluate the performance
and longevity of tent fabric materials. These are strength, resistance to wind, abrasion, thermal
effects and heat t.
Investigation of Thermal Insulation on Ice Coolers
This document investigates different materials for thermal insulation in ice coolers. It tests coconut fibre, polystyrene, and polyurethane at various densities using the Lee's Disk method to determine thermal conductivity. The study finds that polyurethane with a density of 95kg/m3 has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0195 W/mK. Numerical analysis confirms that polyurethane of this density and thickness of 64mm maintains the lowest inside temperature for an ice cooler. The experimental data and numerical analysis show that polyurethane of 95kg/m3 density and 64mm thickness provides the best thermal insulation to minimize heat transfer and increase ice melting time in coolers.
N012147579
1) The document investigates suitable densities and thicknesses of materials for thermal insulation in ice coolers.
2) It analyzes coconut fiber, polystyrene, and polyurethane at different densities and thicknesses as insulation materials.
3) Thermal conductivity is experimentally determined using the Lee's Disk Apparatus, and it is found that polyurethane with a density of 95kg/m3 has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0195 W/m K.
Investigation of Thermal Insulation on Ice Coolers
This document investigates different materials for thermal insulation in ice coolers. It tests coconut fibre, polystyrene, and polyurethane at various densities using the Lee's Disk method to determine their thermal conductivity. The study finds that polyurethane with a density of 95kg/m3 has the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.0195 W/mK. Numerical analysis confirms that polyurethane of this density and thickness of 64mm maintains the lowest inside temperature for an ice cooler. The experimental data and numerical analysis show that polyurethane of 95kg/m3 density and 64mm thickness provides the best thermal insulation to minimize heat transfer and increase ice melting time in coolers.
fdocuments.in_10-smart-textiles.pptx
Smart textiles can sense and react to environmental stimuli. They include materials that change color, shape, or texture in response to temperature, pressure, or other inputs. Some examples are self-cleaning carpets, memory-shaped fabrics, temperature-regulating materials, and fabrics that change color. Smart textiles can be categorized as passive (only sense stimuli), active (sense and respond), and very smart (sense, respond, and adapt). They have applications in healthcare, sports, fashion, the military, and more. Emerging technologies include biometric sensing, thermoregulation, wireless connectivity, and nano-materials. The future of smart textiles is highly interactive fabrics that can detect vital signs, communicate wirelessly
PCM experimental Report
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of the thermal behavior of phase change materials (PCM) under dynamic thermal effects. The experiments were carried out using two identical boxes called MICROBAT, with one box having PCM-covered walls. The results showed that the heat storage of the PCM-covered walls effectively stabilized the internal environment when subjected to changing external temperatures, demonstrating the potential of PCM to improve thermal comfort in buildings while reducing energy consumption.
1.electrical systems appliances
This document provides a lesson plan for having students measure the energy consumption of common appliances using a Kill-A-Watt meter. Students will calculate the estimated annual energy cost and environmental impact of different appliances. They will learn the difference between energy and power, identify appliances that may have phantom loads, and evaluate the cost effectiveness of a new refrigerator purchase through payback calculations.
Astm d 5470 2006
This document summarizes a standard test method for measuring the thermal transmission properties of thermally conductive electrical insulation materials. It describes measuring a material's thermal impedance using a test setup with two parallel isothermal surfaces that impose a temperature gradient on a test specimen in between. Measurements of the surface temperatures and heat flow rate are used to calculate the specimen's thermal impedance and apparent thermal conductivity. The test method can be used to evaluate liquids, gels, rubbers, ceramics, metals and some plastics. Adjusting the clamping pressure and applying thermal grease can help account for interfacial thermal resistance between the specimen and test surfaces.
Conductors & insulators
This document discusses physical properties of matter including conductors and insulators of heat energy. It describes an activity where students build a cardboard house model and test different materials in the attic to determine which is the best insulator. Styrofoam proved to be the best insulator as it allowed the inside of the model house to remain at 20 degrees Celsius, the lowest recorded temperature compared to other materials tested.
Computational thermal analysis of a double slope solar still using Energy2d
Computational thermal analysis of a double slope solar still using Energy2dJosé Andrés Alanís Navarro
A theoretical evaluation of a double slope solar still using the Energy2D computer program is presented in this document. The heat absorbing plate is 0.25 m2 square, 5 cm high and constructed of stainless steel. The water film is 3 cm high. Conduction heat losses of three commercial thermal insulation were studied: (i) polyurethane (PU), (ii) glass wool (GW), and (iii) expanded polystyrene (EPS). The insulation thickness is 15 cm and the glass cover is tilted at an angle of 30°. For the simulation, thermal conductivity, specific heat, mass density, and optical properties such as emittance, absorptance, reflectance, and transmittance coefficients were considered. After five hours of simulation, the left, central and right zones of insulator indicates 29.7°C; 45.2°C; 25.2°C, while the left, central and right zones indicates 75.7°C; 75.0°C; 75.5°C. The heat flux insulator, water and glass cover in its central zones are: 16.4, 301 and 72.9 W.m–2, correspondingly. The lower heat loss was observed when PU is used as thermal insulation, while the greater loss when EPS is used. The three materials PU, EPS, and GW registered a temperature of 45°C, at a simulation time of 3 h, 1.5 h, and 45 min, respectively.Physical properties of matter
The document discusses physical properties of matter related to heat transfer. It provides background information on concepts like temperature, conductors, and insulators. It then describes an activity where students build a model house and test various materials in the attic to determine which insulates heat best. Styrofoam kept the inside coolest at 20°C compared to other materials like aluminum foil and glass that allowed more heat transfer.
10. smart textiles
Smart textiles are materials and structures that can sense and react to environmental stimuli. They include self-cleaning carpets, memory fabrics, and fabrics that regulate temperature. Smart textiles can be divided into passive materials that only sense stimuli, active materials that can both sense and respond, and very smart materials that can sense, respond, and adapt. They use materials like conductive fibers, shape memory alloys, and microencapsulated phase change materials. Applications include sportswear that regulates temperature, medical clothing that monitors vital signs, military uniforms that detect hazards, and fashionable apparel that changes color or plays music. The future of smart textiles may include clothing that emits scents, becomes rigid to immobilize injuries,
Development of Thermal Conductivity Measurement Test Rig for Engineering Mate...
This paper describe the development of a hot rod method by using water as a coolant medium which
measure the heat loss through the rod for the steady state measurement of thermal conductivity of small
samples. The heat flow through the test sample was essentially one dimensional and heat loss through
engineering material is made to use heated guard to block the flow of heat from the hot rod to the
surroundings. Since large correction factors must be applied to account for guard imperfection and not
maintained ideal condition. So that it may be preferable to simply measure and correct for the heat that flows
from the heater disc to directions other than into the sample. Experimental measurements taken in a prototype
apparatus combined with extensive computational modeling of the heat transfer in the apparatus show that
sufficiently accurate measurements can be obtained to allow determination of thermal conductivity of
engineering material. Suggestions are made for further improvements in the method based on results from
regression analysis of the generated data.
Sensible heat energy storage technology using low cost locally available ther...
Thermal energy storage in packed beds is increasing attention due to necessary component for efficient utilization of solar energy. A one dimensional thermal model for the behavior of a packed bed is presented for low cost thermal energy sensible heat energy storage materials (i.e. stone, glass, rocks, bricks, and granite) and air as the heat transfer fluid. This model predicts successfully during storage are presented for brick and rock in a cylindrical packed bed storage unit. Explicit expression for time variation of storage material temperature and air flowing in the system have been developed and performance parameters have been computed for five storage materials.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF CURTAIN-WALL-INTEGRATED ...
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the thermal performance of a curtain wall-integrated solar heater using different working fluids, including water and copper oxide nanofluid. Experiments were conducted with mass flow rates varying from 36 to 108 liters per hour. Higher efficiencies were found when using the 3% nanofluid compared to water alone. Outlet water temperature also increased at lower mass flow rates for both fluids. For a given fluid, efficiency slightly increased with higher mass flow rates. The study concluded the nanofluid improved the thermal performance and increased the outlet temperature of hot water compared to just using water.
The Effects of Flooring Material on Thermal Comfort in a Comparative Study Ma...
The Effects of Flooring Material on Thermal Comfort in a Comparative Study Ma...United International Journal for Research & Technology
The Effects of Flooring Material on Thermal Comfort in a Comparative Study Marble and Parquet Flooring
https://uijrt.com/articles/v1i5/UIJRTV1I50004.pdfThermal conductivity of three different wood products of combretaceae family
This study examined the thermal conductivity and behavior of three wood species from the Combretaceae family - Terminalia superb, Terminalia ivorensis, and Quisqualis indica. Samples were tested using a modified Lee's disk method at different temperature and time intervals. The results showed that thermal agitation increased with temperature until stability was reached after around 105 minutes. Thermal equilibrium was achieved faster during decreasing temperatures. Terminalia superb exhibited the highest thermal conductivity and agitation, followed by Terminalia ivorensis, with Quisqualis indica showing the lowest. The thermal conductivity values for all samples fell within the typical range of 0.1-0.8 Wm-1K-1 for wood materials
Smart materials
The document discusses smart materials, which are materials that can change one or more of their properties in response to external stimuli like stress, temperature, moisture, or electric/magnetic fields. It defines smart materials and provides examples. It then categorizes smart materials into three main types - property changing, energy exchanging, and matter exchanging - and discusses their properties and applications. Common applications of smart materials include sensors, actuators, and systems for vibration/sound control and shape control.
Methodology
The document describes the research methodology for a study on creating furniture from recycled paper. It will involve 7 researchers to create a prototype and test it, and 5 validators to objectively observe the testing. A non-probability sample will be used due to time constraints. Tests will evaluate properties like durability, moisture resistance, and comfort. Data will be collected using Likert scales and checklists, then analyzed using frequencies, percentages and weighted means. Ethical considerations include obtaining consent for minor participants and ensuring safety during prototype creation and testing.
Heat loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes- Ed Ryan M. Ruales
Insulated pipes have higher lagging efficiency than uninsulated pipes, reducing heat loss. An experiment measured heat loss from pipes with different coverings. The 85% magnesia insulated pipe had the lowest surface temperature and least heat loss. Errors may have occurred from deteriorated insulation and inconsistent temperature readings. It is recommended to improve insulation quality and use calibrated thermocouples for more accurate results. Insulation effectively minimizes industrial pipe heat loss and improves worker comfort.
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5.thermal systems building envelope
- 2. Time Approximately 60-75 min. for activity 1 Approximately 60-75 min. for activity 2 Approximately 30 min. for calculating heat loss activity
- 3. Prepare
- 4. Overview In this lesson students investigate the physical characteristics of good insulators and create an experiment to test the effect of installation quality on an insulator’s performance. Students also learn to analyze the economic benefits of good insulation by calculating heat loss through building materials. This lesson encompasses two lab activities and should be tailored to fit the needs of your students. In the first activity, students use different materials to insulate containers of hot water, and their objectives to identify the physical characteristic that make materials good insulators. The second activity focuses on the in the installation of insulation in buildings, and students are asked to design an experiment that compares a “well insulated“ container of water in this lesson plan the first activity asks students to experiment with containers of ice water set containers of hot water while the second asks them to experiment with containers of ice water or underneath heat lamps . This experiment al set up is designed to help students understand the effectiveness of insulation in both heating and cooling climates. However, each method ( either hot or cold) is equally able to illustrate how insulation resists heat transmission, so the experimental setup can be tailored to suit the need of your classroom
- 5. Objectives Students will be able to explain the relationship between conduction, convection, radiation, and insulation by identifying the various physical properties that make a material a good insulator. Students will be able to identify independent, dependent, and controlled variables by designing and conducting their own original scientific experiment. Students will be able to articulate methods to improve the efficiency of a building envelope.
- 6. Next Generation Science Standards HS-ETS1-3. Evaluate a solution to a complex real- world problem based on prioritized criteria and trade- offs that account for a range of constraints, including cost, safety, reliability, and aesthetics as well as possible social, cultural, and environmental impacts. HS-PS3-4. Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).
- 7. Crosscutting Concepts Systems and System Models Models (e.g., physical, mathematical, computer models) can be used to simulate systems and interactions—including energy, matter, and information flows— within and between systems at different scales. (HS- ETS1-4)
- 8. Materials Tin cans or paper cups, at least 4 per team. Hot water (for heating climate experiment), approximately 4 cups per team. Ice water (for cooling climate experiment), approximately 4 cups per team. Measuring cups Thermometers with a range of 0°C to 110°C, 4 per team. Various materials to test for their insulating value such as : ◦ Bubble wrap ◦ Cardboard ◦ Newspaper ◦ Aluminum foil ◦ Cotton cloth (such as an old t- shirt)
- 9. Materials Denim Insulation, approximately 3 sq. ft. per team. For the second activity, students will be using real building insulation and any natural fiber insulation will work. Fiberglass should not be used as it is a skin and reparatory irritant. Duct tape Heat lamps (or lamp fixtures with high wattage light bulbs), 1 per team.
- 10. Vocabulary Convection – The transfer of heat through a fluid, such as water or air. Conduction – The transfer of heat from molecule to molecule in a solid substance. Independent variable – The part of an experiment you can change in order to test a hypothesis Dependent variable – The part of an experiment that you measure to determine the results of the change you made. Controlled Variable – A variable that you can control so that it does not unintentionally affect the results of the experiment. R-vale – a measurement of the extent to which a material resists heat transmission; higher R-values indicate more resistance to heat transmission.
- 11. Question 1. What dose R-value measure? 2. Explain the difference between dependent and independent variables? 3. Why is it important to identify variables that must be controlled in an experiment?
- 12. Material 1 Material 2 Material 3 Material type Is it thick or thin? Is it reflective ? Is it rough or smooth ? Is it solid or porous ?