1. The document describes an improved method for adding ferrosilicon to a molten metal or alloy to simultaneously desulphurize or deoxidize it.
2. The method involves using briquettes containing ferrosilicon and calcium oxide in the form of burnt lime, calcium carbonate, or dolomite. When submerged in the molten metal, the briquettes react to increase the silicon content while forming calcium sulfide and silicon dioxide, removing sulfur from the melt.
3. The excess silicon in the briquettes helps drive the reaction and dissolve into the melt, while magnesium can be added to the briquettes to further accelerate their consumption and improve
This document describes improvements to machines for broadcasting seed, fertilizer, and other granular materials. It summarizes a patent for a machine that allows variable control over the spread, direction, and rate of material distribution. The key improvements include an adjustable outlet from the hopper that can change the arc of distribution and direct it radially. Adjusting the length of the outlet also varies the spread of the arc or keeps it constant for different materials.
This document describes improvements to thrust bearing arrangements that can distribute load between individual bearings or groups of bearings. It discloses using wedge surfaces on thrust members that engage with an abutment to distribute load in the axial direction. This enables simple and compact load distribution without excessive sensitivity. Figures 1-7 illustrate examples of arrangements using wedge surfaces or balls to distribute load between multiple bearings through split sleeves or rings.
This document describes a patent for an improved guide assembly for lift cars. The guide assembly uses rubber or rubber-like materials to mount guide shoes or rollers. This allows for vertical displacement of the shoes/rollers against the force of the rubber materials. This helps reduce noise and vibration transmission to the lift car. The assembly may have one or more guide shoes/rollers mounted on arms that can rotate due to the torsional force of rubber bushings.
This document summarizes several British patents from 1957 related to mechanical devices:
1) GB785128 (A) describes a clamp for holding scaffolding tubes at right angles using a bracket with a curved cradle to hold one tube laterally and a flanged extension to support a second tube perpendicular to the first. A screw member is used to force the second tube into contact with the first.
2) GB785129 (A) relates to improvements in helical gears near the limit between reversibility and irreversibility. Parameters are selected so that frictional and contact forces result in the driving gear's axis when attempting to drive from the driven gear.
3) GB785130 (A) describes
This document discusses the design of different types of staircases, including straight flight stairs, quarter-turn stairs, and half-turn stairs. It defines technical terms related to stair design like tread, riser, rise, and landing. It also describes the loading and design considerations for different types of stair support, like simply supported stairs, cantilever stairs, and longitudinally supported stairs. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate loads, design for shear and flexure, and determine reinforcement requirements for staircase design.
This document describes a patent (GB780090 A) for improvements in forming or dressing grinding wheels. Specifically, it provides a method and apparatus for moving a dressing tool along the grinding wheel axis in both directions, partially forming the wheel during movement in one direction and completing the formation during reverse movement. It compensates for any lost motion in the tool actuation mechanism to ensure precise timing and wheel formation when changing movement directions. The apparatus includes a dressing tool, mechanisms for supporting tool movement in predetermined paths during forward and reverse travel along the wheel, and means for adjusting the timing relationship between actuating mechanisms upon direction changes.
This document describes a patent (GB780090 A) for improvements in forming or dressing grinding wheels. Specifically, it provides a method and apparatus for moving a dressing tool along the grinding wheel axis in both directions, partially forming the wheel during movement in one direction and completing the formation during reverse movement. It compensates for any lost motion in the tool actuation mechanism to ensure precise timing and wheel formation when changing movement directions. The apparatus includes a dressing tool, mechanisms for supporting tool movement in predetermined paths during forward and reverse travel along the wheel, and means for adjusting the timing relationship between actuating mechanisms upon direction changes.
This document describes improvements to bearings, specifically for railway vehicle journal bearings. It provides bearing assembly designs that allow movement between the bearing and load to permit self-alignment. It includes pumping means associated with the bearing that are actuated by relative movement to supply lubricant under positive pressure to the interface between the axle and bearing. Specific embodiments include designs with resilient elements between the bearing and load application point to favor oscillating movement for pump operation and absorption of shocks.
This document describes improvements to machines for broadcasting seed, fertilizer, and other granular materials. It summarizes a patent for a machine that allows variable control over the spread, direction, and rate of material distribution. The key improvements include an adjustable outlet from the hopper that can change the arc of distribution and direct it radially. Adjusting the length of the outlet also varies the spread of the arc or keeps it constant for different materials.
This document describes improvements to thrust bearing arrangements that can distribute load between individual bearings or groups of bearings. It discloses using wedge surfaces on thrust members that engage with an abutment to distribute load in the axial direction. This enables simple and compact load distribution without excessive sensitivity. Figures 1-7 illustrate examples of arrangements using wedge surfaces or balls to distribute load between multiple bearings through split sleeves or rings.
This document describes a patent for an improved guide assembly for lift cars. The guide assembly uses rubber or rubber-like materials to mount guide shoes or rollers. This allows for vertical displacement of the shoes/rollers against the force of the rubber materials. This helps reduce noise and vibration transmission to the lift car. The assembly may have one or more guide shoes/rollers mounted on arms that can rotate due to the torsional force of rubber bushings.
This document summarizes several British patents from 1957 related to mechanical devices:
1) GB785128 (A) describes a clamp for holding scaffolding tubes at right angles using a bracket with a curved cradle to hold one tube laterally and a flanged extension to support a second tube perpendicular to the first. A screw member is used to force the second tube into contact with the first.
2) GB785129 (A) relates to improvements in helical gears near the limit between reversibility and irreversibility. Parameters are selected so that frictional and contact forces result in the driving gear's axis when attempting to drive from the driven gear.
3) GB785130 (A) describes
This document discusses the design of different types of staircases, including straight flight stairs, quarter-turn stairs, and half-turn stairs. It defines technical terms related to stair design like tread, riser, rise, and landing. It also describes the loading and design considerations for different types of stair support, like simply supported stairs, cantilever stairs, and longitudinally supported stairs. Examples are provided to demonstrate how to calculate loads, design for shear and flexure, and determine reinforcement requirements for staircase design.
This document describes a patent (GB780090 A) for improvements in forming or dressing grinding wheels. Specifically, it provides a method and apparatus for moving a dressing tool along the grinding wheel axis in both directions, partially forming the wheel during movement in one direction and completing the formation during reverse movement. It compensates for any lost motion in the tool actuation mechanism to ensure precise timing and wheel formation when changing movement directions. The apparatus includes a dressing tool, mechanisms for supporting tool movement in predetermined paths during forward and reverse travel along the wheel, and means for adjusting the timing relationship between actuating mechanisms upon direction changes.
This document describes a patent (GB780090 A) for improvements in forming or dressing grinding wheels. Specifically, it provides a method and apparatus for moving a dressing tool along the grinding wheel axis in both directions, partially forming the wheel during movement in one direction and completing the formation during reverse movement. It compensates for any lost motion in the tool actuation mechanism to ensure precise timing and wheel formation when changing movement directions. The apparatus includes a dressing tool, mechanisms for supporting tool movement in predetermined paths during forward and reverse travel along the wheel, and means for adjusting the timing relationship between actuating mechanisms upon direction changes.
This document describes improvements to bearings, specifically for railway vehicle journal bearings. It provides bearing assembly designs that allow movement between the bearing and load to permit self-alignment. It includes pumping means associated with the bearing that are actuated by relative movement to supply lubricant under positive pressure to the interface between the axle and bearing. Specific embodiments include designs with resilient elements between the bearing and load application point to favor oscillating movement for pump operation and absorption of shocks.
This document describes a method of refining hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon fractions by catalytic hydrogenation. The method involves introducing water vapor into the catalytic hydrogenation zone, along with the hydrocarbons or fractions and a hydrogen-containing gas. The presence of water vapor improves the hydrogenation process and reduces damage to the sulfur-resistant catalyst, while not adversely affecting the hydrogenation itself. The method uses 5-50% by volume of water vapor, referred to the fresh gas entering the process, at pressures of 5-100 atmospheres and temperatures over 300°C.
The document summarizes a patent for a suspension system for motor vehicles. It describes an auxiliary frame that supports the axle and is detachably mounted to the vehicle body. The auxiliary frame consists of sleeves surrounding torsion bar springs, stays connecting the sleeves, and struts connected to the sleeves. When mounted to the vehicle body, the auxiliary frame and body form a rigid frame system that takes up stresses from the axle. The auxiliary frame attaches to the vehicle body at four widely spaced points, distributing stresses over a large surface area of the body.
The document describes the design of a waist-slab type staircase. It includes:
1) Calculating the effective span of the going and landing slab as 5100 mm and selecting a 250 mm depth.
2) Determining factored loads on various elements, with the maximum being 22.9 kN/m^2 on the going.
3) Analyzing the slab for bending moment and shear force, finding a maximum moment of 102.08 kNm at 2.51 m from the left support.
4) Checking that the selected depths of 250 mm and 200 mm are adequate based on the bending moment.
This document describes patent GB784755 (A) for improvements in pressure operated switches. Specifically, it relates to switches where a switch mechanism is actuated by changes in pressure differential across a spring-loaded diaphragm. The switches are used in systems that control air or gas flow through a conduit. The invention provides novel or improved means for varying the degree of spring loading on the diaphragm to alter the pressure differential needed to actuate the switch.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps are twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide conforming to the conductor's shape, which causes the guide to rotate, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die rotate together in synchronization with the spiral lay of the pre-twisted conductor to properly orient the conductor's cross-sectional shape.
This document summarizes a patent for recovering cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors. It describes how traditional soda pulping processes are expensive and wasteful due to the loss of sodium hydroxide in washings and stack gases. The invention provides a practical method for regenerating the soda with minimal loss, eliminating hazards and allowing recovery of soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing it.
This document describes a patent for a clutch mechanism for driving textile spinning or twisting spindles. The clutch allows reliable operation of the spindle even with large cop weights or varying speeds without significant changes to the spinning machine. The clutch comprises two clutch members on the same driven shaft that can move axially to engage and disengage. One member rotates with the shaft while the other connects to the spindle. The members have both positive-drive teeth and friction surfaces arranged so that friction engages before the teeth, allowing shock-free starting and braking when disengaged.
This document describes two British patents from 1957:
1) GB784818 (A) describes a self-leveling storage and dispensing apparatus that maintains material at a constant level using a spring-loaded carrier that moves up and down a central post without rotating.
2) GB784819 (A) relates to combustion chambers for internal combustion engines. It describes difficulties in casting and finishing wedge-shaped combustion chambers and a method for forming combustion chambers that position the spark plug near the volumetric center.
Workstation cranes can be manufactured to customer specifications for lifting loads up to 4000 lbs. They are available as free standing or ceiling mounted models with bridge spans up to 30 feet. The document provides information on the features and components of MET-TRACK brand workstation cranes, which are designed for ease of movement and reduced operator fatigue. Various configuration and mounting options are described.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This design eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of cans compared to previous mechanisms.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, each containing a slidable rod connected to a chain. The rod carries a head that packs sliver into cans. The chains are connected to wheels on a shaft that is oscillated back and forth, causing the rods and heads to move up and down in a tramping motion to pack the sliver. This mechanism eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of the cans. Diagrams show two embodiments using springs or weights to assist the up and down motion of the rods and heads.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This mechanism takes up less space than prior designs and avoids extending levers from the machine, allowing for closer disposal of cans.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This mechanism takes up less space than prior designs and avoids extending levers from the machine, allowing for closer disposal of cans.
This document describes a patent application for an improved annular cover fitment for vehicle wheels. The fitment consists of a composite structure with an ornamental front section and annular backing section secured together. The backing section has a rearwardly extending channel to engage retractile means for securing the fitment to the wheel. The fitment covers parts of the wheel rim and hub cap, and the front section inner portion has louvers to assist brake cooling while rotation.
Report on insertion of br. approach sleeper to standardised the approach slee...Prem Prakash Kumar
Provision of PSC/Composite sleeper to reduce sleeper spacing at the ends of bridge.Running on girder bridges, especially in bridge approaches are in-general not satisfactory due to various reasons like alignment mismatch, level difference in abutment and pier, presence of SEJ, Joints , large sleeper spacing due to presence of ballast wall etc.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
This document describes a patent for improvements to clamps for fixing dress guard stays on wheel axles of baby carriages. The clamp comprises two clamping arms that grip the axle between them. Each arm is pivotally mounted to a metal strip forming the stay. An abutment on the strip or arm holds the arms in a spaced position to insert the axle before tightening. The arms can then be pulled together on the axle by a clamping bolt. This allows the arms to be easily positioned around the axle without wasting time adjusting their position.
This document describes floor cleaning and polishing equipment. It has a shaft that is pivotally attached to a base so it can be adjusted to different angles. To achieve an adjustable handle position, the shaft has a retractable rod with an end that can lodge in perforations on an arcuate strip below the shaft end. This immobilizes the shaft at the desired angle. The strip can have two holes to position the shaft upright or at a preset angle, or more holes for additional angles. The strip can also be located under the base for a compact design.
This document describes a method of refining hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon fractions by catalytic hydrogenation. The method involves introducing water vapor into the catalytic hydrogenation zone, along with the hydrocarbons or fractions and a hydrogen-containing gas. The presence of water vapor improves the hydrogenation process and reduces damage to the sulfur-resistant catalyst, while not adversely affecting the hydrogenation itself. The method uses 5-50% by volume of water vapor, referred to the fresh gas entering the process, at pressures of 5-100 atmospheres and temperatures over 300°C.
The document summarizes a patent for a suspension system for motor vehicles. It describes an auxiliary frame that supports the axle and is detachably mounted to the vehicle body. The auxiliary frame consists of sleeves surrounding torsion bar springs, stays connecting the sleeves, and struts connected to the sleeves. When mounted to the vehicle body, the auxiliary frame and body form a rigid frame system that takes up stresses from the axle. The auxiliary frame attaches to the vehicle body at four widely spaced points, distributing stresses over a large surface area of the body.
The document describes the design of a waist-slab type staircase. It includes:
1) Calculating the effective span of the going and landing slab as 5100 mm and selecting a 250 mm depth.
2) Determining factored loads on various elements, with the maximum being 22.9 kN/m^2 on the going.
3) Analyzing the slab for bending moment and shear force, finding a maximum moment of 102.08 kNm at 2.51 m from the left support.
4) Checking that the selected depths of 250 mm and 200 mm are adequate based on the bending moment.
This document describes patent GB784755 (A) for improvements in pressure operated switches. Specifically, it relates to switches where a switch mechanism is actuated by changes in pressure differential across a spring-loaded diaphragm. The switches are used in systems that control air or gas flow through a conduit. The invention provides novel or improved means for varying the degree of spring loading on the diaphragm to alter the pressure differential needed to actuate the switch.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps of the method include twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide with a matching outlet shape, which causes the guide to rotate in sync with the conductor lay, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die are driven together in rotation to maintain the proper orientation between the conductor's cross-sectional shape and the guide outlet as the conductor passes through.
1. This document describes a method for insulating individual sector-shaped conductors using an extrusion process to form multi-core cables.
2. The key steps are twisting the conductor, feeding it non-rotatably through a rotatable guide conforming to the conductor's shape, which causes the guide to rotate, and finally feeding the conductor through a coupled die head where plastic insulation is applied.
3. The guide and die rotate together in synchronization with the spiral lay of the pre-twisted conductor to properly orient the conductor's cross-sectional shape.
This document summarizes a patent for recovering cooking liquor from spent soda pulping liquors. It describes how traditional soda pulping processes are expensive and wasteful due to the loss of sodium hydroxide in washings and stack gases. The invention provides a practical method for regenerating the soda with minimal loss, eliminating hazards and allowing recovery of soda cooking liquor from waste liquors containing it.
This document describes a patent for a clutch mechanism for driving textile spinning or twisting spindles. The clutch allows reliable operation of the spindle even with large cop weights or varying speeds without significant changes to the spinning machine. The clutch comprises two clutch members on the same driven shaft that can move axially to engage and disengage. One member rotates with the shaft while the other connects to the spindle. The members have both positive-drive teeth and friction surfaces arranged so that friction engages before the teeth, allowing shock-free starting and braking when disengaged.
This document describes two British patents from 1957:
1) GB784818 (A) describes a self-leveling storage and dispensing apparatus that maintains material at a constant level using a spring-loaded carrier that moves up and down a central post without rotating.
2) GB784819 (A) relates to combustion chambers for internal combustion engines. It describes difficulties in casting and finishing wedge-shaped combustion chambers and a method for forming combustion chambers that position the spark plug near the volumetric center.
Workstation cranes can be manufactured to customer specifications for lifting loads up to 4000 lbs. They are available as free standing or ceiling mounted models with bridge spans up to 30 feet. The document provides information on the features and components of MET-TRACK brand workstation cranes, which are designed for ease of movement and reduced operator fatigue. Various configuration and mounting options are described.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This design eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of cans compared to previous mechanisms.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, each containing a slidable rod connected to a chain. The rod carries a head that packs sliver into cans. The chains are connected to wheels on a shaft that is oscillated back and forth, causing the rods and heads to move up and down in a tramping motion to pack the sliver. This mechanism eliminates extending levers and allows for close spacing of the cans. Diagrams show two embodiments using springs or weights to assist the up and down motion of the rods and heads.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This mechanism takes up less space than prior designs and avoids extending levers from the machine, allowing for closer disposal of cans.
The document describes an improved can packing mechanism for textile drawing frames. The mechanism uses vertical cylinders attached to the base of the machine, with rods inside that carry packing heads. Chains connect the rods to wheels on a shaft, allowing the rods and heads to move up and down periodically to pack sliver into cans. This mechanism takes up less space than prior designs and avoids extending levers from the machine, allowing for closer disposal of cans.
This document describes a patent application for an improved annular cover fitment for vehicle wheels. The fitment consists of a composite structure with an ornamental front section and annular backing section secured together. The backing section has a rearwardly extending channel to engage retractile means for securing the fitment to the wheel. The fitment covers parts of the wheel rim and hub cap, and the front section inner portion has louvers to assist brake cooling while rotation.
Report on insertion of br. approach sleeper to standardised the approach slee...Prem Prakash Kumar
Provision of PSC/Composite sleeper to reduce sleeper spacing at the ends of bridge.Running on girder bridges, especially in bridge approaches are in-general not satisfactory due to various reasons like alignment mismatch, level difference in abutment and pier, presence of SEJ, Joints , large sleeper spacing due to presence of ballast wall etc.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
This patent document describes improvements to shaft bearings that provide lubrication regardless of motor position or rotation direction. The bearing features a journal sleeve and thrust members, with annular wicks that absorb lubricant and preload the thrust surfaces to prevent noise. Helical grooves in the shaft pump lubricant between the wicks to lubricate the journal and thrust surfaces, with means to return excess lubricant to ensure adequate supply in any conditions.
This document describes a patent for improvements to clamps for fixing dress guard stays on wheel axles of baby carriages. The clamp comprises two clamping arms that grip the axle between them. Each arm is pivotally mounted to a metal strip forming the stay. An abutment on the strip or arm holds the arms in a spaced position to insert the axle before tightening. The arms can then be pulled together on the axle by a clamping bolt. This allows the arms to be easily positioned around the axle without wasting time adjusting their position.
This document describes floor cleaning and polishing equipment. It has a shaft that is pivotally attached to a base so it can be adjusted to different angles. To achieve an adjustable handle position, the shaft has a retractable rod with an end that can lodge in perforations on an arcuate strip below the shaft end. This immobilizes the shaft at the desired angle. The strip can have two holes to position the shaft upright or at a preset angle, or more holes for additional angles. The strip can also be located under the base for a compact design.
This document describes patent GB786114 (A) for a split metal sleeve. It involves:
1) Providing a length of metallic tubing with an inner radius smaller than the object it will embrace.
2) Heat treating the tubing to make it resilient.
3) Flame-cutting the tubing into two segments with interlocking side edges that have a total arc length exceeding 180 degrees.
1) The document describes a split metal sleeve for protecting drill pipes during oil drilling.
2) The sleeve consists of two resilient metal segments that interlock at side edges to form a continuous circumference when installed on the drill pipe.
3) The segments are curved more than 180 degrees so they must be sprung over the pipe diameter, and their interlocking edges ensure a tight, secure fit that can withstand stresses during drilling.
This document describes improvements to control means for electric current converters. It discusses providing control of discharge paths through respective control electrodes over a wide range, from rectifier to inverter operation. Each control electrode is connected to two inductive members (transformers or chokes) supplied with phase-displaced operating currents/voltages from AC busbars. There are means for imparting a commonly variable direct current premagnetization and means for imparting independently pre-settable direct current premagnetizations, allowing control of each electrode's feed to provide a control voltage during a portion of the converter's total control range.
This document describes a patent for improvements in friction couplings used in baling machines and other power driven machines. Specifically, it details a friction coupling that provides an audible alarm when slipping occurs. The coupling has two plates between which are fabric-lined slip discs. When slipping causes the slip discs to rotate, it actuates an audible alarm such as a bell. Alternatively, ratchet teeth on the slip disc can click against a spring to produce an audible warning of slipping. The invention provides a way to detect and warn of slipping in a friction coupling.
This document describes improvements to textile ring spinning machines. It discusses prior art machines and their limitations, such as traveller speeds being limited to 30m/sec due to friction. The invention aims to allow for higher speeds by reducing friction through various means. It includes driving the spinning ring with an electric motor to allow for higher, independently controlled speeds. Figures 1-8 illustrate embodiments of the invention, showing a ring rail with a twisting ring driven by a motor, driving arrangements, bearing configurations, and an electro-spindle with a magnet bearing.
This document describes improvements to textile ring spinning machines. It discusses prior art machines and limitations around friction and speed. The invention aims to allow for higher speeds by reducing friction through various means, including driving the spinning ring with an electric motor and using magnetic bearings on the spindle. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the invention, showing the arrangement of motors, magnetic components, and other elements.
This document describes improvements to textile ring spinning machines. It discusses prior art machines and limitations around friction and speed. The invention aims to address these issues by:
1) Driving the spinning/twisting ring with an electric motor to allow for higher speeds without increased friction.
2) Using magnets to levitate and centralize the bobbin spindle and twisting ring for frictionless rotation.
3) Improving the bobbin spindle bearing design for higher speeds and loads.
This document describes improvements to textile ring spinning machines. It discusses prior art machines and their limitations, such as friction causing thread breakages at higher speeds. The invention aims to allow higher speeds by reducing friction through various means. It includes driving the spinning ring with an electric motor to allow higher, more efficient speeds without increased air consumption. Figures illustrate embodiments with motor-driven rings using magnetic bearings for centralization of the bobbin spindle.
This document provides a detailed description of GB785864(A), a 1957 patent for a wedge-actuated vehicle brake. It describes the exteriorly-mounted power actuator that drives a reciprocating wedge to actuate the brake shoes. The wedge movement is guided by rollers and pistons within an actuating chamber boss. The brake assembly includes individually adjustable anchor bolts and novel mechanisms for adjusting the brake shoes. The power actuator can be offset from the wedge axis to allow for axle clearance, and the wedge is able to float to self-balance the braking force applied to each shoe.
This document describes a wedge actuated vehicle brake mechanism. It discloses an improved design where the power actuator is located on the exterior side of the brake assembly backing plate and rigidly mounted to a special adapter. This allows the actuator axis to be offset from normal to the backing plate. It incorporates a combined brake support, actuator bracket and wedge cage. The wedge can reciprocate in a path up to 20 degrees from perpendicular to the backing plate, allowing flexibility in actuator placement. The design transfers force from the power unit's push rod directly to the wedge to multiply braking force through the wedge slope and internal shoe linkages.
This document describes two British patents from 1957:
1) GB785363 (A) describes a counterpoise suspension system that incorporates a cam and follower mechanism to vary the spring thrust based on the position of the parallelogram linkage in order to provide an automatic counterbalancing effect over a predetermined range of displacement.
2) GB785364 (A) relates to improvements in paper making machines where a web is formed on a travelling wire mesh. It describes using a continuous transverse suction slot to draw water from the entire width of the web before it is transferred to a felt across a gap, in order to facilitate clean separation from the wire.
This document describes a patent from 1957 for an improved connection for lagging irons used in underground mine workings. The connection involves a tongue on one lagging iron that extends into a forked end of the other iron. A pivot pin passes through bores in the fork prongs and tongue to connect the irons. A clamping wedge can be inserted to rigidly secure the connection and allow angular deflection of the irons. The improvement involves orienting the irons so the tongue points toward the work face, and extending the fork prongs so the tongue can fully extend without projecting over the previous iron. This allows the inserted iron to be immediately connected by the pivot pin without needing an auxiliary pin.
This document describes a method for manufacturing casting molds and press dies using powder metallurgy. The method involves placing steel powder in a mold and compressing it before pressing a pattern or master shape into the compressed powder and sintering it. This allows for molds and dies of greater strength and more uniform density to be produced in complex shapes compared to prior methods. The document provides details on the steps of the method and options for further improving the strength and properties of the resulting molds and dies.
This document describes a patent for improvements to a gear hobbing machine. Specifically, it provides a means to drive the workpiece at a slow speed for gear hobbing, and then disconnect that drive and connect to a separate high-speed drive for gear shaving. This keeps the drives separate to avoid damaging the normal hobbing drive. It also provides a support on the machine bed to hold a mating gear that can mesh with the hobbed gear for testing accuracy and enabling selective shaving if needed.
1) The document describes improvements in automatic rammer mechanisms for guns.
2) It aims to provide a fully automatic rammer that uses free-flight delivery of ammunition into the gun breech to minimize the time between rounds and protect the ramming mechanism from damage from premature breech closure.
3) Free-flight delivery also allows more accurate insertion of rounds into the breech under varying conditions like pitch and roll of the gun.
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to a spring clutch mechanism. It describes a centrifugally-activated locking mechanism that prevents the clutch spring from disengaging at higher speeds, while allowing control of the clutch at lower speeds. Specifically:
- It uses pivoting pawls on the output member that engage shoulders on the input member when swung outward by centrifugal force, locking the clutch spring.
- The shoulders can be precisely adjusted to clear the pawls at low speeds for clutch control, but engage at higher speeds to prevent intermittent disengagement of the clutch spring.
- An alternative uses an auxiliary clutch spring on the output member that engages a drum on the input member under centrifugal
This document summarizes a patent for improvements to a spring clutch mechanism. It describes a centrifugally-activated locking mechanism that prevents the clutch spring from disengaging at higher speeds, while allowing control of the clutch at lower speeds. The locking mechanism uses pivoting pawls on the output member that engage shoulders on the input member when swung outward by centrifugal force. Precise adjustment between clutch components allows the pawls to clear the shoulders at low speeds for clutch control.
The document describes an improved construction for frames for windows and doors. The frames are assembled using a key section that has longitudinal ribs with lateral projections that slide between ribs of fixed frame sections. This allows for rigid assembly of the fixed frames. Opening frames are assembled in a similar manner and are hinged to fixed frames to allow opening and closing. Surrounding sections are also described that allow the assembled frames to be fixed to wall anchors.
Сытник В. С. Основы расчета и анализа точности геодезических измерений в стро...Иван Иванов
В книге изложены вопросы теории и практики расчета, бценки
и анализа точности геодезических измерений, выполняемых при
возведении промышленных, жилых и общественных зданий й\цн-
женериых сооружений. На основе существующих в теории вероят^~—-
ностей
математической статистики и ошибок измерений рассмат
риваются методы расчета необходимой и достаточной точности гео
дезических измерений
применительно к определенным стадиям
строительно-монтажных работ и конструктивным решениям зданий
и сооружений. Значительное внимание уделено анализу точности
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The document provides guidance for directors of music in senior high schools on producing effective musical programs. It discusses various types of programs, considerations for program building such as attention, contrast and continuity. Organization, administration, publicity, programs/tickets, staging, lighting, costuming and other elements are covered. Experimental research was conducted, including visits to Radio City Music Hall and small theaters, to study professional practices.
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The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
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1. * GB785718 (A)
Description: GB785718 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements connected with stay assemblies for weighing machines
Description of GB785718 (A)
COMPLL F S1'ECIEICATION
Improvements Connected with Stay Assemblies for Weighing
Machines
We, CHARLES W. RECENELL LEM:ITED, of Olnbersley Boad, [Balsall Seat,
Birgingham 12, a British Company, do hereby declare the invention for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed to be particularly described in and by the
following statement:
The invention has reference to improvements connected with stay
assemblies for weighing machines more particularly counter scales
wherein the stay is of the kind embodying a resilient or flexible
metallic ribbon which ribbon incorporates the hinge lines or fluicra
of the stay.
The object of the present invention is to improve the construction and
the means of mounting the stay to admit of the stay automatically
adjusting or align- ing itself with the lever system of the scale
mechanism so as to enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of the scale.
This invention consists of an improved construction and mounting of a
stay for weighing machines more particularly counter scales, the stay
being of the kind embodying a resilient or flexible metallic ribbon
which incorporates the hinge lines or fulcra of the stay, and is
characterised by the presence of hollow rivets which fix the ends of
the ribbon between pairs of clamping pieces through the bores of which
rivets the plain shanks of shouldered pins or screws are adapted to be
fitted so as to admit of a limited rotational motion of the stay in a
horizontal plane on the pins or screws to provide an automatic
adjustment or aligning of the stay in the lever system of the scale.
A preferred means of carrying the present invention into practice as
applied to counter scales of what is termed the automatic or
semi-automatic weight indicating type will now be described with
2. reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a part sectional elevation showing the attachment of the
stay to a leg and the framework of the scale.
Fig. 2 is an exploded view of the parts seen in Fig. 1, and
Fig. 3 is a plan view of the stay according to the invention.
Ihe stay which serves to connect the lower end of the leg 1 dependent
from the scale plate of the machine with the base plate or other
fised-part Z of the frame- work is of the kind which incorporates a
thin fiat metallic ribbon 3 adapted to be rigidly clamped between a
pair of body or middle section plates 4 of the stay by means of rivets
10 and between pairs of rigid end supporting pieces 5 through which
end supporting pieces 4 and the interposed ribbon 3 there is passed
and fizzed a hollow rivet G of relatively large diameter. The ribbon 3
is of a width equal to that of the width of the central body section
plates 4 of the stay and of the end supporting pieces S so as to
provide efiec- tive hinge lines or fulcra in the stay to permit of the
required oscillatory motion of the stay between its connection to the
leg 1 and to the framework 2 of the machine.
The mounting for the stay on the leg 1 comprises a headed and
shouldered screw pin 7 the foot 7a of the pin 7 (seen in Fig. 2) being
of less diameter than the plain shank 76 located between the head 7c
and the foot 7a of the pin, the foot 7a being screw threaded and
shaped to admit of its being threaded into the lower tapped end of the
leg 1 which is dependent from the scale plate of the machine or the
mounting thereof. Interposed between a pair of flat washers 8 which
are adapted to surround the plain shank 7b of the pih is a spring
washer 9 which provides an efficient tightening or nonrotational
fixing for the screw pin 7 without involving any damage to the thread
of the screw or to the tapped part of the leg 1 engaged therewith
A similar mounting obtains at the other end of the stay where it is
connected to the framework 2 of the machine.
The plain shank 7b of the pin 7 is adapted to snugly fit within the
bore of the hollow rivet 6 at the end of the stay through which it is
passed so as to admit of a slight or limited rotational motion of the
stay on the plain shank of the screw pin 7, when the assembly has been
completed, thus the stay can adjust or align itself to the lever
system of the scale to enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of the
machine.
What we claim is : -
1. A stay assembly for weighing machines fore particularly counter
scales, the stay being of the kind embodying a resilient or flexible
metallic ribbon which incorporates the hinge lines or fulcra of the
stay, and is characterised by the presence of hollow rivets which fix
the ends of the ribbon between pairs of clamping pieces through the
3. bores of which rivets the plain shanks of shouldered pins or screws
are adapted to be fitted so as to admit of a limited rotational motion
of the stay in a horizontal plane on the pins or screws to provide an
automatic adjust
ment or aligning of the stay in the lever
system of the scale.
2. A stay assembly for weighing
machines according to Claim 1 wherein a
thin flat metallic ribbon is clamped at ohe
end between a pair of rigid end support
ing pieces of a width substantially equal
to that of the ribbon, by means of a
hollow rivet, the stay being attached to
the leg, framework or base of the machine
by means of a headed pin the plain shank
whereof is located as a snug fit within the
bore of the hollow rivet a spring washer
being interposed between the head of the
pin and the stay.
3. A stay assembly for weighing
machines according to Claim 1 wherein
the length of the ribbon intermediate the
clamping pieces at the ends of the ribbon
is rigidly clamped between a pair of body
or middle section plates by means of
rivets.
4. A stay assembly for weighing
machines more particularly counter scales,
the stay being of the kind embodying a
resilient or flexible metallic ribbon which
incorporates the hinge lines or fulcra of .the stay, the stay assembly
being con
structed and arranged substantially as
herein described with reference to the
accompanying drawings for the purpose
hereinbefore set forth.
PROVISIONAL BPEGIPIBTION
Improvements Connected with Stay Assemblies for Weighing
Machines We, CERL1SS W. BBECHNELL LMDED, of Ombersley Road, Balsall
Heath, Bir- mingham 12, a. British Company, do hereby declare this
invention to be described in the following statement:--
This invention has reference to improve- ments connected with the
construction and mounting of stays for weighing machines more
particularly counter scales wherein the stay is of the kind embodying
4. a resilient or flexible metallic ribbon which ribbon incorporates the
hinge lines or fulcra of the stay.
The object of the present invention is to improve the means of fixing
or clamp ing the ribbon to the body of the stay and in the means of
mounting the stay to admit of the stay automatically adjusting or
aligning itself with the lever system of the scale mechanism so as to
enhance the sensitivity and accuracy of the scale.
This invention consists of an improved construction and mounting of a
stay for weighing machines more particularly counter scales, the stay
being of the kind embodying a resilient or flexible metallic ribbon
which incorporates the hinge line or fulcra of the stay, and is
characterised by a hollow rivet fixing of the ribbon between clamping
pieces through which rivet or rivets the plain shank of a shouldered
pin or screw is adapted to be located so as to admit of a limited
rotational motion of the stay in a horizontal plane on the pins or
screws to provide an automatic adjustment or aligning of the stay in
the lever system of the scale.
According to a preferred means of carrying the present invention into
practice as applied to counter scales of what is termed the automatic
or semi-automatic weight indicating type, the stay which serves to
connect the lower end of the leg dependent from the scale plate of
* GB785719 (A)
Description: GB785719 (A) ? 1957-11-06
An improved method for adding ferrosilicon while simultaneously
desulphurizing or deoxidizing a molten metal or alloy
Description of GB785719 (A)
Translate this text into Tooltip
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
5. PATENT SPECIFICATION
785,719 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Feb 16,
1955.
0 Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
No 4655/55.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 72, D 3 G 7 (A:D:0:K:M); and 82 ( 1), A
90 ( 1 A:1 D:1 C:2 B)g 14 B. International Classification:-C 21 b, C
22 b, c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
An improved method for Adding Ferrosilicon while Simultaneously
Desulphurizing or Deoxidizing a Molten: Metal or Alloy 1, FREDRIK
JORGEN ORDING HURUM, a Norwegian Subject, of Dronningensgt, 50,
Trondheim, Norway, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray
that a patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to
be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
Cast iron, blast furnace metal and electrically smelted pig iron
require frequently a content of silicon above that which results from
the normal composition of the burden or charge Such an increased
content of silicon is frequently required when producing foundry pig
iron for instance.
An iron foundry is often called upon to deliver castings with a
silicon content above that contained in the metal from the cupola
furnace.
Moreover in the production of cast iron and pig iron it is desirable
to keep the sulphur content as low as possible Certain special steels
may also require additions of silicon while at the same time it may be
desired to reduce the content of sulphur.
The present invention is concerned with a method whereby the silicon
content in a metal may be raised while the sulphur or oxygen content
is simultaneously lowered without resorting to two different
operations.
It is common practice to add ferrosilicon as small sized lumps to the
spout of the furnace or to the runner in order to raise the silicon
content of a metal, while it is common practice to desulphurize a cast
iron or pig iron by throwing calcined soda to the bottom of the ladle
This use of calcined soda is, however, disagreeable on account of the
dust and fumes evolved and for that reason briquettes of calcined soda
are sometime submerged in the metal by means of an inverted cup
Calcined soda fuses rapidly and leads to the formation of slag
inclusions which may give defective castings.
In my application No 4327/55 (Serial No.
764,157)-have described a method for lPrice 3/6 l making briquettes
6. containing burnt lime or burnt dolomite which are rendered reactive by
the addition thereto of magnesium in the metallic or intermetallic
state In operation the magnesium rapidly evaporates and blasts 50 the
briquette into small droplets or a fine dispersion of slag-forming
bases which under these conditions will react with the melt as also
does the magneseum vapour.
The present application deals on the other 55 hand with the use of
silicon in briquettes in such proportion that its action will become a
dual one, viz, that of increasing the silicon content of the melt and
simultaneously facilitating the desulphurization The fern 60 rosilicon
will melt and the briquette will dissolve and create conditions under
which the silicon will act with a high degree of efficiency in the
removal of sulphur.
According to the present invention there 65 is provided a method for
desulphurizing and de-oxidising a molten metal or alloy whilst
simultaneously raising the silicon content of the melt by means of
briquettes to be submerged in the melt which contain ferrosilicon 70
as a major constituent and calcium oxide in the form of burnt lime,
calcium carbonate or dolomite and react according to the equation:
4 Ca O+ 2 Si+ 2 Fe S= 2 Ca O Si O 2 + 2 Ca S + 2 Fe+Si by which the
silicon is present in 75 an appreciable excess which serves the dual
purpose of making the briquettes react more energetically and rapidly
by absorbing metal from the melt and depriving the briquette of its
coherence while subsequently passing into 80 solution of the melt This
reaction is alsovalid for deoxidation by substitution of O (Oxygen)
for S (Sulphur) The insoluble Ca S together with the calcium silicate,
will rise to the surface while the excess of silicon 85 will pass into
solution by absorbing iron from the melt and fuse and thereby deprive
the briquettes of their coherence and cause the briquettes to be
rapidly consumed in the melt to create a local concentration of
silicon 90 785,719 which will energetically promote desulphurization
and simultaneously increase the silicon content in the metal or alloy.
It has been proposed to make briquettes containing such substances as
are required for a certain reaction and to throw these briquettes on
the surface of the metal where they will fuse and form a slag which in
turn will react with the metal Such a procedure is however not so
effective because on fusion the different ingredients of the briquette
will tend to segregate and the advantage of a correct composition may
be lost Furthermore the slag formed will only react slowly with the
metal and be exposed to the atmosphere On the other hand a briquette
which is kept submerged in the metal by mechanical means will fuse
progressively and set free small droplets and particles which will
float to the top of the metal and form a slag.
These droplets and particles will react very intimately with the metal
7. whereby the ferrosilicon will dissolve in the metal while the
sulphide-forming particles will accumulate on the top of the metal as
a sulphide slag which may be skimmed off.
The great advantage of using an intimately mixed composition of
ferrosilicon and burnt lime or dolomite in such briquettes is due to
the fact that the ferrosilicon is a powerful reducing agent and as
such is instrumental in the formation of Ca S and Mg S as well as Na 2
S from the oxide in the briquettes or the fluxes The ferrosilicon in
the briquettes requires a certain time to fuse and accordingly the
desulphurizing action is prolonged over a sufficient time to make it
very effective.
A small amount of magnesium in the powdered metallic state or as a
finely crushed alloy or compound may be added to such a briquette with
the result that magnesium will be evaporated in the interior of the
briquette and exert a pressure which will tend to shatter the outer
layer of the briquette which is in process of fusion Accordingly the
consumption of the briquette will be accelerated.
The magnesium vapour so formed will not only be effective as a
sulphide former, but the vapour will stir the metal and promote a more
effective treatment by exposing all the metal to the action of the
briquette.
Carbon may be incorporated in the briquette in the form of finely
crushed coke for instance and the briquette may thereby contribute to
raise the carbon content in the metal as is often desirable, the
carbon also having a reducing effect and will facilitate the formation
of sulphides.
Such briquettes as described above for the purpose of desulphurizing a
metal may of course be used for the deoxidation of iron and steel and
any other metal or alloy While the deoxidation primarily relies upon
the formation of Si O 2 by the action of silicon on the oxides of Fe,
Mn and Cr present in the metal, it is generally considered an
advantage to combine the action of silicon with that of another metal
forming a base to enter into combination with the Si O, as a silicate
or to form oxides which lower the fusing-point of 70 the silicates so
formed The reason is that the products of the deoxidation may be more
readily removed from the melt if very fluid.
Such fluid particles will act as scavengers.
Accordingly, a briquette containing ferro 75 silicon will have its
scavenging effect improved if such bases as Ca O or burnt dolomite are
present together with the desired fluxes.
It should be noted that it is not always 80 necessary or desirable to
use burnt lime or burnt dolomite in the briquettes according to the
invention Limestone and soda will also give a slag which will
desulphurize in the presence of a reducing agent such as silicon 83 or
8. carbon and will also form a slag of the desired fluidity to facilitate
deoxidation.
The evolution of carbonic acid due to the decomposition of the
carbonates may in certain cases be beneficial because it will carry
away 91) hydrogen from the melt during the boil.
The decomposition of carbonates does however absorb heat from the
metal and the carbonic acid is even liable to form oxides in the metal
contrary to the purpose of de 95 oxidation Briquettes containing
limestone and soda are easy to make and may be stored indefinitely,
while briquettes containing burnt lime require the careful selection
of a bond such as may be obtained from the residues of 104) vegetable
oils after distillation, but even so the briquettes containing burnt
lime are liable to destruction in the atmosphere due to humidity
Crystal soda on the other hand forms an excellent bond in the presence
of 105 limestone According to the art of powder metallurgy a very high
pressure may in many cases suffice to make briquettes without the use
of a bonding agent.
The behaviour of the briquettes will depend 110 on the fusion of
ferrosilicon and this fusion may be influenced to some extent by the
addition of magnesium and also on the fusion of the sulphide forming
components and their fluxes 115 The fusion of the briquettes will
require heat and for that reason it may be desirable to give the
briquette a shape such that the flow of heat from the metal to the
briquette may be facilitated Since briquettes of the 120 nature
mentioned above are only slowly dissolved or consumed in the metal, it
would in many cases be a distinct advantage to preheat the briquettes
before submerging them.
The briquettes are preferably of annular 123 shape so that they may be
threaded on a rod to which they are fastened and by means of which
they are forcibly submerged in the metal, as described and shown for
example in my co-pending Applications Nos 4327 '55130 785,719 and
4944/55 (Serial Nos 764,157 and 785,551).
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* 5.8.23.4; 93p
* GB785720 (A)
9. Description: GB785720 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in or relating to measuring heads for gauges
Description of GB785720 (A)
GOMPLETB sSPEGIFICATION
Improvements in or relating to Measuring Heads for Gauges
We, THE SIGMA INSTRUMENT COMPANY
LIMITED, a British Company, of Letchworth, Hertfordshire, do hereby
declare the Cinven- tion, for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following .statement:
This invention relates to measuring heads for gauges.
According to the present invention there is provided a measuring head
for gauges, the measuring head comprising a base member, a floating
member supported from the base member, a measuring anvil carried by
the floating member, a conduit leading to an orifice, a needle
co-operating with the orifice and arranged to he moved in accordance
with displacement of the floating member with respect to the base
member, first and second adjustably fixed contacts, and movable
contact means between the adjustably fixed contacts, the contact means
being arranged to move in accordance with the displacement of the
floating member with respect to the base member to encounter the first
contact if the gauged dimension is of, or greater than, a first
predetermined amount and to contact the second contact if the gauged
dimension is of, or less than, a second predetermined, amount, the
needle being shaped so that movements of the floating member more than
the first predetermined amount and less than the second predetermined
amount cause an alteration in the escape area from the orifice.
For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same
may be carried into effect, reference will now be made to the
accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a cross-sectional elevation of a measuring head taken on
I-I of Figure 2,
Figure 2 is a partly sectioned side view of the head of Figure 1, and
Figure 3 is a cross-sectional elevation of the head on II--II of
Figure 2.
The measuring head is basically a com- bination in one case or body of
the measuring head described in our prior 'Specification No.
10. 724,228 with the measuring device described in our prior Specification
No. 594,450.
The present measuring head has a casing or body 1 of electrical
insulating material which completely encloses the working parts of the
head. The head has a single movable measuring anvil 2 for co-operating
with a workpiece. The body 1 is rigidly attached to an upright base
member 3 and this in turn is adjustably damped to a vertical base
plate 4 which is used as the medium for securing the measuring head to
the machine or mechanism to which it is desired to attach the head. A
vertically disposed floating member 5 is supported by lath springs 6,
7 from an upright block 8 that is secured to the base member 3.
The spring strip arrangements are as described in our co-pending
Patent Application
No. 1545l55 (Serial No. 780,871). One end of each of three spring
strips 6 is secured to the upper end of the floating member 5 and the
other end of each of these three spring strips 16 is secured to the
upper end of the block 8. One of the three spring strips 6 is shorter
than the other two and is located between said other two. The outside
spring strips 6 consequent assume an arcuate form concave towards the
central spring strip 6.
The lower end of the floating member 5 is similarly secured to the
lower end of the block 8. The block 8 has three parallel lugs 9, 10,
11 extending from the central portion of the block sideby-side and
horizontally towards the floating member 5. The central lug 10 is
shorter than the outside lugs 9, 11 which latter extend beyond the
floating member, one on each side thereof. The free ends of the
outside lugs 9, 11 carry a bracket 12 to which is attached the lower
end of a coiled spring 13, the upper end of the coiled spring being
secured by a strip 15 to the upper end of the floating member 5
whereby rhe latter is spring urged downwardly with respect to the
block 8, A lever 1!6 is secured on a horizontal shaft 1.7 pivotally
carried by the lugs '10 and
11. This shaft 17 is perpendicular to the lugs 9, 10, 11. The arm 16A
of the lever 16 has thereon a sapphire 18 which co-operates wifth
a knife edge 19 carried by the floating member 5. The arm 16B of the
lever 16 has the lower end of an upwardly extending channel shaped
member 20. secured thereto. One end of a wire spring 201A is fixed to
the block 8 and the other end is passed through and bears upon the
member 20 in such a way as to tend to pivot the lever 16 so that the
sapphire 18 is maintained in contact with the knife edge 19 An upright
spring strip 21 is secured to the channel-shaped member 20, the upper
end of the spring strip projecting beyond the upper end of the
channel-shaped member 20.
The lower end of the spring strip 21 is secured to the base of the
11. channel-shaped member 20 and the spring strip 21 when unflexed lies
flush faith the base of the U of the channel section.
A metallic screw 22 is threadedly passed through a metallic bush 23
screwed into the insulated body 1 at a location immediately above the
floating member 5. The outer end of this screw 22 has a control head
24 and the inner end carries a contact 25 for cooperating with a
contact 26 carried on ;the upper end of the spring strip 21. A nut 22A
is carried on the screw 22 and a coiled spring 22job is disposed
between the nut 22A and the
adjacent end of the bush 23. This spring and nut arrangement serves to
maintain the screw 22 in any position to which it is adjusted. A
metallic screw 27 is threadedLy passed through a metallic bush (not
shown) screwed into the insulated body 1 at a location immediately
above the block 8. The outer end of the screw
27 has a control head 28 and the inner end carries a contact 29 for
cooperating with a
contact 30 on the upright spring strip 21. A conductor 31 leads from
the bush 23 and a conductor 32 leads from the bush associated with the
screw 217., Both these conductors pass upwardly through an insulated
sheet 33 that forms the top of the body 1. A terminal (not
shown) is provided on the base member 3, this terminal being in
electrical contact with
the contacts 26, 30 orza the block 8, wire spring 20A, channel-shaped
member 20 and strip 21.
The floating member 5 has a horizontally disposed paxt cylindricall
protuberance 5A on the side thereof that faces the 1AOCIC 8. This
protuberance co-operates with 2 V-shaped
notch 19A in the knife edge 19 which latter is held against the
protuberance 5A by two screws 5B passed freely through the floating
member 5 and threadedly engaged in the kn;fe edae 19. iOne of these
screws SB is above the protuberance SA and the other is below. By
tightening one of these screws SB and slacken
ing the other the knife edge 19 can be caused to tilt a slight amount
and hence move its point of contact with the sapphire 18 towards or
away from the pivotal axis of the lever 16.
A horizontal lever 34 is carried on a horizontal shaft 35 pivotally
carried by the central lug 10 and the lug 9. This shaft 35 is
perpendicular to the lugs 9, 10, 11. Sapphires 36, 3.7 are carried on
the arms 34A, 34B of the lever 34. The lower end of the needle 38 of a
needle valve co-operates with the sapphire 3.6 and a knife edge 39
co-operates with the sapphire 37. The needle 38 is slidably mounted in
a vertical hole 40 through a cylinder 41 inserted in a recess 42 in a
part 43 of the block 8. The upper end of the recess 42 is closed by a
plug 44. The lower end of the needle 38 projects from the lower
12. surface of the part 43. A hole 45 in the part 43 communicates with a
passageway 46 in the member 3 and this passageway leads to an air pipe
47. The pipe 47 leads to a pneumatic gauge as described in our prior
Specification No.
724,205. A rib 48 is formed in the cylinder 43 the rib forming an
escape orifice for the valve. The upper end of the needle 38, which
end is of parabolic shape; is passed through the orifice.
The upper end of the knife edge 39 is fixed to the lower end of a
spring strip 49 the upper end of which is clamped between a block 50
and an element 51 on the floating member 5. This spring strip 49 is
inclined so that the knife edge 39 is urged away from the pivotal axis
of the lever 34 against an adjusting screw 52 passed through the
floating member S'. It will be understood, therefore, that by
manipulation of this adjusting screw 52, the point of contact between
the knife edge 39 and the sapphire 37, can be moved towards and away
from the pivotal axis of this lever 34. The spring strip 49 is secured
to the element 51 by means of screws 53 which pass through vertically
elongated holes (not shown3 in the spring strip 49. Hence, by
slackening these screws 53 the knife edge 49 can be adjusted
vertically,
The needle 38 has a collar 54 thereon and the lower end of a coiled
spring 55 bears on this collar 54, the upper end of the coiled spring
55 abutting against the rib 48. This coiled spring 55 serves to urge
the needle 38 downwardly into contact with the sapphire 36 and
maintains the sapphire 37 in contact with the knife edge 39.
Means 56 are provided for vertically adjusting the base member 3 that
carries all the working parts., with respect to the base plate 4. This
means is almost identical with the adjusting means described in our
British Patent
Specification No. 724,228.
When an article to be gauged is placed between a fixed anvil and the
movable measuring anvil 2, the floating member 5 is moved upwardly
against the opposition of the coiled spring 13. Both the knife edges
19 and 39 move upwardly and hence the two levers 16 and 34 tilt The
needle 38 is displaced. in accordance with the movement of the
measuring anvil 2 and hence an alteration in the escape area of the
orifice formed by the rib 41 & takes place in accordance with the
gauging movement. The pressure in the air stream on the upstream side
of the orifice changes and the level of the liquid in the manometer
tube of the pneumatic gauge alters correspondtingly.
The channel-shaped member 20 swings in accordance with the movement
transmitted to the lever 16 by the knife edge 19 and if the gauged
dimension is above a certain value the contact 30 encounters the
contact 29 and a circuit between the conductor 32 and said terfinal is
13. closed. If, on the other hand, the gauged dimension is below another
certain value the contact 26 remains in contact with the contact 25,
whereby a circuit between the conductor 31 and said terminal is
closed. The control heads 24 and 218 are adjusted in accordance with
the tolerance boundaries of the article to be gauged., Hence, if the
article has the gauged dimension within the tolerance boundaries, the
contacts 26 and 30 are between the contacts 25 and 29 but do not touch
either of these latter contacts. If the gauged dimension is too great
the upper tolerance boundary will be reached or exceeded and the
contact 30 encounters the contact 29.
If the dimension is too small the lower tolerance boundary will be
reached or exceeded ,and' the contact 26 will touch the contact 25.
When the gauged dimension is too great movement of the channel-shaped
member 20 ceases when the contact 30 encounters the contact 29 and the
knife edge 19 'becomes out of contact with the sapphire 118. When the
gauged dimension is too small '(and 'when the measuring head is not in
use), the contact 2off6 rests on the contact 25. and the upright
spring strip 21 flexes away from the base of the shannefl- shaped
member 20.
The needle 38 is shaped to cause an alteration in the escape area from
the orifice formed by the rib 48 and thereby to operate the pneumatic
gauge, over a range that extends beyond the upper and lower tolerance
boundaries. Hence, when one of the two switches constituted by the
four contacts 25, 26, 29, 30 is closed the pneumatic gauge can be
read, and the extent to which the article is too large or too small
can be determined.
The provision for vertical adjustment of the knife edge 39 permits the
measuring head to be set up in conjunction with a pneumatic gauge so
that the level of the liquid in the tube is at a central position
opposite the zero graduation when the contacts 26 and 30 are
approximately mid-way between the contacts 25; and 29 (assuming, of
course, that the upper and lower tolerances are equal). 'Fine
adjustment of the relative positioning of the contacts is effected by
manipulation of the control heads 24 and 218.
What we claim is: -
1. A measuring head for gauges, the measuring head' comprising a base
member, a float- ing member supported from the base member, a
measuring anvil carried by the floating member, a conduit leading to
an orifice, a needle co-operating with the orifice and arranged to be
moved in accordance with 'displacement of the floating member with
respect to the base member, first and second adjustably fixed
contacts, and movable contact means between the adjustably fixed
contacts, the contact means being arranged to move in accord ance with
the displacement of the floating member with respect to the base
14. member to encounter the first contact if the gauged dimension is of,
or greater than the first predetermined amount and to contact the
second contact if the gauged dimension is of, or less than, a second
predetermined amount, the needle being shaped so that movements of the
floating member more than the first predetermined amount and less than
the second predetermined amount cause an alteration in the escape area
from the orifice.,
2. A measuring head as claimed in claim 1, wherein the floating member
is connected to the needle by a first connection and is connected to
the contact means by a second connection, one of the connections being
adjustable.
3. A measuring head as ciaimedl in claim 1, and further comprising a
first knife edge carried by the floating member, a first lever pivoted
on the base member and connected to the contact means to move the
latter when the lever tilts, the first knife edge 'co-operating with
the lever to tilt rhe latter upon movement of the floating member with
respect to the base member, a second knife edge carried iby the
floating member, a second lever pivoted on the base member and coni
nected to move the ned needle when the second lever tilts, the second
knife edge co-operating with the second lever to tilt the latter when
the floating member moves with respect to rhe base member, wherein one
of said knife edges is adjustably connected to the floating member,
the adjustment being such that the associated lever is caused to tilt
when an adjustment is made.
4. A measuring head as claimed in claim 3, wherein both of the knife
edges are adjustable in such a way that the point of contact between
each knife edge and its associated lever can be moved towards and away
from ;the pivotal axis. of the associated lever.
5. A measuring head for gauges, substantally as hereinbefore described
with reference to the accompanying drawings.
* GB785721 (A)
Description: GB785721 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Air intake assemblies for aircraft propulsion units
Description of GB785721 (A)
15. PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: RONALD ALJBERT (GILBERT Date of filing Complete
Specification: Feb 29, 1956.
Application Date: March 11, 1955 No 7268/55.
In Complete Specification Published: Nov6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 110 ( 3), 1 Gil.
International Classification:-FO 2 c.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Air Intake Assemblies for Aircraft 'Propulsion Units We, D NAPIER &
ISON LIMITED, a Company registered under the Laws of Great Britain, of
211, Acton Vale, London, W 3, do hereby declare the invention, for
which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by
which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and, by
the following statement: -
This invention relates to air intake assemblies for aircraft
propulsion units of the kind comprising an air inlet duct having a
forwardly facing annular air inlet opening or mouth from the inner
wall of which a solid body or nose, usually of streamlined form,
projects forwardly so as to lie in the approaching air stream.
Such air intake assemblies are commonly used in aircraft propulsion
units of the gas turbine type, particularly those employing an axial,
flow air compressor, and the invention may therefore be regarded as
particularly applicable to air intake assemblies for such propulsion
units, although it is not limited thereto.
An object of the invention is to provide an air intake assembly of the
kind referred to including means by which the entry into an air inlet
opening of particles of water liable to form ice or of ice or other
solid particles can be substantially prevented, while yet permitting
the entry of air into the air inlet opening.
According to the present invention an air intake assembly for a
propulsion unit of an aircraft comprises an air inlet duct having a
forwardly facing annular air inlet opening or mouth from the inner
wall of which a solid body or nose, preferably of streamlined form
projects forwardly so as to lie in the approaching air stream, and a
series of movable deflecting members having inoperative positions in
which they lie close to and form in effect part of the surface of the
forwardly projecting body or nose, and operative positions in which
they project from such forwardly projecting body or nose so as to lie
partially or wholly in front of the annular air intake and deflect the
approaching air stream' and solid (Price 3 s 6 d l or liquid
particles, which it may contain outwards rand thus cause such solid or
liquid particles by reason of their momentum to pass over the outer
edge of the annular air inlet opening, while at the same time leaving
16. between the rear edges of the deflecting members and the outer edge of
the annular inlet opening a substantial annular gap through which air
can be drawn radially inwards into the air inlet opening.
The nose may be wholly fixed or the front part thereof in advance of
the deflecting members may be constituted by the spinner of a
propeller driven by the unit as when this unit is of the turbo-prop
type Preferably the deflecting members are in the form of flaps
pivoted about tangential axes to the forwardly projecting body or nose
and extending rearwardly from their pivotal axes, adjacent edges of
the flaps overlapping one another and their construction and
arrangement being such that in their inoperative positions they lie in
a recess or recesses in the forwardly projecting body or nose so that
their outer surfaces form in effect part of the surface of such body
or nose whereas in their operative positions they project in an
inclined outward radial and rearward direction from their pivotal axes
so as together to form ran annular approximately frusito-conical or
frustopyramidal deflecting surface lying at a short distance in
advance of the annular inlet opening.
In some cases, the outer surfaces of the deflecting members may be
coated with a material to which ice does not readily cling, for
example polytetra-fluoro-ethylene, thus tending to ensure that when
the deflecting members are in their operative positions under icing
conditions the particles of ice-forming water or of ice which may
impinge on them will tend to be deflected by and slide off them rather
than cling to them and form a body of ice on them.
The movement of the deflecting members from their inoperative to their
operative positions and vice versa may be effected by any 785,721 2
785 721 convenient mechanism but in one example this movement is
effected by a series of fluidactuated (i e hydraulic or pneumatic)
rams each connected to one of the deflecting members, the flow of
operating fluid to and from the rams being controlled by a common
control valve apparatus so that the deflecting members are acted upon
similarly and simultaneously by their respective rams when they are to
be moved.
Alternatively, however, electrical or other operating mechanism could
be provided.
The invention may be performed in various ways, and one particular
form of air intake assembly embodying the invention will now be
specifically described by way of example with reference to the
accompanying drawings, in which:
Figure 1 is a fragmentary side elevation, partly in section, of the
air intake assembly; Figure 2 shows one of the deflecting members;
Figure 3 is an end view of three adjacent deflecting members when in
their inoperative positions, viewed in the direction of the arrow III
17. in Figure 1; and Figure 4 is an' end view of the same three deflecting
members 'when in their operative positions, viewed in the direction of
the arrow IV in Figure 1.
The air intake assembly shown in the drawings forms part of an
aircraft propulsion unit of the combustion turbine type embodying an
axial flow air compressor to the air entry of which an annular air
inlet opening 10 leads.
The power unit in question is of the type commonly referred to as a
turbo-prop unit, that is to say is of the type in which a turbine
rotor drives a propeller 11 through reduction gearing, this propeller
being situated coaxially with the annular air inlet opening 10 and in
advance of it The annular air inlet opening is formed between the
usual outer circumferential wall 12 embodying a streamlined annular
leading edge 13, and an annular inner wall 14 from which a nose
portion 15 projects forwardly into the approaching air stream The rear
part 16 of the nose portion 15 does not rotate and is rigid with the
forward end of the compressor casing (not shown), while its forward
part 1-7 is formed by the propeller hub fairing or spinner To the rear
of the rear edge of the spinner 17 the inner annular wall 14 is cut
away to form an annular recess of substantial axial length in the
fixed part 16 of the nose.
Arranged to lie in this cut away portion is a series of flap-like
deflecting members 18 each of which is hinged at its forward edge to
the forward edge of the fixed part 16 of the nose by a tangential
pivotal joint 19 lying in the said cut away portion The arrangement is
such that each of the deflecting members (of which there may be any
convenient number, for instance twelve) when moved about its pivot 19
inwards to the maximum extent will lie flush with the inner annular
wall 14, closing the cut away portion and forming in effect a rearward
continuation of the adjacent part of the outer streamlined sur 70 face
of the spinner 17.
The deflecting members 18 are in the form of sector plates of arcuate
cross-section and stiffened by ribs or flanges 20 Each deflecting
member has a joggle 21 by which an approxi 75 mately triangular edge
portion 22 is caused to have a smaller radius of curvature than the
main part 23 of the deflecting member, the difference in radii being
equal to the thickness of the deflecting member When the de 80
flecting members are in their inoperative positions as shown in full
lines in Figure 1, the right hand edge of each deflecting member, as
viewed in the direction of the arrow III, overlaps the triangular edge
portion 22 of the 85 adjacent deflecting member as shown in Figure 3,
so that the deflecting members as a whole provide a continuous
circumferential surface leading smoothly from the rear end of the
spinner 17 to the annular inner 'wall 14 90 When the deflecting
18. members are in their operative positions, as shown in chain lines in
Figure 1, they spread out fan-wise with substantially reduced overlap,
as shown in Figure 4 95 Each deflecting member is actuated by a
separate pneumatic ram 24 disposed within the fixed part 16 of the
nose portion 15 The inner end of the cylinder 25 of each ram is
connected by a ball and socket joint 26 to 100 a fixed annular member
27 of the nose structure The fixed annular member 27 is part of an
annular channel 28, and the ball and socket joint 26 is provided with
a through passage communicating with the channel 28 105 and placing
this channel in communication with the interior of the cylinder 25
below a piston 29 which is slidable therein Connected to the piston 29
is a piston rod 30, the upper end of which is connected by means of a
ball 110 and socket joint 31 to 'the underside of the respective
deflecting member A spring 32 is provided within the cylinder which
tends to force the piston 29 inwards into the position in which it is
shown in Figure 1 115 To move the deflecting members from their
inoperative to their operative positions air is introduced, under
pressure into the annular chamber 28 through any suitable common
control valve apparatus and connection (not 120 showvn), thus
simultaneously forcing all the pistons 29 outwardly and moving all the
deflecting members simultaneously into their operative positions They
will remain in their operative positions so long as the pressure is
125 maintained in the annular chamber 28 When it is desired to return
the deflecting members to their inoperative positions, the supply of
air under pressure is cut off and the annular chamber 28 is vented The
springs 32, aided 130 785 J 721 may contain outwards and thus cause
such solid or liquid particles by reason of their momentum to pass
over the outer edge of the 55 annular inlet opening, while at the same
time leaving between the rear edges of the deflecting members and the
outer edge of the annular inlet opening a substantial annular gap
through which air can be drawn radially inwards into 60 the opening.
2 An air intake assembly as claimed in
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* GB785722 (A)
19. Description: GB785722 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Die forging press
Description of GB785722 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: April 4, 1955.
785,722 No 9828/55.
Application made in Germany on April 3, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at aseaptance -Class 83 ( 4), H( 20:4 A 1 f:IC 2:19) M( 9 F:12
87:1552 B:28; 28).
Ilternatioual Classification:-B 21 b, B 23 j, k.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Die Forging Press We, BECHE & GROHS GESELLSCHAFT MIT BESCHRANIKTER
HAFTUNG, of 31, Peterstrasse, Huckeswagen/Rheinland, Germany, a German
Company, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a
patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to forging presses for die forging.
Forging hammers or forging presses are used for die forging and with
forging hammers the considerable forging pressure necessary for die
forging is produced by converting the kinetic energy of the striking
rams into retardation pressure produced upon striking.
The forging press, on the contrary, operates with pressure produced by
a crank gear, bell crank lever or the like, and in some cases by
hydraulic means In recent times increasing use has been made of die
forging presses which are generally constructed as mechanical crank
presses In such presses, a die assembly, having an upper die and a
lower die, is used and the die cavities are formed in the facing
working surfaces A heated workpiece blank is located in the cavity of
the lower die and then the ram carrying the upper die is moved
downwards and impinges with its entire working surface on the
workpiece In this case, the workpiece is suddenly deformed over its
entire surface, as is the case when forging hammers are used, and a
thin burr is forced out over the whole periphery of the forging.
Very great pressure forces are required for such a forging operation,
heavy and costly machines being necessary The wider use of die forging
20. presses has hitherto been restricted chiefly by the extremely high
prime cost.
An object of the invention is to provide a die forging press which
requires substantially smaller pressure forces for forging a given
workpiece than is regiired in conventional die forging presses.
According to the invention there is provided a forging press for die
forging comprising a frame, a swingable die having an arcuate working
surface, a reciprocable die having a 50 flat working surface, which
working surfaces are adapted for the location of a workpiece
therebetween, and means for raising and lowering one of said dies,
said dies being so coupled to driving means that, during a 55 forging
operation, they co-operate to apply to the workpiece a limited zone of
pressure which oscillates over the whole surface of said workpiece.
The die forging press of the invention 6 G makes it possible to carry
out die forging operations with only a fraction, generally only
approximately to 1/7, of the application pressures hitherto necessary
Consequently this forging press is substantially lighter and 65
cheaper to build.
One constructional form of the invention is illustrated
diagrammatically in the accompanying drawings, wherein:Fig 1 is a side
view of the press; and 70 Fig 2 is a section taken through the upper
part of the press.
Referring to the drawings, a lower die a is of conventional flat
construction and is formed with the die cavity at its upper surface 75
The lower die is fixed to the table b which is displaceable in a plane
guideway on the suitably widened upper end of the ram c.
The latter is guided in a cylinder provided in the machine frame and
is adapted to be 80 raised and lowered by a gaseous or liquid pressure
medium Provided near the press is a crank gear d which is connected to
a motor and which is connected to the upwardly projecting cheeks of
the table b by 85 two connecting rods e so that the table b with the
bottom die a fixed thereon can be reciprocated in its guideway by the
crank gear.
The upper dief has a working surface which 9 ( 1 785,722 is curved in
an arc whose centre of curvature is the pivot pin g The upper die
carried by the lever h is adapted to swing about the ping.
The lever h I is also connected to the crank gear d by way of the two
connecting rods e' which engage on lateral bearing lugs of the said
lever h (Fig 2).
Thus, when the crank gear is operated, the upper and lower dies are
reciprocated in the jo same directions and by the same amplitude.
For the die forging operation, the heated workpiece or blank is
positioned on the lower die a The ram c then moves upwards with a
light pressure until the blank is gripped between the lower die a and
21. the upper die f.
The crank gear d is then set in operation and the pressure on the ram
c is increased.
During the forging operation the crank gear remains operative, so that
the heated blank is, so to speak, kneaded into the cavities of the
dies The pressure acts only on a narrow strip of the upper side of the
work-piece, the width of which is chiefly dependent on the radius of
curvature of the working surface of the upper dief which moves to and
fro over the workpiece during the forging operation.
The forging operation is advantageously not carried out in one step
but with repeated application or lifting of the ram c whilst the s O
dies are reciprocated.
The application pressure can be produced in any desired manner, either
mechanically or hydraulically It is essential, however, that the
application pressure should be capable of being increased during the
reciprocation of the dies.
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