-

1. * GB785764 (A)
Description: GB785764 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in and relating to bearings
Description of GB785764 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Feb 7, 1955.
785,764 No 3589/55.
g e 1/C Application made in United States of America on May 3, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 12 ( 1), A( 6 A 1:6 E 2:7 B 2:7 X:20);
and 12 ( 3), C 5 A 2.
International Classification:-FO 6 c, n.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in and relating to Bearings I, ADOLFO Vox Eusv, a Citizen
of the Confederation of Switzerland, of 112, Arequipa, Mexico, D F,
Mexico, do hereby declare the invention, for which I pray that a
patent may be granted to me, and the method by which it is to be
performed, to be particularly described in and by the following
statement:-
This invention relates to bearling assemblies which can be, or are,

2. mounted in such a manner as to permit adequate relative and frequent
displacement of the axle in relation to the load which it carries.
This is particularly the case in railway stock journal bearings, but
can also be found in other mechanical equipment.
According to the invention there is provided a bearing assembly,
particularly for a railway vehicle, comprising in combination an axle
supported for rotation in a bearing, means between the bearing and the
load permitting relative movement between the bearing and the load,
thereby causing the assembly to align itself in accordance with
variations in torque and tractive force applied to the load, and
pumping means associated with the bearing and adapted to be actuated
by relative movement between the bearing and the load about an axis
substantially parallel to the axis of the axle, and adapted when so
actuated to supply a lubricant under positive pressure to the
interface between the axle and the bearing.
The axis about which the relative movement takes place may be real or
imaginary and is not necessarily fixed.
The invention consists basically of the utilization of certain
movements of the journal, bearing, oil sump, point of load
application, supports, etc in relation to each other for the operation
of lubrication pumps either directly or through levers -for the
purpose of improving, enlarging or directing such movements as well as
for the lPrice i; 4 Z absorption of shock and vibration.
Specific embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of
example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: 50 Fig
1 is a cross section of a rail vehicle bearing assembly, wherein the
swinging effect occurs through a rolling contact between the bearing
and a static element or load application; the mechan 55 ism is shown
in the position of rest or at the precise moment at which a swinging
motion passes through the centre positions; Fig 2 is a cross section
of the same bearing assembly at one extreme position 60 of a movement
which is provoked in this case by the horizontal tractive effect of
the locomotive or by the application of brakes or anv other
accelerating or decelerating force; 65 Figs 3 and 4 are cross sections
in the extreme and central positions respectively of a bearing
assembly with its pump in a fixed position in relation to the oil sump
and, in this case, fixed in relation to the 7 opoint of application of
the load; Figs 5 and 6 show another application of the invention to
rail vehicle journals, wherein the swinging effect is favoured through
the insertion of a resilient element 75 between the bearing and the
static element (point of load application), which also assures a
maximum degree of self-alignment and a certain shock and vibration
absorbing capacity Fig 5) is a cross 80 section of the assembly in a
central position and Fig 6 is a similar view at one extreme position

3. in its movement.
In Figs 1 and 2 the movement is caused by any external application of
85 effort, and is favoured and controlled by a contact between bearing
and static element, which is theoretically linear due to the
difference in curvature of the corresponding contact surfaces The
formation 90 785,764 of the two curves of contact previously mentioned
can be such as to produce a movement requiring more or less effort and
to limit the extension of the movement and to produce a desirable
equilibrium of the static load on the bearing Furthermore, the
formation of the contact surfaces will be adapted to their practical
requirements which derive from the material, the load and other
considerations.
In Figs 1 and 2 an axle 12 rolls in a bearing 1 on which is movably
supported a static element 9 having a relatively rigid curved surface
2 -As shown in the drawings, the radius of curvature of surface 2 is
greater than that of the bearing 1 The pump 3 shown is of the double
acting plunger type, pivoted at its centre by pin 11 in a forked
member 4 This type of pump is one of many types which are applicable
The difference in the position which is occupied by the bearing in
Fins 1 and 2 shows the variations of volume which are obtained in the
cylinders of the pump, which in turn causes the pumping effect in
combination -with cheek valves 5 and 6 The lubricant is drawn from the
sump in the bottom of the journal box 10 through pipes 7 and is
delivered to the friction surfaces through appropriate conduits 8 The
point of application is shown as an example only, as their exact
location depends on the construction and working conditions of each
bearing The cylinders of the pumps are shown as being an integral part
of the bearing, but they could be connected by bolting welding or any
other means.
In the embodiment shown in Figs 3 and 4 the oscillating movement of
the bearing is based on an elastic element 13 which is provided
between the bearing 1 and the point of load application 10 (top of
journal box) with the tripple object of favouring the movements which
operate the pump and of securing a maximum degree of self-alignment
and of absorbing shocks and vibrations.
The resilient element can be of any material such as rubber, synthetic
rubber, plastic, metal which is resilient by its nature or by its
shape (springs, etc) or any organic, inorganic or synthetic material
or mixture or composition which may have the desired characteristics
of elasticity Its formation, as vwell as the formation of the elements
vwhichl are separated by the resilient insert, may vary in each case
with the object of producing a -miovermielnt with more or less effort
and wh lich may limit the extension of the movement and which may
produce the desirable equilibrium of the static load on the axle 12

4. Furthermore, the choice of material and the formation of the elements
which are separated by said material will depend on practical
considerations derived from load, temperature, nature of the equipment
in which the bearing is installed, etc In this case the pump is fixed
in 70 relation to the oil sump (and in relation to the point of load
application) rather than in relation to the bearing A pump plunger 3
moves by a pivot pin 11 within a cylinder 14 fixed at the bottom of
the 75 journal box 10 Check valves 5 are situated between the cylinder
and the sump, and valves 6 connect the cylinder to flexible conduits
'S which lead the lubricant to select points of contact between 80 the
bearing and the axle.
In the embodiment shown in Figs 5 and 6 the movement of bearing is
favoured by the insertion of a resilient element 13 similar to that
shown in Fins:3 anal 4 85 The axle 12 rolls in bearinog I whieh as
stated above, is cushioned from the point of application of load 9 lb
the resilient element 13, which permits a lateral swinging movement of
the bearing w Aith 90 variation in the traction ete In thxis
embodiment, the lubricant pump or pumps may be built into the bearing
as sho-wn.
The two cylinders 14 are bored in thie lower portion of the bearing or
journal 93 Each has a u Linger or piston 28 biased by a spring 3 a The
pistons preferably have rounded heads 15, permitting tiltini' of the
journals and pumps while maintaining,:
contact of the head with the interior 100 of the journal box 10 The
sump is in the lower portion of the journal box with cheek valves 5
and 6.
Lubricant is drawn into the pump ceylinelr through the duets 7 and
pumped to the 105 bearinga surface tlhrougl the conduits 8.
It is understood that in the embodiment of Figs 5 and 6 the choice of
the resilient element or the formation of the elements which are
separated by said material, 110 wvill depend on practical
considerations derived from the load, temperature naturle of the
equipment in which the bearing is installed etc The pump shown in this
example is of two plungers equipped with 115 springs It is however
understood that any pump which can take advantage of the reciprocal or
oscillatini movement of the bearing can be employed Another of many
variations of localization of the oil 120 lead conduits 8 is shown
Althotigh the cylinders of the pumps are shown as bieing integral with
the hearing they may optionally be inistalled Lv bolts weldhig or
other suitable means 125 Included among the advaiitioes of the
invention are the following 1 Injection off lcri-ant bet-een t Le load
surfaces of 2 onal and h earingo aetually before the Journal begins
130 785,764 turning.
2 Lubrication at a desirable pressure and at the exact point where it

5. is necessary.
3 Reliable and abundant lubrication and cooling in service.
4 An ample flow of lubricant without external mechanisms.
Extremely simple automatic lubrication.
6 Highly reliable operation.
7 Ability to absorb shocks and vibrations in any or all directions.
8 Automatic alignment of the bearing in relation to its support.
It will be seen that the invention, in its various embodiments,
provides a means for utilizing the tractional displacements involved
in the transmission of tractive or other power for the supply of a
positive feed of a lubricant to bearings This is accomplished by
maintaining the journal in such a manner that it is movable, within
fixed limits, relative to the load or weight to be supported, and
incorporating with it a pump or pumps in such manner that the motion
of the journal actuates the pump meehanism and forces lubricant to the
bearing surface For actuating the pump mechanism advantage is taken of
those movements of the journal swinging or oscillating around an axis
approximately parallel to the axis of the element that rotates within
the bearing This is $ 5 done either by providing flexible or resilient
members between the journal and the load or by providing relatively
rigid surfaces of different degrees of curvatures as contact points
between the load and the bearing, or by analogous structural means.
The utilization of swinging or oscillating movements around an axis
approximately parallel to the axis of the rotating element is
particularly advantageous in the case of rail vehicle bearings.
In all the embodiments described the bearing assembly functions by a
swinging or oscillating movement of the journal which in turn actuates
a pump incors O porated in, attached to, or working in co-operation
with the journal, which is adapted to draw a lubricant from a sump
preferably situated in the journal box and deliver it to a selected
point of friction between the rotating part or axle and the bearing.
As mentioned in the specification the invention also provides a means
for selfalignment which is also particularly desirable in the case of
rail vehicle bearings The term "self-aligning" is used in this
specification in the same sense in which it is used in the art
Actually, the term means that the stresses are taken out of such
momentary misalignment as is inevitable conditions.
under the prevailing load
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* GB785765 (A)
Description: GB785765 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Method of refining hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon fractions by catalytic
hydrogenation
Description of GB785765 (A)
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DE1002904 (B)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
7859765 4, / Date of Application and filing Complete Specification
March 9, 1955.
No 6983/55.
Application made in Germany on Nov 25, 1954.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance: -Class 91, 02 C.
International Classification: -C'l Og.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Method of R Iefining Hydrocarbons or Hydrocarbon Fractions by
Catalytic Hydrogenation We, METALLGESELLSCHAFT AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of
45, Bockenheimer Anlage, Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany, a Body
Corporate organised under the Laws of Germany, do hereby declare the

7. invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and
the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly
described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to a method of refining hydrocarbons or
hydrocarbon fractions by hydrogenating catalytic treatment.
It is known to hydrogenate hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon fractions
produced by the coking, low-temperature carbonisation, or gasification
of mineral coals, brown coals, oil shale, or like fuels, and also
produced in the working up of petroleum, in the presence of gases
containing hydrogen and utilising a sulphur-resistant catalyst The
undesirable compounds such as sulphur compounds, nitrogen compounds,
and oxygen-containing organic compounds, contained in the hydrocarbons
or hydrocarbon fractions, are thereby -catalytically reacted with the
hydrogen to form hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, water and hydrocarbons
For this process, use has been made of gases such as hydrogen, coke
oven gas, coal gas, pressure gasification gas, water gas, or the like
At reaction temperatures which lie in the region of about 4000 C and
higher, carbon deposits are formed on the catalyst, which apparently
originate from the decomposition of hydrocarbons and from the
splitting of carbon monoxide when gases containing carbon monoxide are
used In addition, the octane number of the refined hydrocarbons was
reduced due to the simultaneous hydrogenation of the olefinic and
aromatic products.
It has now been found that these disadvantages can be to some extent
overcome by introducing water vapour into the catalytic hydrogenation
zone together with the mixture of hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon
fractions and gas containing hydrogen The hydrogenation lPrig,,rr:6 d
'I itself is surprisingly not adversely affected by the presence of
water vapour and in many cases it is even improved Damage to the
catalyst-as a rule a sulphur-containing catalyst is used for the
process-also is reduced.
Based on the foregoing discovery, the present invention provides a
method of refining hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon fractions by catalytic
hydrogenation in the presence of a gas containing carbon monoxide and
hydrogen, e g coke oven gas, coal gas, lowtemperature carbonisation
gas, pressure gasification gas or water gas, and in the presence of a
sulphur-resistant catalyst having a basis of cobalt and/or molybdenum
compounds and alumina, in which water vapour is introduced into the
catalytic hydrogenation zone in amounts ok about 5 to 50 % by volume,
preferably 15 to 35 % by volume, referred to the fresh gas entering
the process, and in which the catalytic hydrogenation is carried out
under pressure of about 5 to 100 atmospheres and at a temperature of
over 3000 C, preferably about 380 to 4200 C or higher.
It is possible to operate the process according to the invention with

8. recycled gas, in which case, rather larger amounts of water vapour,
referred to the fresh gas, are required.
The process of the present invention will now be explained by way of
example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawing.
The gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen subch as town gas,
coke oven gas, oil rzinery gas or the like, to be used for the
refining is introduced into the compressor 2 through the pipe 1 The
hydrogenation is preferably carried out at a pressure of 20 to
atmospheres The compressed gas passes, preferably without undergoing
cooling, through the pipe 3 into the heat exchanger 4, which it leaves
through the pipe 5 Water vapour in an amount of 5 to 50 % by volume,
for example 30 % by volume, is added to the gas containing hydrogen
through the pipe 6.
785,765 The gas can however also be charged with water vapour by
sprinkling with water in known ma-nner at an elevated temperature, for
example about 100 to 3000 C, for example 170 C The mixture of water
vapour and gas containing hydrogen then passes into the evaporator 7,
which is filled in its upper part 8 with Raschig rings and equipped at
9 with a heating system In this evaporator the product to be refined,
for example gasoline or benzene, which is stored in tank 10, is fed to
the evaporator 7 through the pipe 11, pump 12, and pipe 13, if desired
after preheating.
A small proportion of the material to be refined, for example crude
gasoline, is drawn off at 15 through the siphon 14 Through the pipe 16
the mixture of gas containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water vapour
and gasoline vapour is fed to the second heating stage from the
evaporator 7, for example through the heat exchangers 17 and 18 and
the heater 19 The gases thus pass out of the heat exchanger 17 through
the pipe 39 into the heat exchanger 18, and from the latter through
the pipe 20 into the heater 19, in which they are brought almost to
the reaction temperature, and pass further through the pipe 21 into
the reactor 22, which is filled with the sulphur-resistant catalyst 23
consisting of 5 % by weight of cobalt oxide 15 % of molybdic acid and
80 % of alumina The catalyst can be disposed in known manner on a
sieve Instead of the reactor 22 similar to a shaft furnace which is
shown in the drawing, any other known type of reactor can also be used
The hydrogenation takes place in the reactor 22 as the mixture of gas
and vapour flows through the catalyst, for example in the direction
from top to bottom The gas containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water
vapour and gasoline vapours, leaves the reactor through the pipe 25
and, in counter-current to the mixture flowing to the reactor, gives
up heat to the latter in the heat exchangers 17 and 18 The gas first
passes into the heat exchanger 18, leaves the latter through the pipe
26, passes into the heat exchanger 17, and thence through the pipe 27

9. into the heat exchanger 4 Through the pipe 28 the mixture of gas
containing hydrogen, water vapour, and gasoline vapours, which is
already cooled to a temperature of for example 1200 C, is passed out
of the heat exchanger into the cooler 29, in which water vapour and
gasoline vapours are condensed by cooling to room temperature This
cooler can be sprinkled if desired with fresh water in order to avoid
precipitation of ammonium carbonate which is formed during the
refining from organic nitrogen ( compounds contained in the original
gas The cooling water enters the cooler at 30 and leaves it at 3 L Gas
containing hydrogen, water, and the refined gasoline passes through
the pipe 32 into the separator 33, from which the refined product is
drawn off at 34 and water at 35.
The refined product contains small amounts of dissolved hydrogen
sulphide and ammonia and is thereupon washed with dilute lye and water
to remove them The gas containing 70 carbon monoxide and hydrogen is
withdrawn from the system at 36 and is preferably passed into the gas
production plant, which supplies the fresh gas containing hydrogen
entering the process It can for example be supplied to 75 this plant
before the gasoline recovery stage in order to enable the gasoline
contained therein to be recovered However, the refined product
contained in this residual gas can also be recovered in known manner,
for example 80 by adsorption with activated charcoal, cooling, or
washing out with a washing oil.
A part of the residual gas leaving the plant at 36 can be recycled,
for example to a point before the compressor 2 or before the heat 85
exchanger 4.
When employing the process of the invention for the hydrogenating
refining of liquid hydrocarbons or liquid hydrocarbon fractions, these
are introduced into the reactor 22, pre 90 ferably after suitable
preheating The preheating, for example to close to reaction
temperature, may be effected in the presence of gas containing carbon
monoxide hydrogen and/or water vapour This may be achieved by pass 95
ing the hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon fractions through heat exchangers
17 and 18 and heater 19 The gas containing cabon monoxide and hydrogen
can be supplied from the heat exchanger 4, after the admixture of the
water 100 vapour, directly to the heat exchanger 17, in which if
desired it is brought together with the liquid material to be refined.
EXAMPLE
In the gasification of an illuminating gas coal 105 with oxygen and
water vapour at a pressure of atmospheres to produce long distance
trunk gas, by-products include tar, tar oil and gas naphtha These
products are produced in known manner from the gas which is under 110
pressure and which was produced by gasification For example gasoline
is obtained by treating the gas with the aid of washing oil from which

10. the gasoline is subsequently distilled off.
Tar and tar oil are together subjected to distil 115 lation, in which
inter alia a fraction extending from the beginning of boiling to a
temperature of about 210 C is taken off This light oil fraction, which
contains about 25 % by volume of phenols, can be dephenolised in known
120 manner, for example by extraction with hot dephenolised water or
with a caustic alkali solution However this dephenolisation is not
absolutely necessary, because the phenols, even when they are
contained in large amounts in 125 the starting material, are converted
into hydrocarbons by the hydrogenating refining.
Gasoline and the light oil fraction, which may be dephenolised, are
combined and for the purN.
785,765 pose of producing a satisfactory motor fuel are subjected to
catalytic refining according to this invention The feed mixture has
for example the following composition: Density at 200 C Sulphur
percentages by weight Acid oils, % by weight Beginning of boiling % by
vol 15 %,, %,, %,, 45-/t %,, 65 %,, %,, %,, %,, End of boiling Boiling
loss 0.813 0.65 2 640 C.
710 C.
930 C.
1000 C.
1070 C.
1160 C.
1280 C.
1430 C.
1600 C.
1800 C.
2030 C.
2100 C.
2.4 % The refining loss amounts to 39 Kg per 1,000 Kg of crude
gasoline The refined product has the following composition: Density at
200 C Sulphur % by weight Acid oils % by volume Beginning of boiling %
by vol %,, 25 %,, %,, %,, %,, %,, 75 %,, %,, %,, End of boiling
Boiling loss 0.795 0.034 0 610 C.
740 C.
840 C.
920 C.
970 C.
1050 C.
113 C.
1250 C.
1430 C.
1580 C.
1930 C.

11. 2030 C.
3 2 % Since it still contains hydrogen sulphide and ammonia, it is
washed with caustic soda solution and water and then dried Further
treatment of the refined product can in most cases be dispensed with
In the case of certain hydrocarbons, particularly gasoline, it may
sometimes occur that the refined product is not completely stable to
light By a light aftertreatment, for example by washing with dilute
sulphuric acid and/or treating with bleaching earth, alumina, silica
gel or activated charcoal in the liquid phase, at normal or elevated
temperature, or in the gas phase, if desired under pressure, the
desired complete stability to light can however be obtained without
difficulty.
This treatment, which follows the hydrogenation with the sulphur
resistant catalyst, can advantageously be carried out in the presence
of a gas containing hydrogen and/or of water vapour.
Instead of this after-treatment, however, the refined hydrocarbons or
hydrocarbon fractions nay be fractionated It has in fact been found
-hat when this fractionation is carried out a distillate stable to
light passes overhead, while the substances causing the discoloration
remain 65 hn the distillation residue The latter can be kept
relatively small, for example only about 1 to 15 % of the
fractionation feed The distillation residue is advantageously recycled
to the hydrogenation feed In particularly difficult 70 cases, this
fractionation and the after treatment with dilute sulphuric acid, or
bleaching earth, can be applied one after the other, in any desired
sequence.
The refining of the crude gasoline is carried 75 out at a pressure
which advantageously lies slightly above the pressure of the long
distance trunk gas Thus, for example, with a long distance gas
pressure of 20 atmospheres, the pressure in the refining plant is kept
at 25 80 atmospheres 1,000 normal cubic metres of fresh gas are added
per hour to the compressor 2 through the pipe 1, this fresh gas having
been brought to a temperature of 170 to 180 in the heat exchanger 4,
which if desired may 85 be supplemented by an additional heating
device 250 Kg of water vapour, which is available at a pressure of 36
atmospheres, are added per hour to this gas in the pipe 5 The gas
containing hydrogen passes together with 90 the water vapour into the
evaporator 7, which is kept at a temperature of 1900 to 2200 C by the
heating system 9 1,000 Kg of crude gasoline is supplied per hour to
the evaporator through the pipe 13 15 Kg of evaporation 95 residue per
hour are withdrawn from the pipe 15, and can be returned to the tar
which is produced during the production of the gas, for example before
the distillation of said tar.
1,000 normal cubic metres of gas, 250 Kg of 100 water vapour, and 985

12. Kg of gasoline vapour per hour leave the evaporator through the pipe
16, and by means of the heat exchangers 17 and 18 and the heater 19
are together brought to a temperature close to the reaction-tempera
105 ture The reactor 22 is filled with a sulphurresistant catalyst
having a basis of cobalt and molybdenum compounds, and alumina The
reactor is operated at a temperature of about 380 to 5000, for example
at 400 to 4200 C 110 The crude gasoline is passed through the catalyst
in amounts of about 0 1 to 1 ton per cubic metre of catalyst per hour,
preferably 0 3 to 0 5 tons per cubic metre of catalyst per hour The
catalyst used is for example 115 molybdic acid on alumina containing
cobalt in the form of oxide or sulphide in which molybdic acid
concentrations of about 10 % are used Another highly active catalyst
for the treatment according to the present invention 120 can for
example be obtained by intimately mixing 70 parts by weight of
commercially available aluminium oxide hydrate having a bayerite
structure, which acts essentially as carrier, with 10 parts by weight
of molybdic 125 acid, 8 parts by weight of cobalt hydroxide and
785,765 4 parts by weight of graphite The mixture is converted into
the form of small cylinders by pressing After cooling the gas-vapour
mixture leaving the furnace, by heat exchange and in the cooler 29,
946 Kg of a refined gasoline are produced in the separator 33 1,000
normal cubic metres of gas are withdrawn through pipe 36 and are
returned to the plant from which the hydrogen-containing gas is
derived, for example before the gasoline washing, after pressure
reduction of for example about 23 to 20 atmospheres The octane number
of the crude gasoline was determined by the research method as 75
without the addition of tetraethyl lead The research octane number of
the hydrogenated product according to the present invention was found
to be 78, while the research octane number of a crude product refined
under the same conditions 2 C without the addition of water vapour was
only 68 The gasoline refined in the presence of water vapour and gases
containing hydrogen is also substantially more sensitive to lead.
The fresh gas from the pressure gasification which was used for the
catalytic refining contained between 20 and 30 volumes percent of
carbon monoxide.
Thus in consequence of the addition of the water vapour, substantial
amounts of carbon monoxide and water vapour reacted to form hydrogen
and carbon dioxide It is therefore possible to introduce substantial
amounts of gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen without
diminishing the refining effect If no water vapour were added during
the catalytic hydrogenation it would be necessary, in order to obtain
a good refining action when using the same fresh gas, to effect a
preliminary conversion of the carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide.

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* GB785766 (A)
Description: GB785766 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in hydraulic variable pitch propellers
Description of GB785766 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: LEONARD GASKELL FAIR'HURST Date of filing Complete
Specification: May 1, 1956.
Application Date: May 5, 1955.
No 13075/55.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
Index at acceptance:-Class 114, I 2 C 4, International
Classification;-B 63 h.
COM-PLETE SPECIFICATION
Improvements in Hydraulic Variable 'Pitch Propellers We, ROTOL
LIMITED, a British Company, of 'Cheltenham Road, Gloucester, do hereby
declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted
to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
This invention relates to hydraulically operated variable pitch
propellers of the kind, hereinafter referred to as the kind described,
including a double acting hydraulic pitch change motor actuable by
hydraulic fluid under pressure to adjust the pitch of the propeller,
an hydraulic fluid conduit (the coarse pitch conduit) for leading
hydraulic fluid, under pressure to said pitch change motor to actuate
the motor in the sense to adjust the pitch of the propeller towards
coarse pitch, and an hydraulic fluid conduit (the fine pitch conduit),
for leading hydraulic fluid under pressure to said pitch change motor

14. to actuate the motor in the sense to adjust the pitch of the propeller
towards fine or reverse pitch.
For the purpose of preventing fining off of the pitch of the propeller
in the event of a serious leakage of hydraulic fluid from the
hydraulic system of the propeller, for example by fracture of the fine
pitch or the coarse pitch conduit, it has been proposed to provide a
lock valve in the coarse pitch conduit which is maintained open
against a closing force by a predetermined excess of pressure in the
fine pitch conduit over drain pressure.
The pitch control of variable pitch ppopellers of the kind described
is effected by means of an hydraulic valve which is displaceable from
an equilibrium' position to supply hydraulic fluid under pressure to
said pitch change motor through either said fine pitch conduit or said
coarse pitch conduit to adjust the pitch of the propeller towards fine
pitch or coarse pitch respectively and this hydraulic valve is usually
controlled by a speed' governor the speed governor and the valve being
combined in a constant speed' governor unit The operation of such an
hydraulic valve normally involves the generation of transient pressure
fluclPrice 3 s 6 d l tuations simultaneously in the coarse pitch and
fine pitch conduits, such transient pressure fluctuations being of
opposite sign in these two conduits The existence of such transients
in the fine pitch conduit makes it difficult to select a pressure
difference between drain' pressure and the pressure in the fine pitch
conduit at which the lock valve shall close to provide an adequate
degree of safety without unnecessarily disturbing the normal operation
of the propeller.
To obviate this difficulty, according to the present invention, there
is provided in a propeller of the kind described a lock valve in the
coarse pitch conduit which lock valve is urged in the opening
direction, against a closing force tending to close the valve, by
opening means comprising a first member subject to the difference
between the pressure in the fine pitch conduit and' drain pressure, a
second member subject to the difference between the pressure in the
coarse pitch conduit and drain pressure and' means for combining the
loads produced upon the said first and second members 'by the said
pressures and for acting upon the said lock valve with the said
combined load, the arrangement being such that the combinedi load
remains substantially constant when transient pressure fluctuations of
opposite sign occur simultaneously in the coarse pitch conduit and the
fine pitch conduit.
The propeller preferably also includes' a non-return valve in, a
conduit by-passing the lock valve, the non-return valve being arranged
to close when the pressure on the pitch change motor sid'e of the
non-return valve exceeds that on the other side of the non-return

15. valve.
One embodiment of the present invention will now be described, merely
by way of example, with reference to the drawing accompanying the
provisional specification which diagrammatically illustrates, an
arrangement according to the present invention.
Referring to the drawing, the pitch-lchanen piston of a double acting
hydraulic pitch change motor of a hydraulic variable pitch propeller
is represented at 1 The piston oper, 785766 s ates in a cylinder 2 the
ends of which are connected by conduits 3 and 4 to the contro ports of
a constant speed governor unit, no.
shown Hydraulic fluid supplied under pressure through the conduit 3
acts on the left hand side of piston 1, tending to move it in a
direction giving a finer pitch setting in ahead pitch of the
propeller, or a coarser pitch in, the reverse range in 'the case of a
reversing propeller The conduit 3 is accordingly the fine pitch
conduit Conversely, hydraulic fluid supplied under pressure through
the conduit 4 tends to move the piston 1 in a direction giving a
coarser pitch setting in ahead pitch of the propeller and the conduit
4 is accordingly the coarse pitch conduit.
A lock valve 5, in the form of a piston, is provided in the coarse
pitch conduit 4 and the lock valve 5 is urged in the direction to
close the conduit 4 by a closing force produced by a spring 6 When the
valve 5 is closed hydraulic fluid is trapped in the right hand end of
the cylinder 2, and prevents movement of the piston 1 to the right in
the drawing, that is to say in' the pitch-fining direction, in which
direction the piston 1 normally tends to move under the action of the
centrifugal twisting moment on the propeller blades when the propeller
is rotating A conduit 7 is provided which by-passes the valve 5 The
conduit 7 contains a non-return valve S arranged to close when the
pressure on the pitch change motor side of the valve 8 exceeds that on
the other side of the valve '8 'The hydraulic fluid trapped in the
right hand end of the cylinder 2 when the valve 5 closes consequently
cannot escape through the valve 8 but hydraulic fluid under pressure
supplied through the conduit 4 can enter the right hand end of the
cylinder 2 to coarsen the pitch of the propeller as soon as its
pressure exceeds, by a predetermined amount, the pressure of the
hydraulic fluid trapped in the cylinder.
The valve 5 is slidable in a cylinder 1 '8 which is communicated ion
the side 9 of the valve 5, by means of a duct 10 with the fine pitch
conduit 3 ' and on the side 11 of 'the valve 5 by means of a duct 19
with a drain conduit 12 The valve 5 -is accordingly urged, in the 501
opening direction against the closing force produced by the spring 6
by a load which is proportional to the difference between the pressure
in, the fine pitch conduit 3 and the pressure in the drain conduit -12

16. In addition to this opening load a further opening load is provided by
a further piston and cylinder assembly 13, 15 The piston 13 has a
piston red 14 which bears against the end 9 of the valve 5 The left
hand end of the cylinder 15 is communicated by a duct 16 with the
coarse pitch conduit -4 and the -right hand end -of the cylinder is
communicated 'hv a duct 20 -with the drain conduit 12 During norimal
working of the propeller, at least when the latter is in an on speed "
or an " over-speed " condition, by which should be understood rotating
either at the tspeed called for by the constant speed unit or a speed
in excess of the speed called for 1 by the constant speed unit,
pressure in excess 70 of drain pressure is present in the coarse pitch
conduit 4 and a load is consequently produced upon the piston 13
proportional to the difference between these pressures, this load
being added to the load acting directly upon 75 ithe valve 5 to hold
the valve open against the closing force produced by the spring 6
Opening and closing of the control valve of the constant speed unit
during operation of the propeller causes fluctuating pressures in the
80 fine pitch and coarse pitch conduits 3 ' and 4 but these
fluctuations are of opposite sign in the two conduits so that the
combined opening load upon the valve 5 remains substantially constant
Thus when the propeller is in an 85 " underspeed condition " by which
should be understood rotating at a speed less than is called for by
the constant speed unit, although the pressure in the coarse pitch
conduit may fall to a pressure approaching the drain pres 90 sure due
to operation of the constant speed unit calling for a finer pitch, the
pressure in the fine pitch conduit will rise sufficiently to maintain
the valve 5 open against the closing force produced by the spring 6 To
balance 95 any inequality in the fluctuations of pressure in the fine
and coarse pitch conduits due to operation of the control valve of the
constant speed unit the piston 13 and the valve 5 may be made with
correspondingly different face 100 areas.
In the event of a serious loss of hydraulic fluid from the hydraulic
system of the propeller, due, for example to fracture of one of the
conduits 3 and 4, the pressure in at least 105 one of the conduits 3
and 4 will drop immediately, thus reducing the load in the opening
direction upon the valve 5, and it is arranged that such a reduction
of load is sufficient to allow the spring 6 to close the valve 5 ' and
110 thus prevent a loss of propeller pitch.
In the example described the lock valve 5 is a piston type valve The
lock valve may however take the form of a lift valve to ensure
maximum' fluid tightness when closed 115
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* GB785767 (A)
Description: GB785767 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvements in and relating to central heating and plant, and methods of
operating such plant
Description of GB785767 (A)
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Inventor: THEOPHIL EI Chivi ANN 785,767 Date of Application and filing
Complete Specification May 21, 1955.
No 14714/55.
Complete Specification Published Nov 6, 1957.
Index at Acceptance:-Classes 29, G 2 (E: L: R: No); 64 ( 2), F 2 C, Gl
Ai 5, H, U 3; and 64 ( 3), S( 14:
23 A).
International Classification: -F 24 d F 25 b, h.
COMPLETE SPECIFI Ci ATI 1 ON Improvements in and relating to Central
Heating and Plant, and methods of Operating such Plant We, CARBA
AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, a Swiss Company, of Bern-Liebefeld, Switzerland,
do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be
granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed to be
particularly described in and by the following statement: -
The present invention relates to a central heating and cooling plant
which comprises a hermetically closed pipe system including a central
heat exchange stage and decentralised heating bodies for direct heat
transfer in the rooms by radiation and convection, similar to a hot
water central heating system.
The hot water heating in the hitherto generally used mode of hot water
circulation has various disadavantages of which the most important may
be mentioned: The sensitivity to freezing representing a danger to the
plant at rest, a considerable inertness in operation and extremely

18. high heat losses along the ascending and distributing pipe lines both
on account of the low speed of water circulation (about 4 inches to 1
foot per second, if the circulation is only due to gravity); the
necessary provision of sufficiently large pipe cross-sections, of an
expansion vessel and of venting means; and the formation of rust and
scale on the inner wall of the pipe system.
It has been proposed to use a refrigerant fluid as a circulating
medium in a heating system in order to avoid the above mentioned
disadvantages in that the medium flows as a vapour from the central
stage to the decentralizing heating bodies However in all such cases
the operation of the heating plant is limited to moderate heating
temperatures up to about 450 C or the system employed is not a central
heating plant but an air conditioner or a heat pump whereby air is
separately heated somewhat above room temperature and is then supplied
to the rooms to be heated i e socalled air heating.
Thereagainst it is a feature of central heating that its opearting
temperature range should extend up to 100 C or even higher in order to
be able also on occasion of comparatively Low outdoor temperatures, as
for instance -25 C, to meet the requirements involved by the direct
heating of the room In this connection it must be born in mind that in
central heating plants the circulating heat transfert medium must
often be guided through an extensive and widely ramified pipe system
of lor instance 200 yards or more to a plurality of radiators.
As the ascending and distributing vapour pipe lines are usually not
insulated, the heat losses along such extensive lines become
considerable with an increasing difference between the pipe
temperature and the ambient normal room temperature of about 18 C or
less In the case that a conventional refrigerant fluid is used as heat
transfer medium instead of hot water, considerable heat losses
partially liquefy the saturated vapour flowing through such extensive
pipe lines and the liquefied fluid pre vents or at least obstructs the
circulation of the vapour At the same time the vapour undergoes a
reduction in pressure due to fluid friction in the pipe and to the
geodetic difference in height over which the vapour must mount lrom
the evporator to the radiators This loss of pressure is a mere
throttle process and occurs therefore without any change of the
enthalpy of the vapour.
It has now been found that the attempts made so far in using a
conventional refrigerant as heat transfer medium in a central heating
plant were not successful for heating temperatures above about 450 or
500 C due to the fact that above such a temperature heat losses cause
a partial liquefaction and that in all hitherto known attempts the
above mentioned loss of pressure shows at higher temperatures the
tendency to increase the partial liquefac2 785,767 tion of the vapour

19. already caused by heat losses.
It is the object of the invention to remove this disadvantage and with
this end in view 5the invention consists in a central heating plant of
the type which comprises central heat exchange means for changing the
temperature of a fluid heat transfer medium, a plurality of outlying
heat transfer units for directly heating rooms by radiation and
natural air convection, and a distribution network Of pipes connecting
said heat exchange means to said outlying units to form a vapour-tight
hermetically closed system effectively free from air and moisture,
characterized in that said closed system contains a volatile fluid
heat-transfer medium being non-toxic and non-combustible and having a
freezing point below the lowest climatic temperature prevailing on the
surface of the globe and a boiling point at atmospheric pressure below
+ 30 ' C but above O' C, the vapour of said medium having its critical
temperature point above + 1200 C and having thermodynamic
characteristics on the whole temperature range from + 300 to + 100 '
C.
such that its temperature-enthalpy and temperature-entropy diagrams
exhibit lines of constant enthalpy and constant entropy, respectively,
which extend for decreasing vapour pressure from the saturation line
into the region of superheated vapour.
A preferred fluid which complies with the aforesaid requirements is
dicblorotetraiiuoroethane having, besides the above properties, still
further qualities which are important in connection with its use in a
central heating plant, in that for instance the vapour pressure at the
maximum operating temperature at 1000 C remains with about 13
atmospheres over-pressure still at a degree which can be tightened
without complications, while under inoperative condition the vapour
pressure is even yet somewhat above 1 atmosphere at the ordinary room
temperature Another fluid suitable for being used as a heat transfer
medium in a central heating plant is bromochlorodifluoromethane.
The invention includes further the possibility of employing the
central heating plant containing such a heat transfer 'fluid under
certain provisions in summer for a moderate cooling of about '/, of
the heating output, if at high outdoor temperature dwelling rooms are
to be cooled down to the ordinary room temperature of about 200 to 250
C.
The method of operating a central heating plant for heating or cooling
purposes according to the invention willl now be explained in
connection with an embodiment of such plant shown by way of example in
the accompanying drawings, wherein: Figure 1 shows a diagrammatic
illustration of a combined central vapour heating and cooling plant
for heating and cooling of rooms; Figures 2 and 3 show a room heating
and cooling radiator body of the plant in longitudinal and cross

20. section, respectively, and Figures 4 and 5 show the disposition of a
room heating and cooling connection body in side elevation and in
cross-section, respectively 70 The vapour heating and cooling plant
illustrated in Figure 1 comprises a central heat exchanging apparatus
1 and room heating and cooling radiators 2 joined to each other by
means of pipes 3 and 4 and evacuated to form 75 a closed,
substantially air free circulation system containing a
non-combustible, nontoxic, scentless and volatile heat transfer
medium, such as di-chiloiotetrafluoroethiane (C 2 C 1 F 4) known under
the registered Trade 8 () Mark " Freon " by the designation Freon 114,
or bromochlorodfifluoromethane (Cir CIF,) known under the designation
Freon 12 Bkl which medium does not solidify at the lowest climatic
temperature prevailing oil the surface 85 of the globe namnely about
-6 J C, and has a boiling point at atmospheric pressure below ordinary
room temperature During the heating operation the Liquid thermal
medium contained in the heat exchanger 1 which is heated 90 by means
of a relatively small quantity of hot water from a boiler 7
circulating t Izough a feed pipe 5 and a return pipe 6, is evaporated
therein and leaves the evaporator at its upper end in the form of
saturated or slightly super 95 heated vapour Through the pipe 3 thle
vapour is supplied to the room heating radiators 2 connected in
parallel and acting as condensers.
The heat transfer mecdium being in the radiators 2 under e-vaporating
pressure, is liquefied 100 by giving off its evaporation heat to the
rooms to be heated The condensate flows due to its gravity into pipe 4
or if need be, first into a condenser and accumulating vessel (not
shown), being afterwards fed by a gas-tight 105 circulation pump (not
shown), and through a thermostatically controlled injection atomizer
valve 8 to the heat exchanger 1 The regulation of the valve 8 is
effected in such a manner that on increasing sunerheating of the 110
heat transfer vapour at the outlet of the heat exchanger 1 a known
thermostat mounted in the pipe 3 causes an increased opening of the
injection valve and, on lack of sup erheating of the vapour, causes a
partial closing of said 115 injection valve The heat exchanger 1 is
designed in such a manner that a slight superheating of the vapour
occurs when the whole evaporator surface is in action For regulating
the evaporation temperature in the heat 120 exchanger 1 a known
thermostat is used which adjusts the oil or gas burner 9 of the boiler
7 and pressure is controlled by a known pressure sensitive means
which, when the pressure reaches a limited value, as for instance on
125 failure of the thermostat, shuts off the burner 9 until the
pressure in the evaporator has again dropped to its normal value The
radiators 2 can be provided with a solenoid valve automatically
controlled by a room thermostat or 130 785,767 the radiators 2 may be

21. provided with a dia t phragm valve only to be operated by hand r The
pressure and the temperature of the heat transfer vapour can be
adjusted by one/or x more thermostats and one pressure sensitive 1
device in accordance with the requirements or 1 the room to be heated
in such a manner that the temperature in the radiators 2 can be fully
automatically kept at a temperature value preset according to the
prevailing requirements, e.g usually between 30 Y C and 60 ' C
Preferably such a plant operates, for instance during the transition
period between the seasons, at a temperature of about 40 C and a
pressure of about 3 5 atmospheres absolute.
In case all the radiators 2 and the condenser collector are loca Led
above the heat exchanger 1 the resistance to circulation of the medium
can be overcome by means of the force of gravity of the medium alone
Since in large vapour heating plants the return quantity of condensate
from the pipe network does not correspond in every moment with the
feed liquid requirements of the heat exchanger 1 a condenser
collecting vessel may be required fulfilling the duty of an
accumulator.
From the above explanation it will be seen that with the central
vapour heating plant described, fully automatic control and regulation
of the heating temperature is possible by the combined action of
electrical, thermostatic and pressure sensitive means Heating
temperature of less than 350 C can well be-maintained without
disturbances in the circulation.
In comparison with hot water systems the cross sections of the pipe
lines can be relatively small, for instance '/, inch inner diameter,
and as the thermal medium is noncorrosive the thickness of the pipe
wall can also be comparatively thin Furthermore no expansion vessel,
venting elements or pipe insulation are required for which reason the
costs of the plant and its installation are considerably lower than
those of a hot water central heating plant No refilling of heat
transfer medium is necessary There is no danger of freezing The heat
losses at the pipes are lower than those in a hot water central
heating plant, and the heating of the rooms to be heated can be
effected very quickly due to the comparatively small volume of thermal
medium, the high flowing speed of the vapour and the immediate
setting-in of the condensing action in the room radiators The plant
has an extremely low inertia and thus operates far more efficiently
than any hot water central heating plant The room heating bodies can
as described below, consist of pipes of small cross-section provided
with fins; their space requirement and their weight are therefore
correspondingly small An average vapour temperature of about 60 C will
usually be sufficient so that no dust smouldering occurs, the rooms
are not overheated, and the climatic condition of the room air is not

22. affected For heating the evaporator also waste heat can be ised.
In order to operate the plant for a moderate cooling of rooms it
comprises a compressor 10, he suction side of which is connected
through 70 a pipe 11 to the pipe 3 and the pressure side of which is
connected through a condenser 14 and a pipe 15 to the pipe 4 The
condenser 14 has a feed pipe 12 and return pipe 13 for cooling water
In the pipe 15 are provided 75 an inlet valve 16 and in front thereof
a stop valve 17 During heating operation of the plant the compressor
and condenser are set out of action and the stop valve 17 and a stop
valve 18 provided in the pipe 11 are closed, 80 while a stop valve 19
arranged in front of the injection valve 8 and a stop valve 20
arranged behind the heat exchanger 1 are open.
During cooling operation the stop valves 17 and 18 are open, while the
stop valves 19 and 85 are closed The heat transfer medium condensed in
the cooled condenser 14 flows through the valve 16 (which may be
thermostatically controlled in known manner), into the pipe 4 and from
there into the room cool 90 ing bodies or radiators 2 operating now as
evaporators By heat extraction from the room to be cooled the medium
injected in the radiators 2 is evaporated The vapour of the medium is
drawn through the pipes 3 and 11 95 by means of the compressor 10 and
is fed by the same under pressure into the condenser 14 In the cooling
operation the temperature of the heat transfer medium is suitably held
e.g at about 15 ' C in the evaporator or radia 100 tor and at about
300 C in the condenser at a pressure of 2,2 to 1,5 atmospheres
absolute.
The room heating-and cooling bodies designated generally with the
numeral 2 in Fig 2 are adapted according to their twofold purpose 105
of room heating and room cooling In the constructive embodiment shown
in Figs 2 and 3 the body 2 comprises pipe windings X, through which
the heat transfer medium passes, arranged in the hollow spaces 26 110
between the joists 27 of the ceiling of a room to be heated Below the
pipe windings 2 metal plates 29, e g of aluminium, are arranged in the
plaster ceiling 28 fixed to the joists which metal plates 29 are in
metallic 115 connection with the pipe windings 2 by means of the
carriers 30 and serve as radiation elements, said radiation plates 29
being arranged approximately uniformly over the whole surface of the
ceiling (Figure 1) 120 The room heating and cooling body shown in Figs
4 and 5 is provided with lamella 31 arranged in the radial planes of,
and evenly spaced side by side on, the pipe 2 and is disposed at a
slight inclination towards the 125 pipe 4 below the window board 32 in
a recess provided between the outer wall 33 and a wainscoting wall 34
or a grid, fence or the like, said recess 35 communicating with the
room to be heated or cooled at least by means -130 j 785,767 of an
upper and a lower opening 36 and 37, respectively In the recess 35

23. above the room heating and cooling body are located two electrically
driven fans 38 for drawing the cooled air upwardly and driving it
through the opening 37 into the room when the plant is operated for
cooling With advantage a collecting vessel 39 for condensed water with
a drain is provided below the radiator body.
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* GB785768 (A)
Description: GB785768 (A) ? 1957-11-06
Improvement in or relating to methods of duplicating
Description of GB785768 (A)
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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data
and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in
particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete,
up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.
PATENT SPECIFICATION
Date of application and filing Complete Specifci No 21266 /55.
Application made in Germany on July 24, 1954.
Complete Specification Published: Nov 6, 1957.
7855,768 ation: July 22, 1955.
Index at acceptance:-Classes 96, B( 3 A: 14 D: 14 X: 28); 100 ( 2),
CA( 3: 13), P 16 C 2; and 146 ( 3), C 10.
International Classification:-B 41 f, n CO 9 d D 21 h.
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

24. Improvement in or relating to methods of Duplicating We, WILHELM
RITZERFELD, of 14, Schor c lemer Allee, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, and
GERHARD Ri TZERFELD, of 21, Franzens E bader strasse,
Berlin-Grunewald, Germany, f S both Citizens of the Federal Republic
of a Germany, do hereby declare the invention, i for which we pray
that a patent may be) granted to us, and the method by which it E is
to be performed, to be particularly de c scribed in and by the
following statement: X
The invention relates to methods of duplicating, and more specifically
to methods of duplicating in which directly effective inking materials
are not made use of.
Known hectographic duplicating methods 1 have the disadvantage that,
when in preparing a hectographic master sheet a transfer sheet is used
which is provided with a directly effective hectographic ink layer for
transferring ink from the transfer sheet to the master sheet, it is
difficult to avoid smudging of the hands of an operator, of a
typewriter, of the operator's clothing and the like by the
hectographic ink transfer sheet itself or by ink from the prepared
hectographic master sheet.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method of duplicating in
which directly effective inking materials are not made use of.
In Patent Specification No 737,605, there has already been proposed a
method of producing a copy by a planographic system making use of a
master, characterized by forming a planographic image of the master
with a composition substantially free of dye colour and containing at
least one of the components for reaction to form a dyestuff, wetting
the surface of a copy sheet with a fluid containing a solvent for the
dye forming component, and contacting the wetted surface of the copy
sheet with the imaged surface of the master to dissolve off some of
the dyeforming components to the wetted surface of the copy sheet for
reaction to form the dyestuff in the imaged areas of the t Price 3 s 6
d l copy sheet.
In specification No 712,216, there has been disclosed and claimed a
transfer sheet :or use with a receiving sheet sensitized with 50 a
colour reactant substance, having a coatng including a low-polarity
hydrophobic vax in which there is incorporated a hydrophobic oil
containing a substance capable of giving rise to a distinctive
colouration 55 when brought into contact with a receiving surface
having thereon said colour reactant mbstance.
The invention consists in a method of duplicating comprising the steps
of selecting 60 two chemical substances of which one is a crystalline
violet lactone and each of which in the absence of the other is
non-staining, but which co-react with each other and form a
transferable dye when brought into con 65 tact with each other,

25. incorporating one of the said substances into a fatty layer of a
transfer sheet, transferring portions of the layer on to a master to
form a fatty script thereon, adding the other substance to a 70 liquid
for moistening copy sheets to be printed by duplicating, the liquid
being a solvent for the fatty substance in the said script, and
bringing the fatty script on the master sheet in direct contact with
the liquid on the copy 75 sheet to produce a print of the script on
the copy sheet The other substance may be attapulgite.
Thus, two chemical substances are made use of, each of which in the
absence of the 50 other is colourless or is coloured but of such
nature that the colour is non-staining and non-smudging, but which,
when brought into contact with each other, co-react and form a
transferable dye locally at the regions of 85 contact.
A transfer sheet (replacing the hitherto usual hectographic ink
transfer sheet) is provided with a layer of wax or fat, in which one
of the co-reacting substances is incorpora 90 ted When preparing a
duplicating master sheet, this transfer sheet comprising the one ' ad
( A |:' > ^ ' of the said co-reacting substances is placed with its
layer against the back of a master sheet blank, and by pressure
exerted during writing, printing, typing or the like on the front of
the master sheet a fatty mirror script is created on its back at the
corresponding places, the fatty mirror script comprising the one of
the said co-reacting substances The other of the said co-reacting
substances is dissolved or dispersed in a volatile solvent for the
fatty substance with which a copy sheet or the like to be printed is
moistened immediately prior to the duplicating Preferably, the
moistening is effected during the duplicating process itself by means
of a moistening device arranged immediately in front of the line of
printing of a rotary duplicating machine, the device automatically
moistening the copy sheets to be printed while the copy sheets are
being fed to the line of printing Owing to the contact between the two
co-reacting substances (one contained in the fatty mirror-script of
the master sheet and the other in the moistened copy sheet) at the
places where script is positioned, a reaction occurs, which forms a
dye by ion exchange and/or adsorption, with the result that a visible
script corresponding to the script of the master sheet is formed on
the copy sheet being printed.
Since the solvent, for example ethyl alcohol, benzine, amyl acetate,
or the like, in which the other of the said co-reacting substances is
contained also dissolves the wax or fat of the script on the master
sheet containing the one of the said co-reacting substances, it is
possible to repeat the dye forming reaction until the supply of the
fat or wax or the like containing one of the said co-reacting
substances at the places on the master sheet where script is

26. positioned is exhausted Thus, for obtaining a comparatively great
number of copies, for example a hundred copies, from a mirror script
master sheet, use is made of two dye creating coreacting substances in
combination with the simultaneous use of a solvent for slowly removing
the supply of fat or wax or the like containing one of the two
co-reacting substances The result is a clean method of duplicating
which results in copies of particularly high light fastness Moreover,
for performing the method no special copy sheets need be used for
printing.
For performing the method a number of various chemical compounds may
be used as one of the two co-reacting substances.
In order to make the invention clearly unf derstood, reference will
now be made to two examples which are given by way of illustration:
EXAMPLE No 1.
A comparatively high amount of attapulgite is incorporated into a
combination of stearin, carnauba wax, castor oil and olein 65 and
provided as a layer on a transfer sheet.
The preparation of the mass and the forming of the layer of the
transfer sheet is effected under heat For damping the copy sheet to be
printed, denatured ethyl alcohol is used to 70 which crystalline
violet lactone dissolved in chlorinated diphenyl has been added On
contact of the moistened copy sheet with the mirror-script of the
master sheet a blue dye reaction occurs 75 Instead of attapulgite,
similar substances having adsorbing qualities, such as kaolin,
aluminium oxide, aluminium phosphate, barium sulphate, betonite,
calcium carbonate and calcium chloride, calcium citrate, cal 80 cium
fluoride, calcium oxide, calcium phosphate, calcium sulphate,
halloysit, magnesium carbonate, magnesium trisilicate, pyrophyllit or
silicon dioxide may alternatively be used 85 EXAMPLE No 2.
Crystalline violet lactone is incorporated into a wax or fat layer of
a transfer sheet, and ethyl alcohol containing a small quantity of
sulphuric acid is used for moistening 90 the copy sheets to, be
printed On contact of the copy sheet with the mirror-script of the
master sheet a blue-dye forming reaction takes place.
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