The document discusses the importance of asking "why" five times to find the root cause of a problem. It provides an example of a boy who came home with a bruised knee after falling off his bike. By asking "why" five times - why he fell, why he couldn't brake, why the brakes didn't work, why the brake pads had come loose - the root cause was identified as loose brake pads rather than improper riding. Finding the root cause ensures the corrective action of adjusting the brake pads will solve the problem long-term.