The document discusses perspectives on health and development. It begins by outlining the objectives of the session which are to discuss views of health, explain poverty, concepts of development, and indicators of economic development. It then explores factors that affect health like poverty, education, nutrition, and sanitation. Poverty is defined and its main causes like unemployment and low social protections are outlined. Strategies for poverty reduction like fair wealth distribution and increasing public revenues are presented. Different perspectives on health as a right, consumption good, and investment are introduced. Development is defined as social, economic, and institutional processes that improve life. Objectives and characteristics of development are defined. Finally, indicators of economic development like GNP, GDP, and the

1. Health and development
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2. Session objectives
At the end of this session learners should able to:
 Discuss perspectives of health
 Explain poverty of poverty
 Discuss concepts of development
 Recognize indicators of Economic
development
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3. Health
 The term health refers to a state either of an
individual or a community.
 This state of health may be influenced by a
number of factors including ‘health care’.
 Main factors that affect health are:
• poverty,
• level of education,
• food intake,
• access to clean water,
• sanitary and housing conditions.
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4. Poverty
Group Discussion (3’)
 What is poverty?
 List sources of poverty?
 Discuss strategies to alleviate poverty?
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5. Definitions of Poverty
 Poverty is the state of having little or no money
and few or no material possessions.
 Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of
common necessities that determine the quality
of life, including food, clothing, shelter and safe
drinking water, and
 may also include the deprivation of
opportunities to learn, to obtain better
employment to escape poverty, and to enjoy the
respect of fellow citizens.
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6. Definitions of Poverty…
 Poverty is the state of living on less than $2 a
day, according to the World Bank:
 Poverty can also represent a lack of
opportunity and empowerment, and bad
quality of life in general.
 Poverty is an income level defined by the
Census Bureau that determines a family’s
poverty status.
 This level is adjusted yearly as changes occur
in the national economy’s Consumer Price
Index and costs of living.
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7. Main causes of poverty
 Unemployment
 Inadequate system of social protection
 Low pensions
 Violations of human rights
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8. Basic strategies for poverty reduction
 creating harmonized policies of development.
 Fair distribution wealth between entities.
 Incremental of public revenues.
 Reduction of corruption.
 Greater funds for civil beneficiaries.
 Remove all forms of ethnic discrimination.
 Creating private public Partnership
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9. Perspectives on Health
1. Health as a right
 Health is viewed by some as a right
analogous to justice or political freedom.
 In part, this involves ensuring access to health
care.
 The government is seen as having a
responsibility to ensure this, comparable with
ensuring justice.
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10. Perspectives on health....
2. Health as consumption good
 For others health is seen as an important
individual objective that is comparable with
material aspects of life.
 Such a view often refers to health as
consumption good.
 The government here has no special
responsibilities in the promotion of health,
fairly leaves decisions to individual
consumers.
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11. Different perspectives on health....
3. Health as an investment
 Health largely affects the productive ability of
the workforce.
 Illness may affect overall production, either
through absenteeism or by lowering
productivity through its debilitating effects.
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12. Development
• What is development? (2’)
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13. Development
The modern view of development perceives it as:
 both a physical reality and state of mind in
social, economic and institutional processes to
obtain a better life.
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14. Objectives of Development
 Development must consist of at least the following three objectives:
I. To increase the availability, distribution and accessibility of life-
sustaining goods
II. To expand the range of economic and social opportunities and
services to individuals and communities.
III. To raise standards of living, including:
 higher incomes,
 Provision of jobs,
 better education
 better health,
 Attention to cultural and humanistic values to generate
greater individual, community and national esteem.
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15. Characteristics of Development
1. Rising share of industry, along with the failing share
of agriculture in GNP and increasing percentage of
people who live in cities rather than the countryside
2. Passing through periods of accelerating, then
decelerating population growth, during which the age
structure of the country changes dramatically
3. Changes in consumption patterns as people no longer
spend all their income on necessities but instead
move on to consume durables and eventually leisure-
time products and services.
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16. Characteristics of Development…
4. Meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meets their own needs (sustainability).
5. Participation (mainly) by the citizens of the country
in the process as well as the benefit.
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17. Indicators of Economic Development

18. Growth

19. GNP and GDP
 GNP: is the sum of the value of finished goods and
services produced by a society during a given year
which is earned by citizens of the nation only.
 GDP: is similar to GNP except that it count all income
produced within the borders of a country, including
income earned by foreigner residents, but excludes
income earned by citizens of the country who are
residents of abroad.
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20. Development

21. Human Development Index

22. Human Development Index