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Paul Fleming a Coenercat, sessió de Girona (28.11.2013)
1. The document discusses Prof Paul Fleming's work on sustainable development and smart cities in Leicester. 2. It outlines Leicester's history as an environmentally focused city since the 1990s and its goal of reducing emissions 50% by 2025 from 1990 levels by making homes, buildings, waste, transport, and public engagement more low carbon. 3. The document then covers topics like how smart cities can integrate data on energy supply and demand, air quality, and carbon sequestration to optimize jobs, technology, efficiency, wealth, wellbeing and health while addressing issues like data privacy and security.
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Paul Fleming a Coenercat, sessió de Girona (28.11.2013)
- 1. Prof Paul Fleming Directorof Sustainable Development De Montfort University Leicester
- 2. Local and County 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Background Leicester SmartCities SmartSpaces – Leicester Engaging with young people Next Steps
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- 4. Strategy • • • • Leadership Emissions inventory Action plan Implementation –New developments – Existing development – Ongoing management • People
- 5. Guidance • Energy Cities •ICLEI • Climate Alliance • Fedarene • Covenant of Mayors Covenant of Mayors Committed to local sustainable energy
- 6. International issue • • • • • International commitment EUcommitment National Regional Local
- 7. Energy and Greenhousegas related Data • • • • Reducing our carbon footprint New employment opportunities Health and pollution Quality of Life • Ethical and privacy issues • Data security issues
- 8. ENERGY? • • • • Heat and powerour homes Heat and power businesses Move us around Produce goods and services • Linked to most things we do • Not just technical problem
- 9. ENERGY SERVICES • Wedo not want gas or electricity – we want heat, light, power and mobility • Low unit energy costs • Affordable energy service
- 10. NON TECHNICAL BARRIERS •How do you overcome non-technical barriers? • How do you implement energy efficiency improvements? • How do you implement renewable energy systems? – Attitudes and behaviour – Decision Makers – Public Dialogue
- 11. IMPLEMENTATION “Boring” Energy Efficiencymeasures • Time controls • Heating controls • Lighting controls • Thermal insulation • Energy-efficient equipment “Exciting” renewable • PV • Solar thermal • Biomass • wind
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- 14. Ambitious vision • 1990UK’s First Environment City • 50% emissions reduction by 2025 based on 1990 levels • Leicester as a low carbon city – homes – Non-domestic buildings – Waste – Transport – Public engagement
- 15. Long history • 1990,Leicester, UK first environment city • 1992, Leicester, received honours at the Earth summit in Rio de Janeiro • 1995, Leicester, European sustainable city • 2003, Leicester. Climate change strategy • 2010, low carbon city key priority of newly elected Mayor • 2012, launch of the citywide combined heat and power scheme
- 16. Citywide • • • • • • Planning Regulations Combined heatand power Cavity wall insulation External wall insulation Solar thermal Solar photovoltaic • Smart grids • Attitudes and behaviour • Community energy schemes
- 17. Making Leicester alow carbon city
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- 20. Smart Cities: IntegrativeApproach • Focus on the data on the physical structure of the city Jobs • Buildings – – – – Residential Commercial Industrial Public Technology • External Spaces – – – – Functional Wellbeing Aesthetic Environment Efficiency Wealth Ideally, the structure and systems of the city optimise all these Wellbeing • Thoroughfares – – – – Location Layout Access Mobility Behaviour Health Environment
- 21. Data • Energy Supply – – – – Fossilfuel electricity Renewable electricity Fossil fuel heat Renewable heat • Energy Demand (temperature and other data) – Homes – Business – transport • Air Quality – Locally measures – Satellite • Other Data? • Map supply and demand across the City. – Whole System, based on individual businesses and modes of travel – City wide combined heat and power scheme, energy storage – “Shift” demand to different times of the day
- 22. Carbon Sequestration data •Carbon stored in soils • Carbon stored in open spaces • Carbon stored in trees
- 23. Smart Grid EnergyFlows
- 24. Smart Grids: Communications& Intelligence • What signals are required? – – – – • Frequency: indicates national supply/demand balance Voltage: due to local grid constraints Price: e.g. Time of Use tariff Other status and/or control signals What method of communication is most effective? – – – – – – GPS Internet Power Line Communication (PLC) Downstream status monitoring Control box with WiFi/Bluetooth/ZigBee Smart meters
- 25. Cross-Sectoral Integration • Until recentlypower, thermal and transport sectors have been relatively separate and self-contained – Due to the dominance of a different fuel type for each • Oil and natural gas are becoming less sustainable – Due energy security and climate change issues • So where else can we get the energy from for the transport sector? • Gas will be available for decades, coal for longer – But it must incorporate Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) • In a low carbon energy system, the sectors merge – Primary supply will be increasingly electricity based • Power sector: supply from renewables, nuclear, ‘clean’ coal/gas • Transport sector: electric vehicles and electrolytic hydrogen production use grid power • Thermal sector: heat pumps, ‘storable’ electric heating/cooling
- 26. Buildings and TransportIntegration • Net zero-energy only feasible in highly efficient buildings in low-density areas – Building-integrated renewables not sufficient for high-rise or energy hungry buildings (e.g. hospitals) – However, avoid incentivising urban sprawl • • • Increases car dependence and transport energy use Public transport not economical in low-density urban areas Off-site supply of electricity – Usually less expensive than on-site PV (solar photo voltaic) • Achieves more CO2 mitigation per £ – However: • • • • PV electricity is becoming more competitive Competes against the retail price Improves grid reliability by relieving bottlenecks Smart EV (electric vehicle)charging – – – – Eliminate emissions cased by transport from urban sprawl Improve efficiency of transport from urban sprawl Maximise benefit of PV by avoiding export to grid (mobility is high value service) Improve (heat led) CHP (Combined Heat and Power) performance by balancing electrical supply
- 27. What Are WeTrying to Achieve? Slid e 27
- 28. Dispatchable Demand • The demandside solution – Time-shifting of demand • ...with intrinsic energy storage capability – What methods of control? • Active customer participation? • Automatic (‘invisible’) control? • Centralised or local control? – Current focus is on • Domestic loads & electric vehicle charging • Demand levelling • Short-period time-shifting – also addresses • Industrial demand response – Especially in hydrogen fuel production • Supply matching • Long-period time-shifting
- 29. Example of modellingresults • • Proportional prosumer response – initial findings (“milestone version”) Domestic demand flattening achieved: – Intermediary ‘Smart Signal’ eliminates instabilities seen in other models that use price optimisation strategy for domestic customers 3000 Price optimising response creates instabilities 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 Baseline demand (1000 prosumers, kW) 30 35 40 45 ‘Smart Signal’ reduces peakmean ratio
- 30. Detailed data • Energyand water meters – Remote switching of “non essential loads” – Automatic, remote charging of electric vehicles. • Data for homes and businesses – Temperature data from bedrooms – Smart spaces example, engaging with non domestic building users via social media • Transport – Vehicle and bus movements, traffic flows and car parks etc • Air Quality – Satellite data, providing local information
- 31. Data available topublic • Virtual power plant - supply and demand in Leicester • Homes – Database of home with real time (or day plus one) data? – Compare with similar house types. • Lifestyle is key issue
- 32. Conflicts • Local renewable(biomass) and local air quality?
- 33. Smart Cities: Jobsand Wealth Creation • Business opportunities – – – – – • Growing cleantech sector Construction (and operation) Service orientated (more people, less materials) International markets Leadership New business models – Services • • • • • • – Energy services Car clubs, etc System integration Operation and maintenance Skills and training Free Electric Vehicle ownership is even being used as a sales incentive in the property market! Manufacture • • • • • High tech (high added value) Offsite construction of buildings Offsite production of bespoke, modular, retrofit assemblies for low-carbon refurbs. Series production of low carbon vehicles Existing local expertise, plus interested in-comers
- 34. Links to OtherData • Health – Energy poverty, air quality, room temperatures • Economy – Leicester the place to invest for low carbon technologies – Businesses more energy efficient –so running costs lower • Education – All local schools are “outstanding schools”, so pupils walk to their local school so reducing transport energy and local pollution
- 35. Issues to addressedfrom the outset • Data privacy – Data is anonymous and people providing the data are well informed • Data Security – Security is essential requirement. People not able to “hack into system” and switch all freezers off
- 36. Green Segment • Proposalto integrate city centre and suburban issues, use ‘Green Segment’ concept
- 37. Green Segment Components • LowCarbon Zone : – Strict building/refurb. Codes • – – LED street lighting Integrated train and bus services • • – – Location Smart card Pedestrian + Zero Emission Vehicle streets • – Connect to CHP or renewable generation FREE Park & Charge points 1-way, per mile Battery Electric Vehicle hire Hydrogen Car Club • • • Discounts for Battery Electric Vehicle owners Overcomes range anxiety Smart Grid enabling Wind Turbine + PV farm BEV (LCC fleet) charging from CHP Satellite logistics hub CHP from waste Low-C manufacturing hub Many workers from Beaumont Leys live here Low Carbon Zone Smart grid trials (Wattbox) Low carbon residential buildings Hythane (grid to gas) for homes BEV (domestic) charging from smart grid Square Mile project Railway Station
- 38. Data • Major opportunitiesto use data to help improve economy and health of the city
- 39. 4. Smart Spaces– Leicester
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- 41. Services • Energy DecisionSupport and Awareness Services (EDSS), – Delivering direct timely and comprehensible feedback on the impact of behaviour on a full range of energy uses – Enabling professionals / staff / visitors of public buildings to avoid existing energy waste • Energy Management Services (EMS) – Using automatic control systems for production, (local) distribution and consumption – Using remote control
- 42. EU Municipal Buildings •Multiple and diverse buildings (c 500) and staff (c 11,000) Automatic Meter Readers collecting data (c 2000) Potential for 10% savings on energy wastage – € 1.2 million per year Day+1 half-hourly data c 36.8 million bits of data per year (but what to do with it?)
- 43. User Engagement • Focusgroups collecting requirements Logical View Development View Scenarios • Two iterations for: Process View Deployment View – Requirement collection, prioritisation and use case tracing – Use Case collection and drafting • Some detail: SMARTSPACES SERVICES – OVERVIEW OF USE CASES – >500 Individuals involved in system outline – >300 Requirements collected – 49 generic Use Cases defined in 4 layers Multi-level L ighting /Dim ming Daylight Harvesting Peak shaving Supply Network Diagnostic and Operations Visual Incentive Servic e Availability Occupancy Sensing Peak Prevention Domain Operations Storage Maintenanc e Servic e Acc essibility Peak c ontrol Authorisation check Peak shaving Demand BEMS SERVICE PROVIDER Manage Schedules Manage Alarms Add User Update Content Delete Content Add Content Manage C ontent Update building configuration Metering Equipment Administra tion Building Administ ration PROFESSIONAL Export C onsumption Information INHERITANCE SERVIC E PROVIDER Benchmark C onsumption Configure Personalised Dashboard Change zone settings Manage Settings C onsumption activity Energy C oach Communication View Report L ogin STAFF Give Feedback Action Awareness Share Explore PROFESSIONAL Resource Awareness Subscribe Get Advice STAFF Awareness Interac tion Get Visitor ’s Pass VISITOR VISITOR Register New Metering Equipment Metering Equipment Report Event Reac tion Plan Occ upanc y Activate/Deac tivate Metering Equipment Register
- 44. Leicester Pilot • • • • • • • • 5 xuniversity 7 x leisure centres 7 x schools 2 x community 1 x concert hall 1 x museum 1 x office 1 x library • Existing metering network provides data to energy professionals • smartspaces will make these data available to all building users • Aim is to facilitate a change in culture and achieve carbon savings
- 45. Approach: Use Cases Testing •Questionnaire Based Assessment – To evaluate the case studies. To assist in the assessment of each case study questionnaires were provided to each focus group outlining each test case with a common evaluation framework. • The “Feedback” Loop • • The testing was designed to assess the use cases with test cases (feedback The Process Models were assessed using the question “Did you follow the process as set out above?”
- 46. Approach • Look foreffects at three levels: – institutional-level effects and drivers (which aspects of Energy Decision Support and Awareness Services EDSS/ Energy Management Services EMS)? – individual-level effects and do these help explain what features of the Energy Decision Support and Awareness Services EDSS has most impact/what the barriers were? – effects at the social-level? e.g. Was there social interaction and is this reflected in a change of norms?
- 47. Simplicity through sophistication Advancedconsumption modelling produces a reliable, simple indicator. This is used to generate “smartfaces”. The key information is provided in an immediate, user-friendly format. There is no need for interpretation, users can absorb the information in a few seconds.
- 48. Community building Dynamic contentcreates interest Report problems Identify solutions Active discussions Show off best practice Build a community Makes co-ordinated action possible A small number of active users The majority of users are passive
- 49. Challenges and Goals •A vibrant comments section is essential but... • It is likely that most users will NOT contribute – It is possible that none will – The comments section could be perpetually empty – The system will appear abandoned • Ideas – – – – Recruit ‘champions’ for each building to seed discussions User group sessions in each building Continually create content in initial stages Target of 100 active users is less than 3% of the total Live Demo www.smartspaces.dmu.ac.uk
- 50. LLEIDA Application Different uses ofthe application Service provider Staff building Visitors Data server Data and Servers Connectivity Application features Building professional Application server Database: PostgreSQL Scalability: Yes Security: Data encryption, access ctrl. Web Server: IIS 7.5 Technology: .NET Security: Firewalls, access control Router Corversor ZigBeeModbus Ethernet Router Data collecting Dexgate Hermes LC2 GPRS/GSM Modbus Modbus Xenta 511 Pulse ZigBee Public Weather Station data Electric Utility meter with modem Temperature humidity Electric meter Gas Utility meter Existent Schneider SCADA
- 51. 5. Engaging youngpeople
- 52. Staff and StudentTraining
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- 57. Discussing Ideas withExperts
- 58. What can youremember from the sustainability workshops What are the 5 principles of low-energy building design? – Insulation – Site Orientation and the use of natural daylight – Minimizing energy demand – Ventilation – Renewable Energy
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- 61. Implementation • Technology – Energyefficiency – Renewable energy – Monitoring – Smart meters – Smart transport • People – Share data – Make more informed decisions
- 62. Smart Cities • • • • • Move frombuildings to cities Electricity network Heat networks Energy storage (heat and electricity) Monitoring and feedback – Buildings, transport, – People, social media • Local and County role