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Environmental
Influences on
Behavior


            1
Parents and Peers
         Parents and Early Experiences
  We have looked at how genes influence our
  developmental differences. What about the
environment, how do our early experiences, our
family, our community and culture affects these
                  differences?


     We begin with prenatal environment.


                                                  2
Prenatal Environment
Identical twins who share the same placenta (b)
    are more alike than those who don’t (a),
suggesting prenatal influences on psychological
                     traits.




                                                  3
Experience and Brain Development

   Early postnatal experience affects brain
development. Rosenzweig et al. (1984) showed
  that rats raised in enriched environments
   developed thicker cortices than those in
         impoverished environment.




                                               4
Brain Development and Adulthood
   Brain development does not stop with
 adulthood. Throughout our life brain tissue
       continues to grow and change.




                                                         Ungerleider, National Institue of Mental Health
                                                         Both hotos courtesy of Avi Kani and Leslie
      A well-learned finger tapping task leads to
    more motor cortical neurons (right) than baseline.                                                     5
Parental Influence
Parental influence is largely genetic. Indeed this
   support is essential in nurturing children,
 however, other socializing factors also play an
                 important role.




                                                                               © The New Yorker Collection, 2001. Barbara
                                                                               Smaller from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved
                       Miquel L. Fairbanks




                                             Although raised in the same family
                                             some children are more risk takers. 6
Peer Influence
Children like adults attempt to fit into a group
  by conforming. Peers are influential in such
areas as learning to cooperate with others, gain
     popularity, and develop interactions.




                                                   7
Cultural Influences
 Humans have the ability to evolve culture.
  Culture is composed of behaviors, ideas,
 attitudes, values and traditions shared by a
                    group.




                                                8
Variation Across Culture
Cultures differ. Each culture develops norms –
rules for accepted and expected behavior. Men
  holding hands in Arabia is normal (closer
   personal space) not in American culture.




                                                 9
Gender Development
Based on genetic makeup males and females are
   alike, especially since the majority of our
 inherited genes (45 chromosomes are unisex)
                   are similar.


 Males and females differ biologically in body
 fat, muscle, height, onset of puberty, and life
                  expectancy.



                                                   10
Gender Differences in Aggression

Men more than women express and behave in
 aggressive ways. This aggression gender gap
appears in many cultures, and at various ages.



   In males the nature of this aggression is
                  physical.




                                                 11
Biology of Sex

 Biological sex is determined by the twenty-third
   pair of chromosomes. If XX then a female is
produced, or if XY, then a male child is produced.




                                                     12
Sexual Differentiation
In the mother’s womb the male fetus is exposed to
 testosterones (because of Y chromosome) which
    leads to the development of male genitalia.



 If low levels of testosterones are released in the
           uterus the result is a female.




                                                      13
Sexual Differentiation
 Sexual differentiation is not only biological but
         also psychological and social.




    However, genes and hormones play a very
   important role in defining gender, especially
altering the brain influencing gender differences.



                                                     14
Gender Roles
    Our culture shapes our gender roles —
   expectations of how men and women are
             supposed to behave.



Gender Identity — means a how a person views
    himself or herself in terms of gender.




                                               15

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5 environmental influences on behavior

  • 2. Parents and Peers Parents and Early Experiences We have looked at how genes influence our developmental differences. What about the environment, how do our early experiences, our family, our community and culture affects these differences? We begin with prenatal environment. 2
  • 3. Prenatal Environment Identical twins who share the same placenta (b) are more alike than those who don’t (a), suggesting prenatal influences on psychological traits. 3
  • 4. Experience and Brain Development Early postnatal experience affects brain development. Rosenzweig et al. (1984) showed that rats raised in enriched environments developed thicker cortices than those in impoverished environment. 4
  • 5. Brain Development and Adulthood Brain development does not stop with adulthood. Throughout our life brain tissue continues to grow and change. Ungerleider, National Institue of Mental Health Both hotos courtesy of Avi Kani and Leslie A well-learned finger tapping task leads to more motor cortical neurons (right) than baseline. 5
  • 6. Parental Influence Parental influence is largely genetic. Indeed this support is essential in nurturing children, however, other socializing factors also play an important role. © The New Yorker Collection, 2001. Barbara Smaller from cartoonbank.com. All Rights Reserved Miquel L. Fairbanks Although raised in the same family some children are more risk takers. 6
  • 7. Peer Influence Children like adults attempt to fit into a group by conforming. Peers are influential in such areas as learning to cooperate with others, gain popularity, and develop interactions. 7
  • 8. Cultural Influences Humans have the ability to evolve culture. Culture is composed of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group. 8
  • 9. Variation Across Culture Cultures differ. Each culture develops norms – rules for accepted and expected behavior. Men holding hands in Arabia is normal (closer personal space) not in American culture. 9
  • 10. Gender Development Based on genetic makeup males and females are alike, especially since the majority of our inherited genes (45 chromosomes are unisex) are similar. Males and females differ biologically in body fat, muscle, height, onset of puberty, and life expectancy. 10
  • 11. Gender Differences in Aggression Men more than women express and behave in aggressive ways. This aggression gender gap appears in many cultures, and at various ages. In males the nature of this aggression is physical. 11
  • 12. Biology of Sex Biological sex is determined by the twenty-third pair of chromosomes. If XX then a female is produced, or if XY, then a male child is produced. 12
  • 13. Sexual Differentiation In the mother’s womb the male fetus is exposed to testosterones (because of Y chromosome) which leads to the development of male genitalia. If low levels of testosterones are released in the uterus the result is a female. 13
  • 14. Sexual Differentiation Sexual differentiation is not only biological but also psychological and social. However, genes and hormones play a very important role in defining gender, especially altering the brain influencing gender differences. 14
  • 15. Gender Roles Our culture shapes our gender roles — expectations of how men and women are supposed to behave. Gender Identity — means a how a person views himself or herself in terms of gender. 15