4D-based Teaching of High-rise Structural Principles. S. Kubicki & C. Boton. Presentation at CIBW78W102 Conference in Sophia-Antipolis, France. October 2011.
Secondary Case Study on The Gherkin Building, London.
Presented as part of the Structures Seminar for B.Arch. Programme at School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi, India
Secondary Case Study on The Gherkin Building, London.
Presented as part of the Structures Seminar for B.Arch. Programme at School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi, India
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Today’s mainstream acceptance of Agile+DevOps as the preferred way of working once again raises questions of what architecture work is and who does it. It simultaneously challenges much of our previously accepted wisdom, preferring architecture to be a “shared commons” across the development organisation, while demanding a sophisticated level of software architecture practice to deliver on the promises of Agile+DevOps.
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4D-based Teaching of High-rise Structural Principles
1. 4D-based Teaching of High-rise
Structural Principles
Sylvain Kubicki & Conrad Boton
Public Research Centre Henri Tudor
2. Agenda
1. Introduction
• A 4D-based project management course
2. Objectives and method
• From pedagogical and research viewpoints
3. Analyses of 4D models
• Students’ works
4. Discussion
• Feedbacks and benefits for pedagogy
• Prospects for research
10/22/11
2
4. Introduction
4D modeling and simulation
• Emerging technology enabling the 3D
simulation of construction planning
Some usages were previously
detected
• Site logistics, detail explanation, civil
engineering works, urban planning...
In pedagogy (Arch. & Eng.)
• Improve construction education experience
by addressing more projects types (Clayton
2002)
• Analyses of construction details
• Many recent pedagogical experiments with
4D (Russel et al. 2009, Kang et al. 2004, Sampaio et al.
2006, Wang et al. 2007)
10/22/11
4
5. Pedagogical context
"Architect engineers" and
"construction engineers"
curriculums
• Master 2 level
Project management course
• High-rise structural principles and
construction management
• 4D modeling and simulation
10/22/11
5
6. Pedagogical context (2)
The course as an experimental lab
• Two achieved teaching sessions (2009,
2010)
• A third one is ongoing (2011)
Two steps
• Theoretical courses
• Lifts, structural behavior, facade...
• BIM, 4D modeling and simulation
• Students' work
• Analysis of a high-rise building (individual work)
• Detailed analysis and 4D simulation of a building
(team work)
10/22/11
6
8. Objectives
Pedagogical aim
• Introducing 4D modeling in architecture and construction
master curriculums
• Discovering new pedagogical usages: “didactic 4D
simulation”
Research objective
• Addressing 4D simulation
• Through a “scenario” approach
• Reality can be modified for simulation aims
• Analyzing visualization parameters
10/22/11
8
9. Methodological approach
Assessing the utility of 4D in the teaching of
• High-rise structural principles
• High-rise construction management
Contributing to a larger work about 4D
visualization
• "Designing" 4D views for high-rise construction simulation
• Providing further guidance to 4D users
10/22/11
9
10. Methodological approach (2)
Analysis of realized simulations
• 2009 & 2010 sessions
• 7 projects analyzed and simulated
Assessment of usefulness of 4D for:
• Understanding the building structure and construction
process
• Transmitting the message to the pedagogical team
Collect "attributes" of 4D visualizations
10/22/11
10
12. 4D models analyses
4 examples
• Debis Tower, Berlin
• New-York Times Building, New-York
• Caja Madrid Tower
• World Financial Tower, Shanghai
Review of
1. Main findings of the students about structure and
construction processes
2. Characteristics of the 4D visualization proposed
10/22/11
12
13. Debis Tower, Berlin
Construction year
• 1997
Designers
• Architects : Renzo Piano
& Christoph Kohlbecker
Figures
• High = 106 m
• 22 stairs
• 45 100 m2
Students
• Loïc Buldgen, Julien Rossomme,
Esma Karadas, Hugues Nganou,
Audrey Boissy
10/22/11
13
14. Debis Tower, Berlin
Structural interpretation
Localisation de la tour
“Central core” structure
• chemney, lifts, stairs
Horizontal stability
• Contreventement (concrete
walls)
Primary structure
• Columns
• (Facades not participating in
the primary structure)
10/22/11
14
15. Debis Tower, Berlin
Construction planning
Sequencing
• First step is about foundations
• Then for a given stair, central core and columns are built
• once primary structure performed, the slab is casted
• Some time after the facade elements are constructed
A delay between primary structure building and
facade assembly is observed
• Probably due to a difference of speed in construction of both
elements
10/22/11
15
17. Debis Tower, Berlin
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Structure (Columns, slabs)
- Façades
Color semantic:
- Green color (Columns)
- Blue color (Slabs)
- Red color (Central core)
Transparency :
- Full transparency (not started elements)
- Partial transparency (glazing and roofs)
Camera principles: Time view parameters:
- Zoom - Current date is displayed
- Perspective
- Section
10/22/11
18. New-York Times Building, New-York
Construction Year
• 2004 - 2007
Designer
• Arch. Renzo Piano
Figures
• High = 228 m
• 52 stairs
• 143 639 m2
Students
• Julien Belligoi – John
Schrayen – Bastien
Vandereyken – Tanguy
Wolters
10/22/11
18
19. New-York Times Building, New-York
Structural interpretation
Central core
• Steel frame
Mixt slab
• Steel plates (formwork) +
cast concrete
Outriggers
• Placed at two levels: half
building and last stairs
10/22/11
19
20. New-York Times Building, New-York
Construction planning
Analysis of building
construction photos
• Steel frame
• Bracing elements
• Slab
• Facade
• Roof
!"#$%&!" !"#$%&!#$"
(#,$-.%+'!"
!"#"$$%&'!"
(")*+%&'!' (#,$-.%+'!#$"
!"$*+%/%$*%0%$*&'!' !"#"$$%&'!#$'
!1+-)#,2"$&'!"
(")*+%&'!#$'
!"$*+%/%$*%0%$*&'!#$'
31*+,4%'!' (,+%5&"#%1#'!'
6'
10/22/11
20
21. New-York Times Building, New-York
Simulation strategy
“Didactical” modifications
to the planning
• Solar protection after facade
'()*%&
• Early built stairs !"#$%&!"
+,-.")(+/,-&012"
• Delayed frame “to see the other (#,$-.%+'!" 3
element constructed” 43&
!"#"$$%&'!" 3
Determination of a time 78'9':*,4%' 43&
unit for fixing the (")*+%&'!'
43&
3 43&
(#,$-.%+'!#$"
construction of an !"$*+%/%$*%0%$*&'!' 3 43&
element 456& !1+-)#,2"$&'!"
43&
3
!"#"$$%&'!#$'
• Highlighting sequencing of
elements building 31*+,4%'!' 3 6
47&
(,+%5&"#%1#'!' 3
10/22/11
21
23. New-York Times Building, New-York
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Not standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Steel, columns and beams
- Bracing
- Façade, roof
- Circulation
Color semantic:
- Green color (Ongoing works)
- Red color (Structure elements)
Transparency :
- Full transparency (not started elements)
Camera principles: Time view parameters:
- Zoom - Current date is displayed
- Perspective
- Extended zoom
- Orbit
10/22/11
24. Caja Madrid Tower
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Metal structure
- Outrigger
- Glazzing
Color semantic:
- Green color (ongoing works)
- Blue color (Glazing)
- Color scale (bearing capacity)
Transparency:
- Full transparency (not started elements)
- Partial transparency (glazing)
Time view parameters: Camera principles:
- Dates list (current date is highlighted) - Zoom
- Current date is displayed - Extended zoom
- Perspective
10/22/11
24
25. World Financial Tower
Visualization parameters
3D model parameters:
Floor type: Standard
Shown elements:
- Central core
- Steel structure
- Concreting
- Bracing
- Outrigger
- Glazzing
Color semantic:
- Red color (ongoing works)
- Yellow color (Structure elements)
- Green color (concreting)
- Blue color (Glazing)
Transparency:
- Full transparency (not started elements)
- Partial transparency (glazing)
Time view parameters: Camera principles:
- Dates list (current date is highlighted) - Zoom
- Current date is displayed - Orbit
10/22/11
25
27. Discussion #1
Pedagogical assessment
About analyses of high-rise buildings
• General lack of (technical) documentation, but for some buildings
it is possible to find many construction photos
• Students have then infer hypotheses (structure principle,
construction sequencing) on the basis of evidences found
• The exercise becomes original compared to other “planning” and
“structure” courses
• Students get easily engaged
10/22/11
27
28. Discussion #1
Pedagogical assessment
About 3D modeling
• Ease of use of SketchUp, although some students are not familiar
with 3D modeling
About 4D modeling
• 4D modeling
• Requires a deep understanding of structural principle
• Because it impacts the skeleton of the construction planning (i.e. Work Breakdown
Structure)
• Results in completeness of students analyses
10/22/11
28
29. Discussion #2
Towards guidance in 4D visualization (Conrad Boton’s PhD work)
Boton, C., Kubicki, S. and Halin, G. (2010) Collaborative Construction Planning: Towards 4D visualizations adapted to practitioners requirements.
CIB-W78 2010. 27th International Conference on Applications of IT in the AEC Industry. November 16-19, 2010. Cairo, Egypt.
Experiments show that students are confronted with
• 3D choices: Building elements to be modeled, graphical choices for
3D objects, choices in 3D scene visualization
• Planning choices: Planning or dates visualizations
There is a need for providing guidance
• To help them making informed choices
This statement can be extended to professional
needs...
10/22/11
Bentley ProjectWise Autodesk Navisworks Vico Control Synchro Professional 29
30. Discussion #2
Coordinated multiple views definition
Multiple view systems:
• Use two or more distinct views to support the investigation of a single
conceptual entity (Wang Baldonado & al. 2000)
Coordinated multiple views:
• Operations on the views are coordinated (Roberts 2007)
• The same or different portions of the data can be displayed by
windows and these windows can be tightly coordinated (North & al. 2002)
• interacting with one component causes meaningful effects in others
(North & Shneiderman 2000)
4D views = Coordinated Multiple Views
10/22/11
31. Discussion #2
4D Coordinated Multiple Views
4D view:
• 3D view + Planning view
3D view:
• depictes building elements
• uses colors system to display those elements
• allows many interaction techniques
Planning view:
• depictes building activities and execution dates
• dates are linked to activities
• can be represented with many visualization modes (GANTT, PERT...)
Views are linked:
• activities are linked to building elements
10/22/11